# Glossary ## Ü The central province of Tibet surrounding Lhasa. ## Āśā *nyer gnas*, Skt. *āśā*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## Āṇā *ANA*, Skt. *āṇā*, Unidentified; occurs in a mantra of enthrallment. ## Īṣāṇa *yongs su tshol ba*, Skt. *īṣāṇa*, A land in the south of India. ## Śaśī *zla ba’i lha mo*, Skt. *śaśī*, ‟Moon Goddess,” in the Bhūtaḍāmara maṇḍala she is one of the eight goddesses of offerings. ## a bodhisattva’s full maturity *byang chub sems dpa’i skyon med pa*, Skt. *bodhi­sattva­nyāma*, See also “immaturity” and . ## a body that is beautiful in all respects *kun nas mdzes pa*, Skt. *samanta­prāsādika*, Thirty-ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## a feeling of remorse One of a common list of eleven positive mental states (kuśalacaittya) found in Buddhist abhidharma lists. Remorse is what one feels after having realized that one has done something wrong, and it serves as a mental state that hinders one from engaging in such wrong actions again. Often paired with hrī (ngo tsha shes pa). ## A Nga The third Degé king, Pönchen A Nga (mid-fifteenth to early sixteenth century), was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-third generation. He had two sons (though here it mentions seven), of whom the elder, Joden Namkha Lhunsang, took monastic vows and the younger, Yangyal Pal, took over the Degé kingdom. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## a person who makes things allowable *rung ba byed pa*, Skt. *kalpikāra*, A layperson who makes things legally permissible in the context of Buddhist monastic law, doing tasks that are not allowed for monks. ## a practitioner without a dwelling *gnas med par spyod pa*, Skt. *aniketacārī*, A meditative stability. ## a sense of shame One of a common list of eleven positive mental states (kuśalacaittya) found in Buddhist abhidharma lists. Shame is what one feels after having realized that one has done something wrong, and it serves as a mental state that hinders one from engaging in such wrong actions again. Often paired with apatrāpya (khrel yod pa). ## A Thousand Houses *khang bu stong*, Skt. *khang bu stong*, Refers to Encircled by a Thousand Houses in Ornament of the Mind. ## Aṃśa *cha shas*, Skt. *aṃśa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Aṭaṭa *so thams thams*, Skt. *aṭaṭa*, One of the eight cold hells. ## Aṇḍabha *sgo nga’i ’od*, Skt. *aṇḍabha*, A yakṣa general. ## Aṣṭabhaginīya The name of a family lineage. ## Aṣṭaṃga *nub*, Skt. *aṣṭaṃga*, A mountain in the west, called upon to grant wealth and protection. ## Aḍagavatī The name of the capital city in the abode of Vajrapāṇi, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. The manuscript of the sūtra contains the variant spelling Abhagavatī, which could be a spelling error, though it occurs multiple times in the manuscript. The spelling of the name can vary in other texts, too, as the same term is attested for Alakāvatī, Aḍakavatī, and Aṭakāvatī in other sources. Its precise relationship to Alakāvatī, the capital of Vaiśravaṇa, as given in the Mahābhārata, is not entirely clear. ## Aṣṭa­grahāṣṭāviṃśati­nakṣatra­śrī *gza’ brgyad dang rgyu skar nyi shu rtsa brgyad kyi dpal*, Skt. *aṣṭa­grahāṣṭāviṃśati­nakṣatra­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Ṣaḍaṅgula *sor mo drug pa*, Skt. *ṣaḍaṅgula*, A nāga king. ## Aṭṭahāsa *ha ha drag tu rgod pa*, Skt. *aṭṭahāsa*, The name of the great southeastern charnel ground. ## Aśaja *yan lag skyes*, Skt. *aśaja*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Aṣṭaka *brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭaka*, A ṛṣi in the past. ## Ṣaḍakṣarī *yi ge drug pa*, Skt. *ṣaḍakṣarī*, The four armed goddess who is the embodiment of the six-syllable mantra. Though female in Sanskrit, it is translated into Tibetan as a male name. ## Aḍakavatī *lcang lo can*, Skt. *aḍakavatī*, The main palace of the abode of the yakṣas on Mount Sumeru. It is ruled by the great king Vaiśravaṇa, also known as Kubera. ## Aṣṭamaka *brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭamaka*, A great ṛṣi. ## Aṣṭamaka level *brgyad pa’i sa*, Skt. *aṣṭamakabhūmi*, Lit. “Eighth level,” sometimes rendered “Eighth Lowest.” The third of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. See “ten levels.” ## Aśanī Skt. *aśanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Aśani *gnam lcags*, Skt. *aśani*, Lightning; also lightning personified. ## Aṭavī *’brog*, Skt. *aṭavī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Aṭavaka *dz+ya Ta ba ka*, Skt. *aṭavaka*, A nāga king. ## Aḍavi *brog gnas*, Skt. *aḍavi*, The name, possibly corrupt, of a country in ancient India. ## Aṭavika *’brog gnas*, Skt. *aṭavika*, A certain yakṣa lord tamed by the Buddha. ## Aṭavika’s great city *’brog gnas kyi grong khyer chen po*, The location where the Buddha taught The Dhāraṇī “The Mother of the Grahas.” Aṭavika is the name of a yakṣa lord. ## Aṭavīsaṃbhavā *dgon pa na yod pa*, Skt. *aṭavīsaṃbhavā*, A lake in a wilderness. (Toh 556: ’brog khong khong na yod) ## Abala *a ba la*, Skt. *abala*, The name of one of the eight nāga kings who obey the eight deities in Gaṇapati’s nine-section maṇḍala. ## Śabala One of Yama’s two watchdogs. ## Abandoned Affliction *nyon mongs pa yongs su spangs pa*, Skt. *kleśaviṣkhambin*, A deva. ## abandoned the five branches *yan lag lnga spangs pa*, [Buddha](#buddha)s have abandoned five branches or factors that perpetuate [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra): pursuing desires, ill will, lethargy and languor, regret and agitation, and [view](#view) and doubt. ## Abandoner of Anger *tha spangs ma*, Skt. *tha spangs ma*, Mother of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## Abandoning Displeasure *mi dga’ spong*, Skt. *mi dga’ spong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇagaṇa. ## Abandoning Doubt *yid gnyis spong ba po*, Skt. *yid gnyis spong ba po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇiviśuddha (961 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abandoning Doubts *yid gnyis spong ba*, Skt. *yid gnyis spong ba*, Mother of the buddha Tīrthakara. ## Abandoning the Māras *bdud spong*, Skt. *bdud spong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Niyatabuddhi. ## Abandoning the Rivers *chu bo spong*, Skt. *chu bo spong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anavanata. ## Abandonment *spong ba*, Skt. *spong ba*, Abandonment (the act of giving up or forsaking), also the name of the father of the buddha Kṛtārtha. ## abandonment of all indolence *le lo thams cad spangs pa*, Skt. *sarva­kausīdyāpagato*, The forty-fourth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## abandonment of magical display *sgyu ma rnam par spangs pa*, Skt. *māyāvivarjito*, The twelfth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Śabarī *sha ba ri*, Skt. *śabarī*, A being in this sūtra. ## śabara *ri khrod pa*, Skt. *śabara*, Both the name of specific group of people and a general reference to indigenous peoples living outside mainstream Indic society. ## Abbot *mkhan po*, in general [means](#means) someone who gives monastic vows. This title is also given to a person who has attained a high degree of knowledge of the [Dharma](#dharma) and is in charge of teaching it. It can also simple be the title given to the eldest monk during a traditional summer retreat. ## Śabdavajrā *sgra yi rdo rje ma*, Skt. *śabdavajrā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## abdhātvaparyanta *chu’i khams mu med pa*, Skt. *abdhātvaparyanta*, Lit. “limitless water element.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## abdomen is not misshapen *sku ma rnyongs pa*, Skt. *a­bhugna­kukṣi­tā*, Fifty-seventh of the eighty minor marks. ## abdomen is slender *phyal phyang nge ba*, Skt. *kṣāmodara­tā*, Fifty-eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## abdomen that is not wrinkled *phyal ma zhom pa*, Skt. *abhugnakukṣi*, Thirty-fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## abdomen that is unwrinkled *sku la gnyer ma med pa*, Skt. *mṛṣṭa­kukṣi­tā*, Literally, “unwrinkled body;” fifty-ninth of the eighty minor marks. ## Abṛha *mi che ba*, Skt. *abṛha*, The first of the “pure abodes;” also the name of the gods living there. ## Ṛṣabha *khyu mchog*, Skt. *ṛṣabha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; a legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Abhava *srid pa med pa*, Skt. *abhava*, A buddha realm. ## Abhayā *mi ’jigs*, Skt. *abhayā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Abhaya *’jigs med*, Skt. *abhaya*, The fifth of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin, who becomes the bodhisattva Gaganamudra and is prophesied to become the Buddha Padmottara. ## Abhayacitra *mi ’jigs sna tshogs*, Skt. *abhayacitra*, A mountain king. ## Abhayadā *mi ’jigs sbyin ma*, Skt. *abhayadā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Abhayaṃkarā *mi ’jigs pa byed pa*, Skt. *abhayaṃkarā*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Abhayakara *’jigs pa dang bral ba*, Skt. **abhayakara*, Name of a tathāgata; lit. “without fear.” ## Abhayakīrti *’jigs med grags pa*, Skt. *abhayakīrti*, A buddha. (Toh 555: bsnyengs pa mi mnga’ ba’i grags pa) ## Abhayapradā *mi ’jigs sbyin*, Skt. *abhayapradā*, A great bodhisattva. ## Abhayākaragupta Skt. *abhayākaragupta*, An influential scholar active at Vikramaśīla Monasery in the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries. ## Abhedyā *mi phyed ma*, Skt. *abhedyā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Abhedyabuddhi *mi phyed blo mnga’*, Skt. *abhedyabuddhi*, The 899th buddha in the first list, 898th in the second list, and 889th in the third list. ## Ṛṣabhendrarāja *khyu mchog gi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ṛṣabhendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Abhibhava *zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *abhibhava*, A world system. ## Abhi­bhūta­guṇa­sāgara­rāja *yon tan rgya mtsho’i zil mnan rgyal po*, Skt. *abhi­bhūta­guṇa­sāgara­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Abhibodhyaṅga­puṣpa *byang chub kyi yan lag me tog*, Skt. *abhibodhyaṅga­puṣpa*, Name that the hundred billion trillion beings in this assembly will bear when they become buddhas. ## Abhidharma *mngon pa*, one of the three [piṭakas](#piṭaka). The foundation of Buddhist psychology and logic. It describes the universe, the different kinds of beings, the steps on the [path](#path) to [enlightenment](#enlightenment), refutes mistaken beliefs, etc. ## Abhidharma Piṭaka *chos mngon pa’i sde snod*, Skt. *abhidharmapiṭaka*, A collection of canonical texts with the purpose of presenting the Buddha’s teachings in a precise, systematic, and definitive way, using highly technical and impersonal descriptions and language. There are two traditional definitions of the word abhi-dharma depending on the sense of the prefix abhi-: (1) [teachings] pertaining to (abhi-) the Dharma, and (2) higher or superior (abhi-) Dharma. The second definition may point toward the fact that the mature Abhidharma is a body of Buddhist doctrine as well as a body of literature, not a mere reformulation and systematization of the Buddhist sūtras (see also the definition given in Abhidh-k-bh(P), 2, where Vasubandhu seems to employ both definitions in order to distinguish an ultimate and a conventional meaning of the word abhidharma). The word piṭaka means “basket” but is used in its derived or transferred sense “collection of canonical scriptures.” The piṭakas are usually Vinaya, Sūtra, and Abhidharma. ## Abhi­dharma­kośa *chos mngon pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *abhi­dharma­kośa*, An important work written by Vasubandhu, probably in the fourth century, as a critical compendium of the Abhidharmic science. ## Abhigarjita *mngon par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *abhigarjita*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Abhijā *byi bzhin*, Skt. *abhijā*, The name of a nakṣatra. In one instance the name is given as Abhijit, which is the same as the name of one of the muhūrtas.. ## Abhija *bya bi bzhin*, Skt. *abhija*, One of the grahas. ## Abhijñaprāpta *mngon par shes thob*, Skt. *abhijñaprāpta*, A short form of Sāgara­vara­dhara­buddhi­vikrīḍitābhijña, the name that Ānanda will have when he is a buddha. ## Abhijata *byi bzhin gyi bu*, Skt. *abhijata*, One of the grahas. ## abhijñā­bala­vaiśāradya­prāpta *mngon par shes pa dang / stobs dang / mi ’jigs pa thob pa*, Skt. *abhijñā­bala­vaiśāradya­prāpta*, Lit. “from which the clairvoyances, powers, and fearlessnesses are gained.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Abhijñāguṇarāja *mngon shes yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *abhi­jñāguṇa­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Abhijit “Victorious.” The asterism of the star Vega in the constellation Lyra. ## Abhijita “Victorious.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Abhi­jñā­jñānābhi­bhū *mngon shes ye shes zil gnon*, Skt. *abhi­jñā­jñānābhi­bhū*, A shorter form of the name of Buddha Mahābhijñā­jñānābhi­bhū. ## Abhijñāketu *mngon shes tog*, Skt. *abhijñāketu*, The 551st buddha in the first list, 551st in the second list, and 544th in the third list. ## Abhimukhī *mngon du gyur pa*, Skt. *abhimukhī*, Lit. “Directly Witnessed.” The sixth level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Abhiratī *mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *abhiratī*, The realm of the Buddha Akṣobhya, beyond countless buddha realms in the eastern direction. ## Abhirati *mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *abhirati*, The eastern realm where the ninth son of King Araṇemin has become the Buddha Akṣobhya, and after Akṣobhya’s nirvāṇa, where the tenth son will become the Buddha Suvarṇapuṣpa. It will be renamed Jayasoma when the eleventh son, Siṃha, becomes the Buddha Nāga­vinarditeśvara­ghoṣa there. ## Abhirāja The name of a people in northern India. ## Abhirāmaśrī *mngon par dga’ ba’i dpal*, Skt. *abhirāmaśrī*, The sixty-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Abhirāma­śrīvakrā *mngon par mdzes pa’i dpal*, Skt. *abhirāma­śrīvakrā*, A dancer’s daughter in the distant past. ## Abhirāmavartā *yid du ’ong ba’i bzhin*, Skt. *abhirāmavartā*, An eminent daughter in Dhanyākara. ## Abhirūpa *gzugs bzang*, Skt. *abhirūpa*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-second) when he becomes a buddha. ## Abhisāra The name of a country just to the southwest of the Kashmir valley. ## Abhiyaśa The father of the future buddha Kāruṇika. ## Abhrakūṭa *a bhra kU TA*, Skt. *abhrakūṭa*, A city in Godānīya. ## Abhrakrama Summit *rtse mo lhang tsher*, Skt. *abhrakrama*, A mountain near the asura city Double Pleasure. ## Abhāskara *nyi ma*, Skt. *abhāskara*, The ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Ṣaḍbhuja *phyag drug pa*, Skt. *ṣaḍbhuja*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Abhāva *dngos po med pa las byung*, Skt. *abhāva*, A buddha countless eons in the past. ## Abhāva­samudgata­rāja *dngos po med pa yang dag par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *abhāva­samudgata­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Abhāva­svabhāva­rāśi *dngos po med pa’i ngo bo’i phung po*, Skt. *abhāva­svabhāva­rāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Abhāva­svabhāva­samudgata­rāja *dngos po med pa’i ngo bo nyid yang dag par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *abhāva­svabhāva­samudgata­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Abhāveśvara *dngos med dbang phyug*, Skt. *abhāveśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## abhāṣya *gzhal du med pa*, Skt. *abhāṣya*, Lit. “cannot be measured.” An incredibly large number, higher than aparyanta. ## Abhyuccadeva *shin tu mtho ba’i lha*, Skt. *abhyuccadeva*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Abhyuddhara *shin tu mtho ’dzin pa*, Skt. *abhyuddhara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Abhyudgata *mngon ’phags ’od mnga’*, Skt. *abhyudgata*, The fifteenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past, and also the seventy-fourth buddha in the same kalpa. ## Abhyudgatadhvaja *mngon ’phags rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *abhyudgatadhvaja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Abhyudgata­karman *phrin las ’phags pa*, Skt. *abhyudgata­karman*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Abhyudgatameru *lhun po mngon ’phags*, Skt. *abhyudgatameru*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Abhyudgata­parvata­rājālaṃ­kṛta *mngon par ’phags pa’i ri rgyal ba rgyan pa*, Skt. *abhyudgata­parvata­rājālaṃ­kṛta*, A buddha. ## Abhyudgata­prabha­śrī *mngon par ’phags ’od dpal*, Skt. *abhyudgata­prabha­śrī*, The fifty-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Abhyudgata­prabha­śirī . ## Abhyudgataśrī *shin tu ’phags dpal*, Skt. *abhyudgataśrī*, The 160th buddha in the first list, 159th in the second list, and 159th in the third list. ## Abhyudgatarāja *mngon ’phags rgyal po*, Skt. *abhyudgatarāja*, An eon in the future. ## Abhyudgatoṣṇīṣa *mngon par ’phags pa’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *abhyudgatoṣṇīṣa*, One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings. Elsewhere his name is given as “Udgatoṣṇīṣa.” ## Abhyupagatagāmin A realized one whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Abidance through Infinite Observations *dmigs pa mtha’ yas pas gnas pa*, Skt. *dmigs pa mtha’ yas pas gnas pa*, A buddha. ## Abides in the Certainty of the Hero’s Steadfast Asceticism *dpa’ brtan brtul zhugs nges pa la nye bar gnas pa*, Skt. *dpa’ brtan brtul zhugs nges pa la nye bar gnas pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## abides in the sense field of infinite consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched la gnas pa*, Skt. *vi­jñānānantyāyatanaṃ vi­harati*, Eighth of the eight sense fields of mastery. See also . ## abides in the sense field of infinite space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched la gnas pa*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatanaṃ vi­harati*, Seventh of the eight sense fields of mastery. See also . ## Abiding *gnas pa*, Skt. *gnas pa*, Abiding (remaining or dwelling, enduring), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Sūryapriya. ## Abiding by Compassion *snying rjes gnas*, Skt. *snying rjes gnas*, Mother of the buddha Akṣobhya. ## Abiding by Emptiness *stong pa nyid la gnas pa*, Skt. *stong pa nyid la gnas pa*, Mother of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Abiding by Freedom from Attachment *chags dang bral bar gnas pa*, Skt. *chags dang bral bar gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vasuśreṣṭha. ## Abiding by Love *byams la gnas*, Skt. *byams la gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmaketu. ## Abiding by Mastery Free from Delusion *gti mug med pa’i dbang phyug gnas*, Skt. *gti mug med pa’i dbang phyug gnas*, Attendant of the buddha Mayūra. ## Abiding by Seeing *rnam par gzigs gnas*, Skt. *rnam par gzigs gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Abhaya (413 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abiding by Supreme Discipline *tshul khrims mchog gnas*, Skt. *tshul khrims mchog gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kathendra (782 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abiding by Supreme Qualities *yon tan mchog la gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan mchog la gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmabala. ## Abiding by the Pacification of the Flaws of Arrogance *rgyags pa’i skyon zhi bar gnas pa*, Skt. *rgyags pa’i skyon zhi bar gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhasmakrodha. ## Abiding by the Position *phyogs gnas ma*, Skt. *phyogs gnas ma*, Mother of the buddha Ṛṣideva. ## Abiding by the Training *dul gnas*, Skt. *dul gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samadhyāyin. ## Abiding by Unshakable Power *mthu rtsal g.yo ba med par gnas pa*, Skt. *mthu rtsal g.yo ba med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimuktacūḍa. ## Abiding Evenly *mnyam par gnas*, Skt. *mnyam par gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūrata (250 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abiding Free from Attachment *chags pa med par gnas pa*, Skt. *chags pa med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara. ## Abiding Free from Delusion *’khrul med gnas*, Skt. *’khrul med gnas*, Attendant of the buddha Subhaga. ## Abiding Free from Dullness *gti mug med par gnas pa*, Skt. *gti mug med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokasundara. ## Abiding Free from Suffering *mya ngan med par gnas pa*, Skt. *mya ngan med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhucandra. ## Abiding in Equality *mnyam nyid gnas*, Skt. *mnyam nyid gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṅgha. ## Abiding in Equanimity *mnyam par gnas pa*, Skt. *mnyam par gnas pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vegadhārin (583 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abiding in Highest Peace *rab tu zhi bar gnas pa*, Skt. *rab tu zhi bar gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Abiding in Limitless Observations *mtha’ yas dmigs par gnas pa*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Abiding in Nonattachment *chags med gnas*, Skt. *chags med gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇigaṇa. ## Abiding in Peace *zhi bar gnas*, Skt. *zhi bar gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmā (547 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abiding in Precious Strength *mthu rtsal nor gnas*, Skt. *mthu rtsal nor gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vairocana. ## abiding in space *nam mkha’i gnas la gnas pa*, Skt. *ākāśāvasthita*, A meditative stability. ## Abiding in the Cloud Abode *sprin gyi gnas la gnas pa*, Skt. *sprin gyi gnas la gnas pa*, A tathāgata. ## abiding in the real nature without mentation *de bzhin nyid la gnas shing sems med pa*, Skt. *tathatā­sthita­niścita*, The 116th meditative stability in both chapter 6 and chapter 8. ## Abiding in the Royal Palace *rgyal po’i pho brang gnas*, Skt. *rgyal po’i pho brang gnas*, An image of the Buddha. ## Abiding Intelligence *blo gros gnas*, Skt. *blo gros gnas*, Father of the buddha Merukūṭa. ## Abiding Lamp *sgron ma gnas*, Skt. *sgron ma gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kṣemaṃkara. ## Abiding Long as Indra *brgya byin lhar ’dzin yun ring gnas*, Skt. *brgya byin lhar ’dzin yun ring gnas*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Abiding Master of Qualities *yon tan dbang po gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan dbang po gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha. ## Abiding Merit *bsod nams rab tu gnas*, Skt. *bsod nams rab tu gnas*, Birthplace of the buddha Acala. ## Abiding Mind *blo gnas*, Skt. *blo gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāmeru (47 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abiding Mind That Holds the Dharma *sems gnas chos ’dzin*, Skt. *sems gnas chos ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajradhvaja. ## abiding nature of all things *chos rnams kyi chos gnas pa nyid*, Skt. *dharma­sthiti­tā*, A synonym for emptiness, and the expanse of reality (dharmadhātu). ## abiding nature of phenomena *chos kyi gnas nyid*, Skt. *dharmasthititā*, A synonym for emptiness, and the realm of phenomena (dharmadhātu). ## abiding nature of reality *chos kyi gnas nyid*, Skt. *dharmasthititā*, Alslo rendered as “abiding nature of phenomena.” ## Abiding of Enduring Dharma *chos brtan rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *chos brtan rab tu gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmacandra. ## Abiding Power *mthu rtsal gnas*, Skt. *mthu rtsal gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Laḍita. ## Abiding Ruler *gnas pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *gnas pa’i dbang po*, Attendant of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## abiding separately A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Abiding Wisdom *ye shes rab gnas*, Skt. *ye shes rab gnas*, A buddha. ## abiding with certainty *nges par gnas pa*, A meditative stability. ## Abiding within Dharma *chos la gnas*, Skt. *chos la gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahauṣadhi. ## abiding without mentation *sems med par gnas pa*, Skt. *niścitta*, The 79th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Abjaka *chu skyes*, Skt. *abjaka*, A nāga king. ## Abjaketu *pad+ma ’chang ba*, Skt. *abjaketu*, One of the mantra deities, possibly Agni, the god of fire. ## Abjavāsinī *pad+ma la gnas ma*, Skt. *abjavāsinī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Abjoṣṇīṣa *pad+ma’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *abjoṣṇīṣa*, The leader of the vidyārājas. ## Able Intelligence *blo gros legs gnas*, Skt. *blo gros legs gnas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Able One *thub pa*, Skt. *muni*, An ancient title given to ascetics, monks, hermits, and saints, namely, those who have attained the realization of truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. It is also used as an epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni, and has also been rendered here as “Sage.” ## abode *gnas*, Skt. *layana*, Also translated here as “sanctuary,” and “resting place.” ## Abode of All Non-Buddhists *mu stegs thams cad kyi gnas*, Skt. *mu stegs thams cad kyi gnas*, A world system in the southern direction. ## abode of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i gnas*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i gnas*, A general term that could either refer to the realm of Bramā gods (brahmaloka) as a whole or one of the abodes within it. ## Abode of Joy *gnas dga’*, Skt. *gnas dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Aṅgaja. ## abode of limitless consciousness The fifth of the eight liberations. ## abode of limitless space The fourth of the eight liberations. ## Abode of Māras The realm of gods in Māra’s paradise, which is sometimes identified with the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations, the highest paradise of the desire realm. ## abode of neither perception nor no perception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṁjñānāsaṁjñāyatana*, A formless state, either a meditative state or its resultant realm of existence, i.e., a class of deities of the formless realm. ## abode of neither perception nor nonperception The seventh of the eight liberations. ## abode of nothing whatsoever The sixth of the eight liberations. ## Abode of Prosperity *dpal ’byor gnas*, Skt. *dpal ’byor gnas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Abode of Purity A capital city of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the four continent world Lovely Illumination ## Abode of Qualities *yon tan gnas*, Skt. *yon tan gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Janendrarāja (965 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## abode of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i gnas*, Skt. *rgyal chen bzhi’i gnas*, First of six levels of gods in the desire realm. ## abode of the infinity of space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, A formless state, either a meditative state or its resultant realm of existence, i.e., a class of deities of the formless realm. ## Abode of the Powerful One *dbang po’i gnas*, Skt. *dbang po’i gnas*, A buddha realm. ## abode of the Sage’s seers *thub pa’i drang srong rnams kyi gnas*, A place, described in the opening lines of this sūtra as being on Khalatika Mountain, but not mentioned elsewhere in the Kangyur except (as thub pa’i drang srong chen po’i gnas) in the Vimala­prabha­paripṛcchā (Toh 168) and The Prophecy on Mount Gośṛṅga (Toh 357), in both cases in connection with the Gomasalaganda stūpa in Khotan. ## abode of the Thirty-Three *sum cu rtsa gsum gyi gnas*, Skt. *trāyastriṃśa*, Second of six levels of gods in the desire realm. ## Abode of the Worthy *dgra bcom gnas*, Skt. *dgra bcom gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa (964 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Abode of Tuṣita *dga' ldan gyi gnas*, See: [Tuṣita heaven](#tuṣita-heaven). ## Abode of Water *chu gnas pa*, Skt. *chu gnas pa*, A pool in Dwelling on the Disk. ## Abode of Wealth *nor gnas*, The name of a yakṣa king. ## Abode of Wisdom *ye shes gnas*, Skt. *ye shes gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nāgakrama. ## abodes of Brahmā *tshang pa’i gnas*, Skt. *brahmavihāra*, The four qualities that are said to result in rebirth in the heaven of Brahmā: limitless love, compassion, rejoicing, and equanimity. They were practices already prevalent in India before Śākyamuni’s teaching. ## Abodes of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cāturmahā­rājakāyika*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm. Dwelling place of the four great kings, traditionally located on a terrace of Sumeru, just below the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Abounding with Jewels *rin po che rnams kyis kun tu gang ba*, Skt. *rin po che rnams kyis kun tu gang ba*, An ocean far beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Above All *phyogs su ’phags*, Skt. *phyogs su ’phags*, A buddha. ## Abrikṣabho *’bri Sha b+ho*, Skt. *abrikṣabho*, A mountain in the sea south of Jambudvīpa. ## abscesses *shu ba*, Skt. *dardru, dardrū*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## absence of afflicted mental states *kun nas nyon mongs pa med pa*, Skt. *asaṃkliṣṭo*, The thirty-sixth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## absence of aspiration *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *apraṇihita*, The absence of any conceptual goal that one is focused upon achieving, knowing that all composite phenomena create suffering. One of the three doorways to liberation. ## absence of attributes *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, The absence of the conceptual identification of perceptions. Knowing that the true nature has no attributes, such as color, shape, etc. One of the three doorways to liberation. ## absence of conceptual elaborations *spros med*, Skt. *spros med*, Also translated here as “without conceptual elaborations.” ## absence of disharmony *’thun pa dang ’gal ba med pa*, Skt. *rodha­virodha­pratirodha*, The 104th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## absence of distinguishing counterparts *ldog pa*, Skt. *vyāvṛtti*, In Buddhist logic, the term “distinguishing counterpart” (vyāvṛtti, ldog pa) denotes a given phenomenon that conceptually appears to be the opposite of a phenomenon of a dissimilar class but is not actually existent, such as the idea of a specific form that appears in conceptual thought. ## absence of distinguishing marks *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, One of the three gateways of liberation. ## Absence of Heat *ma dros pa*, Skt. *ma dros pa*, A buddha realm located in the eastern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Absence of Torment. ## absence of joy with respect to all happiness and suffering *bde ba dang sdug bsngal thams cad la mngon par dga’ ba med pa*, Skt. *sarva­sukhaduḥkha­nirabhinandī*, The 99th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## absence of marks *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, The absence of the conceptual identification of perceptions, knowing that the true nature has no attributes, such as color or shape. One of the three gateways of liberation. ## absence of mentation in all phenomena *chos thams cad sems pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāmanana*, The fourth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Absence of Objective Perception *dmigs pa med pa*, Skt. *dmigs pa med pa*, A buddha realm. ## absence of self *bdag med pa*, Skt. *anātmatā*, This describes actual reality, as finally there is no enduring person himself or thing itself, since persons and things exist only in the relative, conventional, or superficial sense, and not in any ultimate or absolute sense. To understand Buddhist teaching correctly, we must be clear about the two senses (conventional/ultimate, or relative/absolute), since mistaking denial of ultimate self as denial of conventional self leads to nihilism, and mistaking affirmation of conventional self as affirmation of ultimate self leads to absolutism. Nihilism and absolutism effectively prevent us from realizing our enlightenment, hence are to be avoided. ## absence of signs *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, See “signlessness.” ## Absence of Torment *yongs su gdung ba med pa*, Skt. *yongs su gdung ba med pa*, A buddha realm located in the eastern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Absence of Heat. ## Absence of Trepidation *bag tsha ba med pa*, Skt. *bag tsha ba med pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## absence of wishes *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *apraṇihita*, The absence of any conceptual goal that one is focused upon achieving, knowing that all composite phenomena create suffering. One of the three gateways of liberation. ## absent-minded A clouded state of mind in which one is forgetful and unaware of one’s surroundings. One of the twenty secondary or minor afflicted mental states (Skt. upakleśa; Tib. nye ba’i nyon mongs). ## Absolute Peace *rab tu bde ba*, A royal city in a past world system. ## Absolute Space *chos dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, AT: the expanse of reality. From the point of [view](#view) of realization, all phenomena appear as the expanse of [emptiness](#emptiness). ## Absolute truth *don dam bden pa*, Skt. *paramārtha satya*, actual truth perceived through [wisdom](#wisdom), without mental fabrications. Its characteristic is to be "beyond mind, unthinkable, inexpressible" ([Patrul Rinpoche](#patrul-rinpoche). See also [relative truth](#relative-truth). ## absorption *snyoms par ’jug*, Skt. *samāpatti*, “Absorption” has been translated as “meditation,” “contemplation,” “attainment,” etc., and any of these words might serve. The problem is to establish one English word for each of the important Sanskrit words samāpatti, dhyāna, samādhi, bhāvanā, etc., so as to preserve a consistency with the original. Therefore, I have adopted for these terms, respectively, “absorption,” “contemplation,” “concentration” and “realization” or “cultivation,” reserving the word “meditation” for general use with any of the terms when they are used not in a specific sense but to indicate mind-practice in general. ## absorption in the state of cessation *’gog pa la snyoms par zhugs pa*, Skt. *nirodhasamāpatti*, See Mvyut 1500 and 1988. ## absorption of neither discrimination nor non-discrimination *’du shes min ’du shes med min gyi snyom ’jug*, Skt. *naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñā*, Fourth of the four types of formless meditative absorptions (caturārūpyasamāpatti, gzugs med snyoms ’jug bzhi) (Rigzin 369). ## absorption that tames arrogant beings *dregs pa can ’dul ba’i ting nge ’dzin*, The name of a particular absorption. ## absorptions *snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *samāpatti*, May refer to the “four formless absorptions” and/or the “nine serial absorptions.” ## absorptions into nine successive abodes *mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu*, Skt. *navānupūrva­vihāra­samāpattayaḥ*, The four dhyānas, the four formless absorptions, and the absorption of cessation. ## abstinence *bsnyen gnas*, Skt. *upavāsa*, As expressed in the Sanskrit and translated literally into Tibetan, the term means “to dwell near.” The term comes from the older Vedic traditions in which during full moon and new moon sacrifices, householders would practice abstinence in various forms such as fasting and refraining from sexual activity. These holy days were called upavasatha days because it was said that the gods that were the recipients of these sacrifices would “dwell” (√vas) “near” (upa) the practitioners of these sacrifices. While sacrificial practices were discarded by Buddhists, the framework of practicing fortnightly abstinence evolved into the poṣadha observance, and in fact the term poṣadha is etymologically related to the term upavasatha. See Dutt (1962), p. 73. ## Abundance *legs par gang ba*, Skt. *legs par gang ba*, Abundance (a very large quantity, plenty), also the name of a mountain between Godānīya and Videha. ## Abundance of Merit *bsod nams skyes*, Skt. *puṇyaprasava*, A class of devas belonging to the Pure Abodes (Śuddhāvāsa) in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Abundant *’bel ma*, Skt. *’bel ma*, Abundant (existing in large quantities, plentiful), also the name of someone who exemplifies generosity, their identity is unknown. ## Abundant Beauty *mdzes ’byor*, Skt. *mdzes ’byor*, A river in the town of Great Sands in the future. ## Abundant Clouds *sprin rnam par rgyas*, Skt. *sprin rnam par rgyas*, A tathāgata. ## Abundant Colors *kun tu kha dog*, Skt. *kun tu kha dog*, A buddha realm. ## Abundant Harvest *lo tog ’byor ma*, Skt. *lo tog ’byor ma*, The daughter of the king Increasing Majesty ## Abundant Jewels *rin chen mang*, Skt. *rin chen mang*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratna. ## Abundant Kūrma Monsters *chu srin kU rma mang ba nyid*, Skt. *chu srin kU rma mang ba nyid*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Abundant Lions *seng ges kun nes gang ba*, Skt. *seng ges kun nes gang ba*, An island in the sea west of Jambudvīpa. ## Abundant Marks *kun nas mtshan*, Skt. *kun nas mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Abundant Offering *mchod sbyin ’byor ldan*, Skt. *mchod sbyin ’byor ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Abundant Virtues *dge mang*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Abused Tree *gshe ba’i shing*, Skt. *gshe ba’i shing*, A nāga king. ## Śacī *bde sogs*, Skt. *śacī*, A goddess typically understood to be the wife of Indra/Śakra. ## acacia *shi ri sha*, Skt. *śirīṣa*, Acacia sundra, Acacia catechu. A tree that can grow to 50 feet. Also called catechu, cachou, cutch tree, black cutch, and black catechu. Its bark, gum, shoots, and fruits are used in Āyurvedic medicine. Ludvik suggests Albizzia lebbek. The Chinese term translates to “mimosa” (see Ludvik 2007, p. 309). (In Toh 556, Degé edition, it is shi ri shA). ## acacia wood *seng ldeng*, Skt. *khadira*, Acacia catechu. ## Acalā *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *acalā*, Lit. “Immovable.” The eighth level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Acala *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *acala*, The 846th buddha in the first list, 845th in the second list, and 835th in the third list. ## Añcala *thu ba*, Skt. *añcala*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in the region of Vatsa. ## Acalaceṭa *mi g.yo mgon*, Skt. *acalaceṭa*, “Servant Acala,” or “Immovable Servant/Helper,” seems to be an epithet of Acala/Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa; commentaries describe him as an emanation of Vairocana. ## Acaladeva *mi g.yo ba’i lha*, Skt. *acaladeva*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Acalamati *blo gros mi gyo ba*, Skt. *acalamati*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Acala­pada­vikrāmin *mi g.yo ba’i gom pas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *acala­pada­vikrāmin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Acalaskandha *lhun mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *acalaskandha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Acalasthāvara *mi g.yo brtan pa*, Skt. *acalasthāvara*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Lokeśvararāja to the Buddha Ratnagarbha ## Acalendrarāja *mi g.yo ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *acalendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## accept *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣam*, Monastics are asked to speak up if they cannot “accept” a motion or official act of the saṅgha. ## accept charge of *gzung ba, nye [bar](#bar) gzhag pa*, To accept (e.g., a person) as a [novice](#novice). ## acceptance *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, A term also translated as “patience” and “forebearance” in this text, and in others sometimes as “receptivity”; here, often in the context of its association with dhāraṇī and samādhi, the term is probably to be understood as related to “forbearance that comes from realizing the birthlessness of phenomena” (q.v.). ## acceptance about phenomena *chos kyi bzod pa*, Skt. *dharmakṣānti*, Sometimes an abbreviation of anutpattikadharmakṣānti, “acceptance of the nonorigination of phenomena,” this phrase describes a mode of realization acquired by bodhisattvas. Dharmakṣanti can also refer to a way one becomes “receptive” to key points of the Dharma. ## Acceptance of Certain Realization *nges par rtogs bzod*, Skt. *nges par rtogs bzod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānakīrti (501 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Acceptance of Excellent Qualities *yon tan bzhed*, Skt. *yon tan bzhed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prajñāna­vihāsa­svara (757 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Acceptance of Excellent Sight *legs mthong bzod*, Skt. *legs mthong bzod*, Son of the buddha Mahāmitra. ## Acceptance of Merit *bsod nams bzhed*, Skt. *bsod nams bzhed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśāntagāmin (871 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Acceptance of phenomena concurring with reality *rjes su ’thun pa’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *ānulomikadharmakṣānti*, A particular realization attained by a bodhisattva on the sixth bodhisattva level. This realization arises as a result of analysis of the essential nature of phenomena (dharmas). ## acceptance of phenomena that is consistent with reality *rjes su ’thun pa’i chos kyi bzod pa*, Skt. *ānulomika­dharma­kṣānti*, A realization characteristic of the sixth ground of bodhisattvas, arising as a result of analysis of the essential nature of phenomena. ## acceptance of reality *chos kyi bzod pa*, Skt. *dharmakṣānti*, Shorthand for anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti, “acceptance of the nonorigination of phenomena,” its realization being one of the qualities acquired by bodhisattvas. Dharmakṣanti can also refer to a way one becomes “receptive” to key points of the Dharma. ## acceptance of the fact that things do not arise The third and final stage of the three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance (kṣānti) of the Dharma. Tantamount to an acceptance of the emptiness of all things, the fact that they do not arise or cease as substantial or essentially real phenomena. It follows from the second level of acceptance, which brings one into conformity with the Dharma (ānulomika­dharmakṣānti), which is in turn preceded by a first stage of acceptance in which one follows the voice (ghoṣānugā kṣānti) of the teacher of the Dharma. This is a distinctive but related use of the term kṣānti, which is also translated in this sūtra as “patience,” when it refers to the perfection (pāramitā) and virtue of patience more generally. ## Acceptance of the Hair *dbu skra blangs pa*, Skt. *keśa­prati­grahaṇa*, A shrine built to commemorate the Buddha’s going forth. ## acceptance of the nonarising of phenomena *mi skyes ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti*, The stage of acceptance that is associated with the realization of an eighth bhūmi bodhisattva. ## Acceptance of the Saffron Robes *ngur smrig blangs pa*, Skt. *kāṣāya­prati­grahaṇa*, A shrine built to commemorate the Buddha’s going forth. ## acceptance that brings one into conformity with the Dharma The second of three levels of intellectual receptivity or acceptance (kṣānti), following from an earlier stage in which there is an acceptance that “follows the voice” (ghoṣānugā) of the teacher of the Dharma. At this second stage, there is a deeper acceptance that results in one’s thoughts and actions coming into accord with (literally, “going with the grain of”) the Dharma; that is, with the teachings and the nature of things. The third stage is the acceptance of the fact that things do not arise (anutpatti­kadharmakṣānti). This is a distinctive but related use of the term kṣānti, which is also translated in this sūtra as “patience,” when it refers to the perfection (pāramitā) and virtue of patience more generally. ## acceptance that concords with the truth *rjes su ’thun pa’i bzod pa*, Skt. *ānulomikī kṣānti*, A particular realization attained by bodhisattvas that arises as a result of analysis of the essential nature of phenomena. ## acceptance that phenomena are nonarising *mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti*, Bodhisattvas’ realization that all phenomena are unproduced and empty. It sustains them on the difficult path of benefiting all beings so that they do not succumb to the goal of personal liberation. Different sources link this realization to the first or eighth bodhisattva ground (bhūmi). ## acceptance that phenomena are unborn An attainment of effortless insight into emptiness—the realization that all phenomena are unborn (anutpāda) and empty of intrinsic nature (niḥsvabhāva). This acceptance supports bodhisattvas on the arduous path of returning through innumerable rounds of rebirth in order to benefit beings without being tempted by the goal of personal liberation. This attainment only occurs on the bodhisattva levels and is variously said to occur on the first and eighth bodhisattva levels. ## acceptance that phenomena are unproduced *mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti*, A bodhisattva’s realization that all phenomena are unproduced and empty. This attainment is variously said to occur on either the first or eighth bodhisattva level. ## acceptance that phenomena do not arise *mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattikadharmakṣānti*, Bodhisattvas’ realization that all phenomena are unproduced and empty. It sustains them on the difficult path of benefitting all beings so that they do not succumb to the goal of personal liberation. Different sources link this realization to the first or eighth bodhisattva level (bhūmi). ## Acceptance upon Sight *lta na bzod*, Skt. *lta na bzod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ghoṣadatta (555 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## accepted *yongs su zin pa*, Skt. *parigṛhīta*, Also translated here as “favored.” ## Accepted as Friend *bshes gnyen bzhed*, Skt. *bshes gnyen bzhed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padma (260 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Accepting Relinquishment through Seeing *mthong bas spong bar bzod*, Skt. *mthong bas spong bar bzod*, Father of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Accepting Teacher *ston bzod*, Skt. *ston bzod*, Attendant of the buddha Anupamaśrī. ## Accepting the Fortunate *skal bzhed*, Skt. *skal bzhed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthakīrti (261 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Accepting the View *blta bzod*, Skt. *blta bzod*, Attendant of the buddha Oghajaha. ## acchaṭā *se gol gtogs*, Skt. *acchaṭā*, A unit of time measuring the time it takes to snap one’s fingers. ## Acchila *gsal ba can*, Skt. *acchila*, A nāga king. ## Accompanied by the Ruler’s Roar *dbang po’i nga ro sgrogs*, Skt. *dbang po’i nga ro sgrogs*, Father of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## Accomplished *grub pa*, Skt. *grub pa*, Accomplished (successfully completed; highly skilled), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Gambhīramati. ## Accomplished Departure *don grub gshegs*, Skt. *don grub gshegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Merudhvaja (315 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## accomplished in knowledge and conduct *rig pa dang zhabs su ldan pa*, Skt. *vidyācaraṇa­saṃpanna*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## Accomplished One *grub pa*, Skt. *grub pa*, A medicine goddess. ## Accomplished Speech *smra ba grub*, Skt. *smra ba grub*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa. ## Accomplished with Merit *bsod nams dag gis bsgrubs pa*, Skt. *bsod nams dag gis bsgrubs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Pūjya. ## Accomplisher of All Goals *don thams cad grub pa*, Skt. *don thams cad grub pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Source of Diligence. ## Accomplisher of All Happiness *bde ba thams cad nye bar sgrub mdzad*, Skt. *bde ba thams cad nye bar sgrub mdzad*, A buddha. ## Accomplishing the Array of Light *’od kyi bkod pa yang dag par bsgrubs pa*, Skt. *’od kyi bkod pa yang dag par bsgrubs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmadatta. ## Accomplishing the Objectives of Wandering Beings *’gro don skyong*, Skt. *’gro don skyong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthitārtha. ## Accomplishment (1) *dngos grub*, Skt. *siddhi*. "The fruit wished for and obtained through the practice of the instructions." DICT. [Common accomplishments](#common-accomplishments) can be simply supernatural powers, but in this book the term "accomplishment" almost always refers to the [supreme accomplishment](#supreme-accomplishment), which is [enlightenment](#enlightenment). (2) *sgrub pa*. In the context of the recitation of [mantra](#mantra)s, see [approach and accomplishment](#approach-and-accomplishment). ## accomplishment of all objectives *don thams cad grub pa*, Skt. *sarvārthasiddha*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## accomplishment of perfect peace *rab tu zhi ba sgrub pa*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba sgrub pa*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## Accomplishment of the Approach *snyan pa thob*, Skt. *snyan pa thob*, Father of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## accomplishment of the colors of the buddha body *sangs rgyas kyi sku’i kha dog yongs su rdzogs pa mngon par sgrub pa*, Skt. *buddhakāyavarṇapariniṣpattyabhinirhārā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Accomplishment of the Supreme Roar *nga ro’i mchog grub pa*, Skt. *nga ro’i mchog grub pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Accomplishment of the Welfare of Beings *’gro don grub*, Skt. *’gro don grub*, Son of the buddha Surūpa. ## Accomplishment of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs grub*, Skt. *brtul zhugs grub*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara. ## account *de lta bu byung ba*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, Accounts of the lives of past buddhas and bodhisattvas. Literally “thus it has happened.” One of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma. ## account for *grangs dag 'debs*, As in to account for the income and allocations of a monastery. ## account of Dharma *chos kyi rnam grangs*, Skt. *dharmaparyāya*, A religious discourse. ## accounts *’di ltar ’das pa*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, Seventh of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## accounts of miracles *rmad byung*, Skt. *adbhuta*, One of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra. More commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine. ## Accumulated Learning *thos pa bstsags*, Skt. *thos pa bstsags*, Attendant of the buddha Girīndrakalpa. ## Accumulated Wisdom *ye shes bstsags*, Skt. *ye shes bstsags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Girīndrakalpa. ## Accumulating Light *tshogs can ’od*, Skt. *tshogs can ’od*, Father of the buddha Nāgabhuja. ## accumulation *tshogs*, Skt. *sambhāra*, This term denotes the two accumulations of merit and wisdom that are gathered by bodhisattvas on the path to buddhahood. ## accumulation of all attributes *yon tan thams cad kyi tshogs su gyur pa*, Skt. *sarva­guṇa­saṃcaya*, The 78th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Accumulation of All Precious Roots of Virtue *dge ba’i rtsa ba rin po che thams cad bsags pa*, Skt. *dge ba’i rtsa ba rin po che thams cad bsags pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## accumulation of merit *bsod nams kyi tshogs*, Skt. *puṇyasambhāra*, The progressive increase of virtuous karma. One of the two factors that come together in creating momentum toward a practitioner’s spiritual awakening, the other being the accumulation of wisdom. ## accumulations *tshogs pa*, Skt. *sambhāra*, Usually mentioned as a pair, as the “two provisions/accumulations” of wisdom (acquired through meditation) and merit (acquired through moral conduct). ## achieve and dwell in the sphere of infinite consciousness, [thinking, ‘Consciousness is infinite.’] *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas*, Skt. *vijñānāntyāyatanam­upasampadya­viharati*, Fifth of the eight liberations. Also the sixth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption and the second of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## achieve and dwell in the sphere of infinite space, [thinking, ‘Space is infinite.’] *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatanam­upasampadya viharati*, Fourth of the eight liberations. Also the fifth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption and the first of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## Śaci *bde sogs*, Skt. *śaci*, The wife of Śakra. ## acintya *bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *acintya*, Lit. “inconceivable.” An incredibly large number, higher than asaṃkhya. ## Acintya­buddha­viṣaya­nidarśana­nirghoṣā *sangs rgyas kyi yul bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *acintya­buddha­viṣaya­nidarśana­nirghoṣā*, “The Voice That Reveals the Range of Countless Buddhas.” The name of a ray of light. ## Acintya­guṇa­prabha *yon tan bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i ’od*, Skt. *acintya­guṇa­prabha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Acintyamati *blo gros bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *acintyamati*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Acintyamatiguṇa­rāja *blo gros bsam yas yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *acintyamati­guṇa­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Acintyamati­jñāna­garbha *ye shes blo gros bsam yas snying po*, Skt. *acintyamati­jñāna­garbha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Acintya­prabha­rāja *’od bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *acintya­prabha­rāja*, Acintya­prabha­rāja (King of Inconceivable Light ) is a bodhisattva who is the main speaker in Toh 104. ## Acintya­praṇidhāna­viśeṣa­samudgata­rāja *smon lam bsam gyis mi khyab pa khyad par du ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *acintya­praṇidhāna­viśeṣa­samudgata­rāja*, A buddha countless eons in the past. ## Acintya­śrī *bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i dpal*, Skt. *acintya­śrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Acintyaśrī *bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i dpal*, Skt. *acintyaśrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Acintyarāja *bsam yas rgyal po*, Skt. *acintyarāja*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Acintyarocana *bsam yas rnam par snang mdzad*, Skt. *acintyarocana*, The name that the bodhisattva Saṃrocana will have when he becomes a buddha. ## Acintyārtha­garbha *bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i don gyi snying po*, Skt. *acintyārtha­garbha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śacipati Skt. *śacipati*, Epithet of Indra. ## acquire the precepts on the basis of actual reality *chos nyid kyis thob pa*, Skt. *dharmatā­prati­lambhika*, The acquisition of vows through direct insight into the nature of reality rather than through formal ceremony. ## acquired on the basis of the true nature *chos nyid kyis thob pa*, Skt. *dharmatā­pratilambhika*, The acquisition of vows through direct insight into the reality of phenomena rather than through formal ceremony. ## acquisition *thob pa*, Skt. *prāpti*, A conditioned factor that according to Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma is responsible for the ripening of karmic actions subsequent to their having been performed. See also . ## acquisitive aggregates *nye bar len pa’i phung po*, Skt. *upādānaskandha*, See “five acquisitive aggregates.” ## act *las*, Skt. *karman*, Matters that govern the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) community’s daily life, regular observances (such as the rains retreat and the [restoration](#restoration)) and special events (like ordination) are ratified by a formal act of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). There are one hundred and one such types of formal acts, all of which fall into one of three categories depending on the procedure needed for ratification. An [act of motion alone](#act-of-motion-alone) requires only a [motion](#motion); an [act whose second member is a motion](#act-whose-second-member-is-a-motion) require a [motion](#motion) and the statement of the act; while an [act whose fourth member is a motion](#act-whose-fourth-member-is-a-motion) require a [motion](#motion) and three statements of the act. ## act by motion alone *gsol ba ’ba’ zhig gi las*, Skt. **muktikājñāptikarman*, A formal act of the saṅgha in which the motion suffices, with no need to formally state the act. Such an act is employed before a candidate for ordination is asked about confidential matters pertaining to his or her fitness for ordination. ## act by motion and resolution *gsol ba dang gnyis kyi las*, Skt. *jñāpti­dvitīyakarman*, An official act of the saṅgha that requires an initial motion followed by the statement of the proposed act. I. B. Horner translates the Pāli correlate as “a vote following directly upon a motion.” ## act by motion and triple resolution *gsol ba dang bzhi’i las*, Skt. *jñāpti­caturthakarman*, An official act of the saṅgha that requires an initial motion followed by the statement of the proposed act, repeated three times. Such an act is needed to fully ordain a person and to officially threaten an intransigent monk, for example. I. B. Horner translates the Pāli correlate as “a resolution at which the motion is put three times and then followed by the decision.” ## act of censure *bsdigs pa'i las*, Skt. *tarjanīyakarman*, One of five types of [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s meted out by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). This was first imposed on the Pandulohitaka monks for their quarrelsomeness. ## act of chastening *smad pa'i las*, Skt. *nirgarhaṇīyakarman*, One of five types of [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s meted out by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## act of expulsion *bskrad pa'i las*, Skt. *pravāsanīyakarman*, One of five types of [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s meted out by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## act of motion alone *gsol ba 'ba' zhig gi las*, Skt. *muktikājñāptikarman*, A formal [act](#act) of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) in which the [motion](#motion) suffices, with no need to formally state the [act](#act). Such an [act](#act) is employed before a candidate for ordination is asked about private matters pertaining to his fitness for ordination. ## act of reconciliation *phyir 'gyed pa'i las*, Skt. *pratisaṃharaṇīyakarman*, One of five types of [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s meted out by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## act of suspension *gnas nas dbyung ba'i las*, Skt. *utkṣepaṇīyakarman*, One of five types of [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s meted out by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). A monk may be suspended on one of seven grounds: failing to acknowledge an offense; refusing to amend or rehabilitate one’s behavior; [deviant views](#deviant-views); being overly belligerent and quarrelsome; creating the circumstances for a quarrel; maintaining overly close relations with nuns, unruly people, and ne’er-do-wells; and refusing to let go of a [Dharma](#dharma) matter that has been peacefully resolved. ## (act of suspension for) refusing to acknowledge a fault *mi snang bar gnas nas sbyung ba*, Skt. *adarśanāyotkṣepaṇīyaṃ karma*, Monks and nuns are expected to willingly confess (Tib. spro ba mthol bshags) or admit to any offenses they commit. If they fail to acknowledge wrongdoing when prompted by another monk or nun to do, the saṅgha may suspend them for their recalcitrance. ## (act of suspension for) refusing to amend one’s behavior *phyir mi bchos pa gnas nas dbyung ba*, One of five types of disciplinary acts meted out by the saṅgha. A monk may be expelled on one of seven grounds: failing to acknowledge a fault; refusing to amend or rehabilitate one’s behavior; refusing to relinquish deviant views; being overly belligerent and quarrelsome; creating the circumstances for a quarrel; maintaining overly close relations with nuns, unruly people, or malingerers; and refusing to let go of a dharma matter that has been peacefully resolved. ## act of truth *bden pa’i byin gyis brlabs*, Skt. *satyādhiṣṭhāna*, A blessing enacted by evoking the power of truth. See, for example, Toh 54, –. ## act whose fourth member is a motion *gsol ba dang bzhi'i las*, Skt. *jñāpticaturthakarman*, A formal [act](#act) of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) that requires an initial [motion](#motion) followed by the statement of the proposed [act](#act), repeated [three times](#three-times). Such an [act](#act) is required for several proceedings—among other occasions, to fully [ordain](#ordain) someone, or to officially threaten an intransigent monk. ## act whose second member is a motion *gsol ba dang gnyis kyi las*, Skt. *jñāptidvitīyakarman*, A formal [act](#act) of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) that requires an initial [motion](#motion) followed by the statement of the proposed [act](#act). Such an [act](#act) is needed to grant the vows of full ordination to a nun, among other occasions. ## action *las*, Skt. *karman*, A single term is used in Sanskrit and Tibetan to denote both an “action” as a conditioning factor and the “karma” that it conditions. In translation it may be necessary to use one term or the other to clarify the meaning, but the source term is no different. ## Action Beyond Differences *tha mi dad par spyod pa*, Skt. *tha mi dad par spyod pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## action devoid of forgetfulness *brjed pa med par spyod pa*, Skt. *brjed pa med par spyod pa*, The name of an absorption. ## action family The family to which women who dye cloth are said to belong in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## action mudrā *las kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *karmamudrā*, Lit. “action seal,” a worldly (human) consort. Also rendered here in Sanskrit as “karmamudrā.” ## action of repentance *rnam par sun ’byin pa kun tu spyod pa*, Skt. *vidūṣaṇā­samudācāra*, Feeling remorse for past negative actions. ## Action of Svāti *sa ri las*, Skt. *sa ri las*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnagarbha (440 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Action without Unwholesomeness *kha na ma tho ba med pa’i las can*, Skt. *kha na ma tho ba med pa’i las can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Oghajaha. ## action-accomplishing wisdom *bya ba grub pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *kṛtyānuṣṭhāna­jñāna*, One of the five wisdoms corresponding to the tathāgata Amoghasiddhi. ## actions that bring immediate retribution *mtshams med kyi las*, Skt. *ānantaryakarman*, Matricide, parricide, killing an arhat, causing a schism in the monastic order, and drawing a buddha’s blood with malicious intention. These actions are said to result in immediate birth in the hells. ## activating syllable *las kyi yi ge*, A phrase describing the mantra syllable hā in the “presentation of mantra” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## Active Intelligence *spyod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *spyod pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sugandha. ## activity *las*, Skt. *karman*, A ritual activity (such as pacifying, nourishing, etc.). This term is also translated in other instances as “rite,” “karma,” “karman,” or “karmic accumulation.” In the latter three cases the term refers to karmic accumulation, positive or negative, that will produce results in the future, unless it is purified. ## activity family *las kyi rigs*, Skt. *karmakula*, One of the five buddha families. ## acts of attracting beings *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṃgrahavastu*, The means of winning over beings; traditionally there are four of them—generosity, kind talk, meaningful action, and impartiality. ## acts of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa*, Skt. *ānantarya*, See “five acts of immediate retribution.” ## acts with immediate result on death *mtshams med pa’i las*, Skt. *anantaryakarma*, The five actions that lead to going instantly to hell on death are killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an arhat, splitting the saṅgha, and wounding a buddha so that he bleeds. ## acts with immediate results *mtshams ma mchis pa*, Skt. *ānantarya*, See “five acts with immediate results.” ## acts with immediate retribution *mtshams med pa’i las*, Skt. *ānantaryakarman*, The five extremely negative actions that, once those who have committed them die, result in immediate rebirth in the hells without the experience of the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating a schism in the Saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## actual *yongs su grub pa*, Skt. *pariniṣpanna*, See . ## actual birth *skye ba*, Skt. *jāti*, Eleventh of the twelve links of dependent origination. ## actual entity denoted by the word *tshig gi don*, Skt. *padārtha*, See . ## actualize *mngon par sgrub pa*, Skt. *mngon par sgrub pa*, Also translated in this text as “come into being.” ## actualizing great compassion *snying rje chen po mngon du bya ba*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇāmukhīkarma*, Sixth of the eight attributes of the second level. ## actualizing images on the surface of a mirror *me long gi dkyil ’khor ltar rab tu snang ba mngon par sgrub pa*, Skt. *ādarśa­maṇḍala­pratibhāsa­nirhāro*, The thirteenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Actualizing the Branches of Awakening *byang chub yan lag rtogs pa*, Skt. *byang chub yan lag rtogs pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## actualizing the embodiment of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi bdag nyid mngon par sgrub pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmātma­bhāvābhi­nirhāro*, The eleventh of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## actually refer to *mngon par rjod pas rjod pa*, Skt. *abhivadamānā*, Mahāvyutpatti 1290. ## acumen *spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna*, Inspiration and courage that manifests in particular endowing one with brilliant abilities in oration. ## Acumen and Mindfulness *spobs pa dran pa*, Skt. *spobs pa dran pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Cūḍa. ## Acumen Holder *spobs pa ’chang*, Skt. *spobs pa ’chang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vikrama. ## Acumen That Does Not Leave Out Any Being throughout All Buddhafields *sangs rgyas kyi zhing thams cad du sems can thams cad gcad du med pa’i spobs pa*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi zhing thams cad du sems can thams cad gcad du med pa’i spobs pa*, A buddha. ## Acumen with Respect to all Symbols and Languages *brda skad thams cad la rab tu spobs pa*, Skt. *brda skad thams cad la rab tu spobs pa*, Son of the buddha Yaśas. ## Acute Perception *shin tu mthong*, Skt. *sudarśana*, One of the five pure abodes. ## Acyuta *’chi med*, Skt. *acyuta*, The 64th buddha in the first list, 64th in the second list, and 65th in the third list. ## acyutābhijñā *mngon par shes pa mi nyams pa*, Skt. *acyutābhijñā*, Lit. “undying clairvoyant knowledge.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Adamantine having the qualities of [vajra](#vajra). ## Adapting to All Beings *skye bo thams cad rjes su ’jug pa*, Skt. *skye bo thams cad rjes su ’jug pa*, Name of a prostitute in a story Buddha tells. ## Adbhutā *rmad byung ma*, Skt. *adbhutā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Adbhuta Skt. *adbhuta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## adbhutadharma *chos rmad du byung ba*, Skt. *adbhutadharma*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means descriptions of miracles. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Adbhutayaśas *grags pa rmad byung*, Skt. *adbhutayaśas*, The 439th buddha in the first list, 438th in the second list, and 432nd in the third list. ## adept of vidyās *rig ’dzin*, Skt. *vidyādhara*, See “vidyādhara.” ## Adhama *tha ma*, Skt. *adhama*, One of the rāśis. ## Adharma *chos min*, Skt. *adharma*, A bird who shares one body with another bird, Dharma. ## Adherence to Qualities *yon tan gyi rjes su song ba*, Skt. *yon tan gyi rjes su song ba*, Mother of the buddha Arthamati. ## adherent of positions *phyogs ’dzin pa*, Followers of particular philosophical positions, who reject the philosophical positions of others. ## Adhering to the Training *dul bar gnas*, Skt. *dul bar gnas*, Son of the buddha Sudatta. ## Adhicitta *sems lhag can*, the previous incarnation in the celestial [realm](#realm)s, of [Garab Dorje](#garab-dorje). ## Adhi­mātra­kāruṇika *rab tu snying rje can*, Skt. *adhi­mātra­kāruṇika*, A Mahābrahmā in the southeast. ## Adhimuktika *mos byed*, Skt. *adhimuktika*, “The Dedicated One.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Adhimuktitejas *mos pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *adhimuktitejas*, A buddha in the distant past. The name as given in verse. In prose he is called Vipula­dharmādhimukti­saṃbhava­tejas. ## adhivacana­praveśa *tshig bla dags la ’jug pa*, Skt. *adhivacana­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into words.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## adhivacana­saṃpraveśa *tshig bla dags la yang dag par ’jug pa*, Skt. *adhivacana­saṃpraveśa*, Lit. “entry into words.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Adhordhvadig­jñānāvabhāsa *spyi’u tshugs kyi phyogs ye shes kyis snang bar mdzad pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *adhordhvadig­jñānāvabhāsa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Adhṛṣya *mi tshugs pa*, Skt. *adhṛṣya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Aditi The mother of gods (deva). According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## administrative duties *zhal ta byed pa*, Skt. *vaiyāpṛtyakara*, A term used to describe a managerial role or administrative duties in a monastic setting. While the position can be filled by a monk, it appears to be typically delegated to non-monastics. ## Admired by All Worlds *’jig rten thams cad kyis mthong na dga’ ba*, Skt. *’jig rten thams cad kyis mthong na dga’ ba*, The name of a Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Adīna *ma zhum*, Skt. *adīna*, The 832nd buddha in the first list, 831st in the second list, and 821st in the third list. ## Adīnaghoṣa *zhum pa med dbyangs*, Skt. *adīnaghoṣa*, The 560th buddha in the first list, 560th in the second list, and 553rd in the third list. ## Adīna­kusuma *me tog dam pa*, Skt. *adīna­kusuma*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Adīnamati *blo gros mi zhan*, Skt. *adīnamati*, A bodhisattva. ## Adāntā *spyin med*, Skt. *adāntā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Adoṣa *skyon med*, Skt. *adoṣa*, The 730th buddha in the first list, 729th in the second list, and 719th in the third list. ## adopt the life of a mendicant *rab tu byung ba*, Skt. *pravrajyā*, See “monastic renunciation.” ## Adorned *rab tu brgyan*, Skt. *rab tu brgyan*, Adorned (decorated or embellished), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇakūṭa. ## Adorned by Gods *lha’i brgyan pa*, Skt. *lha’i brgyan pa*, A buddha realm. ## Adorned by Great Jewels *rin po che chen pos brgyan pa*, Skt. *mahā­ratna­prati­maṇḍita*, The name of the eon in which Śāriputra will become a buddha. ## Adorned by Ornaments *rgyan gyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *rgyan gyis brgyan pa*, A buddhafield at the zenith, where the Tathāgata Sovereign of Supreme Reverberating Sound resides. ## Adorned Limbs *rkang pa brgyan*, Skt. *rkang pa brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vasuśreṣṭha. ## Adorned with a Mark *mtshan gyis yang dag par brgyan pa*, Skt. *mtshan gyis yang dag par brgyan pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Adorned with All Excellent Qualities *yon tan thams cad kyis mdzes par byas*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad kyis mdzes par byas*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Adorned with All Flowers *me tog thams cad kyis rnam par bkra ba*, The name of the world system in which the bodhisattva Dṛḍhādhyāśaya will become enlightened. ## Adorned with All Good Qualities *yon tan kun gyis brgyan*, Skt. *yon tan kun gyis brgyan*, A buddha realm. ## Adorned with All Light *snang ba thams cad kyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *snang ba thams cad kyis brgyan pa*, Father of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## Adorned with All Qualities *yon tan thams cad kyis brgyan*, A world system in the direction of the nadir, presently the realm of the buddha named Cutting Doubt and Shaking the Defilements Since First Generating the Mind of Awakening. ## Adorned with Arrays of Wisdom *blo’i bkod pas legs par brgyan pa la gnas pa*, Skt. *blo’i bkod pas legs par brgyan pa la gnas pa*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Adorned with Blooming Flowers *me tog rgyas pas brgyan*, Skt. *me tog rgyas pas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpita. ## Adorned with Cat’s Gait *byi la ’gros mdzes*, Skt. *byi la ’gros mdzes*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Adorned with Diverse Melody *sna tshogs dbyangs brgyan*, Skt. *sna tshogs dbyangs brgyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Keturāṣṭra (665 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Adorned with Divine Faith *lha dad rab brgyan*, Skt. *lha dad rab brgyan*, Father of the buddha Devarāja. ## Adorned with Every Pleasure *bde ba thams cad kyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *bde ba thams cad kyis brgyan pa*, An eastern buddha realm where the buddha Mārapramardaka resides. ## Adorned with Excellent Splendor *gzi brjid legs par brgyan*, Skt. *gzi brjid legs par brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Maṇḍita. ## Adorned with Flowers *me tog dag gis brgyan*, Skt. *me tog dag gis brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Adorned with Fragrance *spos kyis rnam par brgyan*, Skt. *spos kyis rnam par brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Sugandha. ## Adorned with Glorious Garlands *gzi brjid phreng ldan*, Skt. *gzi brjid phreng ldan*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Adorned with Golden Palmyra Trees *gser gyi shing ta la rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *gser gyi shing ta la rab tu brgyan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Exalted King of Palmyra Trees. ## Adorned with Immaculate and Countless Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che dri ma dang bral ba dpag tu med pa bkod pas brgyan pa*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che dri ma dang bral ba dpag tu med pa bkod pas brgyan pa*, A buddha realm below our world where the buddha Master of the Ocean with Noble and Playful Super-knowledge resides. ## Adorned with Incense *spos kyi brgyan pa*, Skt. *spos kyi brgyan pa*, A buddha realm. ## Adorned with Jewel Flowers *rin po che’i me tog gis rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i me tog gis rab tu brgyan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpa. ## Adorned with Jewels *rin chen brgyan*, Skt. *rin chen brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Adorned with Joy *dga’ bas brgyan*, Skt. *dga’ bas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇāgradhārin. ## Adorned with Light *’od kyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *’od kyis brgyan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Candra. ## Adorned with Lotuses *pad mas brgyan*, Skt. *pad mas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vigatatamas. ## Adorned with Marks *mtshan gyis brgyan*, Skt. *mtshan gyis brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Ajitagaṇa. ## Adorned with Merit *bsod nams dag gis rnam par brgyan*, Skt. *bsod nams dag gis rnam par brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmadeva. ## Adorned with Musāragalva *mu sa ra galba rgyan du byas pa*, Skt. *mu sa ra galba rgyan du byas pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Adorned with Numerous Cascades *’bab chu rnam pa sna tshogs pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *’bab chu rnam pa sna tshogs pa dang ldan pa*, A mountain in Shining in Manifold Ways. ## Adorned with Offerings *mchod pa dag gis brgyan*, Skt. *mchod pa dag gis brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Yaśas. ## Adorned with Qualities *yon tan dag gis brgyan pa*, Skt. *yon tan dag gis brgyan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Adorned with Radiant Light *’od dag ’phro bas brgyan*, Skt. *’od dag ’phro bas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Somacchattra. ## Adorned with Rat Teeth *byi so mdzes*, Skt. *byi so mdzes*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Adorned with Rākṣasa Earrings *srin phyis kyis rna cha gdub ’khor can*, Skt. *srin phyis kyis rna cha gdub ’khor can*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Adorned with Splendid Qualities *gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Birthplace of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Adorned with Splendor *gzi brjid kyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid kyis brgyan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Śodhita. ## Adorned with Springs *’byung khungs kyi brgyan pa*, Skt. *’byung khungs kyi brgyan pa*, An emanated mountain on the trunk of Airāvaṇa. ## Adorned with the Earrings of Compiled Wisdom *ye shes brtsegs pa’i rna rgyan gyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *ye shes brtsegs pa’i rna rgyan gyis brgyan pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi. ## Adorned with the Gods *lha yis brgyan*, Skt. *lha yis brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Amarapriya. ## Adorned with the Moon *zla bas brgyan*, Skt. *zla bas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Manuṣyacandra. ## Adorned with the Qualities of Worship *mchod sbyin yon brgyan ma*, Skt. *mchod sbyin yon brgyan ma*, Mother of the buddha Dharaṇīdhara. ## Adorned with the Ruler *dbang pos brgyan*, Skt. *dbang pos brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Deveśvara. ## Adorned with the Supreme *mchog dag gis brgyan*, Skt. *mchog dag gis brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇottama. ## Adorned with Truth *bden pas brgyan*, Skt. *bden pas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Adorned with Utpalas *ud pal brgyan*, Skt. *ud pal brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnadeva. ## Adorned with Various Jewels *rin chen sna tshogs can*, Skt. *rin chen sna tshogs can*, Nāga King Sāgara’s daughter, who in the future will become the Buddha Samantavipaśyin, in the realm of Light. ## Adorned with Virtue *dge bas brgyan*, Skt. *dge bas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhuguhya. ## Adorned with Virtues *dge bas rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *dge bas rab tu brgyan pa*, Attendant of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Adornment Gift *rgyan byin pa*, Skt. *rgyan byin pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Acala. ## Adornment of Eloquence The name by which five thousand monks will be known when they all become buddhas in the future, according to the Buddha in this sūtra. ## Adornment of Fame *grags pa brgyan*, Skt. *grags pa brgyan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sumitra. ## Adumā *a du ma*, Skt. *adumā*, The name of the town where Kaineya lived; traditionally spelled Udumā, the rendering in The Hundred Deeds may be derived from the Pāli/Prakṛt form Ātumā. ## Adūva *a Du bA*, Skt. *adūva*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Advancing Fire *’gro ba mes sreg*, Skt. *caṅkramāṇāgni­dāha*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## adventitious *glo bur*, Skt. *āgantuka*, Also rendered in this translation as “externally added.” ## Adyota *snang med*, Skt. *adyota*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Aśeṣaketu *mtha’ dag gi tog*, Skt. *aśeṣaketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## aerial palace *gzhal myed khang*, Skt. *vimāna*, These palaces served as both vehicles and residences for deities. ## Aṭṭeśvara *’gro ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *aṭṭeśvara*, A garuḍa. ## affinity *dga’ ba*, Skt. *dga’ ba*, An afflictive emotion. ## afflicted *kun nas nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *saṃkleśika*, See “afflicted mental state.” ## afflicted mental state *nyon mongs*, Skt. *kleśa*, The essentially pure nature of mind is obscured and afflicted by various psychological defilements known as the afflicted mental states, which destroy the mind’s peace and composure. Included among them are the primary afflictions of fundamental ignorance, attachment, aversion, pride, doubt, and twenty subsidiary afflictions. ## afflicted mind Identified as the seventh consciousness in the Yogācāra system, this term refers to the aspect of mind that is responsible for maintaining a subtle sense of self and perpetuating the mental afflictions. ## affliction *nyon mongs*, Skt. *kleśa*, In Buddhism, affliction (Skt. kleśa) refers to any destructive mental state that causes suffering and continued existence in saṃsāra. In this regard, the three basic kleśas are ignorance, attachment, and aversion (or hatred). In terms of etymology, the primary meaning is “defilement.” This is reflected in the middle-Indic kileśa and Pali kilesa which mean “to soil, stain, defile.” The meaning “affliction” is a secondary meaning that derives from a more general (non-Buddhist) classical understanding based on the verbal root kliś (“afflict, torment, cause pain”). ## afflictions *nyon mongs*, Skt. *kleśa*, Mental and emotional traits that bind one to saṃsāra; the fundamental three are ignorance, desire, and anger. When the term refers to the fundamental three, it tends to be translated as “the afflictions.” ## afflictive emotion *nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *kleśa*, Also called “delusions,” “afflictions,” or “addictive emotions,” these are mental states that produce turmoil and confusion and thus disturb mental peace and happiness (Rigzin 133). ## Aṅga *ang ga*, Skt. *aṅga*, A kingdom on the southern bank of the Ganges (in modern day Bihar and Bengal) whose influence waned during the life of Śākyamūni [Buddha](#buddha) at the hands of the kings of [Magadha](#magadha). Its capital was at [Campā](#campā). ## Aṅgada *dpung rgyan*, Skt. *aṅgada*, Disciple of Śiṣyaka, he was prophesied by the Buddha to slay the arhat Sūrata, hastening the Dharma’s disappearance from this world. ## Aṅgadikā *dpung rgyan ldan*, Skt. *aṅgadikā*, A village or town. ## Aṅgaja *yan lag skyes*, Skt. *aṅgaja*, The seventh of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin who becomes the bodhisattva Siṃhagandha and is prophesied to become the Buddha Prabhāsavirarajaḥsamucchrayagandheśvararāja. ## Aṅga-Magadha *ang ga ma ga d+hA*, Skt. *aṅgamāgadha*, At the time of the Buddha, the countries of Aṅga and Magadha were referred to as a single entity. ## Aṅgaratha *shing rta’i yan lag*, Skt. *aṅgaratha*, A buddha in the past. ## agaru *a gar*, Skt. *agaru*, A kind of fragrant aloe wood. ## agarwood *a ga ru*, Skt. *agaru*, Amyris agallocha. Also called agallochum and aloeswood. This is a resinous heartwood that has been infected by the fungus Phialophora parasitica. In India, agarwood is primarily derived from the fifteen Aquilaria (Aquilaria malaccensis) and nine Gyrinops species of lign-aloe trees. ## Agasti *a ma ti*, Skt. *agasti*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Agasti the Holder of Rāma’s Bow *ri byi rangs byed gzhu can*, Skt. *ri byi rangs byed gzhu can*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## aṅgavalī An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## age of excellence *bzang ldan gyi dus*, In the context of this sūtra, this appears to refer to the “age of perfection.” ## age of perfection *rdzogs ldan gyi dus*, Skt. *kṛtayuga*, The first of the four ages of human life in Jambudvīpa. Humans in this age enjoy good qualities such as long lifespans free from disease (see ). Over the course of the four ages humans will lose a quarter of these qualities between each age. ## age of strife *rtsod ldan gyi dus*, Skt. *kaliyuga*, The last of the four ages of human life in Jambudvīpa. In this age humans are endowed with only one remaining quarter of the good qualities that they had during the age of perfection. ## age of threefold endowment *gsum ldan gyi dus*, Skt. *tretayuga*, The second of the four ages of human life in Jambudvīpa. In this age humans are endowed with three quarters of the good qualities that they had during the age of perfection. ## age of twofold endowment *gnyis ldan gyi dus*, Skt. *dvāparayuga*, The third of the four ages of human life in Jambudvīpa. In this age humans are endowed with two quarters, or half of the good qualities that they had during the age of perfection. ## Aggregate *phung po*, Skt. *skandha*, This translation of skandha is fairly well established, although some prefer the monosyllabic “group.” It is important to bear in mind that the original skandha has the sense of “pile,” or “heap,” which has the connotation of utter lack of internal structure, of a randomly collocated pile of things; thus “group” may convey a false connotation of structure and ordered arrangement. The five “compulsive” (upādāna) aggregates are of great importance as a schema for introspective meditation in the Abhidharma, wherein each is defined with the greatest subtlety and precision. In fact, the five terms rūpa, vedanā, samjñā, saṃskāra, and vijñāna have such a particular technical sense that many translators have preferred to leave them untranslated. Nevertheless, in the sūtra context, where the five are meant rather more simply to represent the relative living being (in the realm of desire), it seems preferable to give a translation—in spite of the drawbacks of each possible term—in order to convey the same sense of a total categorization of the psychophysical complex. Thus, for rūpa, “matter” is preferred to “form” because it more concretely connotes the physical and gross; for vedanā, “sensation” is adopted, as limited to the aesthetic; for samjñā, “intellect” is useful in conveying the sense of verbal, conceptual intelligence. For samskāra, which covers a number of mental functions as well as inanimate forces, “motivation” gives a general idea. And “consciousness” is so well established for vijñāna (although what we normally think of as consciousness is more like samjñā, i.e., conceptual and notional, and vijñāna is rather the “pure awareness” prior to concepts) as to be left unchallenged. ## aggregate of consciousness *rnam par shes pa’i phung po*, Skt. *vi­jñāna­skandha*, Fifth of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## aggregate of correct conduct *tshul khrims kyi phung po*, Skt. *tshul khrims kyi phung po*, One of the five undefiled aggregates (zag med kyi phung po lnga), the others being the aggregates of concentration (samādhi), discriminative awareness (prajñā), liberation (vimukti), and insight of the primordial wisdom of liberation (vimukti­jñāna­darśana). ## aggregate of ethical discipline *tshul khrims kyi phung po*, Skt. *śīla­skandha*, First of the five definitive aggregates. ## aggregate of feelings *tshor ba’i phung po*, Skt. *vedanā­skandha*, Second of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## aggregate of formative predispositions *’du byed kyi phung po*, Skt. *saṃ­skāra­skandha*, Fourth of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## Aggregate of Insight *shes rab phung po*, Skt. *shes rab phung po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahātejas. ## aggregate of knowledge and seeing of liberation *rnam par grol ba’i ye shes mthong ba’i phung po*, Skt. *vimukti­jñāna­darśana­skandha*, One of the five uncontaminated aggregates. ## Aggregate of Liberation *thar pa’i phung po*, Skt. *thar pa’i phung po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amohavihārin. ## aggregate of meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin gyi phung po*, Skt. *samādhi­skandha*, Second of the five definitive aggregates. ## aggregate of meditative stabilization *ting nge ’dzin gyi phung po*, Skt. *samādhi­skandha*, One of the five uncontaminated aggregates. ## aggregate of morality *tshul khrims kyi phung po*, Skt. *śīla­skandha*, One of the five uncontaminated aggregates. ## aggregate of perceptions *’du shes kyi phung po*, Skt. *saṃ­jñā­skandha*, Third of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## aggregate of physical forms *gzugs kyi phung po*, Skt. *rūpa­skandha*, First of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## aggregate of seeing the wisdom of liberation *rnam par grol ba’i ye shes mthong ba’i phung po*, Skt. *vimukti­jñāna­darśana­skandha*, Fifth of the five undefiled aggregates. ## aggregate of the knowledge and seeing of liberation *rnam par grol ba’i ye shes mthong ba’i phung po*, Skt. *vimukti­jñāna­darśana­skandha*, Fifth of the five undefiled aggregates. ## aggregate of the perception of liberating gnosis *rnam par grol ba’i ye shes mthong ba’i phung po*, Skt. *vi­mukti­jñāna­darśana­skandha*, Fifth of the five definitive aggregates. ## aggregate of wisdom *shes rab kyi phung po*, Skt. *prajñā­skandha*, One of the five uncontaminated aggregates. ## aggregates *phung po*, Skt. *skandha*, Lit. a “heap” or “pile.” The five aggregates of form, feeling, perception, volitional factors, and consciousness. On the individual level the five aggregates refer to the basis upon which the mistaken idea of a self is projected. However, in this text, five pure or uncontaminated aggregates are also listed, namely: the aggregate of morality, the aggregate of meditative stabilization, the aggregate of wisdom, the aggregate of liberation, and the aggregate of knowledge and seeing of liberation. ## aggregates as the bases for clinging *nye bar len pa’i phung po*, Skt. *upādānaskandha*, The five aggregates (skandha) of matter (rūpa), sensation (vedanā), perception (saṃjñā), karmic dispositions (saṃskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna). They are referred to as the “bases for clinging” (upādāna) insofar as all conceptual grasping arises on the basis of these aggregates. ## aggregates for appropriation *nye bar len pa’i phung po*, Skt. *upādānaskandha*, Said of the aggregates individually, but more commonly in terms of all five as a collective, because they are “the basis of clinging to existence” (Edgerton). ## aggregates subject to clinging *nye bar len pa’i phung po*, Skt. *upādānaskandha*, The five “heaps” that are clung to and thereby constitute individual existence in the desire realm: form (rūpa), feeling (vedanā), perception (saṃjñā), conditionings (saṃskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna). ## Aggressive rite *drag po’i phrin las*, Skt. *raudrakarman*, Roughly synonymous with abhicāra (assaulting), this broad category of rites includes those ritual practices and magical acts that are used to curse, exorcise malevolent influences, deter, harm, and kill enemies, and otherwise engage in hostile activities directed towards human and nonhuman targets. ## aging and death *rga shi*, Skt. *jarāmaraṇa*, Twelfth of the twelve links or phases of dependent origination. ## Aṅgiramukha *ing gi ra’i gdong*, Skt. *aṅgiramukha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Aṅgiras *ang gi ra*, Skt. *aṅgiras*, The rishi who is said to have composed most of the fourth Veda, the Atharvaveda. ## Aṅgirasī *ang gi ra si*, Skt. *aṅgirasī*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Aṅgirasa *ang gi ra sa*, Skt. *aṅgirasa*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## agitation and regret *rgod ’gyod*, Skt. *auddhatya­kaukṛtya*, Fourth of the five obscurations. ## Agni *me lha*, Skt. *agni*, The Vedic deity of fire. The name can also mean fire, particularly the sacrificial fire. ## Agnibhāṇḍa *ming me thab*, Skt. *agnibhāṇḍa*, The name of the country or the people where the Buddha descended to Earth. ## agnicūḍa *ag ni tsu Da*, Skt. *agnicūḍa*, A bird that we have been unable to identify. ## Agnidatta “Given by Fire.” The name of a king who bestowed the district of Utkaṭa as a brahmic gift (brahmadeya) to the brahmin Puṣkarasārin. ## Agnidatta (father of Śiṣyaka) *mes sbyin*, Skt. *agnidatta*, A certain brahmin who in the future will be from the country of Pāṭaliputra, a master of the Vedas, and father of Śiṣyaka. Not to be confused with Agnidatta (of Vārāṇasī), one of the magistrates of King Brahmadatta (past), nor with Agnidatta of the royal palace Śobhāvatī. ## Agnidatta (of Śobhāvatī) *me sbyin*, Skt. *agnidatta*, A certain brahmin of the royal palace Śobhāvatī during the time of Buddha Krakucchanda. Not to be confused with Agnidatta of Vārāṇasī, nor with the Agnidatta (father of Śiṣyaka) prophesied to appear in the future, both of whose names are the slightly different Tib. mes sbyin. ## Agnidatta (of Vārāṇasī) *mes sbyin*, Skt. *agnidatta*, One of King Brahmadatta’s magistrates, from Vārāṇasī. Father of Son of Fire and Tongue of Fire. Not to be confused with Agnidatta (father of Śiṣyaka) prophesied to appear in the future, nor with Agnidatta of the royal palace Śobhāvatī. ## Agnighaṭa *me’i rdza ma*, Skt. *agnighaṭa*, This might be a variation on the name for the third of the eight hot hells, the “crushing hell,” (Tib. bsdus ’joms, Skt. saṃghāta) as the name occurs in no other sūtra than the Kāraṇḍavyūha. ## Agnijihva *me lce*, Skt. *agnijihva*, A bodhisattva. ## Agniśrī *me’i dpal*, Skt. *agniśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Agnirakṣitikā *me srung ma*, Skt. *agnirakṣitikā*, A great piśācī. ## Agnirasa *me’i rgyud*, Skt. *agnirasa*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Agniveśya One of the sublineages connected with the Kāśyapa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Agragaṇin A buddha in the distant past. ## Aṅgāraka “The Glowing One.” The planet Mars. ## Agrapradīpa *sgron ma mchog*, Skt. *agrapradīpa*, “Supreme Lamp,” a buddha from the buddhafield Infinite Flowers. He is the titular figure in The Dhāraṇī of Agrapradīpa. ## Agrasānumati *thugs drag po*, Skt. *agrasānumati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Agrayāna *theg pa dam pa*, Skt. *agrayāna*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## agree *blo mthun par byed pa*, Skt. *saṃman*, Agreement is reached if all monastics present remain silent when asked to voice objections to a motion or act. ## Agrodikā *rab ’char ldan*, Skt. *agrodikā*, A great piśācī. ## Aṅguṣṭhā *mthe bo can*, Skt. *aṅguṣṭhā*, A realm in which the beings are only the height of a thumb, and the buddha there, Jyotīrasa, is seven thumbs in size. ## Aṅgulimāla *sor mo threng ba*, one of the [Buddha's](#buddha) [disciple](#disciple)s, who despite having killed nine hundred and ninety nine people, was able, by purifying his [negative action](#negative-action)s, to attain the level of [Arhat](#arhat). His name [means](#means) "Garland of Fingers." ## ṣaṇḍha *za ma*, Skt. *ṣaṇḍha*, Someone whose sexual organs (or part of them) have been removed, or who is sexually impotent for some other reason; sometimes synonym to ma ning (see entry “paṇḍaka”). See also . ## Ahi *kun ’gro*, Skt. *ahi*, A righteous nāga king. ## Ahicchatrā *sbrul gdug can*, Skt. *ahicchatrā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ahicchatra *sbrul gyi gdugs*, Skt. *ahicchatra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ahicchattra *sbrul gdugs*, Skt. *sbrul gdugs*, A village. ## Ahirbudhnya The mythical “serpent of the deep” that, according to the brahmanical tradition, resides in the misty region at the bottom of the world. ## Ahomukhā *’og zhal ma*, Skt. *ahomukhā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## aids to awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs*, Skt. *bodhipakṣa*, Thirty-seven practices or qualities whose cultivation leads to awakening. ## aids to enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣika­dharma*, See “thirty-seven aids to enlightenment” ## Aihikī *’dod pa mo*, Skt. *aihikī*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## Aśiḍi *a shi Di*, Skt. *aśiḍi*, One of the eight great yakṣīs. ## Śaśiketu *zla ba’i tog*, Skt. *śaśiketu*, The 213th buddha in the first list, 212th in the second list, and 212th in the third list. ## Śaśiketuprabha *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan ’od*, Skt. *śaśiketuprabha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śaila *ri bo*, Skt. *śaila*, Sage who lived with five hundred devotees in the forest and spent time on the banks of Lake Mandākinī, his maternal uncle was the sage Kaineya. ## Śailabāhu *brag lag*, Skt. *śailabāhu*, A nāga king. ## Śailagāthā *ri gnas pa’i tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *śailagāthā*, A verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins and preserved in the Bhaiṣajyavastu of the Mūla­sarvāstivāda Vinaya. ## Śaila­śikharābhyudgata­tejas *ri’i rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *śaila­śikharābhyudgata­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Śailakalpa *ri bo lta bu*, Skt. *śailakalpa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Śailarāja *ri bo’i rgyal*, Skt. *śailarāja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fifth) when he becomes a buddha ## Ailavila *Ir bir*, Skt. *ailavila*, Synonymous with Kubera, who, in this sūtra, is distinct from Vaiśravaṇa. The name Ailavila is derived from his mother, and means “the son of Ilavilā.” ## Śailendra­śrī­garbha­rāja *ri’i dbang po dpal gyi snying po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śailendra­śrī­garbha­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Śailendrarāja *ri dbang rgyal po*, Skt. *śailendrarāja*, The 186th buddha in the first list, 185th in the second list, and 185th in the third list. ## Śailendra­rāja *ri’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śailendra­rāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Śailendra­rāja­saṃghaṭṭana­ghoṣa *ri dbang rgyal po ’thab pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *śailendra­rāja­saṃghaṭṭana­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## śaileya *rdo dreg*, Skt. *śaileya*, Bitumen, benzoin, or lichen (McHugh, 2008, p 180 n25). ## Aim Accomplished *don grub*, Skt. *don grub*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Devaruta (849 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Śaśimaṇḍala *zla ba’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *śaśimaṇḍala*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Aiming for Accomplishment of Limitless Wisdom Array *ye shes kyi bkod pa mtha’ yas pa bsgrub pa la sems pa*, Skt. *ye shes kyi bkod pa mtha’ yas pa bsgrub pa la sems pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Aims of Beings Accomplished *’gro don grub*, Skt. *’gro don grub*, Birthplace of the buddha Prāmodyarāja. ## Śaśimukha *zla zhal*, Skt. *śaśimukha*, The tenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Aiśānī *dbang ldan ma*, Skt. *aiśānī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Śaśin *zla ba*, Skt. *śaśin*, The 702nd buddha in the first list, 701st in the second list, and 691st in the third list. ## Aindrī *dbang mo*, Skt. *aindrī*, One of the great mātṛs. Elsewhere her name is given as “Indrāṇī.” ## Aindra school of Sanskrit grammar *dbang po’i brda sprod pa*, Skt. *aindra vyākaraṇa*, Possibly the oldest school of Sanskrit grammar, by traditional accounts traced to the god Indra himself. ## Śaśiprabhā *zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *śaśiprabhā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Light of the Moon,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## air One of the three doṣas in traditional Indian medicine. ## Aṇira *a Ni ra*, Skt. *aṇira*, A city in Godānīya. ## airborne dust particle The smallest visible particle, seven of which make up one speck of dirt on a hare. ## airborne palace *gzhal med khang*, Skt. *vimāna*, Vimāna, translated here as “airborne palace,” can mean a divine chariot or palace, or a combination of the two, as in this translation. These flying palaces of the deities are well known in Indian mythology. Burnouf translates as “chariots”; Kern has “aerial cars.” ## Airāvaṇa *sa srung gi bu*, Skt. *airāvaṇa*, The king of elephants and Śakra’s mount, who makes offerings to Prince Siddhārtha upon learning of his intent to leave home. ## Airāvatī *sa ldan*, Skt. *airāvatī*, A river queen. ## Airāvata Skt. *airāvata*, The king of the elephants. ## Airāvataka *sa srung bu’i dbyibs*, Skt. *airāvataka*, A mountain. ## Aḍitacandra *a Di ta tsan+d+ra*, Skt. *aḍitacandra*, Indian paṇḍita referred to in the sūtra’s colophon ## Śaśitejas *zla ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *śaśitejas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śaiva *zhi ba*, Skt. *śiva*, Belonging or relating to the god Śiva; a devotee or follower of Śiva; see “Śiva.” ## Śaśivakra *zla bzhin*, Skt. *śaśivakra*, A night goddess in the distant past. ## Śaśivaktra *zla ba’i zhal*, Skt. *śaśivaktra*, The 202nd buddha in the first list, 201st in the second list, and 201st in the third list. ## Śaivala *dpal skyed*, Skt. *śaivala*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Śaśi­vimala­garbha *zla ba dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *śaśi­vimala­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Ajagara Skt. *ajagara*, Literally “goat devourer,” ajagara is the name of a mythical snake or the Sanskrit term for a boa constrictor. ## añjali *thal mo sbyar ba*, Skt. *añjali*, A gesture of salutation, with the palms of the hands pressed together at the heart. ## Añjalipriya *thal mo dga’*, Skt. *añjalipriya*, A yakṣa general. ## Añjana *mig sman*, Skt. *añjana*, The 868th buddha in the first list, 867th in the second list, and 857th in the third list. ## Ajara *rga ba med pa*, Skt. *ajara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Ajarayoginī The name of a city. ## Ajati One of the many names of the god Indra. ## Ajayavatī *mi ’pham*, Skt. *ajayavatī*, The eastern realm in which the bodhisattva Vīryasaṃcodana became a buddha. ## ajeya *mi pham pa*, Skt. *ajeya*, Lit. “unconquerable.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ajiravatī *’khor sa ldan ma*, Skt. *ajiravatī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Ajiravatī River *khang ldan*, Skt. *ajiravatī*, The modern-day Rāptīnadī. L. Chandra gives Ajiravatī for the Tib. khyams ldan. ## Ajitā *rgyal byed ma*, Skt. *ajitā*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī; one of the “four sisters” invoked in a mantra. ## Ajita *mi pham*, Skt. *ajita*. See [Ajita of the hair shawl](#ajita-of-the-hair-shawl). ## Ajita Keśakambalī *mi dkar ba skra’i la ba can*, Skt. *ajita keśakambalī*, An Indian ascetic who propounded the extreme of annihilation (ucchedavāda). In most Tibetan canonical translations his name is rendered mi pham skra’i la ba can, and the Tib. mi dkar ba as found here is, rather, one of several renderings of the Sanskrit name Asita. ## Ajita Keśakambala *mi ’pham skra’i la ba can*, Skt. *ajita keśakambala*, One of the six philosophical extremists who lived during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ajita of the hair shawl *mi pham skra'i la ba can*, Skt. *ajita keśakambala*, One of the six [tīrthika](#tīrthika) teachers contemporaneous with [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). ## Ajitagaṇa *thub pa med pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *ajitagaṇa*, The 332nd buddha in the first list, 331st in the second list, and 326th in the third list. ## Ajitañjaya *ra ’gro ba*, Skt. *ajitañjaya*, One of the two bodhisattvas standing by the gateway in the Mañjuśrī maṇḍala. ## Ajitaśrībhadra Indian preceptor-monk and translator. ## Ajitasena *myi pham sde*, Skt. *ajitasena*, A householder, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 51. ## ajowan *la phug*, Skt. *yavānī*, Trachyspermum ammi. ## Ajātaśatru *ma skyes dgra*, Skt. *ajātaśatru*, The son of King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra). ## Ajātapakṣa *’dab med skyes*, Skt. *ajātapakṣa*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Śakā *sh kA*, Skt. *śakā*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Śaka *sha ka’i mi*, Skt. *śaka*, Appears in The Hundred Deeds as the name of a king and a people dwelling in the “barbaric outlying region” south of Jambudvīpa. ## Śakaṭamukha *shing rta’i bzhin*, Skt. *śakaṭamukha*, A nāga king. ## Akṣaṇa­rucira­vairocanā *mtshan gyi ’od rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *akṣaṇa­rucira­vairocanā*, A buddha realm in the upward direction. ## Śaṅkalī *lcags sgrog*, Skt. *śaṅkalī*, It is not clear who this goddess is. This could be a variant spelling of Saṅkalā. ## Akampitagarbha *snying bo mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *akampitagarbha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. See . ## Akampyanetra *spyan mi ’gyur ba*, Skt. *akampyanetra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Akaniṣṭhā *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭhā*, The highest of all the form realm (rūpadhātu) worlds. The world of devas “equal in rank” (literally “having no one as the youngest”). ## Akaniṣṭha *'og min*, lit. "nothing above it." The highest paradise or Buddha-field. There are six different places bearing this name, from the eight paradise of the [gods](#gods) of the [Fourth Concentration](#four-concentrations). ## Ṭakaśobho *Ta ka sho bho*, Skt. *ṭakaśobho*, A mountain in Jambudvīpa. ## Śaṅkara *bde byed*, example of a man whose strong desire and hatred led him to kill his mother. He repented and, having purified his [negative action](#negative-action)s, was reborn in a god [realm](#realm). ## Akarma *las med*, Skt. *akarma*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śaṅkaroṣṇīṣa *thogs pa med pa’i bde byed kyi gtsug tor*, Skt. *śaṅkaroṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## akṣarāpagata *yi ge dang bral ba*, Skt. *akṣarāpagata*, Lit. “without syllables.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Śakasthāna *nus pa’i gnas*, Skt. *śakasthāna*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Akṣaya *mi zad pa*, Skt. *akṣaya*, The 575th buddha in the first list, 575th in the second list, and 568th in the third list. ## Akṣaya­buddha­vaṃśa­nirdeśā *sangs rgyas kyi rigs mi zad pa shin tu ston pa*, Skt. *akṣaya­buddha­vaṃśa­nirdeśā*, A buddha realm in the upward direction. ## Akṣayajñānakūṭa *ye shes mi zad brtsegs*, Skt. *akṣaya­jñānakūṭa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## akṣayakaraṇḍa *zad mi shes pa’i za ma tog*, Skt. *akṣayakaraṇḍa*, Lit. “inexhaustible basket.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Akṣayamati *blo gros mi zad pa*, Skt. *akṣayamati*, A bodhisattva in the assembly at Vimalakīrti’s house, often figuring in other Mahāyāna sūtras, especially Akṣayamati­nirdeśa­sūtra. ## Akṣaya­pratibhāna *spobs pa mi zad pa*, Skt. *akṣaya­pratibhāna*, A bodhisattva. ## Śaṅkha “Conch.” A king, the father of the prince Joyful to Behold, who is a future rebirth of Aśokadattā’s mother, Moonlit, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Śaṅkhapāla *dung skyong*, Skt. *śaṅkhapāla*, The name of one of the eight nāga kings who obey the eight deities in Gaṇapati’s nine-section maṇḍala. ## Śaṅkhila *dung can*, Skt. *śaṅkhila*, A yakṣa general in the south. ## Śaṃkhinī *shang+gi ni*, Skt. *śaṃkhinī*, “Conch Player.” One of the eight nāga queens. ## Śaṅkhinī *dung can*, Skt. *śaṅkhinī*, A rākṣasī in the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī (Toh 559). ## Aṅkita *mtshan ldan*, Skt. *aṅkita*, A buddha realm. ## Śaṅkālī Skt. *śaṅkālī*, A yakṣa general. ## Akṣobhya *mi bskyod pa*, the [Buddha](#buddha) of the [Vajra](#vajra) Family. See [five families](#five-families). ## A­kṣobhya *mi ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *a­kṣobhya*, Name of a buddha. ## Akṣobhyarāja *mi ’khrugs rgyal*, Skt. *akṣobhyarāja*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Akṣobhyavarṇa *mi ’khrugs mdog*, Skt. *akṣobhyavarṇa*, The 644th buddha in the first list, 643rd in the second list, and 635th in the third list. ## Śakra *brgya byin*, Skt. *śakra*, The Tibetan name used in this text corresponds to the Sanskrit “Śakra,” another name for the preeminent vajra-wielding Vedic deity Indra who is called “lord of the deities” and is associated with storms and righteous warfare. The Tibetan translation is based on an etymology that śakra is an abbreviation of śata-kratu, “one who has performed a hundred sacrifices.” In Buddhism, he is the god of the realm equivalent to the second heaven of the desire realm, the heaven of Thirty-Three Gods. In the Buddhist Avataṃsaka cosmology of innumerable (asaṃkhyeya) interpenetrating buddha realms, there are myriad Śakras (aka Indra), each presiding over his own world-system. ## Śakraghna *srog ’joms byed*, Skt. *śakraghna*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Śakras *brgya byin dag*, Skt. *śakra*, In this text the term is used in the plural, likely indicating Śakras from different world systems. See Śakra. ## śakrābhilagna *shi kra bi li kra*, Skt. *śakrābhilagna­maṇi*, “Jewel wielded by Indra,” the name of a particular gem. ## Śaṃkāriṇī *shaM kA ri NI*, Skt. *śaṃkāriṇī*, A goddess invoked to counter the effects of poison. ## Akrodhana *khro bo med pa*, Skt. *akrodhana*, A householder. ## śakti *nus pa*, Skt. *śakti*, In colloquial usage, the term means “ability”; in a more esoteric sense, it denotes feminine energy and power; it is also used when referring to powerful female spirits (usually within the Śaiva pantheon). ## Aṅkuśī *lcags kyu*, Skt. *aṅkuśī*, A goddess in this sūtra. ## Śaṅku *gzer bu*, Skt. *śaṅku*, One of the grahas. ## Aṅkuśarāja *lcags kyu’i rgyal po*, Skt. *aṅkuśarāja*, It is not clear who Aṅkuśarāja is; this could be a name variant of Amoghāṅkuśa. ## Śaṅkukarṇa *gzer rna*, Skt. *śaṅkukarṇa*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Akulika *rigs med ldan*, Skt. *akulika*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Śakunī *bya ma*, Skt. *śakunī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Śakuna *la nye can*, Skt. *śakuna*, A king in the past. Also referred to as “Mahāśakuni.” ## śakuni *bya*, Skt. *śakuni*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Śakyarakṣita *shAkya rak+Shi ta*, Skt. *śakyarakṣita*, An Indian paṇḍita involved in translating this sūtra. ## Śalabha *stag re*, Skt. *śalabha*, A nāga king. ## Alabāla Skt. *alabāla*, A nāga king. ## Alaka *lcang lo*, Skt. *alaka*, The realm of Kubera. ## Alakaśīrṣa *lcang lo can gyi mgo*, Skt. *alakaśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## Alakavatī *lcang lo can*, Skt. *alakavatī*, The world of yakṣas ruled over by Kubera. ## Alakāpura *lcang lo’i grong*, Skt. *alakāpura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Alakāvatī *lcang lo can*, Skt. *alakāvatī*, The world of yakṣas, ruled over by Kubera. ## Alakāvati *lcang lo can*, Skt. *alakāvati*, The kingdom of yakṣas located on Mount Sumeru and ruled over by Kubera, also known as Vaiśravaṇa. (Toh 555: nor ldan) ## Alala *a la la*, Skt. *ṭaṭaṭaṭa*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## alambu A type of plant. ## Alambuśā *rna cha*, Skt. *alambuśā*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## alawu An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## alchemy siddhi The name of a siddhi. ## Aśleṣā *nab so*, Skt. *aśleṣā*, A constellation in the east, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Alika *bung ba*, Skt. *alika*, A nāga king. ## Alindra *dgra dbang*, Skt. *alindra*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin, who becomes the bodhisattva Vairocana and is prophesied to become the Buddha Dharmavaśavarīśvararāja. ## Alūkā *’ug pa ma ma yin pa*, Skt. *alūkā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## All Bliss *bde ba thams cad*, Skt. *bde ba thams cad*, A buddha realm. ## All Conquering *kun tu rgyal*, Skt. *kun tu rgyal*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## All Equal *thams cad mnyam pa*, Skt. *thams cad mnyam pa*, A world system in the southern direction. ## all fragrances *dri thams cad*, Skt. *sarvagandha*, Though often listed differently, this refers to a combination of four or five commonly used perfumes. ## All Illuminating *kun tu snang*, Skt. *kun tu snang*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## All Luminous *kun tu ’od*, Skt. *samantaprabhā*, The eleventh bodhisattva level. ## All Luminous Incenses *spos thams cad snang ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *spos thams cad snang ba dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Jewel Light. ## All Phenomena Abide without Assertions *chos thams cad la khas ’che ba med par shin tu gnas pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad la khas ’che ba med par shin tu gnas pa*, A bodhisattva. ## All Seasons *dus tshigs thams cad*, Skt. *dus tshigs thams cad*, A forest upon Mount Playful in Sudharma. ## All Seeing *thams cad mthong*, Skt. *thams cad mthong*, The name of a mātṛkā in Great Cool Grove. ## all that draw breath *srog chags thams cad*, Skt. *sarveṣāṃ prāṇinām*, All living beings. ## all the activities of their bodies are preceded by gnosis and followed by gnosis *lus kyi las thams cad ye shes sngon du ’gro zhing ye shes kyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *sarva­kāya­karma­jñāna­pūrva­gamaṃ jñānānu­pari­varti*, Thirteenth or sixteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## all the activities of their bodies are preceded by wisdom and followed by wisdom *sku’i phrin las thams cad ye shes sngon du ’gro ste/ ye shes kyi rjes su ’brang*, Skt. *sarva­kāya­karma­jñāna­pūrvagamaṃ jñānānuparivarti*, Thirteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## all the activities of their minds are preceded by gnosis and followed by gnosis *yid kyi las thams cad ye shes sngon du ’gro zhing ye shes kyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *sarva­manaḥ­karma­jñāna­pūrva­gamaṃ jñānānu­pari­varti*, Fifteenth or eighteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## all the activities of their minds are preceded by wisdom and followed by wisdom *thugs kyi phrin las thams cad ye shes sngon du ’gro ste/ ye shes kyi rjes su ’brang*, Skt. *sarva­manaḥkarma­jñāna­pūrvagamaṃ jñānānuparivarti*, Fifteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## all the activities of their speech are preceded by gnosis and followed by gnosis *ngag gi las thams cad ye shes sngon du ’gro zhing ye shes kyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *sarva­vāk­karma­jñāna­pūrva­gamaṃ jñānānu­pari­varti*, Fourteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## all the activities of their speech are preceded by wisdom and followed by wisdom *gsung gi phrin las thams cad ye shes sngon du ’gro ste/ ye shes kyi rjes su ’brang*, Skt. *sarva­vākkarma­jñāna­pūrvagamaṃ jñānānuparivarti*, Fourteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## All the People *skye bo thams cad*, Skt. *skye bo thams cad*, A town in Videha. ## All victorious banner *phyogs las rnam par rgyal ba'i rgyal mtshan*, one of the [eight auspicious signs](#eight-auspicious-signs). It corresponds to the *body* of the [Buddha](#buddha) and symbolizes the indestructibility of his teaching. ## All Victorious Palace *rnam rgyal pho brang*, the palace of the god [Indra](#indra) ## All Worlds *’jig rten thams cad pa*, Skt. *’jig rten thams cad pa*, A summit in Ornament of the Mind. ## all-aspect omniscience *rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa nyid*, Skt. *sarvākārajñatā*, This key term in the Prajñā­pāramitā literature refers to the omniscience of a buddha, and is not to be confused with the “knowledge of the aspects of the path” of bodhisattvas, or with the knowledge of all the dharmas (thams cad shes pa, lit. “omniscience”) of śrāvakas. The “all-aspect” (sarvākāra) part of the term refers to the different aspects that it comprises, and is explained in two ways in The Long Explanation (Toh 3808, –). One way identifies the “aspects” as being qualities such as nonarising and unproduced, unceasing, primordially at peace, naturally in nirvāṇa, without intrinsic nature, emptiness, signlessness, wishlessness, etc. The other way identifies them as being the collections of the wholesome, unwholesome, and neutral, and the collection of those destined for error and those of uncertain destiny. All-aspect omniscience is also the first of the eight progressive stages of clear realization. ## all-aspect omniscience in all its finest aspects *rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa’i ye shes rnam pa’i mchog thams cad dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa’i ye shes rnam pa’i mchog thams cad dang ldan pa*, The “finest aspect(s)” are, according to the two explanations in the Long Explanation (Toh 3808 –, see “knowledge of all aspects”), either (in the first explanation) emptiness, as the root of all the other aspects, or (in the second explanation) the aspects that are included in the collections of the wholesome and those destined for what is right. ## All-Conquering Vajra *rdo rjes rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *rdo rjes rab tu ’joms pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with the Essence of Vajra. ## allegorical speech *ldem po’i ngag*, Skt. *saṃdhāyavacana*, Speech that is allusive, indirect, or contains undisclosed meaning and therefore requires further interpretation. ## All-Enduring *thams cad bzod*, Skt. *sarvakṣanta*, A member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## all-ground *kun gzhi*, Skt. *ālaya*, The most subtle form of deluded consciousness, which serves as the substratum for karmic seeds to be stored; likewise the substratum from which appearances manifest. ## All-Holding *kun ’dzin*, Skt. *kun ’dzin*, A buddha realm. ## All-Illuminating *kun tu gsal*, Skt. *kun tu gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## All-Illumining and Unobstructed Gaze *kun nas snang zhing sgrib pa med par lta ba*, Skt. *kun nas snang zhing sgrib pa med par lta ba*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## All-Illumining Moon *kun tu snang ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *kun tu snang ba’i zla ba*, A bodhisattva. ## All-Knowing *kun shes*, The wife of a householder. ## All-Knowing One *thams cad mkhyen pa*, Skt. *sarvajña*, An epithet of the buddhas. Salutation to the All-Knowing One at the beginning of a Buddhist text typically indicates its designation in the Vinaya Piṭaka. ## all-knowledge *thams cad mkhyen pa nyid*, Skt. *sarvajñatva*, See “three types of omniscience.” ## All-Outshining Light of Brahmā *tshangs pa thams cad zil gyis gnon pa’i ’od*, Skt. *brahma­prabha­sarvābhibhavana­jyoti*, A bodhisattva. ## all-pervading meditation *mkha’ khyab kyi bsam gtan*, Skt. *āsphānaka*, The Sanskrit name for a particular state of meditation the corresponding Pāli of which is appānaka or appāṇaka. An alternate Buddhist Sanskrit term is āspharaṇaka. This meditation is described most famously in the Mahāsaccaka Sūtta of the Majjhima Nikāya where it is explained as a type of meditation in which the breathing is fully stopped, which then prompts the Bodhisattva to experience a loud and unpleasant sound. He then abandons the meditation. Edgerton cites a different explanation found in the Lalitavistara in which the meditation involves pervading everything while not agitating or disturbing the space element at all. ## All-Pervasive Lord A buddha prophesied to appear in the future. This prophecy will be given to the bodhisattva Resounding Voice by the future buddha Vikurvāṇarāja. ## All-Pervasive Mother A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## All-Reaching *nye ’khor na khyab pa*, Skt. *nye ’khor na khyab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## All-Seeing *kun tu lta ba*, Skt. *kun tu lta ba*, The realm of the Buddha Samantavipaśyin. ## All-Seeing Eyes *kun tu lta ba’i mig*, Skt. *kun tu lta ba’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## All-Seeing Mind *thams cad bltas sems*, Skt. *thams cad bltas sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Laḍitakrama. ## All-Seeing Roar *kun tu gzigs pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *kun tu gzigs pa’i nga ro*, A buddha. ## all-touching The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its second week. ## all-uniting *kun sdud*, Skt. *kun sdud*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its second week. ## alluvial gold *sa le sbram*, Skt. *suvarnacūrṇa*, Alluvial gold; gold dust. Pali suvannacunna. ## alms *bsod snyoms*, Skt. *piṇḍapāta*, An acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## alms bowl A monastic’s begging bowl. ## alms round The food deposited (pāta) in a monastic’s alms bowl. ## aloe Aloe vera. ## aloeswood *a ga ru*, Skt. *aguru*, The fragrant aloeswood tree Aquilaria agallocha. Alternately a Tibetan translation of śiṃśapā, which the Atharvaveda identifies as the tree Dalbergia sissoo or Indian redwood. ## Alpormika *dba’ rlabs chung*, Skt. *alpormika*, A nāga king. (Toh 555: dba’ rlabs chung ngu) ## altar *mchod snam*, Skt. *vedī*, See for this term in the translation. ## always abides by the six spheres *rtag tu gnas pa drug gis gnas pa*, To always abide by the six spheres [means](#means) to always be aware of and attentive to the six objects of visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, and mental consciousness. ## Always Adorned *rtag tu brgyan*, Skt. *rtag tu brgyan*, A buddha realm. ## Always Concentrated *rtag tu ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *sadāsamādhi*, A bodhisattva. ## Always Delightful *rtag tu nyams dga’*, Skt. *rtag tu nyams dga’*, (1) A forest of the asuras. (2) A grove in Lateral. ## Always Desired *rtag tu ’dod*, Skt. *rtag tu ’dod*, Birthplace of the buddha Suvayas. ## Always Diligent *rtag tu brtson ’grus rtsom pa*, Skt. *rtag tu brtson ’grus rtsom pa*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Always Fragrant *kun tu spos*, Skt. *kun tu spos*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Attainment of All Powerful Forces. ## Always Illuminated *rtag tu snang bar byas*, Skt. *rtag tu snang bar byas*, Birthplace of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## Always Joyous *rtag tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtag tu dga’ ba*, (1) A park in Sustained by Fruition (rtag tu dga’ ba). (2) A pleasure grove in High Conduct (rtag tu dga’ ba). (3) A pond on Equal Peaks (rtag tu mngon par dga’ ba). (4) A forest of the asuras (tin di kun dga’). ## Always Looking *rtag tu rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *rtag tu rnam par lta ba*, A monk. ## Always Smiling and Joyful A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Always Victorious *kun tu rgyal*, Skt. *kun tu rgyal*, The name of a mātṛkā in Great Cool Grove. ## Always Watching A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## śamī tree *shing sha ma*, Skt. *śamī*, Prosopis spicigera or Mimosa suma. ## Aśmaka *rdo mangs*, Skt. *aśmaka*, A country. ## Śamaka *zhi byed*, Skt. *śamaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Amalā *dri ma med*, Skt. *amalā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Amala *dri med*, Skt. *amala*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Amala­garbha *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *amala­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## amalaki *skyu ru ra*, Skt. *āmalakī*, The Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica). ## Amalakīrti *grags pa dri ma med pa*, Skt. *amalakīrti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Amalāntakarī Skt. *amalāntakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Amanoratha *bsam pa ma yin pa*, Skt. *amanoratha*, One of the kings of the piśācas. ## Amarā *chi med*, Skt. *amarā*, A river queen. ## Amaraparvata *’chi med sa zhag*, Skt. *amaraparvata*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Amarapriya *lha dag dga’*, Skt. *amarapriya*, The 306th buddha in the first list, 305th in the second list, and 300th in the third list. ## A­martyā *mi ’chi ba*, Skt. *a­martyā*, A goddess residing at Gayāśirṣā. ## ḍamaru An implement held by several forms of Mahākāla and a number of forms of the goddesses in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. The ḍamaru is typically a hand-held, double-sided drum with two strikers. Each side of the drum can be made out of various substances, but in many tantric Buddhist traditions the two halves of this drum are made out of human skulls. ## Amassed Divinity *lha brtsegs*, Skt. *lha brtsegs*, A bodhisattva. ## śamatha *zhi gnas*, Skt. *śamatha*, One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, which focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being vipaśyana. ## Śamathaketu *zhi ba’i dpal*, Skt. *śamathaketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Śamatha­śrī­sambhava *zhi ba’i dpal ’byung*, Skt. *śamatha­śrī­sambhava*, A forest in the distant past. ## Śamathasamudgata *zhi gnas yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *śamatha­samudgata*, A buddha. ## Amaṇuṣa *mi min*, Skt. *amaṇuṣa*, A nāga king. ## Amazing Renown *rmad grags*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Ambaṣṭha *ma la gnas*, Skt. *ambaṣṭha*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ambarā Skt. *ambarā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Ambara *nam mkha’*, Skt. *ambara*, The sixth son of King Araṇemin, who becomes the bodhisattva Vegavairocana and is prophesied to become the Buddha Dharma­vaśavartīśvara­rāja. ## Śambara An asura whose name is among those attested in the Mahāvyutpatti, as well as the Samādhirāja. ## Ambāṣṭha *ma sdug*, Skt. *ambāṣṭha*, A young brahmin and disciple of Pauṣkarasāri. ## ambirolī An unidentified ritual substance. ## ambition “Higher motivation”—an even stronger motivation to pursue the exalted goal of the Buddhist path. ## Ambrosia *bdud rtsi*, Skt. *amṛta*, lit. the immortal. The [nectar](#nectar) (rtsi) which conquers the [demon](#demon) (dbud) of death. It is a symbol of [wisdom](#wisdom). ## Ambrosia Melody *bdud rtsi dbyangs*, Skt. *bdud rtsi dbyangs*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Immaculate. ## Ambrosial Essence *bdud rtsi’i snying po*, Skt. *amṛtagarbha*, The name of an eon. ## Ambrosial King *bdud rtsi’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i rgyal po*, A king. ## Ambrosial Voice *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva, a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Ambuda *chu sbyin*, Skt. *ambuda*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ambulima *chu dang ldan*, Skt. *ambulima*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Amigha *gnod pa med*, Skt. *amigha*, The eighth son of King Araṇemin, who becomes the bodhisattva Samantabhadra and is prophesied to become the Buddha Jñāna­vajra­vijṛmbhiteśvara­ketu. ## Amitā Skt. *amitā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Śamitā *zhi bar mdzad*, Skt. *śamitā*, Name of a past buddha. ## Amita *dpag med*, Skt. *amita*, The 931st buddha in the first list, 930th in the second list, and 921st in the third list. ## Amitabuddhi *blo mtha’ yas*, Skt. *amitabuddhi*, The 90th buddha in the first list, 90th in the second list, and 91st in the third list. ## Amitadhara *’dzin pa dpag med*, Skt. *amitadhara*, The 228th buddha in the first list, 227th in the second list, and 227th in the third list. ## Amitadhvaja *rgyal msthan dpag med*, Skt. *amitadhvaja*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Amitalocana *mtha’ yas spyan*, Skt. *amitalocana*, The 174th buddha in the first list, 173rd in the second list, and 173rd in the third list. ## Amitaskandha *phung po dpag med*, Skt. *amitaskandha*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Amitasvara *nga ro dpag med*, Skt. *amitasvara*, The 723rd buddha in the first list, 722nd in the second list, and 712th in the third list. ## Amitatejas *gzi brjid dpag med*, Skt. *amitatejas*, The 207th buddha in the first list, 206th in the second list, and 206th in the third list. ## Amitatosala *dga’ ’dzin tshad med*, Skt. *amitatosala*, A region in South India. ## Amitavyūhavatī *bkod pa dpag tu med pa*, Skt. *amitavyūhavatī*, The world sphere where Tathāgata Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rājendra lives. ## Amitayaśas *grags pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *amitayaśas*, The 189th buddha in the first list, 188th in the second list, and 188th in the third list. ## Amitābha *'od dpag med*, lit. immeasurable light. The [Buddha](#buddha) of the Lotus Family. See [five families](#five-families). ## Śamitāri *dgra zhi mdzad pa*, Skt. *śamitāri*, A buddha in the past. ## Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rāja *tshe dpag tu med pa ye shes rnam par nges pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. His name is elsewhere also given as “Amitāyurviniścaya­rājendra.” ## Amitāyurvatī *tshe dpag tu med pa pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *amitāyurvatī*, This seems to be another name for Amitavyūhavatī, the buddhafield where Tathāgata Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rājendra lives. ## Amitāyurviniścaya­rājendra Skt. *amitāyurviniścaya­rājendra*, Another name of Amitāyurjñāna­viniścaya­rāja. ## Amitāyus *tshe dpag med*, lit. immeasurable life. The [Buddha](#buddha) of longevity. ## Amitāyus (of the Good Eon) *tshe dpag med*, Skt. *amitāyus*, The 283rd buddha in the first list, 282nd in the second list, and 282nd in the third list. Elsewhere this name refers to a buddha of the past; see “Amitāyus (of the past).” ## Amitāyus (of the past) *tshe dpag med*, Skt. *amitāyus*, A past buddha. His name (meaning “infinite life”) can refer more generally to the buddha associated with longevity and life energy who dwells in the western realm of Sukhāvatī and who is also known as Amitābha (“infinite light”). However, it is uncertain in this text whether this is referring to the same buddha; see . Elsewhere, this name refers to the buddha who is 283 among the buddhas of the Good Eon; see “Amitāyus (of the Good Eon).” ## amogha *don yod pa*, Skt. *amogha*, The quality of being unfailing, and also the unfailing quality of Avalokiteśvara and the deities related to him, such as Amoghapāśa; in the latter sense, the term can appear before nouns in much the same way as “vajra,” when used adjectivally or adverbially. ## Amogha­bala­kīrti *stobs dang grags pa don yod pa*, Skt. *amogha­bala­kīrti*, The name that the Buddha Śākyamuni gives in his prophecy of the boy Ratnadatta’s attainment of Buddhahood. ## Amoghadarśana *don yod mthong*, Skt. *amoghadarśana*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Amoghadarśin *mthong ba don yod*, Skt. *amoghadarśin*, Name of the buddha that Glorious Splendor will become in the world Totally Pure and Stable. ## A­mogha­darśin *mthong ba don yod*, Skt. *a­mogha­darśin*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Amoghagāmin *don yod gshegs*, Skt. *amoghagāmin*, The 652nd buddha in the first list, 651st in the second list, and 643rd in the third list. ## Amoghakṣānti *a mo g+ha k+ShA na ti*, Skt. *amoghakṣānti*, Amoghakṣānti (“Unfailing Forbearance”) seems to be here another epithet of Amoghapāśa. ## Amoghakrodha *a mo g+ha kro d+ha*, Skt. *amoghakrodha*, Another paraphrase of the name Amogha­krodha­rāja, usually referred to simply as Krodharāja. ## Amogha­krodha­rāja *don yod khro bo’i rgyal po*, Skt. *amogha­krodha­rāja*, Another name for the wrathful aspect of Amoghapāśa, usually referred to simply as Krodharāja. ## Amogha­krodhāṅkuśa *don yod pa’i khro bo lcags kyu*, Skt. *amogha­krodhāṅkuśa*, Seems to be an elaboration of the name Krodhāṅkuśa. ## Amoghaśīla *a mo g+ha shI la*, Skt. *amoghaśīla*, Amoghaśīla (“Unfailing Morality”) seems to be a context-specific epithet of Amoghapāśa. ## Amogha­maṇi­padma­pāśa *don yod pa’i nor bu’i pad+ma zhags pa*, Skt. *amogha­maṇi­padma­pāśa*, The name of a dhāraṇī, referring to the deity Amoghapāśa. When amogha and pāśa are separated by maṇipadma, the phrase evokes the image of Avalokiteśvara holding a jeweled rosary and a lotus. ## Amogha-Ocean-Like Immaculate Splendor with the Gaze of the Great Holder of the Jewel and the Lotus *don yod pa’i rgya mtsho’i nor bu chen po pad+ma la rnam par blta ba’i dpal dri ma med pa*, Skt. *amogha­sāgara­mahā­maṇi­padma­vilokita­śrī­vimala*, The name of a lotus king. ## Amoghapāśa *don yod zhags pa*, Skt. *amoghapāśa*, “Unfailing Noose,” a prominent emanation of Avalokiteśvara in esoteric literature. The Amoghapāśakalparāja, a Kriyātantra, is dedicated to his rites. ## Amogha­pada­vikrāmin *don yod gom pas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *amogha­pada­vikrāmin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Amoghapadmā *don yod pa’i pad+ma*, Skt. *amoghapadmā*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Amoghapadma *a mo g+ha pad+ma*, Skt. *amoghapadma*, This seems to be another name for Amoghapāśa. However, it is often impossible to determine whether amoghapadma should be taken as a proper name or in its literal meaning of “amogha lotus.” ## Amogha­padma­hastā *don yod pa’i phyag*, Skt. *amogha­padma­hastā*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Amoghapadminī *a mo g+ha pad+mi ni*, Skt. *amoghapadminī*, This seems to be another name of Amoghatārā. ## Amogha­padmoṣṇīṣa *don yod pa pad+ma’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *amogha­padmoṣṇīṣa*, “Unfailing Lotus Uṣṇīṣa,” this seems to be a highly esoteric emanation of Amoghapāśa. Here he is also called Padmoṣṇīṣa. ## Amogha­padmoṣṇīṣa­pāśa *don yod pad+ma gtsug tor gyi zhags pa*, Skt. *amogha­padmoṣṇīṣa­pāśa*, Amogha­padmoṣṇīṣa­pāśa seems to be another variant of the name Amoghapāśa-Padmoṣṇīṣa. ## Amogha­pāśa­krodha *khro bo don yod pa’i zhags pa*, Skt. *amogha­pāśa­krodha*, Amogha­pāśa­krodha is another paraphrase of the name of Krodharāja as the wrathful form of Amoghapāśa (Amogha­pāśa-Krodha­rāja). When the name refers specifically to the deity’s mantra, it has been translated as “Wrathful Amoghapāśa.” ## Amogha­pāśāṅkuśa *don yod pa’i zhags pa’i lcags kyu*, Skt. *amogha­pāśāṅkuśa*, The longer version of the name Amoghāṅkuśa. ## Amogha­pāśoṣṇīṣa *don yod zhags pa’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *amogha­pāśoṣṇīṣa*, Possibly refers to Amoghapāśa-Padmoṣṇisa. ## Amogharaśmi *’od zer don yod*, Skt. *amogharaśmi*, The 406th buddha in the first list, 405th in the second list, and 399th in the third list. ## Amogharāja *don yod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *amogharāja*, “Unfailing King” is used as an epithet of Amoghapāśa and any of his forms and is also used for some of his mantras. Arguably, it can also refer to the text of the Amogha­pāśa­kalpa­rāja as a whole, especially in the opening paragraphs where this text is introduced. ## Amogha­rāja­krodha *khro bo don yod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *amogha­rāja­krodha*, Another paraphrase of the name Amogha­krodha­rāja, usually referred to simply as Krodharāja. ## Amoghasiddhi *don yod grub pa*, lit. he who accomplishes that which is meaningful. The [Buddha](#buddha) of the Action Family. See [five families](#five-families) ## Amoghatārā *don yod par sgrol ba*, Skt. *amoghatārā*, “Unfailing Savioress” seems to be the name of the female counterpart of Amoghapāśa and of her vidyā mantra. ## Amoghavajra *amoghavajra*, Skt. *amoghavajra*, 705–74. A famous and prolific translator, he is particularly renowned for his Chinese translations of Indian Buddhist esoteric works. He is known to have sailed from South India to China via Sri Lanka between 741 and 746. Not to be confused with the eleventh century paṇḍita of the same name who translated texts into Tibetan. Disciple of the translator and missionary Vajrabodhi. ## Amoghavikramin *don yod rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *amoghavikramin*, The 183rd buddha in the first list, 182nd in the second list, and 182nd in the third list. ## Amoghavilokita *don yod pa rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *amoghavilokita*, “Unfailing Gaze” seems to be a short form of Amoghavilokita­pāśa. ## Amoghavilokita­pāśa *don yod pa rnam par lta ba’i zhags pa*, Skt. *amoghavilokita­pāśa*, A paraphrase of the name Amoghāvalokita­pāśa. It is also the name of a mantra. The name translates literally as “Unfailing-Gaze-Noose,” a phrase too vague to venture a definitive interpretation. ## Amoghavipula *a mo g+ha bi pu la*, Skt. *amoghavipula*, “Unfailing Vastness.” Seems to be here an epithet of Avalokiteśvara/Amoghapāśa. ## Amoghinī *a mo g+ha ni*, Skt. *amoghinī*, A goddess associated with Amoghapāśa; a goddess with the same name is also found in the Śaiva Western Kaula tradition, associated with the goddess Kubjikā. ## Amoghāṅkuśī *don yod pa’i lcags kyu*, Skt. *amoghāṅkuśī*, A goddess associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Amoghāṅkuśa *don yod lcags kyu*, Skt. *amoghāṅkuśa*, The name of one of the emanations (“Unfailing Goad”) of Avalokiteśvara. Also, the name of a dhāraṇī mantra that is referred to in the text as “the heart dhāraṇī of precious amogha offerings.” ## Amoghāṅkuśa­krodha­rāja *khro bo’i rgyal po don yod lcags kyu*, Skt. *amoghāṅkuśa­krodha­rāja*, Seems to be an elaboration of the name Krodhāṅkuśa. ## Amoghoṣṇīṣa *don yod pa’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *amoghoṣṇīṣa*, Amoghoṣṇīṣa must be a short form of Amoghapāśa-Padmoṣṇīṣa. ## Amoghāvalokita­pāśa *don yod par rnam par lta ba’i zhags pa’i snying po*, Skt. *amoghāvalokita­pāśa*, Another name of Amoghapāśa, associated with a particular mantra, whose meaning implies that it is his gaze that constitutes the “unfailing” noose. ## Amohavihārin *gti mug med par gnas pa*, Skt. *amohavihārin*, The 821st buddha in the first list, 820th in the second list, and 810th in the third list. ## amply curved and elegant shoulders *phrag pa’i lhun mdzes par grub pa*, Skt. *susaṃvṛta­skandhatā*, Nineteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## amply curved shoulders *dpung mgo shin tu zlum po*, Skt. *su­saṃ­vṛta­skandha­tā*, Sixteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Amra *a mra*, Skt. *amra*, A yakṣa. ## Amradhara *a mra ’chang*, Skt. *amradhara*, A yakṣa. (Toh 555: a mra thogs pa) ## amrita The nectar of immortality possessed by the gods (deva). It is frequently used as a metaphor for the teachings that brings liberation. ## Amṛtā *bdud rtsi ma*, Skt. *amṛtā*, One of eight children, a daughter, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## amṛta *bdud rtsi*, Skt. *amṛta*, The ambrosia that prevents death or spiritual death (hence the Tibetan term meaning “crushes spiritual death”). The Sanskrit term literally means “immortality.” It is often used metaphorically to mean the Dharma. ## Amṛtabhavana Monastery *bdud rtsi ’byung gnas kyi gtsug lag khang*, Skt. *bdud rtsi ’byung gnas kyi gtsug lag khang*, A Buddhist monastery in Kashmir that is reported in Chinese sources to have existed as early as ca. 750 ce. ## Amṛtabindu *bdud rtsi*, Skt. *amṛtabindu*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Amṛtaṃdhara *bdud rtsi ’dzin*, Skt. *amṛtaṃdhara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Amṛtadhāra *bdud rtsi rgyun*, Skt. *amṛtadhāra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Amṛtadhārin *bdud rtsi ’chang*, Skt. *amṛtadhārin*, The 145th buddha in the first list, 145th in the second list, and 145th in the third list. ## Amṛtaghoṣa *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs*, Skt. *amṛtaghoṣa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Amṛtaguṇatejarāja *yon tan bdud rtsi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *amṛtaguṇatejarāja*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Amṛtakānikāṭippanī Skt. *amṛtakānikāṭippanī*, Raviśrījñāna’s commentary on the Mañjuśrīnāmasaṃgīti. ## Amṛtakīrti *bdud rtsi grags pa*, Skt. *amṛtakīrti*, A buddha. ## Amṛtakuṇḍalī *bdud rtsi ’khyil ldan*, Skt. *amṛtakuṇḍalī*, A deity, one of the five kings of vidyās ( vidyārāja ). ## Amṛtakuṇḍalin *bdud rtsi thab sbyor can*, Skt. *amṛtakuṇḍalin*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Amṛtamati *bdud rtsi blo gros*, Skt. *amṛtamati*, Lit. “Nectar Intelligence.” ## Amṛta­parvata­prabhā­tejas *bdud rtsi’i ri bo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *amṛta­parvata­prabhā­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Amṛtaprabha *bdud rtsi’i ’od*, Skt. *amṛtaprabha*, The 709th buddha in the first list, 708th in the second list, and 698th in the third list. ## Amṛtaprasanna *bdud rtsi gsal ba*, Skt. *amṛtaprasanna*, The 785th buddha in the first list, 784th in the second list, and 774th in the third list. ## Amṛtasāra *bdud rtsi’i snying po*, Skt. *amṛtasāra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Amṛtaśuddha Skt. *amṛtaśuddha*, The name of King Araṇemin in the latter half of The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra. ## Amṛtavilokinī *a mra ta bi lo ki ni*, Skt. *amṛtavilokinī*, In the Sampuṭodbhava, this deity is invoked to help obtain a son. ## Amṛtādhipa *bdud rtsi bdag po*, Skt. *amṛtādhipa*, The 882nd buddha in the first list, 881st in the second list, and 872nd in the third list. ## Amṛtodana *bdud rtsi zas*, Skt. *amṛtodana*, One of eight children, a son, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## amugala An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## amuha An unidentified medicinal and ritual substance. ## Ṣaṇmukhā *gdong drug ma*, Skt. *ṣaṇmukhā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Amśurāja *snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *amśurāja*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “King of Illumination.” ## Amṛṣya *bzod par dka’ ba*, Skt. *amṛṣya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## śamyāprāsa The Vedic ritual in which offerings are made at intervals of a “wedge throw” (śamyāprāsa). ## An Adornment for the Precious Path to Liberation *dam chos yid bzhin nor bu thar pa rin po che’i rgyan*, Skt. *dam chos yid bzhin nor bu thar pa rin po che’i rgyan*, A celebrated text on the graduated path by Gampopa, also known as the Dakpo Thargyen (dwags po thar rgyan). ## An Shigao *安世高*, An Shigao (安世高, fl. c. 148–180 ce) was an early Central Asian Buddhist missionary to China, and the earliest known translator of Indian Buddhist texts into Chinese. He was active in the Chinese imperial capital of Luoyang (洛陽) in the latter half of the 2nd century ce. ## Anabhibhūta *zil mi non pa*, Skt. *anabhibhūta*, A buddha field in the eastern direction. ## Anabhibhūta­mukuṭa *zil gyis non pa myed pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *anabhibhūta­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## anabhilakṣita *mngon par ma dmigs pa*, Skt. *anabhilakṣita*, Lit. “not distinguished.” Name of a meditative stabilization ## anabhilāpya *brjod du med pa*, Skt. *anabhilāpya*, Lit. “inexpressible.” An incredibly large number, higher than abhāṣya. ## anabhilāpyānabhilāpya *brjod du med pa’i yang brjod du med pa*, Skt. *anabhilāpyānabhilāpya*, Lit. “inexpressibly inexpressible.” An incredibly large number, higher than anabhilāpya. ## anabhilāpyānabhilāpya­parivarta *brjod du med pa’i yang brjod du med pa la bsgres*, Skt. *anabhilāpyānabhilāpya­parivarta*, The term for the largest number given in this sūtra. ## Anabhilāpyodgata *brjod du med par ’phags pa*, Skt. *anabhilāpyodgata*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anabhrakā *sprin med*, Skt. *anabhrakā*, Lit. “Cloudless.” The tenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍‍, or Śuddhāvāsa, it is listed as the first of the three heavens that correspond to the fourth of the four concentrations. ## Anabhraka *sprin med*, Skt. *anabhraka*, Literally meaning “Cloudless,” the more usual name for what is, in the Prajñāpāramitā literature, the fourteenth of the sixteen levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, and in this text and in the Hundred Thousand is instead rendered Parīttabṛhat (q.v.). Anabhraka is used in the later Sanskrit manuscripts that correspond more closely to the eight-chapter Tengyur version of this text. In other genres, it is the tenth of twelve levels corresponding to the four meditative concentrations. ## An­abhraka *sprin med*, Skt. *an­abhraka*, Tenth god realm of form, meaning “cloudless.” ## Anaṅgaṇa *nyon mongs med*, Skt. *anaṅgaṇa*, The fourth of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. He becomes the bodhisattva Vajraccheda­prajñā­vabhāsaśrī and is prophesied to become the Buddha Samantabhadra. ## Anaṅgana *nyon mongs med*, Skt. *anaṅgana*, The head of a guild who was Jyotiṣka in a former life. ## Anagha *sdig med*, Skt. *anagha*, The ninth son of King Araṇemin, who becomes the bodhisattva Akṣobhya and is prophesied to become buddha Akṣobhya. ## Śanaiścara “The Slow-Going One.” The planet Saturn. ## Śanairgāmin *dal bzhud*, Skt. *śanairgāmin*, The 454th buddha in the first list, 453rd in the second list, and 447th in the third list. ## Analā *me*, Skt. *analā*, A great rākṣasī. ## anal fistula *bkres ngab*, Skt. *aṭakkara*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Anala *me*, Skt. *anala*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## analysis *dpyod pa*, Skt. *vicāra*, A mental factor understood either as “the subtlety of the mind” or as the cause for such subtlety. More elaborate definitions explain it as a type of “mental murmur” (manojalpa) that is searching (paryeṣaka) and can be either based on intention (cetanā) or on wisdom (prajñā). See also “deliberation” (vitarka). ## analytical ability May refer to the four analytical abilities, listed here as analytical ability in relation to objects, analytical ability in relation to phenomena, analytical ability in relation to language, and analytical ability in relation to eloquence. ## analytical knowledge *so sor yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, See Har Dayal 2004, p. 260ff. ## analyze *so sor rtog par byed*, Skt. *pratyavekṣaṇa*, The term so sor rtog pa has two meanings in our text: (1) analysis (pratyavekṣa) and (2) comprehension, realization, awakening (pratibodha). ## Anantā *mtha’ yas ma*, Skt. *anantā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ananta *mtha’ yas*, Skt. *ananta*, One of the principal nāga kings. Also known as Śeṣa or Anataśeṣa. Considered the source of Patañjali grammar in Buddhism. In Vaiśnavism he is the serpent that Viṣṇu rests upon in between the creations of worlds. ## Anantaṭī *’gro ba mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantaṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## A­nanta *mtha’ yas*, Skt. *a­nanta*, A king of the nāgas. ## Ananta­bala­vighuṣṭa­nirnādita­śrī­saṃbhava­mati *stobs mtha’ yas grags par brjod pa’i dpal yang dag par ’byung ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *ananta­bala­vighuṣṭa­nirnādita­śrī­saṃbhava­mati*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Anantabhūta Skt. *anantabhūta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantabuddhi A bodhisattva whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, which says he will become the last of the one thousand buddhas in this fortunate eon. ## Anantacāritra *spyod pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantacāritra*, One of the four principal bodhisattvas who emerged from the ground at the time of the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra. ## Anantadruma *ljon pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantadruma*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Anantagati *mtha’ yas ’gros*, Skt. *anantagati*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantaghoṣa *mtha’ yas dbyangs*, Skt. *anantaghoṣa*, The name of two separate buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja in previous lifetimes. ## Anantagrīva *mgrin pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantagrīva*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Anantaguṇa­kīrti A realized one whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Anantaguṇaratnavyūha A world visited by the Buddha, as narrated by Vajrapāṇi in this sūtra. ## Ananta­guṇa­ratna­vyūha *yon tan rin chen mtha’ yas bkod pa*, Skt. *ananta­guṇa­ratna­vyūha*, Lit. “infinite array of jewel-qualities.” A universe of Buddha Ratnavyūha, also mentioned in the Lalita­vistara­sūtra. ## Ananta­guṇa­sāgarajñānottara *yon tan rgya mtsho’i mtha’ yas ye shes bla ma*, Skt. *ananta­guṇa­sāgarajñānottara*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Ananta­guṇa­tejorāśi *yon tan mtha’ yas gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *ananta­guṇa­tejorāśi*, The 953rd buddha in the first list, 952nd in the second list, and 943rd in the third list. ## Anantaśiras *mgo mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *anantaśiras*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Anantajñānavicita *ye shes mtha’ yas rnam par bsags pa*, Skt. *ye shes mtha’ yas rnam par bsags pa*, A buddha (“He in Whom Infinite Wisdom Is Amassed”). ## Anantaketu *mtha’ yas tog ma*, Skt. *anantaketu*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantakrama *gom stabs mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantakrama*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Anantakīrti *grags pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantakīrti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantakuṇḍalin *mtha’ yas thab sbyor can*, Skt. *anantakuṇḍalin*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Anantamati A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka. ## Ananta­mati­pratipatti *blo mtha’ yas sgrub pa*, Skt. *ananta­mati­pratipatti*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Accomplished Limitless Intellect.” ## Anantamukhī *a nan+ta mu khi*, Skt. *anantamukhī*, “One with the Face of Ananta.” One of the eight nāga queens. ## Anantamukhasādhakā The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## Anantanemi *mu khyud mtha' yas*, Skt. *anantanemi*, King of [Ujjayinī](#ujjayinī) and father of [Pradyota](#pradyota). ## Ananta­parikara­sāgara­megha­vyūha­tejo­maṇḍala­chartākāra­rāja *rgya mtsho’i sprin bkod pa’i gzi brjid kyi dkyil ’khor gdugs lta bu’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ananta­parikara­sāgara­megha­vyūha­tejo­maṇḍala­chartākāra­rāja*, Lord of the nāgas in the trichiliocosm. ## Anantapatra *’dab ma mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantapatra*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantaphala *mtha’ yas ’bras bu*, Skt. *anantaphala*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantapāṇi *mtha’ yas phyag*, Skt. *anantapāṇi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantapīlu *pI lu mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantapīlu*, One of the kings of the piśācas. ## anantaprabha *’od mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *anantaprabha*, Lit. “endless light.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ananta­prabhāsamati *mtha’ yas snang ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *ananta­prabhāsamati*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Infinite Radiant Intellect.” ## Anantapratibhāna *spobs pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantapratibhāna*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## ananta­pratibhāna *spobs pa mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *ananta­pratibhāna*, Lit. “endless confidence.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ananta­prati­bhāna *spobs pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *ananta­prati­bhāna*, A bodhisattva present during the delivery of the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities. ## Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu *spobs pa mtha’ yas tog*, Skt. *ananta­pratibhāna­ketu*, The 933rd buddha in the first list, 932nd in the second list, and 923rd in the third list. ## Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu­dhvaja­vikurvita­ghoṣa *spobs pa mtha’ yas pa’i tog gi rgyal mtshan rnam par sprul pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *ananta­pratibhāna­ketu­dhvaja­vikurvita­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. His name means, “Magical Voice like a Victory Banner of Infinite Eloquence.” ## Ananta­pratibhāna­raśmi *spobs pa mtha’ yas ’od zer*, Skt. *ananta­pratibhāna­raśmi*, The 943rd buddha in the first list, 942nd in the second list, and 933rd in the third list. ## Anantaśrī Skt. *anantaśrī*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantaraśmi *’od zer mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantaraśmi*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ananta­raśmi­dharma­dhātu­samalaṃkṛta­dharma­rāja *chos kyi dbyings ’od gzer mtha’ yas pas yongs su brgyan pa’i chos kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *ananta­raśmi­dharma­dhātu­samalaṃkṛta­dharma­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Anantaraśmin *’od zer mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantaraśmin*, A buddha. ## Ananta­rati­kīrti *dga’ ba mtha’ yas grags*, Skt. *ananta­rati­kīrti*, The 964th buddha in the first list, 963rd in the second list, and 954th in the third list. ## Anantaśriyā *mtha’ yas dpal*, Skt. *anantaśriyā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Anantarāśmin *’od zer mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantarāśmin*, A buddha. ## Anantarūpa *mtha’ yas gzugs*, Skt. *anantarūpa*, The 178th buddha in the first list, 177th in the second list, and 177th in the third list. ## Anantasvara *mtha’ yas pa’i sgra*, Skt. *anantasvara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantatejas *gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantatejas*, The 237th buddha in the first list, 236th in the second list, and 236th in the third list. ## Anantatreya *mtha’ yas rgyun shes kyi bu*, Skt. *anantatreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantaujas *gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantaujas*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Anantavikrama *mtha’ yas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *anantavikrama*, A buddha. ## Anantavikrāmiṇ *mtha’ yas gnon*, Skt. *anantavikrāmiṇ*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. ## Anantavikrāmin *mthu rtsal mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantavikrāmin*, The 215th buddha in the first list, 214th in the second list, and 214th in the third list. ## Anantavinaya *mtha’ yas ’dul ba*, Skt. *anantavinaya*, A buddha. ## Anantavīrya *brtson ’grus mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantavīrya*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Anantavyūha *bkod pa mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *anantavyūha*, Name of a bodhisattva, the main recipient and interlocutor of the Ananta­mukhapariśo­dhana­nirdeśa Sūtra. ## Anantayaśas *grags pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantayaśas*, The 405th buddha in the first list, 404th in the second list, and 398th in the third list. ## Anantābha *mtha’ yas ’od*, Skt. *anantābha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantānta *mtha’ yas mtha’*, Skt. *anantānta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantāsana *mtha’ yas bzhugs pa*, Skt. *anantāsana*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anantāvabhāsa­jñāna­rāja *mtha’ yas par snang ba’i ye shes kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *anantāvabhāsa­jñāna­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anantāvabhāsa­rājendra *snang ba mtha’ yas dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *anantāvabhāsa­rājendra*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ananyagāmin *gzhan du mi ’gro ba*, Skt. *ananyagāmin*, A bodhisattva and the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 31. ## Anapekṣa One of the sublineages connected with the Kāśyapa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Anasūyā *bzod ldan ma*, Skt. *anasūyā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Anaṃtavīrya *brtson ’grus mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anaṃtavīrya*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Anaupamyā *dpe med ma*, Skt. *anaupamyā*, One of the goddesses. ## Anavadya *kha na ma tho ba mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *anavadya*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anavamarda­bala­ketu *stobs la thub pa myed pa’i dpal*, Skt. *anavamarda­bala­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## An­avana­tā Dhvaja­vaijayantī *ma bsnyal rgyal mtshan rgyal ba’i ba dan*, Skt. *an­avana­tā dhvaja­vaijayantī*, The realm of Ānanda when he becomes a buddha, as given in the verse. (An­avanāmita­vaijayantī in the prose.) ## Anavanata *mi dma’ ba*, Skt. *anavanata*, The 829th buddha in the first list, 828th in the second list, and 818th in the third list. ## An­avanāmita­vaijayantī *ma bsnyal ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *an­avanāmita­vaijayantī*, The realm of Ānanda when he becomes a buddha as given in the prose. (An­avana­tā Dhvaja­vaijayantī in the verse.) ## Anavapta *ma dros pa*, Skt. *anavapta*, A nāga king. ## Anavatapta *mtsho chen po ma dros pa*, Skt. *anavatapta*, Name of a lake. ## A­nava­tapta *ma dros pa*, Skt. *a­nava­tapta*, A king of the nāgas. ## Anavatapta Lake *mtsho chen po ma dros pa*, Skt. *anavatapta*, A lake north of the Himālayas believed to be the source of the river Sutlej and identified with Rakshastal. ## Anābhibhū *zil gnon*, Skt. *anābhibhū*, Short form of Mahābhijñā­jñānābhi­bhū. ## Anābhoga *lhun gyis grub*, Skt. *anābhoga*, A yakṣa general. ## Anācchedya­pratibhāna *spobs pa mi ’chad pa*, Skt. *anācchedya­pratibhāna*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## ancestor’s grove Skt. *pitṛvana*, A haunt of the ancestor spirits and a place where rites can be performed to them. A cemetery or charnel ground. ## ancient linguistic usage *brda rnying*, Translational terminology used before the revisions and codification of the ninth century. ## Ancient Tradition *rnying ma pa*, the followers of the first teachings of [Secret Mantra](#secret-mantrayāna) propagated in Tibet by the great master [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) in the 8th century. [Patrul Rinpoche](#patrul-rinpoche) belonged to this school. See also [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) and [Ancient Translations](#ancient-translations). ## Ancient Translations *snga 'gyur*, name given to the first teachings translated from Sanskrit and propagated in Tibet, those of the Ancient, or [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) Tradition, as opposed to the teachings that were translated and propagated from the 10th century onwards and which gave birth to the [New Tradition](#new-tradition) of Tibetan Buddhism. ## Andhaka *an dha ka*, Skt. *andhaka*, Unidentified region of India. ## Andhra The name of a region along the southeast coast of the Indian subcontinent, roughly corresponding to the present-day state of Andhra Pradesh. ## Andhārasundarī *mun par mdzes ma*, Skt. *andhārasundarī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs; the name seems to be synonymous with Tamasundarī. ## Andhāravāsinī *mun nag chen po na gnas pa*, Skt. *andhāravāsinī*, One of the seven yakṣiṇīs. ## Andra An asura king. ## aneṣa *tshol ba med pa*, Skt. *aneṣa*, Lit. “not seeking.” Name of a meditative stabilization. Edgerton says the correct form is aneṣa. Animiṣa usually means “unblinking,” but here it is a different form of aneṣa. ## Aneka­ratnāṃśu­mālā *’od zer ’bar ba du mas ’khor ba*, Skt. *aneka­ratnāṃśu­mālā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## anger *zhe sdang*, Skt. *dveṣa*, Aversion in all its forms. One of the three poisons (Tib. dug gsum, Skt. triviṣa) that, along with desire and delusion, perpetuate the sufferings of cyclic existence. In its subtle manifestation as aversion, it obstructs the correct perception of forms, and in its extreme manifestations as anger and fear, it is characteristic of the hells. ## anguished spirit *yi dags*, Skt. *preta*, Also called a “hungry ghost,” an inhabitant of one of the three lower realms who suffers constantly from insatiable hunger and thirst, the karmic fruition of past miserliness. See “five destinies.” ## angular cubit *khru gang*, Skt. *hasta*, See “cubit.” ## angular yoke *gnya’ shing*, Skt. *yuga*, See “yoke.” ## Śani *sha ni*, Skt. *śani*, Householder who lived in the past at the time of the buddha King of All Qualities’ Light Rays. ## Śaniścara The name of the deity identified with the planet Saturn and Saturday. ## Anihata *choms med*, Skt. *anihata*, The 230th buddha in the first list, 229th in the second list, and 229th in the third list. ## Anihatamalla *stobs la thub pa med pa*, Skt. *anihatamalla*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anihatavrata *brtul zhugs thub med*, Skt. *anihatavrata*, The 355th buddha in the first list, 354th in the second list, and 349th in the third list. ## Anihitamati *blo mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *anihitamati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anihānārtha *don mi dma’ ba*, Skt. *anihānārtha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aniñjya *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *aniñjya*, A bodhisattva present during the delivery of the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities. ## Aniketa *gnas dang bral ba*, Skt. *aniketa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## aniketacārī *gnas med par spyod pa*, Skt. *aniketacārī*, Lit. “homeless practice.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Aniketacārin *gnas med par spyod*, Skt. *aniketacārin*, A buddha. ## aniketasthita *gnas la rten pa med pa*, Skt. *aniketasthita*, Lit. “not relying on a dwelling.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Anikṣiptadhura *brtson pa mi gtong*, Skt. *anikṣiptadhura*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Anikṣipta­mahā­praṇidhāna *smon lam chen po mi gtong ba*, Skt. *anikṣipta­mahā­praṇidhāna*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: smon lam chen po yongs su mi gcod pa) ## Anilā *rlung ma*, Skt. *anilā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Anila *rlung*, Skt. *anila*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Anilambha *dmigs su med pa*, Skt. *anilambha*, The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Anilambha­cakṣuṣa *myi dmyigs pa’i spyan*, Skt. *anilambha­cakṣuṣa*, A buddha in a northeastern realm. ## Anilambha­cakṣurvairocana *mi dmigs pa’i spyan rnam par dmigs pa*, Skt. *anilambha­cakṣurvairocana*, A buddha in a northeastern realm. See . ## Anilambha­mati *mi dmigs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *anilambha­mati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## anilambha­niketa­nirata *gnas la brten pa med pa la brtson pa*, Skt. *anilambha­niketa­nirata*, Lit. “intent on not relying on a dwelling.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Anilambha­sunirmita *dmigs pa med par shin tu sprul ba*, Skt. *anilambha­sunirmita*, A bodhisattva in a northeastern realm. ## Anilanema *rlung gi mu khyud*, Skt. *anilanema*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anilaśrī *mi dmigs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *anilaśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anilavegagāmin *rlung gi shugs ltar gshegs*, Skt. *anilavegagāmin*, The 414th buddha in the first list, 413th in the second list, and 407th in the third list. ## Anilavegaśrī *rlung gi drag shul dpal*, Skt. *anilavegaśrī*, The seventy-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Anilavegaśirī. ## Anilayajñāna *mi gnas ye shes*, Skt. *anilayajñāna*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## animal *byol song*, Skt. *tiryak*, One of the three lower realms of existence (Skt. durgati, apāya). Unlike the Western biological classification of life (in which humans belong to the animal kingdom), Buddhism in ancient Asia has developed its own unique taxonomic system that divides all forms of sentient life (plants are mostly excluded from sentient life in the South Asian and Tibetan Buddhist taxonomies) into six (sometimes five) realms or rebirth destinies (Skt. gati): gods (Skt. deva), demigods (Skt. asura), humans (Skt. manuṣya), animals (Skt. tiryak), hell (Skt. naraka), and ghosts (Skt. preta). ## animal realm One of the three lower realms of existence (Skt. durgati, apāya). Unlike the modern biological classification of life in which humans are classed along with animals, Buddhism in ancient Asia developed its own taxonomic system that divided forms of sentient life (plants excluded) into six (or sometimes five) realms of existence or rebirth destinies (Skt. gati): gods (Skt. deva), demigods (Skt. asura), humans (Skt. manuṣya), animals (Skt. tiryak), hell beings (Skt. naraka), and ghosts (Skt. preta). ## Animiṣa *mig mi ’dzums*, Skt. *animiṣa*, The crown prince of King Araṇemin who becomes, in that lifetime, the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, and who is prophesied to succeed the Buddha Amitābha in Sukhāvatī as the Buddha Samantaraśmyabhyudgataśrīkūṭarāja. ## Animitta *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, A buddha realm. ## Animittaprajña *mtshan ma med pa’i shes rab*, Skt. *animittaprajña*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aninditā The name of a world where a buddha named Ratnacandra dwells. The name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Anindita *ma smad*, Skt. *anindita*, The 289th buddha in the first list, 288th in the second list, and 288th in the third list. ## Aninema *len pa med pa’i mu khyud*, Skt. *aninema*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aninetra *len pa med pa’i spyan*, Skt. *aninetra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aniruddha *ma ’gags pa*, Skt. *aniruddha*, Identification uncertain. In other contexts, this refers to Śākymuini’s cousin who was counted as one of the ten great śrāvaka disciples, famed for his meditative prowess and superknowledges. ## Anivartin *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *anivartin*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Anivartita Skt. *anivartita*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anivṛttikā *mi ldog mo*, Skt. *anivṛttikā*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## ankles are inconspicuous *long bu rnams mi mngon pa*, Skt. *gūḍha­gulpha­tā*, Thirteenth of the eighty minor marks. ## Anāla *tsan da ltar*, Skt. *anāla*, One of the places the Buddha visited in the region of Gayā. ## Anālayavyūha *gnas med rnam par brgyan*, Skt. *anālayavyūha*, “Unlocated Display.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse Anālayaviyūha. ## Anūna *a nU na*, Skt. *anūna*, A mountain in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Annaharaṇa *zas ’phrog*, Skt. *annaharaṇa*, A yakṣa. (Toh 555: zas kyi ril ming) ## Annapānadā *zas dang gos sbyin ma*, Skt. *annapānadā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## anointed *spyo bo nas dbang bskur ba*, Skt. *mūrdhābhiṣikta*, Inauguration through sprinkling water on the head; a custom used for anointing kings in ancient India. ## Anointed with Ambrosia *bdud rtsis dbang bkur*, Skt. *bdud rtsis dbang bkur*, A buddha. ## anointment *dbang bskur ldan*, Skt. *abhiṣecanī*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Anārthikā *mgon med ma*, Skt. *anārthikā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Antaka *bdud*, Skt. *antaka*, Alternate name of Māra. ## antarābhava *bar ma do’i phung po*, Skt. *antarābhava*, A being in the interval between death in one life and birth in the next. ## Antarīkṣa­deva *sa bla’i lha*, Skt. *antarīkṣa­deva*, Lit. “god who moves above the earth.” Name of one of the sixty-four scripts mentioned by Prince Siddhārtha to his schoolmaster Viśvāmitra. ## Antavān River *mtha’ ldan*, Skt. *antavān*, A river in the province of Mallā in the vicinity of Kuśinagarī. ## Śantābha *’od snang zhi ba*, Skt. *śantābha*, A buddha. ## Antelope Dress *rna ba gon pa*, Skt. *rna ba gon pa*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Anātha Skt. *anātha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anāthada *mgon med sbyin*, Skt. *anāthada*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anāthapiṇḍada *mgon med zas sbyin*, Skt. *anāthapiṇḍada*, A wealthy merchant in the town of Śrāvastī, famous for his generosity to the poor, who became a patron of the Buddha Śākyamuni. He bought Prince Jeta’s Grove (Skt. Jetavana), to be the Buddha’s first monastery, a place where the monks could stay during the monsoon. Although his Sanskrit name is Anāthapiṇḍada, he is better known in the West by the Pāli form of his name, Anāthapiṇḍika. Both mean “the one who gives food to the destitute.” ## Anātha­piṇḍada *mgon med zas sbyin*, Skt. *anātha­piṇḍada*, A principal benefactor of the Buddha; he was the wealthy merchant who acquired Prince Jeta’s Grove, i.e., the Jetavana, and donated it to the Buddhist community. ## Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park *mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *anātha­piṇḍadārāma*, A name of one of the first Buddhist monasteries, which is located outside of Śrāvastī. The monastery is also known as Jeta Grove. Anāthapiṇḍada, a merchant and benefator of the Buddha, bought the land from Prince Jeta and donated it to the saṅgha. It is said that both names are used to acknowledge their mutual efforts in building the monastery. It was there that the Buddha spent several rainy seasons and gave discourses there that were later recorded as sūtras. ## antidotal action *gnyen po kun tu spyod pa*, Skt. *prati­pakṣa­samudācāra*, Carrying out virtuous actions as an antidote to past negative deeds. ## antigod *lha ma yin*, Skt. *asura*, A class of superhuman beings or demigods engendered and dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility, who are metaphorically described as being incessantly embroiled in a dispute with the gods over the possession of a magical tree. ## Antila *gza’ ’dzin*, Skt. *antila*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## antipathy *mi dga’ ba*, Skt. *mi dga’ ba*, An afflictive emotion. ## antithetical to all worlds *’jig rten thams cad dang mi ’thun pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­vipratyanīka*, Also translated as “counterpoint to all that is ordinary.” ## Anuddhata *khengs med*, Skt. *anuddhata*, The 486th buddha in the first list, 485th in the second list, and 479th in the third list. ## Anudharmamati *gnyer ba’i chos kyi blo gros*, Skt. *anudharmamati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anugrahacandra *rjes su ’dzin pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *anugrahacandra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anugrahamati *thugs brtse ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *anugrahamati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## anumāṇa Skt. *anumāṇa*, Technical term in Buddhist logic. ## Anumaineya *rjes su dpag pa*, Skt. *anumaineya*, A town in the country of Maineya. Located six leagues away is the place where Chanda, Prince Siddhārtha’s servant, parted with him after his escape from home. It is said a memorial was later built here, known as “Chanda’s Return.” ## Anunayagātra *byams pa’i rigs*, Skt. *anunayagātra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anunayavigata *chags pa mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *anunayavigata*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anunnata *mi ’gying*, Skt. *anunnata*, The 44th buddha in the first list, 44th in the second list, and 45th in the third list. ## anunāsika *thig le*, Skt. *anunāsika*, The symbol denoting the nasalization of a Sanskrit vowel, comprised of a dot above a crescent. ## Anupagamanāman *mtshan dpe med pa*, Skt. *anupagamanāman*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## A­nupa­lipta *gos pa med pa*, Skt. *a­nupa­lipta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Anupamā One of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s wives in this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript. The name Anaupamyā is attested for the same Tibetan translation of the name of a goddess in the Amogha­pāśakalparāja. ## Anupama *rdzogs ldan*, Skt. *anupama*, The 275th buddha in the first list, 274th in the second list, and 274th in the third list. The Tibetan-Sanskrit correspondence is tentative; see Skilling and Saerji 2016: p. 153 n. 56. ## An­upama­cintin *blo gros dpe med*, Skt. *an­upama­cintin*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Anupamamati *dpe med blo gros*, Skt. *anupamamati*, One of “the sixteen excellent men.” ## Anupamamatin *blo gros dpe med*, Skt. *anupamamatin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Anupamaśrī *dpal rdzogs pa*, Skt. *anupamaśrī*, The 813th buddha in the first list, 812th in the second list, and 802nd in the third list. ## Anupamarāṣṭra *yul ’khor rangs*, Skt. *anupamarāṣṭra*, The 267th buddha in the first list, 266th in the second list, and 266th in the third list. We were unable to find an attested correspondence between the Tibetan rangs and the Sanskrit anupama; see also Skilling and Saerji 2016: p. 152 n.35. ## anupama­svādu­phala­nicita *ro dpe med pa’i ’bras bu’i tshogs*, Skt. *anupamasvādu­phala­nicita*, A magical tree, the name of which means “covered in excellent, delicious fruit.” ## Anupamavajra Name of a scholar of uncertain dates, active at Vikramaśīla Monastery. ## Anupamavādin *rdzogs par gsung*, Skt. *anupamavādin*, The 684th buddha in the first list, 683rd in the second list, and 675th in the third list. In regard to the correspondence between the Tibetan rdzogs and the Sanskrit anupama see Skilling and Saerji 2017: p. 325 n. 193. ## Anupaśānta *nye bar zhi ba*, Skt. *anupaśānta*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Anurādhā The seventeenth of the twenty-seven constellations, or nakṣatras, in Vedic astrology. In Tibetan it is known as Lhatsam (lha mtshams). This constellation is symbolized by the lotus. ## Anurādha *lha mtshams*, Skt. *anurādha*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Anurāgiṇī *rjes su chags ma*, Skt. *anurāgiṇī*, One of the eight great yakṣiṇīs. ## anurodhāprati­rodha *’thun pa dang ’gal ba med pa*, Skt. *anurodhāprati­rodha*, Lit. “not contrary to being in harmony.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Anurūpasvara *tshul dang ’dra ba’i gzungs*, Skt. *anurūpasvara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anuttara­dharma­gocara *bla na med pa’i chos kyi spyod yul*, Skt. *anuttara­dharma­gocara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anuttarajñānin *mkhyen ldan zla med*, Skt. *anuttarajñānin*, The 722nd buddha in the first list, 721st in the second list, and 711th in the third list. ## Anuttara­śrī *bla na med pa’i dpal*, Skt. *anuttara­śrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anuttara­rāja *bla na med pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *anuttara­rāja*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anuyoga second of the three inner [yoga](#yoga)s and eighth of the nine [vehicle](#vehicle)s, according to the classification of the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) school. In this [yoga](#yoga) the main stress is put on the [perfection phase](#perfection-phase), particularly, meditation on the [channels and energies](#channels-and-energies-exercises-of). ## Anāvaraṇa­darśin *bsgribs pa med par gzigs pa*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­darśin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Anāvaraṇa­dharma­cakra­varta *thogs pa med par chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­dharma­cakra­varta*, A bodhisattva. ## Anāvaraṇa­dharma­gagana­prabha *chos kyi nam mkha’ sgrib pa med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­dharma­gagana­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Anāvaraṇa­jñāna­viśuddhi­garbha *bsgribs pa med pa’i ye shes rnam par dag pa’i dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­jñāna­viśuddhi­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Anāvaraṇamati *sgrib med blo gros*, Skt. *anāvaraṇamati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Anāvaraṇamatin *blo gros sgrib med*, Skt. *anāvaraṇamatin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Anāvaraṇa­raśmi­nirdhauta­prabhā­tejo­rāśi *’od zer thogs pa med par shin tu sbyangs pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid bar ba*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­raśmi­nirdhauta­prabhā­tejo­rāśi*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Anāvaraṇa­svara­maṇḍala­madhura­nirghoṣa­garbha *dbyangs kyi dkyil ’khor bsgribs pa med cing nga ro snyan pa’i snying po*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­svara­maṇḍala­madhura­nirghoṣa­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## anāvaraṇa­vimokṣa­prāpta *sgrib pa med pa’i rnam par thar pa thob pa*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­vimokṣa­prāpta*, Lit. “reached a freedom without obscuration.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## anāvilakṣānti *bzod pa rnyog pa med pa*, Skt. *anāvilakṣānti*, Lit. “unblemished patience.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Anāvilārtha *rnyog pa med don*, Skt. *anāvilārtha*, The 523rd buddha in the first list, 523rd in the second list, and 516th in the third list. ## Any Taste You Like *ji ltar ’dod pa’i ro*, Skt. *ji ltar ’dod pa’i ro*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Anāyasa *tshegs med pa*, Skt. *anāyasa*, A yakṣa general. ## Anyen Pakṣi Also known as Ga Anyen Dampa Künga Drakpa (rga a gnyan dam pa kun dga’ grags pa, 1230–1303), he was a student of Sakya Paṇḍita. ## Aśokā *mya ngan med ma*, Skt. *aśokā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## A­śoka *mya ngan med*, Skt. *a­śoka*, Mauryan emperor (304–232 bce). ## Aśoka *mya ngan med*, Skt. *aśoka*, The historical Indian king of the Maurya dynasty who ruled over most of India c. 268–232 bce. In this text he appears to be briefly referenced as the biological father of the prince Suckler of the Earth Breast, adopted as the Chinese prince who, according to this text, is said to have been the first person to settle in Khotan. ## Aśoka (future buddha) *mya ngan med*, Skt. *aśoka*, A future buddha. Not to be confused with the young brahmin Aśoka who was Buddha Kāśyapa’s best friend prior to his enlightenment, nor with King Aśoka who does not appear in this text. ## Aśoka (the brahmin) *mya ngan med*, Skt. *aśoka*, Young brahmin who was Buddha Kāśyapa’s best friend prior to his enlightenment. The Hundred Deeds is not clear on this point, but Edgerton notes that Aśoka is understood as the nephew and disciple of Buddha Kāśyapa (Edgerton 80.2). Not to be confused with the future buddha Aśoka, nor with the historical King Aśoka who does not appear in this text. ## aśoka tree *shing mya ngan tshang*, Skt. *aśoka*, A showy tree (Saraca indica) of the family Leguminosae of tropical Asia that is cultivated for its orange scarlet flowers and is used to decorate temples. ## Aśokadattā A daughter of King Ajātaśatru and his queen Moonlit. The main protagonist of Aśokadattā’s Prophecy. ## Aśokadatta *mya ngan med sbyin*, Skt. *aśokadatta*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Aśokamārīcī *mya ngan med pa’i ’od zer can*, Skt. *aśokamārīcī*, The name of a form of the goddess Mārīcī. ## Aśokaśrī *mya ngan med pa’i dpal*, Skt. *aśokaśrī*, Lit. “Glorious without Sorrow.” A buddha in a world system called Sarva­śokāpagata, in the southern direction. ## Aśokarāṣṭra *yul ’khor mya ngan med*, Skt. *aśokarāṣṭra*, The 990th buddha in the first list, 989th in the second list, and 981st in the third list. ## Aśokaviraja *mya ngan med cing rdul dang bral ba*, Skt. *aśokaviraja*, “Without misery, free of dust.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Aṭopa *bsgyings pa*, Skt. *aṭopa*, An unvirtuous nāga king. ## Apabhraṃśa A vernacular language of northern India in the medieval period, in use between the fifth and twelfth century. ## Apagatakleśa *nyon mongs bral*, Skt. *apagatakleśa*, The 264th buddha in the first list, 263rd in the second list, and 263rd in the third list. ## Apalāla *sog ma med*, Skt. *apalāla*, Lit. “Without a Straw.” A nāga king, who was the brahmin Agnidatta in a former life. ## Apalāladatta *chu sog ma med kyis byin*, Skt. *apalāladatta*, A nāga king. ## Aparā *rtsibs*, Skt. *aparā*, After Raśmi has passed into parinirvāṇa and his Dharma has come to an end, the buddha realm Virati will be named Aparā. The Tathāgata Ratneśvaraghoṣa will reside in this buddha realm and give teachings. ## Aparagodānīya *ba lang spyod*, Skt. *aparagodānīya*, The western continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, characterized as “rich in the resources of cattle.” ## Apara­godānīya *ba glang spyod*, Skt. *apara­godānīya*, The western continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, characterized as “rich in the resources of cattle.” ## Aparikheda *yongs su mi skyo ba*, Skt. *aparikheda*, A bodhisattva. ## Aparimita­guṇa­dharma *yon tan dpag tu med pa mnga’ ba*, Skt. *aparimita­guṇa­dharma*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aparimita­guṇa­saṃcaya *yon tan dpag tu med pa sogs pa*, Skt. *aparimita­guṇa­saṃcaya*, The buddha realm of Aparimitāyus, located in the upward direction from our world. The name means “Accumulation of Immeasurable Qualities.” ## Aparimita­guṇa­vyūha *yon tan dpag tu med pa bkod pa*, Skt. *aparimita­guṇa­vyūha*, The buddha realm of Amitāyus, the name of the realm here indicating that the buddha referred to is Aparimitāyurjñāna, rather than Amitābha of Sukhāvatī. ## Aparimita­puṇya­jñāna­sambhāropastambhopacita *bsod nams dang ye shes kyi tshogs dpag tu med pas brtan pas bsags pa*, Skt. *aparimita­puṇya­jñāna­sambhāropastambhopacita*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. His name means, “Abundant with the Support of the Immeasurable Accumulations of Merit and Wisdom.” ## Aparimitāyur­jñāna *tshe dang ye shes dpag tu med pa*, Skt. *aparimitāyur­jñāna*, “The One Who Has Immeasurable Longevity and Wisdom.” The middle length version of this buddha’s name, which is also the form in the title of the sūtra. For more details on this buddha, see . ## Aparimitāyur­jñāna­suviniścita­tejo­rāja *tshe dang ye shes dpag tu med pa shin tu rnam par gdon mi za ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *aparimitāyur­jñāna­suviniścita­tejo­rāja*, “The Blazing King Who Is Completely Certain of Immeasurable Longevity and Wisdom.” The full version of Aparimitāyur­jñāna’s name. For more details on this buddha, see . ## Aparimitāyus *tshe dpag tu med pa*, Skt. *aparimitāyus*, “The One Who Has Immeasurable Longevity.” The shortest form of Aparimitāyur­jñāna’s name. For more details on this buddha, see . ## Aparājitā *a pa rA dzi te*, Skt. *aparājitā*, One of the “four sisters” invoked in a mantra; one of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Aparājita *gzhan gyis mi thub pa*, Skt. *aparājita*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-first) when he becomes a buddha. ## Aparājita­dhvaja *gzhan gyis mi thub rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *aparājita­dhvaja*, The 131st buddha in the first list, 131st in the second list, and 131st in the third list. ## Aparājita­dhvaja­bala *gzhan gyis mi thub rgyal mtshan stobs*, Skt. *aparājita­dhvaja­bala*, The ninety-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Aparājita­jñāna­sthāma *ye shes gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i mthu*, Skt. *aparājita­jñāna­sthāma*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Aparājita­meru *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i ri bo*, Skt. *aparājita­meru*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aparājita­vrata­dhvaja *mi pham brtul zhugs rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *aparājita­vrata­dhvaja*, The forty-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Aparājitoṣṇīṣa *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *aparājitoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## Aparāntin cloth *nyi 'og gi gos*, Skt. *aparāntaka*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. Cloth from foreign countries to the west of [Magadha](#magadha), such as Aparānta (also Aparāntaka), an ancient kingdom in western India. ## aparyanta *kun tu mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *aparyanta*, Lit. “completely unbounded.” An incredibly large number, higher than ananta. ## Aparyanta­bhadra *mtha’ yas bzang po*, Skt. *aparyanta­bhadra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## apasmārī A female apasmāra. ## apasmāra *brjed byed*, Skt. *apasmāra*, This is the name for epilepsy, but also refers to the demon that causes epilepsy and loss of consciousness, as in the Kāraṇḍavyūha. The Tibetan specifically means “causing forgetting.” ## apasmāraka *brjed byed*, Skt. *apasmāraka*, A spirit that causes epilepsy. ## Aperture of Brahmā *tshang pa'i bu ga*, Skt. *brahmarandhra*, point on the top of the head where the [central channel](#central-channel) ends. ## aphorisms *ched du brjod pa’i sde*, Skt. *udāna*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## apāmārga *a pa marga*, Skt. *apāmārga*, Achyranthes aspera; the chaff tree. ## apāna *thur sel*, Skt. *apāna*, One of the five vital airs, centered in the anus. ## apocalyptic fire *bskal pa’i me*, Skt. *kalpāgni*, The fire that will destroy the universe at the end of the eon, according to Indic cosmogony. ## apūpa *snum khur*, Skt. *apūpa*, A pastry made of flour. Also rendered in this translation as “pastry.” ## Appearance of a Sage *drang srong ’byung ba*, Skt. *drang srong ’byung ba*, Dwelling place of the bodhisattva Vajraśrī. ## Appearance of Beryl-Like Light *bai dUr+ya ltar ’od snang ba*, Skt. *bai dUr+ya ltar ’od snang ba*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Appearance of Countless Emanations *sprul pa tshad med par snang ba*, Skt. *sprul pa tshad med par snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Free of Poverty. ## appearance of holes The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its eleventh week. ## Appearance of Miraculous Displays *rdzu ’phrul snang*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul snang*, Birthplace of the buddha Sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha. ## Appearance of One’s Own Sounds *rang gi sgra snang ba*, Skt. *rang gi sgra snang ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mayūra. ## Appearance of Qualities *yon tan snang*, Skt. *guṇaprabha*, A buddha. ## Appearance of the Sovereign of Water *chu’i rgyal por snang ba*, Skt. *chu’i rgyal por snang ba*, The world realm of the Tathāgata Glory of Precious Blue Lotus. ## appearancelessness *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, One of the three gates of liberation along with emptiness and wishlessness. ## Appearances *snang ba*, see [perceptions](#perceptions) ## Appearing as Gold *ser du snang ba*, Skt. *ser du snang ba*, A buddha realm. ## Appearing as Illumination *rnam par snang byed du snang ba*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed du snang ba*, A buddhafield at the nadir where the Tathāgata Glory of the Precious Red Lotus resides. ## Appeasing of All Deviations and Obstacles *’gal ba dang ’gog pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­nirodha­virodha­saṃpra­śamana*, Name of the ninety-eighth meditative stability. ## Appellation of Light *rin chen mtshan*, A buddha. ## Application Accomplished *sbyor grub*, Skt. *sbyor grub*, Birthplace of the buddha Duṣpradharṣa. ## application of mindfulness In many formulations, there are four modes of mindfulness: mindfulness of the body, sensations, mind, and phenomena. In this text there are six additional modes of the application of mindfulness: the mindfulness of recollecting the Buddha, the Dharma, the Saṅgha, discipline, giving, and divinties. ## application of mindfulness which, with regard to feelings, observes feelings *tshor ba’i rjes su lta ba’i dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *vedanānupaśyī­smṛtyupa­sthāna*, Second of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description see . ## application of mindfulness which, with regard to phenomena, observes phenomena *chos kyi rjes su lta ba’i dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *dharmānupaśyī­smṛtyupasthāna*, Fourth of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description, see . ## application of mindfulness which, with regard to the mind, observes the mind *sems kyi rjes su lta ba’i dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *cittānu­paśyīsmṛtyupa­sthāna*, Third of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description, see . ## application of mindfulness which, with regard to the physical body, observes the physical body *lus kyi rjes su lta ba’i dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *kāyānu­paśyī­smṛtyupa­sthāna*, First of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description, see . ## application of mindfulness with regard to feelings *tshor ba dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *vedanānupaśyī­smṛtyupasthāna*, Second of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description see . ## application of mindfulness with regard to phenomena *chos dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *dharmānupaśyī­smṛtyupasthāna*, Fourth of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description, see . ## application of mindfulness with regard to the body *lus dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *kāyānupaśyī­smṛtyupasthāna*, First of the four applications of mindfulness. For a description, see . ## application of mindfulness with regard to the mind *sems dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *cittānupaśyī­smṛtyupasthāna*, Third of the four applications of mindfulness. ## applications of mindfulness *dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *smṛtyupasthāna*, A fundamental practice of Buddhist meditation: close application of mindfulness to the body, close application of mindfulness to feelings, close application of mindfulness to mind, and close application of mindfulness to phenomena. ## Appreciation *dga’ mgu*, Skt. *dga’ mgu*, Appreciation (grateful recognition or enjoyment), also the name of the mother of the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa. ## apprehend *dmigs*, Skt. *upalabhate*, dmigs (pa) translates a number of Sanskrit terms, including ālambana, upalabdhi, and ālambate. These terms commonly refer to the apprehending of a subject, an object, and the relationships that exist between them. Also translated here as “focus on.” ## apprehending *dmigs pa*, Skt. *ālambana*, A term for the apprehending of a subject, an object, and the relationships that exist between subjects and objects. The term might also be translated as “referentiality,” meaning a system based on the existence of referent objects, referent subjects, and the referential relationships that exist between them. As part of their doctrine of “threefold non-apprehending/non-referentiality” (’khor gsum mi dmigs pa), Mahāyāna Buddhists famously assert that all three categories of apprehending lack substantiality. ## Apprehending Origination *’byung bar dmigs pa*, Skt. *’byung bar dmigs pa*, The name of a monk in the lineage of the buddha Mahāvyūha and the name of the order founded by that monk after Mahāvyūha entered parinirvāṇa. ## apprehensible *dmigs su yod pa*, Skt. *upalabdhya*, See “apprehend.” ## apprehension *dmigs pa*, Skt. *upalabdhi*, A conceptual, dualistic perception. ## apprentice *lhan cig gnas pa*, Skt. *sārdhaṃvihārin*, A junior monk who lives with and under the guidance of a senior monk. ## Approach *mngon du ’gro ba*, Skt. *mngon du ’gro ba*, Approach (a way of drawing near or coming toward), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Vikrāntadeva. ## Approach and accomplishment *bsnyen sgrub*, two steps in practices involving the recitation of a [mantra](#mantra). In the first, practitioners *approach* the [deity](#deity) that they are visualizing by reciting the [deity's](#deity) [mantra](#mantra). In the second they are familiar enough to identify themselves with the [deity](#deity). ## approaching the king of physical forms *gzugs kyi rgyal po nye bar gyur pa*, Skt. *āsannarūparājo*, The twenty-eighth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## appropriation *nye bar len pa*, Skt. *upādāna*, Also means “grasping” or “clinging,” but has a particular meaning as the ninth of the twelve links of dependent arising, between craving (Skt. tṛṣṇā, Tib. sred pa) and becoming or existence (Skt. bhava, Tib. srid pa). In some texts, four types of appropriation are listed: of desire (Skt. rāga), of view (Skt. dṛṣṭi), of rules and observances as paramount (Skt. śīla­vrata­parāmarśa), and of belief in a self (Skt. ātmavāda). ## aprakāra *rnam pa med pa*, Skt. *aprakāra*, Lit. “aspectless.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Apramāṇa Skt. *apramāṇa*, One of the gods’ realms; also the name of the gods living there. ## Apramāṇabṛhat *tshad med che ba*, Skt. *apramāṇabṛhat*, Literally meaning “Immeasurably Great,” the name used in this text and in the Hundred Thousand for what is, in the Prajñāpāramitā literature, the fifteenth of the sixteen levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations. The Sanskrit equivalent is attested in the Sanskrit of the Hundred Thousand, while the name Puṇyaprasava (q.v.) is used in the later Sanskrit manuscripts that correspond more closely to the eight-chapter Tengyur version of this text. In other genres, this is the eleventh of twelve levels corresponding to the four meditative concentrations. ## Apramāṇa­guṇa­sāgara­prabha *yon tan rgya mtsho tshad med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *apramāṇa­guṇa­sāgara­prabha*, A buddha in a northwestern realm. ## Apramāṇa­śubha *tshad med dge*, Skt. *apramāṇa­śubha*, The second highest of the three paradises that correspond to the third dhyāna in the form realm. ## Apramāṇaśubha *tshad med dge*, Skt. *apramāṇaśubha*, Lit. “Immeasurable Virtue.” The eighth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the second of the three heavens that correspond to the third of the four concentrations. ## A­pramāṇa­śubha *tshad med dge*, Skt. *a­pramāṇa­śubha*, Eighth god realm of form, meaning “immeasurable virtue.” ## Apramāṇavṛha *tshad med che ba*, Skt. *apramāṇavṛha*, Literally meaning “Immeasurably Great,” the name used in this text and in the Twenty-Five Thousand for what is, in the Prajñāpāramitā literature, the fifteenth of the sixteen levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations. The Sanskrit equivalent is attested in the Sanskrit of the Hundred Thousand, while the name Puṇyaprasava (q.v.) is used in the later Sanskrit manuscripts that correspond more closely to the eight-chapter Tengyur version of this text. In other genres, this is the eleventh of twelve levels corresponding to the four meditative concentrations. ## Apramāṇābha *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *apramāṇābha*, Lit. “Immeasurable Light.” The fifth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the second of the three heavens that correspond to the second of the four concentrations. ## A­pramāṇābha *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *a­pramāṇābha*, Fifth god realm of form, meaning “immeasurable radiance.” ## aprameya *tshad med pa*, Skt. *aprameya*, Lit. “ immeasurable.” An incredibly large number. ## Aprameya­prati­bhāna *spobs pa dpag med*, Skt. *aprameya­prati­bhāna*, A great bodhisattva. ## Aprameya­suvarṇotta­prabhāsa­śrī *dpag tu med pa’i gser mdog snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *aprameya­suvarṇotta­prabhāsa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Apra­meya­vikrāmin *dpag med rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *apra­meya­vikrāmin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Apratihata­guṇa­kīrti­vimokṣa­prabha­rāja *yon tan grags pa thogs pa med pa’i rnam par thar pa’i ’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *apratihata­guṇa­kīrti­vimokṣa­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in a realm in the upward direction. ## Apratihata­netra *mig thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *apratihata­netra*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Apratiṣṭhita *mi gnas pa*, Skt. *apratiṣṭhita*, A buddha. ## Apriya *mi dga’ ba*, Skt. *apriya*, A yakṣa. ## apsaras *lha mo*, Skt. *apsaras*, The “apsarases” are popular figures in Indian culture, they are said to be goddesses of the clouds and water and to be wives of the gandharvas. However, in the Kāraṇḍavyūha, they are presented as the female equivalent of the devas. Therefore the Tibetan has translated them as if the word were devī (“goddess’’). ## Apsarases *lha’i bu mo*, Skt. *apsaras*, A class of celestial female beings known for their great beauty. ## aptitude *mos pa*, Skt. *adhimukti*, Has also been translated here, depending on the context, as “belief” and “inclination.” ## Ṣaṭpura *grong khyer drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭpura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Apāyajaha *ngan song spong*, Skt. *apāyajaha*, A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested by Negi as one found in the Sarva­durgatipari­śodhana. ## Apāya­pramathana *ngan song rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *apāya­pramathana*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aquarius *bum pa*, Skt. *kumbha*, See “Kumbha.” ## Śara *mda’ can*, Skt. *śara*, A yakṣa. ## Arāḍa Brahmadatta *rtsibs kyis ’phur tshangs byin*, King of [Śrāvastī](#śrāvastī) and father of [Prasenajit](#prasenajit). ## araṇa­samavasaraṇa *nyon mongs par med pa yang dag par ’du ba*, Skt. *araṇa­samavasaraṇa*, Lit. “in which nonconflict comes together.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## araṇa­saraṇa­sarva­samavasaraṇa *sgra med pa dang sgra dang bcas pa thams cad yang dag par ’du ba*, Skt. *araṇa­saraṇa­sarva­samavasaraṇa*, Lit. “in which all that is soundless and with sounds comes together”; alternatively, “in which all with affliction comes together in what is without affliction.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## śarabha *sha ra b+ha*, Skt. *śarabha*, A mythical beast that is often described as a lion with eight legs. ## Śarabha Aiṇeya *ri dags e ne ya*, Skt. *śarabha aiṇeya*, Śarabha Aiṇeya, the king of ungulates, is a mythical creature, alternatively represented as a spotted antelope (kṛṣṇa­sāra) or as an eight-footed antelope (bse kha sgo). ## arabian jasmine *me tog ma li ka*, Skt. *mallikā*, Jasminum sambac according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Śaradharā *mda’ ’dzin ma*, Skt. *śaradharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Araṇemi *rtsibs kyi mu khyud*, Skt. *araṇemi*, A teacher who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Araṇemi Gautama The brahmin sage who is said to have received the Vedas from Indra Kauśika and then passed them on to Śvetaketu. ## Araṇemin *rtsibs kyi mu khyud*, Skt. *araṇemin*, The name of the king in the distant past who eventually became Amitāyus. Later he is named Amṛtaśuddha. ## Arajamerujugupsita *rdul med lhun po spos*, Skt. *arajamerujugupsita*, A name of the Sahā realm in an earlier eon. ## Arajas *rdul med*, Skt. *arajas*, The 866th buddha in the first list, 865th in the second list, and 855th in the third list. ## Arajavairocana *rnam par snang byed rdul bral*, Skt. *arajavairocana*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Vigata­bhaya­paryutthāna­ghoṣa to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## arajovirajonaya­yukta *rdul med cing rdul dang bral ba’i tshul dang ldan pa*, Skt. *arajovirajonaya­yukta*, Lit. “endowed with a dustless mode free from dust.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Aranemi *rtsibs kyi mu khyud*, Skt. *aranemi*, A great ṛṣi. ## Arapacana alphabet *a ra pa tsa na*, Skt. *arapacana*, The alphabet of the Kharoṣṭhī script, forming an important mnemonic incantation. ## Śarapatha The name of a muhūrta. ## Arati *dga’ can*, Skt. *arati*, One of the daughters of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Aratīya *dga’ med*, Skt. *aratīya*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Arava *rtsibs can*, Skt. *arava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Śarayū *mda’ ’byung*, Skt. *śarayū*, A river queen. ## arbuda *chu bur can*, Skt. *arbuda*, A word for a high number (ten million). Also translated as “Blistering Hell” when it designates one of the eight cold hells. See also . ## Arcī *’od ’phro*, Skt. *arcī*, A wife of the ancient king Prajñāsārathi. ## Arciścandra *mchod pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *arciścandra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Arcikarī *a rtsi ka ri*, Skt. *arcikarī*, The name of Gaṇapati’s consort. Lit. “the light-maker.” ## Arciketu *spos mchog*, Skt. *arciketu*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Arcimat *’od ’phro can*, Skt. *arcimat*, A king, one of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Arciṣmat *’od ’phro*, Skt. *arciṣmat*, The 506th buddha in the first list, 506th in the second list, and 499th in the third list. ## Arciṣmatī *’od ’phro ba can*, Skt. *arciṣmatī*, Lit. “Radiant.” The fourth level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Arcimati The wife of the householder Kṣema during the time of the past buddha Vipaśyin. ## Arciṣmati *blo ’od ’phro*, Skt. *arciṣmati*, The 320th buddha in the first list, 319th in the second list, and 314th in the third list. ## Arciṣmān *’od zer ldan*, Skt. *arciṣmān*, The father of prince Puṇyaraśmi. ## Arcirmaṇḍala­gātra *sku ’od ’phro ba’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *arcirmaṇḍala­gātra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Arcirmahendra *’od ’phro mnga’ chen*, Skt. *arcirmahendra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Arciḥ­samudra­mukha­vega­pradīpa *’od ’phro rgya mtsho’i sgo’i sgron ma*, Skt. *arciḥ­samudra­mukha­vega­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Arciskandha *’od zer phung po*, Skt. *arciskandha*, The 456th buddha in the first list, 455th in the second list, and 449th in the third list. ## Arciḥskandha *’od ’phro phung po*, Skt. *arciḥskandha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Arcitabrahman *mchod pa’i tshangs pa*, Skt. *arcitabrahman*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Arcitanama *’od zer mu khyud*, Skt. *arcitanama*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ardhamaru *ar dha ma ru*, Skt. *ardhamaru*, A mountain in the sea west of Jambudvīpa. ## ardhaparyaṅka *skyil mo krung*, Skt. *ardhaparyaṅka*, There are two versions of ardhaparyaṅka posture: the first is sitting with one foot drawn in and the other extended, and the second is dancing. Wrathful deities, such as Krodharāja, tend to assume the latter. In this posture the deity is standing on the tips of their toes with their left leg slightly bent, while the right leg, with the knee pointing to the right, kicks upward to the height of the left knee. ## Ardra *lag*, Skt. *ardra*, A constellation in the east, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Areṇu *rdul med*, Skt. *areṇu*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## argha *mchod yon*, Skt. *argha*, The offering consisting mainly of water for washing the feet, washing the hands, or rinsing the mouth, which is offered to a guest (or a summoned deity) to welcome them or bid them farewell. ## Arhaddeva *mchod ’os*, Skt. *arhaddeva*, The 136th buddha in the first list, 136th in the second list, and 136th in the third list. ## Arhadyaśas *dgra bcom grags pa*, Skt. *arhadyaśas*, The 278th buddha in the first list, 277th in the second list, and 277th in the third list. ## arhantī *dgra bcom pa*, Skt. *arhantī*, In Sanskrit, arhat is the masculine form, and arhantī is the feminine form of the word; the Tibetan translation of the Āyuḥparyanta­sūtra does not distinguish a masculine and a feminine form. It refers to one who has achieved the fourth and final level of attainment on the śrāvaka path, and who has attained liberation with the cessation of all mental afflictions. The Sanskrit literally means “worthy one.” The Tibetan interpretation explains the Middle Indic form arahat as ari-hata, “someone who has killed his foes (i.e., mental afflictions).” ## Arhat *dgra bcom pa*. To become an Arhat is the final goal of the [Śrāvakayāna](#śrāvakayāna). It is a kind of [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa), beyond rebirth, but falls short of Buddhahood. The Tibetan word literally [means](#means) one who has subdued the enemies, i.e. [negative emotions](#negative-emotions). ## arhathood The fourth of the four levels of attainment of the vehicle of the śrāvakas, it is the attainment of a nirvāṇa distinct from unexcelled perfect awakening, the type of nirvāṇa proper to buddhas. ## Arhatkīrti *dgra bcom grags pa*, Skt. *arhatkīrti*, The 492nd buddha in the first list, 491st in the second list, and 485th in the third list. ## arhatship *dgra bcom pa nyid*, Skt. *arhattva*, “The state of liberation [from saṃsāra via destruction of the afflictive emotions] or the fifth path of no more to learn, attained by arhats after perfecting training in the fourth path…” (Rigzin 60). In this text being “established … in the unsurpassed, supreme welfare of nirvāṇa”; also appears as a synonym for the attainment of arhatship. ## Ariṣṭā The mother of gandharvas. According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## Ariṣṭa *yid ’ong*, Skt. *ariṣṭa*, A lay brother living in Nādikā. ## Aridama *dgra ’dul*, Skt. *aridama*, The 260th buddha in the first list, 259th in the second list, and 259th in the third list. ## Aries *lug*, Skt. *meṣa*, See “Meṣa.” ## Arigupta *dgra las dben pa*, Skt. *arigupta*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Arindamāyā A world mentioned in this sūtra as the home of the bodhisattva Vegadhārin and the buddha domain of Campakavarṇa. ## Arisen from Remedies *sman yang dag byung*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Arisen Great Merit *bsod nams dpal byung*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Arising Crown *gtsug phud ’byung*, Skt. *gtsug phud ’byung*, A buddha. ## arising from all directions The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its tenth week. ## Arising from Collection *tshogs nas byung ba*, Skt. *tshogs nas byung ba*, The name of a monk in the lineage of the buddha Mahāvyūha and the name of the order founded by that monk after Mahāvyūha entered parinirvāṇa. ## arising jewel *rin po che ’byung ba*, Skt. *rin po che ’byung ba*, An absorption. ## Arivijaya *dgra las rnam par rgyal*, Skt. *arivijaya*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Arjuna The third and most prominent of the five Pāṇḍavas brothers whose long war with the Kauravas, their enemy relatives, is described in the epic narrative of the Mahābhārata. Renowned for his skill in arms, Arjuna is especially known from the episode of the Bhagavad Gītā, in which he is the main interlocutor of Kṛṣṇa, his charioteer. As the incarnation of the divine, Kṛṣṇa counsels Arjuna at the beginning of the great battle to fight his Kaurava kinsmen. The Ārjunāyanas, “those descended from Arjuna,” were a people situated in northern India in the region west of Mathura, now comprising the Rajput states of Bharatpur and Alwar, where they became dominant after the gradual decline of the Indo-Greeks around the middle of the first century bce. ## arjuna tree *ardzu na*, Skt. *arjuna*, Terminalia arjuna. ## Arjunavana *srid sgrub nags*, Skt. *arjunavana*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## arka Calotropis gigantea. The crown flower, a perennial shrub with purplish flowers, is known for its intoxicating effect and is used in medicine and ritual. ## Arkamasi *ark+ka ma si*, Skt. *arkamasi*, A goddess. ## śarkarā *sha kha ra*, Skt. *śarkarā*, Candied sugar. ## Armed with Spear *mdung can*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 556 Degé: dung can; Toh 555: dung chen; Toh 555 Narthang: rung chen) ## Śarmila *brtse ba can*, Skt. *śarmila*, A yakṣa general. ## armor *go cha*, Skt. *saṃnāha*, This is a protective clothing, made of closely interwoven strands, strapped around the body. In the Mahāyāna sūtras, it can be understood symbolically: the strands are the six perfections interlocking in a way that nothing can get through them. The strands bound together in the protective clothing may also be the net of interlocking beings occasioning a bodhisattva’s never-failing empathy. ## Armor of Accomplishment *grub pa’i go cha*, Skt. *grub pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of All Beings *sems can kun gyi go cha*, Skt. *sems can kun gyi go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Ascertainment Immediately upon Sight *mthong ma thag tu nges pa’i go cha*, Skt. *mthong ma thag tu nges pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Constant Exertion *rtag tu brtsam pa’i go cha*, Skt. *rtag tu brtsam pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Entering All Realms *gro ba kun ’gyur ba’i go cha*, Skt. *gro ba kun ’gyur ba’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Excellent Action *legs par spyad pa’i go cha*, Skt. *legs par spyad pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Great Compassion *snying rje chen po’i go cha*, Skt. *snying rje chen po’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Infinite Aspirations *smon lam mtha’ yas go cha*, Skt. *smon lam mtha’ yas go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Lion-like Understanding *seng ge’i legs par brtags pa’i go cha*, Skt. *seng ge’i legs par brtags pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Marks *mtshan gyi go cha*, Skt. *mtshan gyi go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Observing *dmigs pa’i go cha*, Skt. *dmigs pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Perfect Analysis *shin tu yang dag brtags kyi go cha*, Skt. *shin tu yang dag brtags kyi go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Profound Conduct *spyod pa zab pa’i go cha*, Skt. *spyod pa zab pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Pure and Stainless Liberation *rdul med rdul bral rnam par grol ba’i go cha*, Skt. *rdul med rdul bral rnam par grol ba’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Stable Presence *shin tu rab gnas go cha*, Skt. *shin tu rab gnas go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of the Absence of Signs *mtshan ma med pa’i go cha*, Skt. *mtshan ma med pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of the Characteristic of the Absence of Marks *mtshan ma med pa’i mtshan nyid go cha*, Skt. *mtshan ma med pa’i mtshan nyid go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of the Limitless Mind *sems tshad med pa’i go cha*, Skt. *sems tshad med pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of the Renown of Wisdom *ye shes rnam par bsgrags pa’i go cha*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par bsgrags pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Transcendent and Stainless Liberation Who Is Free from Hindrances regarding Past, Future, and Present *rdul med rdul bral rnam grol ’das pa dang ma ’ongs pa dang da ltar byung ba la ma chags pa’i go cha*, Skt. *rdul med rdul bral rnam grol ’das pa dang ma ’ongs pa dang da ltar byung ba la ma chags pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Unimpeded Courage *thogs pa med pa’i snying stobs go cha*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i snying stobs go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Armor of Universal Renown *phyogs su rnam par bsgrags pa’i go cha*, Skt. *phyogs su rnam par bsgrags pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor of Wisdom *ye shes go cha*, Skt. *ye shes go cha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhudeva (521 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Armor That Excels among All Sentient Beings *sems can kun las mngon par ’phags pa’i go cha*, Skt. *sems can kun las mngon par ’phags pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Armor That No Sentient Being Can Destroy *sems can thams cad kyis mi shigs pa’i go cha*, Skt. *sems can thams cad kyis mi shigs pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## arms and legs are compact *phyag dang zhabs yongs su rgyas pa*, Skt. *ut­sada­gātra­tā*, Twenty-ninth of the eighty minor marks. ## arms and legs, as intended *phyag dang zhabs ji ltar dgongs pa bzhin dang ldan pa*, Skt. *yathepsita­pāṇi­pāda­tā*, Thirtieth of the eighty minor marks. ## arms that reach down the thighs when standing upright *phyag brla drang por slebs pa*, Skt. *paṭūrubāhatā*, Twelfth of the thirty-two major marks. ## arms that reach down to his knees when standing, without bending down *bzhengs bzhin du ma btud par phyag pus mor sleb pa*, Skt. *paṭūru­bāha­tā*, Ninth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Army Conqueror *dpung gi tshogs rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *dpung gi tshogs rab tu ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## army in its four divisions *dpung gi tshogs yan lag bzhi pa*, Skt. *caturaṅgabala*, The ancient Indian army was composed of four branches—infantry, cavalry, chariots, and elephants. ## Army of Heroes *dpa’ bo’i sde*, Skt. *dpa’ bo’i sde*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Arousing *sad byed*, Arousing (stirring up or awakening), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## Arousing Strength *gyad la skul*, Skt. *gyad la skul*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Arranged by Gods *lha yis bkod*, Skt. *lha yis bkod*, Birthplace of the buddha Kṛtārtha. ## arranging the sameness of letters *yi ge mnyam par ’god pa*, Skt. *samākṣarāvatāra*, A meditative stability. ## Array *bkod pa*, Skt. *bkod pa*, Array (an ordered arrangement or display), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Rāhugupta. ## Array Gift *bkod pa byin*, Skt. *bkod pa byin*, Father of the buddha Sthitamitra. ## Array of All Jewels *rin po che thams cad bkod pa*, Skt. *rin po che thams cad bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Samṛddhayaśas. ## array of all ornaments *rgyan thams cad bkod pa*, Skt. *rgyan thams cad bkod pa*, The name of an absorption. ## Array of Aspirations *smon lam bkod pa*, Skt. *smon lam bkod pa*, A hypothetical buddha. ## Array of Attractive Beauty *bkod pa yid ’ong mdzes*, Skt. *bkod pa yid ’ong mdzes*, Attendant of the buddha Cāritratīrtha. ## Array of Awakening *byang chub bkod pa*, Skt. *byang chub bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara. ## Array of Beauty *bkod pa mdzes*, Skt. *bkod pa mdzes*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇavīrya. ## Array of Bliss *bde ba bkod pa*, Skt. *bde ba bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānin. ## array of buddha ornaments *sangs rgyas kyi rgyan bkod pa*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi rgyan bkod pa*, The name of an absorption. ## Array of Emanation by Means of All Learning *thos pa thams cad kyis rnam par sprul pa bkod pa*, Skt. *thos pa thams cad kyis rnam par sprul pa bkod pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## array of flashes of lightning *glog gi ’od zer bkod pa*, A meditative stability. ## Array of Heavenly Bodies *rgyu skar bkod pa*, Skt. *rgyu skar bkod pa*, A buddha. ## Array of Infinite Jewels *rin po che mtha’ yas bkod pa*, Skt. *rin po che mtha’ yas bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahāmitra. ## Array of Infinite Meaning *don mtha’ yas pa’i bkod pa*, Skt. *don mtha’ yas pa’i bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi. ## Array of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas bkod pa*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas bkod pa*, Mother of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## Array of Insight *ye shes bkod pa*, Skt. *ye shes bkod pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnottama. ## Array of Intelligence *blo gros bkod*, Skt. *blo gros bkod*, Birthplace of the buddha Sumati. ## Array of Jewels *nor bu bkod pa*, Skt. *nor bu bkod pa*, Son of the buddha Vimuktilābhin. ## Array of Liberation *bkod pa rnam grol*, Skt. *bkod pa rnam grol*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gandhahastin (74 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Array of Light *bkod pa’i ’od*, Skt. *bkod pa’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitābha (58 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Array of Merit *bsod nams bkod pa*, Skt. *bsod nams bkod pa*, Father of the buddha Laḍitavyūha. ## Array of Offerings *mchod pa bkod pa*, Skt. *mchod pa bkod pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇakūṭa (331 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Array of Parasol Garlands *gdugs kyi phreng ba bkod pa*, Skt. *gdugs kyi phreng ba bkod pa*, A buddha realm. ## array of power *dpung rnam par bkod pa*, Skt. *balavyūha*, The 15th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8; also mentioned in other chapters. ## Array of Qualities *yon tan bkod pa*, Skt. *yon tan bkod pa*, An eon following the eon called Great Renown, during which time 84,000 queens of the universal monarch Vast Mind (a previous incarnation of the buddha Dīpaṅkara) will awaken to buddhahood. ## Array of Sunlight *nyi ma’i ’od bkod pa*, Skt. *nyi ma’i ’od bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Sūrya. ## Array of the Great Mode *’gros chen bkod pa*, Skt. *’gros chen bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Sukrama. ## Array of the Infinite Net of Jewels *rin po che’i dra ba mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i dra ba mtha’ yas pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## Array of the Perfect Assembly *tshogs mchog bkod pa*, Skt. *tshogs mchog bkod pa*, The name of the bodhisattva Aśoka when he became a buddha. ## Array of the Sun of Joy *dga’ ba’i nyi ma bkod pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i nyi ma bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Devarāja. ## Array of Unobscured Splendor *sgrib pa med pa’i gzi brjid bkod pa*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i gzi brjid bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Amoghagāmin. ## Array of Wisdom *ye shes bkod pa*, Skt. *ye shes bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Laḍitavyūha. ## Array of Worthy Ones *dgra bcom bkod*, Skt. *dgra bcom bkod*, Birthplace of the buddha Cāritratīrtha. ## arrayed *rnam par bkod pa*, Skt. *rnam par bkod pa*, An absorption. ## arrogance *mngon pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *abhimāna*, Describes an attitude of excessive pride or hubris. ## arrogant spirit beings *dregs pa*, A class of malevolent spirit beings. ## arrogating pride *mngon pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *abhimāna*, One of the seven types of pride. The pride of thinking one has distinct attainments associated with meditative absorption when one does not possess them. ## Artemisia *spra ba*, Skt. *śaileya*, According to Ludvik, the Chinese corresponds to Laevocamphor, Malay camphor, from Blumea balsamiflora. Maue and Sertkaya, however, note that 艾 ai of 艾納 aina referred to a specific species of Artemisia. Gö Chödrup understood aina in this sense. See Ludvik 2007, p. 312, especially n. 19. ## Arthabahu *nor mang*, Skt. *arthabahu*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Arthabhāvābha *don gyi ’od*, Skt. *arthabhāvābha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Arthabuddhi *don blo mnga’ ba*, Skt. *arthabuddhi*, The 389th buddha in the first list, 388th in the second list, and 382nd in the third list. ## Arthacara *don spyod*, Skt. *arthacara*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Arthadarśin *don mthong*, Skt. *arthadarśin*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-ninth) when he becomes a buddha ## Arthaṅkara *nor byed*, Skt. *arthaṅkara*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Arthakīrti *dgra bcom grags pa*, Skt. *arthakīrti*, The 262nd buddha in the first list, 261st in the second list, and 261st in the third list. ## Arthamati *don gyi blo gros*, Skt. *arthamati*, The 238th buddha in the first list, 237th in the second list, and 237th in the third list. ## Arthasiddhi *don grub*, Skt. *arthasiddhi*, The 596th buddha in the first list, 595th in the second list, and 589th in the third list. ## Arthavargīya Sūtras *don gyi tshoms kyi mdo dag*, Skt. *arthavargīya sūtras*, A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins. ## Arthavatī *don ldan ma*, Skt. *arthavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Arthavādin *don gsung*, Skt. *arthavādin*, The 1000th buddha in the first list, 999th in the second list, and 990th in the third list. ## Arthaviniścita *don nges ldan pa*, Skt. *arthaviniścita*, The 152nd buddha in the first list, not listed in the second list, and 151st in the third list. ## arthritis *rtsib logs tsha ba*, Skt. *pārśvadāha*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## artistry *bzo*, Skt. *śilpa*, It refers to arts and crafts generally; in the context of this sūtra, it is also used to describe skill in arts and crafts, and has been also been rendered as such. ## Aruṇa *skya rengs*, Skt. *aruṇa*, Aruṇa is the deity of the dawn in Indian mythology, personified as the sun’s charioteer, and the name refers to the morning star Venus, according to de Visser (1931), p. 24, n. 1. In this context, Aruṇa functions as a messenger for Ākāśagarbha. ## arudūni An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Arundhatī *a ru Na*, Skt. *arundhatī*, The name of a star. ## Arura and kyurura *Terminalia chebula* and *Emblica officinalis*, chebulic and emblic myrobolan, medicinal plants. Aura is the emblem of the [Medicine Buddha](#medicine-buddha). ## Aruru Skt. *aruru*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śarva Skt. *śarva*, One of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, identified with Śarvavarman. ## Śarvarī *mtshan mo*, Skt. *śarvarī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Aryaman The name of a deity. ## as an elephant looks *glang po chen po’i lta stangs*, Skt. *nāgāvalokita*, A simile that describes an undistracted, unmoving, but all-encompassing gaze. See also . ## as it is *yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du*, Skt. *yathābhūta*, Yathā means “in accordance”/“just as,” and bhūta is a participle from the root bhū, which can mean “to exist” or “to come into existence.” The term yathābhūta is a key term in Buddhist texts, indicating the way things are, the nature of things, etc. It is usually used adverbially, indicating the way in which someone cognizes. ## as it really is *ji lta ba bzhin du*, Skt. *yathābhūtam*, The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Akin to other terms rendered here as “suchness,” “the real,” and “natural state.” ## Asadṛśa­guṇa­kīrti­dhvaja *yon tan mi mtshungs grags pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *asadṛśa­guṇa­kīrti­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## asafetida *shing kun*, Skt. *hiṅgu*, Ferula nartex (Boiss.), Ferula foetida (Regel.) ## Asaṅga *thogs med* (4th century), one of the [Six Ornaments](#six-ornaments), founder of the Yogachara school and author of many important [śāstras](#śāstra), in particular the five teachings he received from [Maitreya](#maitreya). ## A­saṅga *thogs med*, Skt. *a­saṅga*, Indian commentator (fl. late fourth–early fifth centuries). ## Asaṅga­bala­dhārin *chags med stobs mnga’*, Skt. *asaṅga­bala­dhārin*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Asaṅgabalarāja *thogs med stobs spos kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *asaṅgabalarāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Asaṅga­bala­vīrya­mati *stobs dang brtson ’grus thogs pa med pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *asaṅga­bala­vīrya­mati*, A bodhisattva in a realm in the upward direction. ## Asaṅga­buddhi *chags pa myed pa’i blo*, Skt. *asaṅga­buddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Asaṅgacitta *thogs med sems*, Skt. *asaṅgacitta*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “Unhindered Mind.” ## Asaṅga­citta *chags pa med pa’i sems*, Skt. *asaṅga­citta*, A bodhisattva in a western realm. ## Asaṅgadhvaja *thogs med rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *asaṅgadhvaja*, The 873rd buddha in the first list, 872nd in the second list, and 863rd in the third list. ## Asaṅga­dhvaja *chags myed rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *asaṅga­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Asaṅgahiteṣin *chags med phan bzhed*, Skt. *asaṅgahiteṣin*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Asaṅga­jñāna­ketu­dhvaja­rāja *ye shes nam mkha’ lta bur chags pa med pa’i dpal gyi rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Skt. *asaṅga­jñāna­ketu­dhvaja­rāja*, A buddha in a realm in the downward direction. ## Asaṅgakośa *chags pa med mdzod*, Skt. *asaṅgakośa*, The 584th buddha in the first list, 583rd in the second list, and 577th in the third list. ## Asaṅgakīrti *thogs med grags pa*, Skt. *asaṅgakīrti*, The 629th buddha in the first list, 628th in the second list, and 621st in the third list. ## Asaṅga­kāya­raśmi­tejomati *lus kyi ’od zer thogs pa med pa’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *asaṅga­kāya­raśmi­tejomati*, A bodhisattva in a northwestern realm. See . ## Asaṅgamati *thogs med blo*, Skt. *asaṅgamati*, The 527th buddha in the first list, 527th in the second list, and 520th in the third list. ## Asaṅga­mati *blo gros chags pa med*, Skt. *asaṅga­mati*, The hundred-and-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Asaṅga­mati­candra *chags med zla ba’i blo*, Skt. *asaṅga­mati­candra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Asaṅga­netra *chags pa myed pa’i myig*, Skt. *asaṅga­netra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Asaṅgapratibhāna *spobs pa thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *asaṅga­pratibhāna*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “Unhindered Eloquence.” ## Asaṅga­śrī­garbha­rāja *dpal gyi snying po chags pa med pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *asaṅga­śrī­garbha­rāja*, A bodhisattva from a northern buddha realm. ## Asaṅga­śrī­rāja *chags pa myed pa’i dpal gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *asaṅga­śrī­rāja*, A bodhisattva from a northern buddha realm. ## Asaṅga­svara *chags pa myed pa’i sgra*, Skt. *asaṅga­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Asaṅgottara­jñānin *chags myed dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *asaṅgottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## asaṃhārya *mi ’phrogs pa*, Skt. *asaṃhārya*, Lit. “that you cannot steal.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Asaṃjñaka *’du shes med*, Skt. *asaṃjñaka*, One of the gods’ realms, literally “Without Consciousness.” ## Asaṃjñasattva *sems can ’du shes med pa*, Skt. *asaṃjñasattva*, “Beings without Perception.” A heavenly realm listed in this text between the twelfth heaven of the form realm, Bṛhatphala, and the five Pure Abodes of the form realm, known collectively as Śuddhāvāsa. ## Asaṃjñin *’du shes med pa*, Skt. *asaṃjñin*, Lit. “Perceptionless.” See “Asaṃjñisattva.” ## Asaṃjñisattva *sems can ’du shes med pa*, Skt. *asaṃjñisattva*, Lit. “Perceptionless Beings.” A heavenly realm listed in this text between the twelfth heaven of the form realm, Bṛhatphala, and the five Pure Abodes of the form realm, known collectively as Śuddhāvāsa. ## asaṃkhya *grangs med pa*, Skt. *asaṃkhya*, Lit. “uncountable.” An incredibly large number, higher than aprameya. ## asaṃkhyeya *grangs med pa*, Skt. *asaṃkhyeya*, This eon is literally called “incalculable” but nevertheless has a calculated span of time and therefore, to avoid confusion, its Sanskrit name is used here. The number of years in an asaṃkhyeya eon differs in various sūtras. Twenty “intermediate eons” are said to be one asaṃkhyeya eon, and four asaṃkhyeya eons are one great eon (mahākalpa). In that case those four asaṃkhyeya eons represent the eons of the creation, presence, destruction, and absence of a world. Therefore buddhas are often described as appearing in a second asaṃkhyeya eon. ## asaṃkhyeya eon *skal pa grangs med pa*, Skt. *asaṃkhyeya­kalpa*, Literally an “incalculable eon,” though precise numbers are given for its duration. The Abhidharmakośa states that its name does not mean that it is in fact incalculable. The number of years in this eon differs in various sūtras. For example, it is said to be 10 to the power of 49, or 10 to the power of 63 years. Also, twenty intermediate eons (antarakalpa) are said to be one asaṃkhyeya eon, and four asaṃkhyeya eons are said to form one great eon (mahākalpa). In that case those four asaṃkhyeya eons represent the eons of the creation, presence, destruction, and absence of a world. However, it is also used, as apparently in this sūtra, to refer to the longest of all eons, including all others. ## Asaṃkhyeya­vīrya­susaṃprasthita­śrī *brtson ’grus grangs med pa la rab tu zhugs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *asaṃkhyeya­vīrya­susaṃprasthita­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## asaṃkliṣṭa *kun nas nyon mongs pa med pa*, Skt. *asaṃkliṣṭa*, Lit. “without defilement.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Asamā *mnyam med ma*, Skt. *asamā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Asamabuddhi *blo gros zla med*, Skt. *asamabuddhi*, The 748th buddha in the first list, 747th in the second list, and 737th in the third list. ## Asamantara­meru­svara­vighuṣṭa­rāja *lhun po phrag med pa sgra dbyangs rnam par grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *asamantara­meru­svara­vighuṣṭa­rāja*, A buddha whom Śākyamuni sees in a western buddha realm. ## asamasama *mi mnyam pa dang mnyam pa*, Skt. *asamasama*, Lit. “equal to the unequaled.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## asaṃpramoṣa *brjed pa med pa*, Skt. *asaṃpramoṣa*, Lit. “non-loss of mindfulness.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ascending on Shoulders *phrag par ’dzeg*, A member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## Ascertained *nges par byas*, Skt. *nges par byas*, Ascertained (established as certain, determined), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padmaskandha. ## Ascertainer of the Meaning *don la rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *don la rnam par nges pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Māradama. ## Ascertaining the Light of Insight *shes rab kyi snang ba rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *shes rab kyi snang ba rnam par nges pa*, Mother of the buddha Amoghagāmin. ## ascertaining the mind *sems nges par sems pa*, Skt. *cittanidhyapti*, See “ascertainment of mind.” ## Ascertainment *rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *rnam par nges pa*, Ascertainment (the act of determining something with certainty), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhacandra. ## ascertainment of mind *sems nges par sems pa*, Skt. *cittanidhyapti*, Reflection that leads to certainty or sureness of mind. The Sanskrit term nidhyapti refers to “profound meditation leading to comprehension” (Edgerton). ## ascertainment of names *ming nges par ’jug pa*, Skt. *nāmani­yata­praveśa*, The 72nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## ascetic *dge sbyong*, Skt. *śramaṇa*, Specifically non-Vedic ascetics; śramaṇa ascetics are typically contrasted with [brahmin](#brahmin) householders. ## Ascetic Effort *brtson ’grus dka’ thub*, Skt. *viryatapas*, A bodhisattva. ## ascetic follower *phyi bzhin 'brang ba'i dge sbyong*, Skt. *paścācchramaṇa*, A kind of [apprentice](#apprentice) [disciple](#disciple). ## ascetic practice *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, Refers to an optional set of thirteen practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. They consist of (1) wearing patched robes made from discarded cloth rather than from cloth donated by laypeople, (2) wearing only three robes, (3) going for alms, (4) not omitting any house while on the alms round, rather than begging only at those houses known to provide good food, (5) eating only what can be eaten in one sitting, (6) eating only food received in the alms bowl, rather than more elaborate meals presented to the Saṅgha, (7) refusing more food after indicating one has eaten enough, (8) dwelling in a forest, (9) dwelling at the root of a tree, (10) dwelling in the open air using only a tent made from one’s robes as shelter, (11) dwelling in a charnel ground, (12) being satisfied with whatever dwelling one has, and (13) sleeping in a sitting position without ever lying down. ## ascetic practices *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, An optional set of practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. The list of practices varies in different sources. When twelve practices are listed, they consist of (1) wearing rags (pāṃśukūlika, phyag dar khrod pa), (2) (in the form of only) three religious robes (traicīvarika, chos gos gsum), (3) (coarse in texture as) garments of felt (nāma[n]tika, ’phyings pa pa), (4) eating by alms (paiṇḍapātika, bsod snyoms pa), (5) having a single mat to sit on (aikāsanika, stan gcig pa), (6) not eating after noon (khalu paścād bhaktika, zas phyis mi len pa), (7) living alone in the forest (āraṇyaka, dgon pa pa), (8) living at the base of a tree (vṛkṣamūlika, shing drungs pa), (9) living in the open (ābhyavakāśika, bla gab med pa), (10) frequenting cemeteries (śmāśānika, dur khrod pa), (11) sleeping sitting up (naiṣadika, cog bu pa), and (12) accepting whatever seating position is offered (yāthāsaṃstarika, gzhi ji bzhin pa); this last of the twelve is sometimes interpreted as not omitting any house on the alms round, i.e., regardless of any reception expected. Mahāvyutpatti, no. 1127–39. ## Ascetic Practitioner *dka’ thub mdzad*, Skt. *dka’ thub mdzad*, A buddha in the past. ## ascetic supremacy *brtul zhugs snyems pa*, Skt. *vrataparāmarśa*, Fourth of the four knots. ## ascetic virtue *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, Usually this term refers to a set of thirteen ascetic practices that can be taken up optionally by monks to further their moral discipline. Here, it refers to the practice of ascetic purification in general. ## ascetic virtues *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, An optional set of practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. The list of practices varies in different sources. When thirteen practices are listed, they consist of (1) wearing patched robes made from discarded cloth rather than from cloth donated by laypeople; (2) wearing only three robes; (3) going for alms; (4) not omitting any house while on the alms round, rather than begging only at those houses known to provide good food; (5) eating only what can be eaten in one sitting; (6) eating only food received in the alms bowl, rather than more elaborate meals presented to the saṅgha; (7) refusing more food after indicating one has eaten enough; (8) dwelling in the forest; (9) dwelling at the root of a tree; (10) dwelling in the open air, using only a tent made from one’s robes as shelter; (11) dwelling in a charnel ground; (12) having satisfaction with whatever dwelling one has; and (13) sleeping in a sitting position without ever lying down. ## ascetic with matted hair *ral pa can*, Skt. *jaṭila*, A non-Buddhist ascetic identifiable by the wearing of locks of matted hair. ## ash *thal ba*, Skt. *kṣāra*, Five kinds of ash made from five kinds of plants, which are used as medicines. ## Ashen Locks *thal ba’i gtsug phud can*, Skt. *thal ba’i gtsug phud can*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## ashoka tree *shing a sho ka*, Skt. *aśoka*, Saraca asoca. The aromatic blossoms are clustered together as orange, yellow, and red bunches of petals. ## ashram *dge ba sbyang ba’i gnas*, Skt. *āśrama*, A forest hermitage or place of practice for a renunciant practitioner. ## Asidharā *ral gri ’dzin ma*, Skt. *asidharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Asimuṣaladharā Skt. *asimuṣaladharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Asipattra *ral gri’i lo ma*, Skt. *asipattra*, “Razor Leaves,” one of the hells. ## Asitā *dkar med ma*, Skt. *asitā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Asita *nag po*, Skt. *asita*, The famous great sage who went to visit Prince Siddhārtha when he was a newborn baby. He made predictions of his awakening as the Buddha and then cried when he realized he would not be alive to witness it. ## Askhalita­buddhi *’khrul med blo*, Skt. *askhalita­buddhi*, The 923rd buddha in the first list, 922nd in the second list, and 913th in the third list. ## aspect *mthong ba*, Skt. *dṛṣṭi*, A technical term used in astrology. It means that one planet or astrological entity influences another such entity, because of the angle that it is positioned in relation to it. ## aspect of liberation *rnam par thar pa*, Skt. *vimokṣa*, See “eight aspects of liberation.” ## aspectless *rnam pa med pa*, A meditative stability. ## aspects of awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs*, Skt. *bodhipakṣya*, These are aspects of realization that unfold on the path and culminate in the goal of awakening. ## aspects of enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs*, Skt. *bodhipakṣa*, A set of qualities necessary as a method to attain the enlightenment of a śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, or buddha. There are thirty-seven of these: (1–4) the four kinds of mindfulness: mindfulness of body, sensations, mind, and phenomena; (5–8) the four correct exertions: not to do bad actions that have not been done, to give up bad actions that are being done, to do good actions that have not been done, and to increase the good actions that are being done; (9–12) the foundations for miraculous powers: intention, diligence, mind, and analysis; (13–17) the five powers: faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (18–22) the five strengths: even stronger forms of faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (23–29) the seven limbs of enlightenment: correct mindfulness, correct wisdom of the analysis of phenomena, correct diligence, correct joy, correct serenity, correct samādhi, and correct equanimity; (30–37) the eightfold noble path: right view, examination, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and samādhi. ## aspiration *smon lam*, Skt. *praṇidhāna*, The aspirations and vows made by bodhisattvas especially concerning their future enlightenment, sometimes in the form of a prayer. ## Aspiration and Retention *smon lam gzungs*, Skt. *smon lam gzungs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitābha. ## Aspiration Bringing Flawlessness *skyon med ’gyur mdzad smon lam*, Skt. *skyon med ’gyur mdzad smon lam*, A buddha. ## aspiration for awakening *byang chub kyi sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, The wish to attain awakening for the sake of all sentient beings; a luminous “seed” moving inside the channels; the Sanskrit and Tibetan terms are also used to denote semen. ## aspiration prayer *smon lam*, Skt. *praṇidhāna*, A declaration of one’s aspirations and vows, and/or an invocation and request of the buddhas, bodhisattvas, etc. ## aspiration to enlightenment *byang chub kyi sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, This term has developed further meanings such as the ultimate bodhicitta of realizing emptiness, but in this sūtra it is used with its basic meaning. ## Aspiration Well Sown *smon lam legs par btab pa*, Skt. *smon lam legs par btab pa*, A future buddha. ## aspirational prayer A declaration of one’s aspirations and vows, and/or an invocation and request of the buddhas, bodhisattvas, etc. ## aspirationlessness *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *a­pra­ṇihita*, Third of the three gateways to liberation. ## Aspirations Amassed *smon lam brtsegs*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Aspiring Mind *smon sems*, Skt. *smon sems*, Mother of the buddha Amitadhara. ## Aspiring to Always Turn the Dharma Wheel *rtag par chos kyi ’khor lo bskor bar sems bskyed*, Skt. *satata­dharma­cakra­pravarta­cittotpada*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Dharma­cakra­pravarta­cittotpada; chos kyi ’khor lo yongs su bskor bar sems bskyed) ## Aspiring to Leave Behind the Sanctuary *gnas ’jog sel brtson*, Skt. *gnas ’jog sel brtson*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## assault This Tibetan term is generally used to describe “wrathful” features and behaviors that invoke fear and danger. However, in this context, the term is used to refer to the body of rites otherwise known as abhicāra (mngon spyod), one of the four main ritual categories that include rites for aggressively overcoming adversarial influences, both human and nonhuman. ## Assaulting *mngon spyod*, Skt. *abhicāra*, One of the four primary categories of ritual activities that includes rites for aggressively overcoming adversarial influences, both human and nonhuman. ## assembled factor *’du byed*, Skt. *saṁskāra*, In its broadest sense, the term saṁskāra includes all impermanent entities when understood as causes. The prefix sam is here understood as indicating “coming together” or “assembling,” while the root kṛ means “to produce,” “to create.” element matches, respectively, “assembling” and “factor.”--> ## Assembled Splendor *tshogs kyi dpal*, Skt. *tshogs kyi dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## assembling the limbs The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its thirty-eighth week. ## assembly *g.yog ’khor*, Skt. *parivāra*, Also translated here as “retinue.” ## Assembly hall of Sudharmā *’dun sa chos bzang*, The dome-shaped assembly hall where Indra teaches the Dharma located on the southwest side of Mount Meru. ## assembly hall of the gods *lha’i ’dun sa*, Skt. *devasabhā*, The assembly place where the thirty-three gods of Trāyastriṃśa heaven gather, which is located to the southwest of the city of Sudarśana and which is known as Sudharmā (“Good Dharma”). ## assembly space A term used for any space in which large gatherings may witness a spectacle. Could be a hall or pavilion, a courtyard, or an open air enclosure. ## assign the rewards of the offerings to the name *ming nas brjod de yon bsngo ba*, Skt. *nāmnā dakṣiṇām ādiśati*, An act of recitation of particular verses performed by a monastic when he or she receives offerings from others. This act is considered to transfer the merit produced by the donor to deities, causing those deities to protect and confer benefits on the person whose name is pronounced in the recitation. ## associate *sbyor*, Skt. *yojayati*, To associate something with something. ## assumption Imagining things that are not the case. ## assurance *mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *vaiśāradya*, The four kinds of assurance of a tathāgata (catur­vaiśāraya, mi ’jigs pa bzhi) are: 1) assurance concerning complete awakening (abhi­sambodhi­vaiśāradya, thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa); 2) assurance concerning the destruction of the impurities (āsravakṣaya­vaiśāradya, zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa); 3) assurance concerning harmful things (antarāyika­dharma­vaiśāradya, bar du gcod pa’i chos la mi ’jigs pa); 4) assurance concerning the path that leads to emancipation (nairyāṇika­pratipad­vaiśāradya, thob par ’gyur bar nges par ’byung ba’i lam la mi ’jigs pa). (See Rahula 2001: 230, in which they are called “perfect self-confidence”). ## astambhita *ma khengs pa*, Skt. *astambhita*, Lit. “when there is no pride.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## asteria *skar ma mdog*, Skt. *jyotīrasa*, A precious gem that, when cut, shows a luminous star shape. This includes such gems as star sapphires, star rubies, and star topazes. In some Kangyurs written incorrectly as sgra snang ba and with a wide variety of other spelling renditions. Jyotīrasa is translated as skar ma mdog in The White Lotus of the Good Dharma (Toh 113, Saddharma­puṇḍarīka). ## asterism *rgyu skar*, Skt. *nakṣatra*, See “nakṣatra.” ## Asthita *mi gnas pa*, Skt. *asthita*, The 231st buddha in the first list, 230th in the second list, and 230th in the third list. ## asthma *dbugs mi bde ba*, Skt. *śvāsa*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Astounding Sight *shin tu rnam par bltas pa*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par bltas pa*, A past buddha realm where the buddha Dīptavīrya resided. ## Śastrabhū *ral gris ’tsho*, Skt. *śastrabhū*, One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda. ## Astride Mount Sumeru *ri rab rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *ri rab rnam par gnon pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Smooth as Kācilindika Fabric. ## astringent *bska ba*, Skt. *kaṣāya*, One of the eight supreme flavors. Also one of the six tastes of the Āyurveda and Tibetan medical traditions. ## Astrologer *skar mkhan*, Skt. *skar mkhan*, Astrologer (one who studies the influence of the stars on human affairs), also the name of a son of the buddha Ananta­guṇa­tejorāśi. ## asurī *lha ma yin gyi bu mo*, Skt. *asurī*, A female asura. ## ṭasurī An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## asura *lha ma yin*, Skt. *asura*, One of the six classes of living beings, sometimes included among the gods and sometimes among the animals. A class of superhuman beings, sometimes misleadingly called demigods, engendered and dominated by envy, ambition, and hostility, who are metaphorically described as being incessantly embroiled in a dispute with the gods over the possession of a magical tree. ## Asuraprāgbhāra *lha min ’bab*, Skt. *asuraprāgbhāra*, A mountain king. ## Asvarā Skt. *asvarā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## at ease in pledging to settle for the rains *bde ba la reg par dbyar gnas par dam bcas*, Skt. *sukhasparśaviharaṇa*, A saṅgha at ease is a properly functioning monastic community, where official acts of the saṅgha, but especially the restoration rite, are observed. Kalyāṇamitra twice glosses the phrase “be at ease.” In the first example, he explains that monks are at ease in the knowledge that so long as they are on site, they will never be considered “separated from” their mantle, which would otherwise entail a fault. In a subsequent gloss, he writes that “to be at ease” means “to obtain purity” and hence “the joy felt due to the remission of one’s offenses.” This describes the state of a monastic who has made amends for their offenses. See Kalyāṇamitra (F.313.b–314.a): dge slong rnams bde ba la reg par gnas pa zhes bya ba ni las ’grub pa dang/ kha na ma tho ba med par ’gyur ba‘i phyir ro, and F.318.a: bde ba la reg pa zhes bya ba ni rnam par dag pa thob pa ste/ ltung ba dang bral ba’i rgyus yid yongs su dga’ ba’ o. ## at peace, deeply at peace, fully at peace *zhi ba/ rab tu zhi ba/ nye bar zhi ba/*, Skt. *śānta praśānta upaśānta*, This stock phrase refers to states of peace or absence of disturbing thoughts and emotions. In his commentary on the Kāśyapa­parivarta, Sthiramati correlates these three states of peace with deepening stages of meditation on the Buddhist path. ## at shrines of a buddha *sangs rgyas mchod rten la*, Skt. *buddhacaityeṣu*, A phrase that recurs in this text in verses 49–55. ## Atīśa (982-1054), also known as [Dīpaṃkara](#dīpaṃkara) or [Jowo](#jowo) Atīśa. This great Indian master and scholar, one of the main teachers at the famous university of [Vikramaśīla](#vikramaśīla), was a strict follower of the monastic rule. He received the bodhicitta teachings from many important masters, and in particular from the Lord of [Suvarṇadvīpa](#suvarṇadvīpa-lord-of) (Dharmakīrti), under whom he studied in Indonesia. He spent the last ten years of his life in Tibet, teaching and taking part in the translation of Buddhist texts. His [disciple](#disciple)s founded the [Kadampa](#kadampa) school. ## Atṛṣṇa *mi ngoms pa*, Skt. *atṛṣṇa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Atīśa Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna The famed Indian scholar who spent twelve years in Tibet from 1042–1054. ## Śatabhiṣā *mon gre*, Skt. *śatabhiṣā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Lambda Aquarii in the occidental tradition. ## Śatabāhu *lag brgya pa*, Skt. *śatabāhu*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Śataśṛṅga *rtse brgya pa*, Skt. *śataśṛṅga*, A mountain king. ## Śatakiraṇa *’od zer brgya pa*, Skt. *śatakiraṇa*, A buddha. ## Śatakratu *brgya byin*, Skt. *śatakratu*, Epithet of Indra. Literally, “he who contains one hundred sacrificial rites.” ## Śatamukha *kha brgya pa*, Skt. *śatamukha*, The sūtra contains the only known reference to a nāga king and kinnara king who both have this name in Sanskrit. The nāga’s name was translated into Tibetan as “hundred mouths” (kha brgya pa), and the kinnara as “hundred faces” (bzhin brgya pa). Other deities with the name Śatamukha appear in Indian literature. ## Śatanetrā *mig brgya ma*, Skt. *śatanetrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Atapa *mi gdung*, Skt. *atapa*, Lit. “Those Who Do Not Cause Pain.” The fourteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, it is listed as the second of the five Pure Abodes, or Śuddhāvāsa. ## Atapas *mi gdung ba*, Skt. *atapas*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Śatapatra *’dab ma brgya pa*, Skt. *śatapatra*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śatapuṇya *bsod nams brgya*, Skt. *śatapuṇya*, A buddha. ## Śataśīrṣā *mgo brgya ma*, Skt. *śataśīrṣā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Śataraśmi *gya nom ’od*, Skt. *śataraśmi*, A nāga king. ## Śataraśmin *’od brgya pa*, Skt. *śataraśmin*, A nāga king. The name means “having a hundred rays” and may be an alternate name for the nāga king Vasuki, Takṣaka, or Utpalaka. ## Śata­sahasra­bhujā *lag pa ’bum dang ldan ma*, Skt. *śata­sahasra­bhujā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Śata­sahasra­śirā *mgo ’bum dang ldan ma*, Skt. *śata­sahasra­śirā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Śata­sahasra­koṭipadma­vivara­saṃcchannā *pad ma’i mchog ’bum gyis bkab ma*, Skt. *śata­sahasra­koṭipadma­vivara­saṃcchannā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Śata­sahasra­nayanā *mig ’bum dang ldan ma*, Skt. *śata­sahasra­nayanā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Śatavarga-āgama Karmavibhaṅga­sūtra *brgya bsdus pa’i mdo*, Skt. *śatavargāgamakarmavibhaṅgasūtra*, As the Sanskrit title indicates, the brgya bsdus pa’i mdo may refer to another, so far unknown, Karmavibhaṅgasūtra and not, as has also been suggested, to the (lost) Sanskrit Saṁyukta-Āgama (see Kudo 2004, p. 283, n. 56). The Tibetan title means The Scripture in One Hundred Sections, and the Tibetan Exposition of Karma translated here does indeed consist of 101 paragraphs. ## Śateru *sha te ru*, Skt. *kṣaṇaśatara*, A god who is the king of lightning in the southern direction. ## Atharva Veda *srid srung gi rig byed*, Skt. *atharvaveda*, Along with the Ṛg Veda, Yajur Veda, and Sāma Veda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. ## Atharvaśabarī The name of a goddess. ## Atharvaveda *srid srung gi rig byed*, Skt. *atharva veda*, Along with the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, and Sāmaveda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. Primarily concerned with practical applications, including protection, healing, and magic. ## Atharvaveda branch The category of priests in the brahmanical tradition who specialize in the hymns and spells of the Atharvaveda. ## Atharvavedic Belonging to the ritual tradition of the Atharvaveda, which can involve the use of spells and sorcery to harm others. ## Atharvavedin See “Atharvaveda branch.” ## Atiśa *a ti sha*, Skt. *atiśa*, Atiśa Dīpaṃkara­śrī­jñāna (982–1054 ce), often referred to in Tibetan as jo bo, “(The) Lord,” was a renowned figure in the history of Tibetan Buddhism famous for coming to Tibet and revitalizing Buddhism there during the early eleventh century. ## Atiśa Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna *dpal mar me mdzad*, Skt. *atīśa dīpaṃkara­śrī­jñāna*, The Bengali Buddhist reformer who visited Tibet in the middle of the eleventh century and whose disciples established the Kadampa (bka’ gdams pa) tradition. ## Atiśayavatī *lhag par ldan ma*, Skt. *atiśayavatī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Atiśayendra­rāja *mngon par rtogs pa’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *atiśayendra­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Atibala *stobs chen*, Skt. *atibala*, The 996th buddha in the first list, 995th in the second list, and 986th in the third list. ## Atijavā *rab tu mgyogs ma*, Skt. *atijavā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## atimuktaka Bauhinia variegata. The orchid tree, also known as mountain ebony. ## Atimuktaka­malā *a ti mug ta ka’i phreng ba can*, Skt. *atimuktaka­malā*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## Atisamṛddhi The name of a muhūrta. ## Ativṛddhi “Extreme Increase,” one of four kings who support the earth. ## Atiyaśas *shin tu grags*, Skt. *atiyaśas*, The 167th buddha in the first list, 166th in the second list, and 166th in the third list. ## Atiyoga the highest of the three inner [yoga](#yoga)s, the summit of the Nine [Vehicle](#vehicle)s according to the classification of the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) School. See [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). ## Śatānīka *dmag brgya pa*, Skt. *śatānīka*, King of [Kauśāmbī](#kauśāmbī) and father of [Udayana](#udayana). ## atonable *lhag bcas*, Skt. *sāvaśeṣa*, See “unatonable.” ## Atri *bu can*, Skt. *atri*, A great ṛṣi. ## Śatru Skt. *śatru*, A mantra deity. See . ## Śatrumardana *dgra ’joms*, Skt. *śatrumardana*, A great bodhisattva. ## Attached to Objects *yul la chags pa*, Skt. *yul la chags pa*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Attached to Pleasures *’dod pa la chags pa*, Skt. *’dod pa la chags pa*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Attached to Smell *dri la chags pa*, Skt. *dri la chags pa*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Attached to Sound *sgra la chags pa*, Skt. *sgra la chags pa*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Attached to That *de la chags*, Skt. *de la chags*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## attachment *’dod chags*, Skt. *rāga*, One of the six root afflictions (Skt. mūlakleśa), often listed as one of the three poisons (Skt. triviṣa) along with anger (Skt. dveṣa) and delusion (Skt. moha). ## attachment to the realm of form *gzugs kyi ’dod chags*, Skt. *ruparāga*, First of the five fetters associated with the higher realms. ## attachment to the realm of formlessness *gzugs med pa’i ’dod chags*, Skt. *ārūpyarāga*, Second of the five fetters associated with the higher realms. ## attachment to the realm of forms *gzugs kyi ’dod chags*, Skt. *ruparāga*, First of the five fetters associated with the superior. ## attachment to the world system of form *gzugs kyi ’dod chags*, Skt. *rupa­rāga*, First of the five fetters associated with the higher realms. ## attachment to the world system of formlessness *gzugs med pa’i ’dod chags*, Skt. *ā­rūpya­rāga*, Second of the five fetters associated with the higher realms. ## Attainer of Certainty *nges thob*, Skt. *nges thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Attainer of Excellent Certainty *legs nges thob*, Skt. *legs nges thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anihatavrata. ## Attainer of Fearlessness *mi ’jigs thob*, Skt. *mi ’jigs thob*, A great bodhisattva. ## Attainer of Nine Retentions *gzungs dgu thob*, Skt. *gzungs dgu thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharaṇīdhara. ## Attainer of Purity of Universal Illumination *kun tu rnam par snang mdzad rnam par dag pa thob pa*, Skt. *kun tu rnam par snang mdzad rnam par dag pa thob pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Perfectly Pure Abode. ## Attainer of the Unsurpassable *bla med thob*, Skt. *bla med thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sāgara. ## Attaining Renown throughout the Entire World *’jig rten thams cad du rnam par grags pa thob*, Skt. *’jig rten thams cad du rnam par grags pa thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Attaining the Great Objective *don chen thob*, Skt. *don chen thob*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Devaraśmi. ## Attaining the Illumination That Pacifies All Wandering Beings *’gro ba thams cad rab tu zhi bar byed pa’i snang ba thob pa*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad rab tu zhi bar byed pa’i snang ba thob pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## Attaining the Immaculate Stage *sgrib pa med pa’i go ’phang rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i go ’phang rnam par gnon pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajra. ## Attaining the Miraculous Display That Illumines All Qualities *yon tan thams cad snang bar byed pa’i rdzu ’phrul thob pa*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad snang bar byed pa’i rdzu ’phrul thob pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmadatta. ## attaining the stream *rgyun du zhugs pa*, Skt. *srota-āpatti*, The first level of noble ones when practicing the path of the hearers. ## Attaining the Superknowledge of Undaunted Love *bag tsha ba med pas rnam par rtse ba’i mngon par shes pa thob pa*, Skt. *bag tsha ba med pas rnam par rtse ba’i mngon par shes pa thob pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## attainment *snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *samāpatti*, A technical term referring to a meditative state attained through the practice of concentration. Usually a reference to the nine gradual attainments (navānupūrvavihārasamāpatti, mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu) that include the four attainments of the form realm, the four formless attainments, and the attainment of the state of cessation. (The word “attainment” is also used here to translate non-technical words that have the sense of “obtain” or “acquire.”) ## Attainment of All Powerful Forces *stobs kyi shugs thams cad thob pa*, Skt. *stobs kyi shugs thams cad thob pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Always Fragrant. ## Attainment of Fearlessness *mi bsnyengs thob*, Skt. *mi bsnyengs thob*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ojaṅgama (459 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Attainment of Nonabiding *mi gnas thob*, Skt. *mi gnas thob*, Son of the buddha Ratnaruta. ## Attainment of Perpetual Faith *rtag tu dad pa thob*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Attainment of Recollection *dran pa rnyed pa*, Skt. *dran pa rnyed pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## attainment of seeing *mthong ba’i snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *darśanasamāpatti*, Entry point for the path of seeing, this is the direct perception of things as they are, ultimate reality, suchness. ## Attainment of Supreme Worship *mchod mchog thob*, Skt. *mchod mchog thob*, Attendant of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## attainment of the extrasensory powers, the powers, and the fearlessnesses *mngon par shes pa dang / stobs dang / mi ’jigs pa thob pa*, Skt. *abhijñā­bala­vaiśāradya­prāpto*, The forty-first of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## attainment of the meditative state without consciousness *’du shes med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *asaṃjñā­samāpatti*, An ordinary or worldly form of the fourth meditative absorption. It is variously interpreted as a positive attainment or a counterfeit state of liberation (see Buswell and Lopez 2014, 67). ## attainment of triumph *rgyal ba thob pa*, Skt. *jayalabdho*, The twenty-ninth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## attainment of unobscured liberation *sgrib pa med pa’i rnam par thar pa thob pa*, Skt. *anāvaraṇa­vimokṣa­prāpto*, The twentieth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Attainment Worthy of the World’s Worship *’jig rten mchod ’os thob*, Skt. *’jig rten mchod ’os thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candana. ## attainments of the successive stages *mthar gyis snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *anupūrva­samāpatti*, A set of nine progressive stages of deepening mental absorption, including the four concentrations of the form realm, the four formless realms, and cessation. ## attendant *zhal ta pa*, Skt. *vaiyāpṛtyakara*, A monk in charge of providing for monastery residents and visitors. One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery. ## attention *yid la byed pa*, Skt. *manaskāra*, Also translated here as “turn the attention toward,” “pay attention to,” “attention connected with,” “direct the attention to,” and so on. ## Attention without Blurriness *ma ’dres par sems pa*, Skt. *ma ’dres par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Aśoka. ## Attentive to Meanings Heard *thos pa’i don sems*, Skt. *thos pa’i don sems*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāyaśas. ## Attentive to Relinquishment by Means of Realization and Intelligence *rtogs pa dang blo gros kyis yongs su spangs par sems pa*, Skt. *rtogs pa dang blo gros kyis yongs su spangs par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## Attentive to Virtue *dge bar sems*, Skt. *dge bar sems*, Son of the buddha Mokṣatejas. ## Attentive View *lta sems*, Skt. *lta sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇaprabhāsa. ## attentiveness *yid la byed pa*, Skt. *manas­kāra*, Also translated here as “attention.” (See also ). ## attitude of equality *sems mnyam pa*, Skt. *samacitta*, A state of mind that regards all being equally and is without hostility or malice towards any being. ## attracting *dgug pa*, Skt. *ākarṣaṇa*, A common class of ritual activity (Skt. karman; Tib. las). ## attracting divine beings *lha dgug pa*, A type of ritual action. ## attracting rite A particular class of tantric ritual. ## attracting yakṣiṇīs *gnod sbyin mo dgug pa*, Skt. *yakṣiṇyākarṣaṇa*, A type of ritual action. ## attraction *’dod chags*, Skt. *rāga*, One of the three basic mental afflictions (together with aversion and confusion) within which all other mental afflictions can be subsumed. The term rāga comes from the root rañj, which can also have the sense of “to color,” thus making it possible to create significant double-meanings in Sanskrit (rakta can thus mean “impassioned,” but also “red” or “blood”). Liberated beings are often described as vītarāga, “free from attraction.” ## Attractive *yid ’ong ldan*, Skt. *yid ’ong ldan*, Attractive (pleasing or appealing), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Sughoṣa. ## Attractive Array *bkod pa sdug pa*, Skt. *bkod pa sdug pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Subhaga. ## Attractive Joy *yid ’ong dga’*, Skt. *yid ’ong dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Mati. ## Attractive Movement *’gro sdug pa*, Skt. *’gro sdug pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāsthāman. ## Attractive Ripening *rnam smin sdug*, Skt. *rnam smin sdug*, Father of the buddha Subhaga. ## Attractive Splendor *yid du ’ong ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Ūrṇāvat. ## Atulaprabha *’od gzhal du med pa*, Skt. *atulaprabha*, The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Atula­pratibhāna­rāja *spobs pa mtshungs med rgyal po*, Skt. *atula­pratibhāna­rāja*, The 984th buddha in the first list, 983rd in the second list, and 974th in the third list. ## atulya *mtshungs pa myed pa*, Skt. *atulya*, Lit. “unparalleled.” An incredibly large number, higher than acintya. ## Atyadbhuta *mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *atyadbhuta*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Atyanta­candra­mas *mchog tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *atyanta­candra­mas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Atyuccagāmin *mngon par ’phags par gshegs pa*, Skt. *atyuccagāmin*, Literally “The Ascended,” the fourth of eight named buddhas of the past (with the addition of Śākyamuni making nine) in The Four Boys’ Absorption. It has been assumed that this is a variant Tibetan spelling of a buddha of the past whose attested Sanskrit name is elsewhere found in Tibetan as mthor ’phags pa (The Chapter on Medicines [Bhaiṣajyavastu, Toh 1-6], e.g., ) and shin tu mtho bar gshegs pa (The Stem Array [Gaṇḍavyūha, Toh 44-45], –), among other variants. ## Atyunnata *mngon par mtho ba*, Skt. *atyunnata*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Atyāyata *shin tu yangs pa*, Skt. *atyāyata*, A buddha realm. ## aṇu A particle of matter or an “atom,” traditionally considered to be made up of seven of the finest particles (paramāṇu). ## Auṣadhirāja *sman gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *auṣadhirāja*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## augur *bye brag phyed pa*, Skt. *bye brag phyed pa*, An individual who is gifted in reading natural signs and omens. ## Aśula *a shu la*, Skt. *a shu la*, A merchant. ## Aupagama *bskrun pa’i stag*, Skt. *aupagama*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aupamanyava One of the sublineages connected with the Vāsiṣṭha lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Aupamanyavīya The name of a family lineage. ## aureole *’od*, Skt. *prabhā*, Also translated here as “light.” ## aureole of light extending a full arm span *’od ’dom gang ba*, Skt. *vyāmaprabhatā*, A supplementary mark of a tathāgata, included in the thirty-two major marks in some lists but not in this text. ## aureole of light, extending a full arm span *’od ’dom gang ba*, Skt. *vy­āma­prabha­tā*, Either the thirtieth of, or a supplement to, the thirty-two major marks. ## Aṃśurāja *’od snang rgyal po*, Skt. *aṃśurāja*, A buddha. (Toh 555: snang ba’i rgyal po) ## Auspicious *bkra shis can*, Skt. *bkra shis can*, Auspicious (conducive to success; favorable), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Vigatakāṅkṣa. ## Auspicious Clarity *bkra shis gsal*, Skt. *bkra shis gsal*, Mother of the buddha Laḍitavyūha. ## Auspicious Eon *bskal pa bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrakalpa*, Name of the present eon of time, during which one thousand buddhas appear in succession, Śākyamuni being the fourth and Maitreya the fifth. ## Auspicious Intelligence *legs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sādhumātī*, The ninth bodhisattva level. ## Auspicious Joy of Carefulness *bag yod pa la mngon par dga’ ba bkra shis*, Skt. *bag yod pa la mngon par dga’ ba bkra shis*, A god who taught Musulundha the Dharma. ## auspicious major and minor signs *mtshan dang dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *lakṣaṇānuvyajana*, See also “major marks” and “minor signs.” ## Auspicious Nectar *bdud rtsi shis pa*, Skt. *bdud rtsi shis pa*, Attendant of the buddha Praśānta. ## Auspicious One *bkra shis ’dzin*, Skt. *bkra shis ’dzin*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Auspicious Rāhu *sgra gcan shis pa*, Skt. *sgra gcan shis pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Subāhu. ## auspicious signs and marks *mtshan dang dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *lakṣaṇānuvyañjana*, The thirty-two signs and the eighty marks of a superior being. ## Auspicious Star *skar bzangs*, Skt. *skar bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Praśāntagati. ## auspicious thread *dge mtshan dang bkra shis*, Skt. *kautukamaṅgala*, Refers to the Indian custom of tying an auspicious thread, normally around the wrist. ## Auspicious Time *dus bzangs*, Skt. *dus bzangs*, A king of the swans. ## Auspicious World *’jig rten bkra shis*, Skt. *’jig rten bkra shis*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jayanandin. ## austere practices *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, An optional set of thirteen practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. They consist of 1) wearing patched robes made from discarded cloth rather than from cloth donated by laypeople; 2) wearing only three robes; 3) going for alms; 4) not omitting any house while on the alms round, rather than begging only at those houses known to provide good food; 5) eating only what can be eaten in one sitting; 6) eating only food received in the alms bowl, rather than more elaborate meals presented to the Saṅgha; 7) refusing more food after indicating one has eaten enough; 8) dwelling in the forest; 9) dwelling at the root of a tree; 10) dwelling in the open air, using only a tent made from one’s robes as shelter; 11) dwelling in a charnel ground; 12) satisfaction with whatever dwelling one has; and 13) sleeping in a sitting position without ever lying down. ## austerities *dka’ thub*, Skt. *tapas*, Harsh, often extreme practices that can include deprivation and physical mortification. Such practices are typically rejected in the Buddhist “middle way.” The term can be used in a more positive sense to refer to the hardships of practice one must endure to reach liberation. ## Austerities of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs dka’ thub*, Skt. *brtul zhugs dka’ thub*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇicūḍa. ## austerity *yo byad bsnyungs pa*, Skt. *saṃlekha*, The Tibetan means literally “the lessening of requisites.” ## austerity of the five fires An ascetic practice in which the practitioner lights four fires, one for each of the four directions, and then sits down in the middle of them as the sun, the fifth fire, blazes directly overhead. This practice is also said to be done especially during the hot season. ## Authentic *mtshan ldan*, Skt. *mtshan ldan*, Authentic (genuine, true to its origin), also the name of the mother of the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara. ## authentic eliminations *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, Relinquishing negative acts in the present and the future, and enhancing positive acts in the present and the future. ## Authentic Emergence from the Luminous Splendor of Buddhahood *’od kyi gzi brjid sangs rgyas las yang dag par byung ba*, Skt. *’od kyi gzi brjid sangs rgyas las yang dag par byung ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tejorāja. ## authentic exertions *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, Relinquishing negative acts in the present and the future and enhancing positive acts in the present and the future. These four are part of the thirty-seven factors of awakening. ## Authentic Mind *yang dag sems*, Skt. *yang dag sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇaratna. ## Authentic Perception *yang dag par mthong ba*, Skt. *yang dag par mthong ba*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Autumn Sun *ston ka’i nyi ma*, Skt. *ston ka’i nyi ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśas (686 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## auxiliary chandoha *nye ba’i ts+tshan do ha*, Skt. *upachandoha*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## auxiliary charnel ground *nye ba’i dur khrod*, Skt. *upaśmāśana*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## auxiliary kṣetra *nye ba’i zhing*, Skt. *upakṣetra*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## auxiliary melāpaka *nye ’du ba*, Skt. *upamelāpaka*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## auxiliary pīṭha *nye ba’i gnas*, Skt. *upapīṭha*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## auxiliary pīlava *nye ba’i ’thung gcod*, Skt. *upapīlava*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## auxiliary sciences The six sciences that assist in the preservation of the Vedas and the performance of Vedic ritual: phonetics (śikṣā), prosody (chandas), grammar (vyākaraṇa), etymology (nirukta), ritual rules (kalpa), and astrology (jyotiṣa). ## auxiliary sub-sciences The four sciences that are supplementary to the auxiliary sciences of the Vedas: historical writings (purāṇa), logic (nyāya), exegesis (mīmāṃsā), and treatises on law (dharmaśāstra). ## Śauṇḍāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Kāśyapa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Āṭavī *’brog*, Skt. *āṭavī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## ṣāḍava *drug las skyed*, Skt. *ṣāḍava*, A category of musical scale (rāga) that consists of six notes. This term can also refer to a kind of sweet dish. ## Avabhāsadarśin *snang ba gzigs*, Skt. *avabhāsadarśin*, The 887th buddha in the first list, 886th in the second list, and 877th in the third list. ## Avabhāsakara *snang byed*, Skt. *avabhāsakara*, A bodhisattva in attendance as the Buddha delivers this teaching. ## Avabhāsaṃkara *snang bar mdzad pa*, Skt. *avabhāsaṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Avabhāsa­makuṭin *snang ba’i cod pan*, Skt. *avabhāsa­makuṭin*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Avabhāsanaśikhin *snang ldan gtsug phud can*, Skt. *avabhāsanaśikhin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Avabhāsaprabha *snang ’od*, Skt. *avabhāsaprabha*, A deity in the retinue of Śakra. ## Avabhāsaprāptā *snang ba thob pa*, Skt. *avabhāsaprāptā*, “Attainment of Light,” the world in which Kāśyapa will become a buddha. ## Avabhāsa­rāja *snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *avabhāsa­rāja*, The name of the eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. Also the name of the twenty-seventh buddha in a different kalpa in the distant past. BHS: Obhāsarāja. ## Avabhāsa­sāgara­vyūha *snang ba rgya mtshos brgyan pa*, Skt. *avabhāsa­sāgara­vyūha*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Obhāsa­sāgara­viyūha. ## Avabhāsa­vyūha *snang bas rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *avabhāsa­vyūha*, “Display of Radiance,” the name of a certain kalpa in the distant past. ## Avabhāsa­yanta­prabha­rājā *snang ba’i ’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *avabhāsa­yanta­prabha­rājā*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Obhāsayanta­prabha­rājā. ## Avabhāsin *snang ba can*, Skt. *avabhāsin*, A world system. ## avadavat *ka la ping ka*, Skt. *kalaviṅka*, Also called red avadavats, strawberry finches, and kalaviṅka sparrows. Dictionaries have erroneously identified them as cuckoos, and kalaviṅka birds outside India have evolved into a mythical half human bird. The avadavat is a significant bird in the Ganges plain and renowned for its beautiful song. ## avadhūtī *kun ’dar ma*, Skt. *avadhūtī*, Also rendered in this translation as “middle channel.” ## avadāna *rtogs pa brjod pa*, Skt. *avadāna*, A popular genre of Buddhist literature; the Sanskrit has been translated as “heroic action” by Léon Feer. With regard to structure, avadānas are similar to the jātakas, with the difference that the protagonist of an avadāna usually is not the Buddha (with the exception of Kṣemendra’s Bodhisattvāvadānamālā). They often present moral tales or illustrations of the law of karma. ## Avaivartika­cakra­nirghoṣā *phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo dbyangs*, Skt. *avaivartika­cakra­nirghoṣā*, Avaivartika­cakra­nirghoṣā (Sound of the Wheel of Nonregression) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Suniścita­padma­phullitagātra. “Nonregression” (Skt. avaivartika, Tib. phyir mi ldog pa) refers to a stage on the bodhisattva path where the practitioner will never turn back, or be turned back, from progress toward the full awakening of a buddha. ## Avaivarttika Skt. *avaivarttika*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Aśvajit *rta thul*, Skt. *aśvajit*, One of the Five Excellent Companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and later heard the [Buddha](#buddha) first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer [Park](#park) in Sarnath. He was renowned for his pure conduct and holy demeanor so [Buddha](#buddha) sent him to attract [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana) to the order. ## Aśvaka *'gro mgyogs*, Skt. *aśvaka*, One of the notorious “group of six” monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the [Buddha](#buddha)’s injunctions on conduct. ## Āṭavaka *’brog gnas*, Skt. *āṭavaka*, One of the five yakṣa generals. ## Aśvakarṇa *rta rna*, Skt. *aśvakarṇa*, One of the seven golden mountains. ## aśvakarṇa tree *shing rta rna*, Skt. *aśvakarṇa*, A species of tree; Vatica robusta. ## Aśvakarṇagiri *rta rna ri*, Skt. *aśvakarṇagiri*, The fifth of the golden mountain ranges (counting from the innermost) that encircle Sumeru. ## Avakīrṇakusuma *me tog gtor ba*, Skt. *avakīrṇakusuma*, Lit. “One Who Strewed Flowers.” Name that six thousand monks will bear when they become buddhas during the eon called Tārakopama, due to the aspiration to engage the perfection of wisdom they made while attending this teaching. ## Avalokanam *kun tu lta ba*, Skt. *avalokanam*, A bodhisattva. ## Avalokita *kun tu lta ba*, Skt. *avalokita*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Avalokitanetra Skt. *avalokitanetra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. See . ## Avalokitapadmā *spyan ras gzigs pad+ma*, Skt. *avalokitapadmā*, This seems to be another name of Unfailing Lotus Noose-Goad as Pure as a Lotus. ## Avalokiteśvara *spyan ras gzigs* (Chenrezi), one of the [Eight Great Close Sons](#eight-great-close-sons). [Essence](#essence) of the speech of all the [Buddha](#buddha)s, incarnation of their compassion. ## Avaloki­teśvara *spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug*, Skt. *avaloki­teśvara*, Bodhisattva embodying the compassion of all the buddhas. For the reason why he received this name, see . ## Avalo­kiteś­vara *spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug*, Skt. *avalo­kiteś­vara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Avalokiteśvara­prabha *spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug gi ’od*, Skt. *avalokiteśvara­prabha*, A tathāgata. ## Avalokiteśvarābhaya *spyan ras gzigs dbang mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *avalokiteśvarābhaya*, A buddha. (Toh 555: rtog pa ’jigs med dbang phyug) ## Aśvalāyana *rta bu*, Skt. *aśvalāyana*, A great ṛṣi. ## aśvamedha The Vedic ritual of horse sacrifice. ## Aśvamukhī Skt. *aśvamukhī*, ‟Horse-Faced,” one of the six kinnara queens. ## Avantī The name of a region in central India, roughly corresponding with the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh and the southern part of Rajasthan. ## Avanti *srung byed*, Skt. *avanti*, A country visited by Venerable Upasena; home of Lotus Color. ## Śavarī *ri khrod ma*, Skt. *śavarī*, One of the female deities in the retinue of Hevajra. ## Śaṃvarī *sdom pa ma*, Skt. *śaṃvarī*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## Aśvaśīrṣa *rta mgo*, Skt. *aśvaśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## Avaragodānīya The western continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, characterized as “rich in the resources of cattle.” It is more commonly rendered Aparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna, but in the Sanskrit version of this text, it is identified as Avaragodānīya. It has a circular shape and is about 7,500 leagues in circumference. Humans who live there are very tall and live for five hundred years. ## avarice *ser sna*, Skt. *mātsarya*, One of one of twenty or twenty-four so-called secondary mental defilements/afflictions. ## Avaropaṇarāja *sgrub pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *avaropaṇarāja*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Aśvastha Skt. *aśvastha*, A mountain king. ## Aśvatara *mgyogs rab*, Skt. *aśvatara*, A nāga king. ## Avataṃsaka *phal po che*, Skt. *avataṃsaka*, This very long work in 45 chapters fills no less than four volumes of the Degé Kangyur. In its current form, it is presented as a single extensive sūtra (vaipulyasūtra), but it probably evolved as an encyclopedic coalescence of shorter works, many of which circulated independently and are still seen as texts in their own right. The whole work is classified by Tibetan editors as belonging to the Buddha’s third turning of the wheel of Dharma. See the 84000 Knowledge Base article, “Ornaments of the Buddhas.” ## Avatāraprekṣin *glags lta*, Skt. *avatāraprekṣin*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## aśvattha *a shwat+tha*, Skt. *aśvattha*, Ficus religiosa, the “bodhi tree.” ## Aśvatthāman Skt. *aśvatthāman*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Avava Skt. *avava*, This seems to be one of the hells. ## Avayava The name of a muhūrta. ## Aśvayuj The asterism Aśvinī. ## Aśvayuja The seventh lunar month that falls within the period of September–October, when the full moon is in the Aśvinī asterism. ## Avīci *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, The lowest and most severe among the eight hot hell realms. It is characterized as endless not only in terms of the torment undergone there, but also because of the ceaseless chain of actions and effects experienced, the long lifespan of its denizens, and their being so intensely crowded together that there is no physical space between them. ## Avīci Hell *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, The most severe among the eight hot hell realms. It is characterized as endless not only in terms of the torment undergone there, but also because of the ceaseless chain of actions and effects experienced, the long lifespan of its denizens, and their being so intensely crowded together that there is no physical space between them. ## Avevāṇa *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *avevāṇa*, A mountain. See also . ## Avṛha *mi che ba*, Skt. *avṛha*, Lit. “Slightest.” The thirteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, it is listed as the first of the five Pure Abodes, or Śuddhāvāsa. It is said to be the most common rebirth for the “non-returners” of the Śrāvaka Vehicle. ## Aṭāvika *’brog gnas*, Skt. *aṭāvika*, A yakṣa king. ## Avikalpa *rnam par mi rtog pa*, Skt. *avikalpa*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Nonconceptual.” ## Avikalpacandra *rnam par mi rtog zla ba*, Skt. *avikalpacandra*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Moon of Nonconceptuality.” ## Avikalpa­prabhāsa *rnam par mi rtog snang ba*, Skt. *avikalpa­prabhāsa*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Light of Nonconceptuality.” ## avikāra *’gyur ba med pa*, Skt. *avikāra*, Lit. “unchangeable.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Aśvin *tha skar*, Skt. *aśvin*, According to Monier-Williams, this is the name of two divinities who appear in the sky before the dawn in a golden carriage drawn by horses or birds. They bring treasures to people and avert misfortune and sickness. They are considered to be the physicians of heaven. Their two sons are Nakula and Sahadeva. ## Aśvinī *tha skar*, Skt. *aśvinī*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Beta Arietis in the occidental tradition. ## Avipakṣitarāja *mi mthun pa’i phyogs med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *avipakṣitarāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Avitatharāśi *de kho na nyid kyi phung po*, Skt. *avitatharāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Avivartita *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avivartita*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## avivartta *’gyur ba med pa*, Skt. *avivartta*, Lit. “unchangeable.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## avivartya­cakṣus *phyir mi ldog pa’i mig*, Skt. *avivartya­cakṣus*, Lit. “from which you cannot avert your eyes.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Avivartya­dharma­dhātu­nirghoṣa *phyir mi ldog pa’i chos kyi dbyings kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *avivartya­dharma­dhātu­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## Avivāhā *mi ’bab*, Skt. *avivāhā*, Lit. “Nondescending.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Avoiding Evil Destinies *ngan song spong*, Skt. *apāyajaha*, Negi gives the Skt. apāyajaha for ngan song spong ’joms pa, where it refers to the name of a bodhisattva. ## Aśvottara *mgyogs mchog*, Skt. *aśvottara*, A nāga king. ## Avraṇa *rma med pa*, Skt. *avraṇa*, The 822nd buddha in the first list, 821st in the second list, and 811th in the third list. ## Śāṇavāsa *gso ma can*, Skt. *śāṇavāsa*, A certain householder who was fourth among those in the apostolic succession that carried on the Buddha’s teachings after his parinirvāṇa. ## Avyabhicāra­prabhāva *khrul pa med pa’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *avyabhicāra­prabhāva*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Unerring Power.” ## awakened *sangs rgyas*, Skt. *buddha*, One of four words that emanate from every pore of the bodhisattva child Without Reference who arrives at the scene of the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. See “buddha.” ## awakened one Skt. *buddha*, A common epithet of buddhas. A fully awakened buddha who teaches the Dharma and brings it into a world, as opposed to a pratyekabuddha, who does not teach the Dharma or bring it into a world. Here it is the third epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected. ## Awakened Power *sangs rgyas stobs*, Skt. *sangs rgyas stobs*, A yakṣa in Heaped Up. See also . ## awakening *byang chub*, Skt. *bodhi*, This may be awakening in the literal sense, as from sleep, but in the Buddhist context it is the awakening from ignorance, i.e., the direct realization of truth. ## Awakening from Sleep *shin tu gnyid sangs*, Skt. *shin tu gnyid sangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## awakening of a pratyekabuddha *rang rgyal byang chub*, Skt. *pratyekabodhi*, One of the different types of awakening (bodhi). Often given in a list of the types of awakening between the awakening of a śrāvaka (“disciple”) or an arhat, as in the previous verse, and “the perfect and complete awakening” (samyaksambodhi) of a buddha or tathāgata, as in the next verse. A pratyekabuddha is someone who has attained awakening, but not as the disciple of a complete buddha (sambuddha), and does not teach the Dharma to others, like a complete buddha does. ## Awakening of Beautiful Thought *shin tu mdzes pa rtog pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *shin tu mdzes pa rtog pa’i byang chub*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of Being Immersed in Incalculable Effort. ## Awakening of the Worthy *dgra bcom byang chub*, Skt. *dgra bcom byang chub*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jagadmati (928 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Awakening’s seven branches *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *saptabodhyaṅga*, Mindfulness, discernment, diligence, joy, pliancy, samādhi, and equanimity (Kalyāṇamitra, folios 217.b.6–218.b.2). ## Awareness *rig pa*, Skt. *vidyā*, the original state of the mind, fresh, vast, luminous, and beyond [thought](#thought). ## Awesome Lotus King of Superior Flowers *pad ma ’jigs byed me tog mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *pad ma ’jigs byed me tog mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Awoken from Sleep *gnyid sangs*, Skt. *gnyid sangs*, Attendant of the buddha Jayanandin. ## Śayama *bsam pa dpog*, Skt. *śayama*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## ayanta fruit An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Ayodhyā *’thab med*, Skt. *ayodhyā*, A city ruled by King Mahā­sena long before the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also said to have been ruled by King Nāgadeva (rgyal po klu lha) before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ayudhiṣṭhira *g.yul du brtan pa*, Skt. *ayudhiṣṭhira*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ba Selnang *sba gsal snang*, A minister at the court of Emperor Tri Songdetsen who is perhaps best known for his affiliation with the “Testament of Ba,” one of the early Tibetan chronicles of Tri Songdetsen’s efforts to establish Buddhism in Tibet during the eighth century. ## Baṭṭa Skt. *baṭṭa*, A great ṛṣi. ## Babbler *ca co ba*, Skt. *ca co ba*, Babbler (one who chatters or talks idly), also the name of a river on Upward Ocean. ## bad deed *ngan pa*, Skt. *ngan pa*, Also translated here as “ignorant of the Dharma.” ## bad destination *ngan ’gro*, The states of hell beings, hungry ghosts (pretas), and animals. ## bad migrations *ngan song*, Skt. *durgati*, The three bad migrations are those of (1) denizens of hells, (2) inhabitants of the “limbo” of the pretaloka, where one wanders as an insatiably hungry and thirsty wretch, and (3) animals, who are trapped in the pattern of mutual devouring (Tib. gcig la gcig za). ## Bad Plough *gshol ngan*, Skt. *gshol ngan*, A nāga king. ## bad qualities These “qualities” (dharma) pertain to actions or states of body, speech, and mind. Often translated as “nonvirtues,” they are typically listed as a group of ten: killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, senseless speech, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## bad rebirth A synonym for “unfortunate rebirth-destiny.” A name for any of the three lower realms of existence, i.e., the realms of animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Occurs often in a formula together with its synonym and its near synonyms “the lower worlds” and “hell” (Pali niraya/naraka; Tib. sems can dmyal ba). ## bad smell A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## badara An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Baṅgala The regions of India now divided between the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. ## Bahudevaghuṣṭa *lha mang dag gis snyan bsgrags pa*, Skt. *bahudevaghuṣṭa*, The 835th buddha in the first list, 834th in the second list, and 824th in the third list. ## Bahudhanyaka *’bru mangs*, Skt. *bahudhanyaka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Bahujīmūtā *sprin ma*, Skt. *bahujīmūtā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Bahujāta One of the sublineages connected with the Vātsya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Bahukūṭā *lag brtsegs ma*, Skt. *bahukūṭā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Bahulā *mang ma*, Skt. *bahulā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Bahulavatī *mang ldan ma*, Skt. *bahulavatī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Bahulojātā *mang po skyes*, Skt. *bahulojātā*, One of the five goddesses personifying the five “hooks of gnosis.” ## Bahumatā *yid mang ma*, Skt. *bahumatā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bahuputra shrine *bu mangs mchod rten*, Skt. *bahu­putra­caitya*, A shrine near Vaiśālī. ## bahuvrīhi Skt. *bahuvrīhi*, Type of Sanskrit compound. ## Bajira *ba dzi ra*, Skt. *ba dzi ra*, Father of the buddha Mahāprabha. ## Bakagrīvin *gser thub*, Skt. *bakagrīvin*, One of the eight tathāgatas. ## Baṣkala Skt. *baṣkala*, An ancient country corresponding to the modern Balkh. ## Bakkula *bakku la*, Skt. *bakkula*, From a wealthy brahmin family, Bakkula is said to have become a monk at the age of eighty and lived to be a hundred and sixty! He is also said to have had two families, because as a baby he was swallowed by a large fish and the family who discovered him alive in the fish’s stomach also claimed him as their child. The Buddha’s foremost pupil in terms of health and longevity. It is also said he could remember many previous lifetimes and was a pupil of the previous buddhas Padmottara, Vipaśyin, and Kāśyapa. ## Bakula *ba ku la*, Skt. *bakula*, From a wealthy brahmin family, Bakula is said to have become a monk at the age of eighty and lived to be one hundred and sixty. He is also said to have had two families because as a baby he was swallowed by a large fish, and the family who discovered him alive in the fish’s stomach also claimed him as their child. He is regarded as the Buddha’s foremost pupil in terms of health and longevity. It is also said that he could remember many previous lifetimes and was a pupil of the previous buddhas Padmottara, Vipaśyin, and Kāśyapa. In this text, he is said to be the son of the king Dharmayaśas. However, according to Pāli sources, Bakula was the son of a householder of Kosambī; see DPPN, s.v. “Bakula.” ## bakula tree *ba ku la*, Skt. *bakula*, Indian tree with a very fine flower. ## Balā *stobs chen ma*, Skt. *balā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Bala *stobs*, Skt. *bala*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; a south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra. ## bala root Sida cordifolia. ## Balabhadra *stobs bzang*, Skt. *balabhadra*, A great bodhisattva. ## bala­cakra­vartin *stobs kyi ’khor los sgyur ba*, Skt. *bala­cakra­vartin*, A cakravartin is a king who rules over at least one continent, and gains his territory by the rolling of his magic wheel over the land. Therefore he is called a “king with the revolving wheel.” This is as the result of the merit he has accumulated in previous lifetimes. A bala­cakra­vartin king is a lesser kind of cakravartin who has attained his dominion through his great might and his powerful army. ## Baladatta *stobs byin*, Skt. *baladatta*, The 432nd buddha in the first list, 431st in the second list, and 425th in the third list. ## Baladeva *stobs lha*, Skt. *baladeva*, The 168th buddha in the first list, 167th in the second list, and 167th in the third list. ## Balagarbha *stobs kyi snying po*, Skt. *balagarbha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Balaguptā *stobs sbed ma*, Skt. *balaguptā*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## balañjarī An unidentified ritual substance. ## Balakaśīrṣa *stobs chen mgo*, Skt. *balakaśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## Balanagara *grong khyer stobs ldan*, Skt. *(not in the skt. source of the mmk)*, The name of a town. ## Balanandin *stobs dgyes*, Skt. *balanandin*, The 369th buddha in the first list, 368th in the second list, and 363rd in the third list. ## Balanced Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs snyoms pa*, Skt. *brtul zhugs snyoms pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vararūpa (645 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bala­prabhāsa­mati *stobs snang blo gros*, Skt. *bala­prabhāsa­mati*, The seventy-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Balapramathana *stobs rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *balapramathana*, A buddha. ## Balarāja *stobs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *balarāja*, A buddha. ## Balasandarśana *stobs yang dag par ston pa*, Skt. *balasandarśana*, A bodhisattva who praises the brahmin Samudrareṇu. ## Balasena *stobs sde*, Skt. *balasena*, The 52nd buddha in the first list, 52nd in the second list, and 53rd in the third list. ## Balatejojñāna *ye shes gzi brjid stobs*, Skt. *balatejojñāna*, The 857th buddha in the first list, 856th in the second list, and 846th in the third list. ## Balavatī *stobs ldan ma*, Skt. *balavatī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Balavegavikrama *stobs kyi shugs rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *balavega­vikrama*, A buddha. ## Balavān *stobs ldan*, Skt. *balavān*, One of the grahas. ## balavīrya *brtson ’grus kyi stobs*, Skt. *balavīrya*, Lit. “power of perseverance.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## balavyūha *dpung bkod pa*, Skt. *balavyūha*, Lit. “array of forces.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Bald Ṛṣi *drang srong byi bo*, Skt. *drang srong byi bo*, A land in the southern region in the future. ## Balendraketu *stobs kyi dbang po’i tog*, Skt. *balendraketu*, A king in the distant past. Bhagji Sanskrit: Baladaketu; Toh 557 ## Balāhaka *sprin chen*, Skt. *balāhaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Balhi *ngan pa*, Skt. *balhi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Bali *stobs can*, Skt. *bali*, Bali wrested control of the world from the devas, establishing a period of peace and prosperity with no caste distinction. Indra requested Viṣṇu to use his wiles so that the devas could gain the world back from him. He appeared as a dwarf asking for two steps of ground, was offered three and then traversed the world in two steps. Bali, keeping faithful to his promise, accepted the banishment of the asuras into the underworld. A great Bali festival in his honor is held annually in southern India. In The Basket Display (Kāraṇḍa­vyūha Sūtra, Toh 116), he is described as abusing his power by imprisoning the kṣatriyas, so that Viṣṇu has just cause to banish him to the underworld. ## bali offering An offering, originating in the Vedic tradition, traditionally made out of uncooked food and performed in the home prior to cooking a meal by arranging portions of the ingredients and then casting them outside or into the sacred fire. ## Baliṣṭhā *mchog*, Skt. *baliṣṭhā*, The realm in which the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that Samudrareṇu’s oldest son will become the Buddha Ratnaketu, and that subsequently Samudrareṇu’s second son, Saṃbhava, will become the Buddha Vairocanakusuma. ## Balika *stobs can*, Skt. *balika*, A nāga king. ## Balin *stobs can*, Skt. *balin*, A lord of the asuras; a member of the Buddha’s retinue. ## Ballira *bal li ra*, Skt. *ballira*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Balotkaṭoṣṇīṣa *gtsug tor gyi stobs shin tu drag po*, Skt. *balotkaṭoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## Bamboo Grove *’od ma’i tshal*, Skt. *veṇuvana*, The famous bamboo grove near Rājagṛha where the Buddha regularly stayed and gave teachings. It was situated on land donated by King Bimbisāra of Magadha and, as such, was the first of several landholdings donated to the Buddhist community during the time of the Buddha. ## Bamboo Growth *’od mas skyes pa*, Skt. *’od mas skyes pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Bamboo Park *'od ma'i tshal*, Skt. *veṇuvana*, The [park](#park) of Veṇuvana was the first settled residence specifically dedicated to the Buddhist [saṅgha](#saṅgha), offered to the [Buddha](#buddha) by King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra) of [Magadha](#magadha). ## Bamboo Water *’od ma’i chu*, Skt. *’od ma’i chu*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Bamboos Everywhere *’od mas khyab par gyur pa*, Skt. *’od mas khyab par gyur pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## banana plant *chu shing*, Skt. *kadalī*, Musa paradisiaca according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Bandé *ban de*, Skt. *(vanda)*, A term of respect for Buddhist monks: bandé in Tibet and Nepal, bhante in the Pali tradition. A middle-Indic word, it is said to be derived from vande, the BHS vocative form of the Sanskrit vanda, meaning praiseworthy or venerable, although bhante is said to be a contraction of the vocative bhadante, derived from a respectful salutation. ## Bandé Devacandra One of the scholars involved in the translation of this sūtra. ## Bandé Gewa Pal One of the scholars involved in the translation of this sūtra. ## Band of Six *drug sde*, Skt. *ṣaḍvargika*, A certain band of monks of the Buddha’s order who appear throughout the vinaya literature as examples of those who break the monastic rules. In Pāli their names are given as Assaji, Punabbasu, Panduka, Lohitaka, Mettiya, and Bhummaja. The Hundred Deeds contains one story in which they trick the nun Sthūlanandā into thinking that they can help her attain magical powers. ## Bandé Paltsek *ban de dpal brtsegs*, One of the great Tibetan translators. Also known as Paltsek Rakṣita or Kawa Paltsek. ## Bandé Yeshé Dé *ban de ye shes sde*, Skt. *ban de ye shes sde*, A prolific Tibetan translator of the eighth and ninth centuries who assisted with the translation of hundreds of texts that appear in the Kangyur and Tengyur. ## Bandé Zangkyong A Tibetan translator working with Dharmākara, mainly on Vinaya translations. ## Bandhadeva The name of a king. ## Bandhanānantaś­cara *’ching ba’i nang spyod*, Skt. *bandhanānantaś­cara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## bandhūka *ban+d+hu*, Skt. *bandhūka*, Pentapetes Phoenicea; bandhūka flower because of its rich red color is a standard of comparison for anything colored red. ## bandhujīvaka flower *rdzi ba’i me tog*, Skt. *bandhu­jīvaka­puṣpa*, See also . ## Bandhumat *gnyen ldan*, Skt. *bandhumat*, Name of a past king, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Bandhumatī *gnyen ldan*, Skt. *bandhumatī*, A city of the (past) ninety-first eon and the birthplace of Buddha Vipaśyin. In The Hundred Deeds, two women offered Vipaśyin food there and made prayers, resulting in their rebirths as Buddha Śākyamuni’s mother Mahā­māyā and his aunt Māyā. ## banner A banner with a crest. ## Banner Beyond Defeat *rgyal mtshan phas ma pham pa*, Skt. *rgyal mtshan phas ma pham pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Banner of Awakening *byang chub rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *byang chub rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Buddhimati. ## Banner of Certain Guidance *nges par ’dren pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *nges par ’dren pa’i rgyal mtshan*, A buddha. ## Banner of Degeneration *snyigs ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *snyigs ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Name of a buddha realm located in the southern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Banner of Delightful Renown *yid ’ong grags pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *yid ’ong grags pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Son of the buddha Caitraka. ## Banner of Enduring Fame *grags gnas rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *grags gnas rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama. ## Banner of Excellent Qualities *yon tan rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *yon tan rgyal mtshan*, Mother of the buddha Indradhvaja. ## Banner of Fame *grags pa rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *grags pa rgyal mtshan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amoghavikramin (182 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Banner of Great Renown *grags chen rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *grags chen rgyal mtshan*, Mother of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## Banner of Indra *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Banner of Infinite Renown *grags pa mtha’ yas rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *grags pa mtha’ yas rgyal mtshan*, Birthplace of the buddha Pradānakīrti. ## Banner of Insight *shes rab rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *shes rab rgyal mtshan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhadhvaja (272 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Banner of Liberation *thar pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *thar pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Banner of Merit *bsod nams rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bsod nams rgyal mtshan*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## banner of Meru *lhun po rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *lhun po rgyal mtshan*, An absorption. ## Banner of Numerous Jewels *rin chen sna tshogs rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rin chen sna tshogs rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Banner of Qualities *yon tan rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *yon tan rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Banner of Renown *grags pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *grags pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vidhijña. ## Banner of Rulers *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Father of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## Banner of Sustenance *zas kyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *zas kyi rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Banner of the Highest Lord *tog gi dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *tog gi dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇendrakalpa. ## Banner of the Insightful *shes rab can rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *shes rab can rgyal mtshan*, Father of the buddha Ūrṇāvat. ## Banner of the Lord *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, The Dharma king that Rāhu is prophesied to become. ## Banner of Training *dul ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dul ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Apagatakleśa. ## banyan *nya gro dha*, Skt. *nyagrodha*, Ficus benghalensis. Its branches can spread widely, sending down multiple trunks, and it is therefore the most extensive of trees. ## Banyan Grove *nya gro dha’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *nyagrodhārāma*, A grove of banyan trees (Skt. nyagrodha) near Kapilavastu where the Buddha sometimes took residence. It was a gift to the Buddhist community by King Śuddhodana, the father of the Buddha. ## Banyan Park *n+ya gro d+ha'i kun dga' ra ba*, Skt. *nyagrodhārāma*, The [Buddha](#buddha)’s father, King [Śuddhodana](#śuddhodana), donated this [park](#park) on the outskirts of the Śākya kingdom of [Kapilavastu](#kapilavastu), in present day Nepal, to the Buddhist community. ## banyan sap See “banyan.” ## banyan tree *n+ya gro d+ha*, Skt. *nyagrodha*, A fast-growing fig tree that can quickly become a large tree. It features prominently in Indian stories and myths. ## bar *skyes bu*, A synonym for the wood [splint](#splint) used as a sundial to mark time in ordination ceremonies. ## Barbarā *bar ba rA*, Skt. *barbarā*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## barbarian *kla klo*, Skt. *mleccha*, An inhabitant of an uncivilized borderland where the Dharma has not been propagated. ## barbarous frontier tribesmen *mtha’ ’khob kyi kla klo*, Skt. *pratyanta­janapada*, I.e., those living beyond the pale of civilization, out of reach of the doctrine. ## Bari Lotsawa *ba ri lo tsA ba*, Skt. *ba ri lo tsA ba*, Rinchen Drakpa (rin chen grags pa) 1040−1111 ce. He went to India at the age of fourteen and became a disciple of Vajrāsana. He later became the second head of the Sakya school. ## Bari Rinchen Drakpa *ba ri rin chen grags pa*, 1040–1112, a prominent teacher, translator, and early throne-holder of Sa skya monastery in Tibet. ## bark *shing shun*, Skt. *valkala*, Cloth made from the bark of the valkala tree was worn by Indian [ascetic](#ascetic)s but forbidden to Buddhist monks and nuns. ## barley potash An alkali made by incinerating barley, boiling the ash in water, and decanting it to isolate the alkali. ## base language A term for any language that is not commonly known or spoken. ## base line *rtsa ba sa yi thig*, Skt. *mūlasutra*, Tentatively, the line that demarcates the outer circumference of the maṇḍala palace. ## base of the universe *gser gyi sa gzhi*, Skt. *kāñcanamayī bhūmi*, Sometimes called the “golden ground,” or “universal base,” “The mythological basis of our known world. It is made of gold and situated below Mount Sumeru” (Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary). ## bases of magic powers *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Four (supernatural) qualities or powers of the mind that help to gain the fruit of the path. They are aspiration (Skt. chanda; Tib. ’dun pa), effort (Skt. vīrya; Tib. brtson ’grus), concentration (lit. “thought, attitude”: Skt. citta; Tibetan bsam pa), and analysis (Skt. mīmāṃsā; Tib. dpyod pa). ## bases of magical power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, The four bases of magical power (Skt. ṛddhipāda, Tib. rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi) are: (1) concentration through will (Skt. chanda, Tib. ’dun pa); (2) concentration through vigor (Skt. vīrya, Tib. brtson ’grus); (3) concentration through the mind (Skt. citta, Tib. bsam pa); (4) concentration through investigation (Skt. mīmāṃsā, Tib. dpyod pa). ## bases of meritorious action *bsod nams bya ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *puṇya­kriyā­vastu*, Lit. “merit work entity.” The meaning of this term is made clear in chapter 33, when the value of a bodhisattva practicing the perfection of wisdom is compared with other meritorious acts; cf. Mppś 2248, Mppś English p. 1858. ## bases of miracles *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, The four factors that serve as the basis for magical abilities: intention, diligence, attention, and discernment. ## bases of miraculous absorption *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Four types of absorption related to intention, diligence, attention, and analysis respectively. Among the thirty-seven factors of awakening (q.v.). ## bases of miraculous display *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Determination, discernment, diligence, and concentration. ## bases of miraculous power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, The four supports for supernatural abilities: determination, discernment, diligence, and samādhi. These are among the thirty-seven factors of awakening. ## bases of miraculous powers *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Four qualities of the samādhi that have the activity of eliminating negative factors: aspiration, diligence, contemplation, and analysis. ## bases of perception *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, The twelve bases of perception are divided into two groups, consisting of six inner and six outer bases. These are the six sense faculties and the six corresponding outer objects. Together they are the causes for the production of the six sense consciousnesses. ## bases of suffering A term that includes all the many factors, whether associated with body, speech, or mind, that underlie present or future suffering, including karma and the afflictions, the various kinds of obscuration, and the aggregates themselves. ## bases of supernatural power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Four qualities belonging to the thirty-seven aids to awakening, these are concentration based on (1) intention, (2) diligence, (3) attention, and (4) analysis. ## bases of supernatural powers *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Four (supernatural) qualities or powers of the mind that help to gain the fruit of the path: aspiration, effort, concentration, and analysis. In contrast to what the name suggests, the actual supernatural powers—like the ability to walk on water, dive into the earth, pass through solid objects, flying, etc.— are usually considered byproducts and even distractions from attaining the fruit of the path: liberation. ## basic nature See “true state of things.” ## basic precepts *bslab pa’i gzhi rnams*, Skt. *sikṣāpada*, These basic precepts are five in number for the laity: (1) not killing, (2) not stealing, (3) chastity, (4) not lying, and (5) avoiding intoxicants. For monks, there are three or five more; avoidance of such things as perfumes, makeup, ointments, garlands, high beds, and afternoon meals. ## basic transgression *kha na ma tho ba*, Skt. *sāvadya*, The term is applied to actions, describing those that are negative in the sense either of being naturally wrong or of transgressing a formal rule or commitment. It is often translated as “wrongdoing,” “unwholesome,” etc. ## basil *ardza ka*, Skt. *arjaka*, Ocimum basilicum. Commonly known in India as tulsi, this is a sacred plant in the Hindu tradition. ## basis of meritorious action *bsod nams bya ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *puṇya­kriyā­vastu*, The meaning of this term is made clear in chapter 33, when the value of a bodhisattva practicing the perfection of wisdom is compared with other meritorious acts; cf. Mppś 2248, Mppś English p. 1858. As an example: a gold coin is a “basis.” Given into the hand of a pauper (the “action”) it becomes a basis for action that makes merit (puṇya­kriyā­vastu). It becomes that because of the giver’s aim‍—stopping the pauper’s hunger. The same gold coin (the basis, Skt vastu), remaining in a person’s pocket, remains a basis as the term is used in the fundamental Buddhist scriptures‍—a place (vastu) where the renunciant is to avoid attachment, but not a basis of meritorious action (puṇya­kriyā­vastu). The bsod nams bya ba (puṇyakriyā), “meritorious action” or work that produces merit, makes the basis into something (the basis) that now is achieving the aim. ## basis of perception that neither exists nor does not exist *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naivasaṃjñānā­saṃjñāyatana*, Fourth of the four formless dhyānas. ## basis of suffering *gnas ngan len*, Skt. *dauṣṭulya*, Refers to the very existence of the body, voice, or mind. As long as they are there, there are all the problems of life. ## basis-of-all *kun gzhi*, Skt. *ālaya*, Here, probably the short form for ālayavijñāna. ## bastard rosewood *ga ra ka*, Skt. *gorakṣa*, Dalbergia lanceolaria. ## Bath *khrus*, Skt. *khrus*, Bath (a washing of the body), also the name of a village. ## Battered Bodies *lus zhum*, Skt. *vilīnagātra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Baṭuka *ba Tu ka*, Skt. *baṭuka*, This seems to be either another name for Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa, or an epithet referring to him, meaning “youth”. ## bawchan seed *bA gu tsi*, Skt. *vākucī*, Psoralea corylifolia , Psoralea plicata, Vernonia anthelmintica. ## bay leaves *ta ma la’i ’dab ma*, Skt. *tamālapatra*, Cinnamomum tamala, which is specifically the Indian bay leaf. Called tamalpatra in Marathi, and tejpatta in Hindi. The Sanskrit and Marathi means “dark-tree leaves.” Also called Malabar leaves, after the name of the northern area of present-day Kerala in southwest India. ## bayur tree *dong ka’i shing*, Skt. *karṇikāra*, Pterospermum acerifolium. Other names include karnikara, muchakunda, muchalinda, and dinner-plate tree. ## Bībhatsa *’jigs rung*, Skt. *bībhatsa*, One of the deities invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## bdellium *gu gul ra sa*, Skt. *guggulurasa*, Commiphora wighti, or Commiphora mukul. The resin, also known as guggul gum, is obtained from the bark of the tree. When burned, the smoke is said to drive away evil spirits (Nobel edition: guggulu. Toh 555: gu gul.) ## Bādūtam *bA dU taM*, Skt. *bādūtam*, A town in Videha. ## be at ease *bde ba la reg par gnas pa*, Skt. *sukha­sparśaviharaṇa*, A saṅgha at ease is a properly functioning monastic community, where official acts of the saṅgha, but especially the restoration rite, are observed. Kalyāṇamitra twice glosses the phrase “be at ease.” In the first example, he explains that monks are at ease in the knowledge that so long as they are on site, they will never be considered “separated from” their mantle, which would otherwise entail a fault. In a subsequent gloss, he writes that “to be at ease” means “to obtain purity” and hence “the joy felt due to the remission of one’s offenses.” This describes the state of a monastic who has made amends for their offenses. See Kalyāṇamitra (F.313.b–314.a): dge slong rnams bde ba la reg par gnas pa zhes bya ba ni las ’grub pa dang/ kha na ma tho ba med par ’gyur ba’i phyir ro, and F.318.a: bde ba la reg pa zhes bya ba ni rnam par dag pa thob pa ste/ ltung ba dang bral ba’i rgyus yid yongs su dga’ ba’o. ## Beacon of Light *’od byed pa*, Skt. *arciṣmatī*, The third bodhisattva level. ## Bearer of Garlands of Heavenly Bodies *rgyu skar phreng ba can*, Skt. *rgyu skar phreng ba can*, A buddha realm. ## Bearer of Indomitable Colors *zil gyis mi non pa’i mdog can*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non pa’i mdog can*, Mother of the buddha Jyeṣṭhavādin. ## Bearer of Meteors *skar mda’ ’dzin*, Skt. *skar mda’ ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anupama. ## Bearer of the Armor against Wrongdoing *log pa’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *log pa’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor Beyond Change and Free from Weariness *gyur ba skyo ba med pa go cha bgos*, Skt. *gyur ba skyo ba med pa go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor for Infinite Eons *bskal pa mtha’ yas par go cha bgos pa*, Skt. *bskal pa mtha’ yas par go cha bgos pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of All Objects of Perception *dmigs pa kun gyi go cha bgos*, Skt. *dmigs pa kun gyi go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Being Unperturbed *rnam par ma ’khrugs pa’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *rnam par ma ’khrugs pa’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Caring for All Beings *sems can thams cad mos pa’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *sems can thams cad mos pa’i go cha bgos*, A buddha. ## Bearer of the Armor of Constant Joy *rtag tu rab tu dga’ ba go cha bgos*, Skt. *rtag tu rab tu dga’ ba go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Constant Longing *rtag tu gdung ba’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *rtag tu gdung ba’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Courage That Comes from Roots of Virtue Definitively Directed toward All-Seeing Buddhahood *kun du bltas pa’i byang chub tu nges pa’i dge ba’i rtsa ba’i snying stobs kyi go cha gos*, Skt. *kun du bltas pa’i byang chub tu nges pa’i dge ba’i rtsa ba’i snying stobs kyi go cha gos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Female Forms *bud med ’gyur ba’i go cha bgos pa*, Skt. *bud med ’gyur ba’i go cha bgos pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Glorious Equality *dpal mnyam pa’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *dpal mnyam pa’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Impartiality *mi lta ba’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *mi lta ba’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Keeping the Lineage of the Buddhas Unbroken *sangs rgyas kyi gdung rgyun mi gcod pa’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi gdung rgyun mi gcod pa’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Male Forms *skyes pa ’gyur ba’i go cha bgos pa*, Skt. *skyes pa ’gyur ba’i go cha bgos pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Never Parting from the Buddhas *sangs rgyas ma bral ba’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *sangs rgyas ma bral ba’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Non-Appropriation *ma blangs ba’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *ma blangs ba’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Splendor *gzi brjid go bgos*, Skt. *gzi brjid go bgos*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tejorāja (636 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bearer of the Armor of the Forms of Sentient Beings *sems can ’gyur ba’i go cha bgos pa*, Skt. *sems can ’gyur ba’i go cha bgos pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of the Unimpeded Wheel *’khor lo thogs pa med pa’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *’khor lo thogs pa med pa’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Total Relinquishment *thams cad yongs su gtong ba’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *thams cad yongs su gtong ba’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Armor of Turning the Dharma Wheel *chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba’i go cha bgos*, Skt. *chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba’i go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Fierce *drag shul ’chang*, Skt. *drag shul ’chang*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Jewel *lag na rin chen*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Bearer of the Jeweled Seal *lag na rin chen phyag rgya*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Bearer of the Meaningful Armor *don yod go cha bgos*, Skt. *don yod go cha bgos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of the Single Parasol *gdugs gcig pa*, Skt. *gdugs gcig pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bearer of Victory *rgyal ba ’dzin*, Skt. *rgyal ba ’dzin*, Name of a brahmin, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Bearing Earrings *rna cha can*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Bearing Flower Earrings *me tog rna can*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Bearing Seeing *blta bar bzod*, Skt. *blta bar bzod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Asaṅgakośa (577 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bearing the Cymbals of the Jewel of Knowledge *rig sngags kyi nor bu sil sil ’chang*, Skt. *rig sngags kyi nor bu sil sil ’chang*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Beautiful *gya nom snang gi lha rnams*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, Beautiful (pleasing to the senses), also the name of the fourth highest class of gods of the Pure Abodes (Śuddhāvāsa) in the world of form (rūpadhātu); non-returners and those who have mastered the fourth dhyāna are reborn in the Pure Abodes. ## Beautiful Acumen *spobs pa mdzes*, Skt. *spobs pa mdzes*, Father of the buddha Dharmakūṭa. ## Beautiful and Charming *legs mthong yid ’phrog*, Skt. *legs mthong yid ’phrog*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Beautiful and Delightful *sdug cing dga’*, Skt. *sdug cing dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Laḍitavikrama. ## Beautiful Array *bkod pa mdzes*, Skt. *bkod pa mdzes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānākara (428 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beautiful Body *lus mdzes*, Skt. *lus mdzes*, Father of the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa. ## Beautiful Brightness *mdangs sdug*, Skt. *mdangs sdug*, Son of the buddha Anihata. ## Beautiful Cloud *sprin mdzes*, Skt. *sprin mdzes*, A tathāgata. ## Beautiful Coral *byi ru bzang*, Skt. *byi ru bzang*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Beautiful Delight *mdzes par dgyes*, Skt. *mdzes par dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anihatavrata (349 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beautiful Entrance *legs par ’jug pa*, Skt. *legs par ’jug pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Departed to a Lotus. Likely the same as the world system Joyful Entrance. ## Beautiful Eye *mig sdug pa*, Skt. *mig sdug pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maṇiviśuddha. ## Beautiful Eyes A future buddha mentioned in this sūtra, but in a passage not found in the Sanskrit manuscript. ## Beautiful Fame of Wisdom *ye shes grags mdzes*, Skt. *ye shes grags mdzes*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śanairgāmin. ## Beautiful Garland *phreng mdzes can*, Skt. *phreng mdzes can*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Beautiful Golden Form *gzugs gser mdog bzang po*, Skt. *gzugs gser mdog bzang po*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Manifest Mount Sumeru. ## Beautiful Grove *tshal shin tu sdug pa*, Skt. *tshal shin tu sdug pa*, A grove in Dwelling on the Disk. ## Beautiful Heap of Jewels *lta mdzes rin chen brtsegs*, Skt. *ratnacchattrakūṭa­saṃdarśana*, A buddha to the south, from whose buddha field, the world called Ratnavyūha, the bodhisattva child Thoroughly at Peace comes. ## Beautiful Honey Grove *sbrang tshal bkra ba*, Skt. *sbrang tshal bkra ba*, Great lay follower of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Beautiful in All Regards *kun tu mdzes pa*, Skt. *kun tu mdzes pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padma. ## Beautiful Intelligence *yid ’ong blo gros*, Skt. *yid ’ong blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Beautiful Jewel *rin chen mdzes pa*, Skt. *rin chen mdzes pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Pradīpa. ## Beautiful Joy *mdzes dga’*, Skt. *mdzes dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇacūḍa. ## Beautiful Light *snang ba blta na sdug*, Skt. *snang ba blta na sdug*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Raśmijāla (687 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beautiful Light Rays *’od zer yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *’od zer yid du ’ong ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnayaśas. ## Beautiful Limbs *yan lag mdzes pa*, Skt. *yan lag mdzes pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaganasvara (958 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## beautiful local woman A beautiful woman of the country, or a “local beauty.” ## Beautiful Lotus *shin tu mdzes pa’i pad ma*, Skt. *shin tu mdzes pa’i pad ma*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Manifestation of the Sublime Lotus. ## Beautiful Melody *mdzes pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *mdzes pa’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaṇimuktirāja (892 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beautiful Mind *yid ’ong sems*, Skt. *yid ’ong sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Indradhvaja. ## Beautiful Mode *’gros mdzes pa*, Skt. *’gros mdzes pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suvayas. ## Beautiful Moon *zla sdug*, Skt. *zla sdug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arhaddeva. ## Beautiful Movement *mdzes ’gro*, Skt. *mdzes ’gro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimatijaha. ## Beautiful Nectar *bdud rtsis*, Skt. *bdud rtsis*, A forest on Heap in the Stream. ## Beautiful Ornament *mdzes pa’i rgyan*, Skt. *mdzes pa’i rgyan*, A forest on Heap in the Stream. ## Beautiful Power *mthu rtsal mdzes*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mdzes*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Muktaprabha. ## Beautiful to Behold *blta na sdug*, Skt. *blta na sdug*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prabhābala (800 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beautiful to See *blta na sdug*, Skt. *sudarśana*, Peacock who overheard the Buddha teaching on Vulture Peak Mountain. ## Beautiful Tone *gdangs snyan ma*, Skt. *gdangs snyan ma*, Mother of the buddha Ghoṣadatta. ## Beautiful Tones *sgra snyan pa dag grag*, Skt. *sgra snyan pa dag grag*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## Beautiful Vision *yid ’ong gzigs*, Skt. *yid ’ong gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ketudhvaja (812 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beautiful Voice *skad snyan*, Skt. *skad snyan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇasañcaya. ## Beautiful Wish *yid ’ong ’dod*, Skt. *yid ’ong ’dod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāpriya. ## Beautiful World *’jig rten mdzes*, Skt. *’jig rten mdzes*, Birthplace of the buddha Śrī. ## Beautifully Adorned with Light *’od kyis legs par brgyan*, Skt. *’od kyis legs par brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Sukhābha. ## Beautifully Decorated *mdzes par spras*, Skt. *mdzes par spras*, Birthplace of the buddha Parvatendra. ## Beautifully Purified *mdzes par sbyangs*, Skt. *mdzes par sbyangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Kṛtāntadarśin. ## Beautifully Worshiped *mdzes par mchod*, Skt. *mdzes par mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Praśāntagati. ## Beauty *mdzes pa*, Skt. *śobhavanā*, Beauty (a combination of qualities that pleases the senses), also the name of (1) A city at the fourth asura level, Immovable. (2) A lake on Equal Peaks. (3) A pond on Lofty Mound (rnam par mdzes pa). (3) Refers to Dwelling in Beauty (rnam mdzes). ## Beauty Accomplished *mdzes grub*, Skt. *mdzes grub*, Attendant of the buddha Jagattoṣaṇa. ## Beauty in All Worlds *’jig rten thams cad na mdzes pa*, Skt. *’jig rten thams cad na mdzes pa*, Son of the buddha Devasūrya. ## Beauty Joy *mdzes dga’ ma*, Skt. *mdzes dga’ ma*, Mother of the buddha Laḍitanetra. ## Beauty of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs mdzes*, Skt. *brtul zhugs mdzes*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## because of the diffusion of light rays not making mistakes *’od zer rab tu ’gyed pas ’khrul pa med par byed pa*, A meditative stability. ## become a renunciant *rab tu byung*, Skt. *pravrajate*, Refers to one who has left the life of a householder and embraced the life of a wandering, renunciate follower of the Buddha. ## Becoming *srid pa*, the process of saṃsāric existence. The Tibetan word is often used in the sense of "possibility," and represents all the concepts which we project onto reality and which become the illusory world that we perceive. It is often used as synonym for [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) as opposed to *zhi ba*, the peace of [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa). ## Becoming a Man *skyes pa ’gyur*, Skt. *skyes pa ’gyur*, A great bodhisattva. ## Becoming a Sentient Being *sems can ’gyur*, Skt. *sems can ’gyur*, A great bodhisattva. ## Becoming a Womb *mngal ’gyur*, Skt. *mngal ’gyur*, A great bodhisattva. ## becoming firm *brtan par ’gyur ba*, Skt. *brtan par ’gyur ba*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its eighteenth week. ## Becoming Man and Woman *skyes pa dang bud med ’gyur bar mdzad*, Skt. *skyes pa dang bud med ’gyur bar mdzad*, A buddha. ## Bee-King Face *bud rgyal gdong*, Skt. *bud rgyal gdong*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bees Everywhere *bung bas khyab pa*, Skt. *bung bas khyab pa*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## beggar *dbul bo*, Skt. *daridra*, Poor, needy, deprived of, or a beggar. ## Beginning We have used this word to translate *ye* in expressions like *ye nas*, "from the very beginning" or *ye dag* "pure from the beginning." However it should be understood that this does not refer to a first moment of origin or creation in the distant past, but rather to the fact that the pure nature has always been intrinsically present. ## behavior is perfect *spyod lam phun sum tshogs pa*, Skt. *śuci­samud­ācāra­tā*, Eighteenth of the eighty minor marks. ## Beheld by Lions *seng ges bltas pa*, Skt. *seng ges bltas pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Upakāragati. ## Beheld by Love *byams pas bltas*, Skt. *byams pas bltas*, Birthplace of the buddha Akṣobhya. ## Beheld by the Astute *mdzangs pas bltas*, Skt. *mdzangs pas bltas*, Birthplace of the buddha Matimat. ## Beheld by the Noble *’phags pas bltas*, Skt. *’phags pas bltas*, Birthplace of the buddha Samadhyāyin. ## Beholder of the Ends of Existence *srid pa’i mtha’ gzigs pa po*, Skt. *srid pa’i mtha’ gzigs pa po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhabala (469 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Beholding Realization *rtogs pa rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *rtogs pa rnam par lta ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bodhirāja. ## Beholding the Truth *bden pa rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *bden pa rnam par lta ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śreṣṭha. ## Beholding the World *’jig rten rnam par lta*, Skt. *’jig rten rnam par lta*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Manuṣyacandra. ## Being Crushed *bsdus gzhom*, Skt. *saṃghāta*, One of the eight hot hells. ## being grounded in the power of tolerance *bzod pa’i mthu la gnas pa*, Skt. *kṣānti­bala­pratiṣṭhāna*, Third of the eight attributes of the second level. ## Being of Equipoise *mnyam par bzhag pa’i bdag nyid*, Skt. *mnyam par bzhag pa’i bdag nyid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāraśmi (475 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Being of Meditation *bsgoms pa’i bdag nyid*, Skt. *bsgoms pa’i bdag nyid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Citraraśmi (557 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Being of Qualities *yon tan bdag nyid*, Skt. *yon tan bdag nyid*, Son of the buddha Surūpa. ## Being of Spiritual Training *rnal ’byor sems dpa’*, Skt. *rnal ’byor sems dpa’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candrapradīpa (565 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## being with a great physique A term that can also mean a “stark naked” person. It is used to describe wrestlers’ and ascetics’ bodies, as well as beings who possess strong muscular bodies and those with perfect physical form. The Tibetan translation, tshan po che chen po, emphasizes the feature of great physical prowess. ## beings of the boundless infinity of space *mtha’ yas pa’i nam mkha’ mtha’ yas*, The first of the four classes of gods of the formless realm. The activity field called “infinite as the sky,” or “boundless space,” is one of the 28 classes of gods in the formless realm. ## Beings’ Supporter *skye bo ’dzin*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## beings who cause plague *mi ngas*, A class of potentially harmful spirit being associated with plague. ## Bejeweled *rin chen can*, Skt. *rin chen can*, Bejeweled (adorned with jewels), also the name of a world system. ## bel fruit *bil ba*, Skt. *bilva*, Aegle mermelos, also known as Indian bael or wood apple. ## belief *lta bar smra ba*, Skt. *dṛṣṭi*, The second stage in the development and expression of afflictions (Skt. kleśa, Tib. nyon mongs), preceded by “latent tendency” (Skt. anuśaya, Tib. bag la nyal ba) and followed by “manifest affliction” (Skt. paryutthāna, Tib. kun nas ldang ba). ## belief in a true self The belief in a permanent, substantial, essentially real individuality or personhood. It is a difficult expression to translate literally, because the term kāya is a common word for the body. The Sanskrit word kāya apparently derives from the verb root ci (“to accumulate”), and this meaning is captured in the Tibetan translation, tshog. Sometimes this etymological sense of the word is drawn out in literary and doctrinal contexts, as it is in this sūtra. However, the term in this particular context refers more to the core of the person, and in common pan-Buddhist usage, as Edgerton points out, it is used in this expression more or less synonymously with ātman, the “self.” ## belief in a truly existing self *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, The Sanskrit term means “the view that the body is real,” the Tibetan term can be translated as “the view of the perishing collection,” and the Chinese translates as “the view of the body.” It refers to viewing the “perishing” collection of momentary, transitory aggregates—the body—as a self. ## belief in the existence of a self *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣti*, The Tibetan is literally “the view of the destructible accumulation,” and the Sanskrit is “the view of the existing body.” They mean the view that identifies the existence of a self in relation to the skandhas. ## belief in the transitory collection *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, The mistaken view of the impermanent aggregates as a self. The four types of mistaken view for each of the five aggregates make a total of twenty such beliefs. ## Bell *dril bu*, Skt. *ghaṇṭā*. See [vajra](#vajra). ## bell metal treasury A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Bell Tārā *sgrol ma dril bu ma*, Skt. *sgrol ma dril bu ma*, A wrathful form of the goddess Tārā. ## belleric myrobalan Terminalia bellirica. One of the three myrobalan fruits. ## Beluva *yangs pa’i ’od ma*, Skt. *beluva*, A village. ## Benares *gsal ldan*, Skt. *kāśi*, Modern Vārāṇasi. ## Benefactor *phan ’dogs*, Skt. *phan ’dogs*, Benefactor (one who gives help or support), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## beneficial activity *don spyad pa*, Skt. *arthacaryā*, Third of the four attractive qualities of a bodhisattva. ## Beneficial Eyes *phan par ’jug pa’i mig*, Skt. *phan par ’jug pa’i mig*, A town in Videha. ## Beneficial Meaning *phan don*, Skt. *phan don*, Father of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## Beneficial Mind *phan ldan blo*, Skt. *phan ldan blo*, Attendant of the buddha Caitraka. ## Beneficial Movement *phan par ’gro*, Skt. *phan par ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puruṣadatta. ## Benefit Accomplished *don byas*, Skt. *don byas*, Father of the buddha Jñānaśūra. ## Benevolent *phan ’dod*, Skt. *phan ’dod*, Benevolent (kind and well-meaning), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Benevolent Mind *phan par sems*, Skt. *phan par sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśadatta. ## Benighted *mun pa can*, Skt. *mun pa can*, Benighted (overtaken by darkness; unenlightened), also the name of a country in the southern region in the distant future. ## Bent *khum*, Skt. *khum*, Bent (curved or angled, not straight), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Śaśivaktra. ## benzoin resin *dus kyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *kālānusārin*, Also called gum benzoin and gum benjamin. Not to be confused with the unrelated chemical called benzoin. It is the resin of styrax trees. ## beryl Although it has often been translated as “lapis lazuli,” the descriptions and references in the literature, both Sanskrit and Tibetan, match the characteristics of beryl. The Pali form is veḷuriya. The Prākrit form verulia is the source for the English beryl. This normally refers to the blue or aquamarine beryl, but there are also white, yellow, and green beryls, though green beryl is called “emerald.” ## Beryl Essence *bai dUr+ya’i snying po*, Skt. *bai dUr+ya’i snying po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Beryl Forest *bai DU rya’i tshal*, Skt. *bai DU rya’i tshal*, A forest in White Body. ## Beryl Light *bai dUr+ya’i ’od*, Skt. *bai dUr+ya’i ’od*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Beryl River *bai DUr+ya’i chu*, Skt. *bai DUr+ya’i chu*, A river at Radiant Streams. ## Best Army *sde mchog*, Skt. *sde mchog*, A king. ## Best of Jewels *rin po che’i mchog*, Skt. *rin po che’i mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Gaṇimuktirāja. ## best of men *mi mchog*, Skt. *puruṣottama*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## Best of Mountains *ri rab*, Skt. *ri rab*, Attendant of the buddha Ketuprabha. ## Best of those who walk on two feet A common epithet of the Buddha. ## Bestower of Nourishment *zas sbyin ma*, Skt. *annadāyinī*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. ## betel Areca catechu. ## bewildering rite A particular class of tantric ritual. ## bewilderment *’khrul pa*, Skt. *bhrānti*, Bewilderment is the confusion arising from the subject-object dichotomy and fundamental ignorance, on the basis of which rebirth in cyclic existence is perpetuated. ## Beyond Abiding *gnas pa las ’das pa*, Skt. *gnas pa las ’das pa*, Father of the buddha Padmahastin. ## Beyond All Sorrow and Harm *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad las ’das pa*, Skt. *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad las ’das pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Branch Guru. Alternative name for the world system Liberation from All Sorrow and Harm. ## Beyond All Suffering and Harm *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad las rgal ba*, Skt. *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad las rgal ba*, A buddha realm. ## Beyond All Utterances, Speech, and Sounds *sgrar rjod pa dang dbyangs dang nga ro thams cad las ’das pa*, Skt. *sgrar rjod pa dang dbyangs dang nga ro thams cad las ’das pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Beyond All Worlds *’gro ba thams cad las ’das*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad las ’das*, A buddha. ## Beyond Doubt *yid gnyis las ’das pa*, Skt. *yid gnyis las ’das pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnābhacandra (731 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## beyond duality *gnyis su med pa*, Skt. *advaya*, Also rendered here as “without duality,” “nonduality,” “nondual.” ## Beyond Incense *spos ’das*, Skt. *spos ’das*, A buddha realm. ## Beyond Mind *yid bral*, Skt. *yid bral*, A buddha realm. ## beyond sequence *snrel zhi*, Skt. *vyatyasta*, A meditative stability. See also . ## beyond signs *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, See “signlessness.” ## Beyond Stain *dri ’das*, Skt. *dri ’das*, A buddha realm. ## beyond suffering *mya ngan ’da’*, See “pass into nirvāṇa.” ## Beyond the Mind *blo ’das*, Skt. *blo ’das*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Smṛtīndra. ## Beyond the Senses A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Beyond the World *’jig rten ’das*, Skt. *’jig rten ’das*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pūritāṅga. ## beyond wishes *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *apraṇihita*, See “wishlessness.” ## bezoar *gi wang*, Skt. *sarocanā*, As this is distinguished from gorocanā (“cow bezoar”), this may be bezoar obtained from the head of an elephant, in distinction from that obtained from a cow. Used in Āyurveda for both external and oral application in treating worm infestation, pruritus (itching), psychiatric disorders, low digestion strength, and more. ## Bhaṭṭā *rje btsun ma*, Skt. *bhaṭṭā*, A yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites. ## Bhūṣaṇī *rgyan can ma*, Skt. *bhūṣaṇī*, The name of an apsaras. ## Ābha *snang ba*, Skt. *ābha*, Fifth of the sixteen god realms of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, meaning “Radiance.” ## Bhaṭa *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *bhaṭa*, One of the two brothers in Mathurā who are predicted by the Buddha to build a monastery in the future. ## Bhīṣaṇa *’jigs mdzad*, Skt. *bhīṣaṇa*, The 627th buddha in the first list, 626th in the second list, and 619th in the third list. ## Bhīṣaṇaka *’jigs ’jigs*, Skt. *bhīṣaṇaka*, One of the five yakṣa generals. ## Bhaṭakunire The name of a city. ## Bhaṇḍanā *b+hAN+Da nA*, Skt. *bhaṇḍanā*, A mountain off Videha. ## Bhaṇḍapurī The name of a city. ## bhadanta *btsun pa*, Skt. *bhadanta*, “Venerable One.” A term of respect used for Buddhist monks. ## Bhaddāli Skt. *bhaddāli*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhaddālin *legs ldan*, Skt. *bhaddālin*, A monk. ## Bṛhaddruma *sdong chen*, Skt. *bṛhaddruma*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bṛhaddyuti *yangs pa’i ’od*, Skt. *bṛhaddyuti*, A potter who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Bhadrā *bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrā*, Lit. “Good.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Bhadra Known as “Bhadra the illusionist,” he was a powerful magician of Rājagṛha whose attempts to fool the Buddha go awry in The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist. ## Bhadraśaila *brag bzang*, Skt. *bhadraśaila*, A mountain king. ## Bhadrabala *bzang po’i stobs*, Skt. *bhadrabala*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Bhadradatta *bzang byin*, Skt. *bhadradatta*, The 326th buddha in the first list, 325th in the second list, and 320th in the third list. ## Bhadradeva *lha bzang*, Skt. *bhadradeva*, A householder in the Buddha Dīpaṅkara’s time. ## Bhadraka *bzang po*, Skt. *bhadraka*, Our present eon in which over a thousand buddhas will appear. The meaning is “good” because of the number of buddhas that will appear. In this sūtra it is usually called bhadraka. ## Bhadrakalpika *skal bzang yod*, Skt. *bhadrakalpika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhadrakanyā *bu mo bzang mo*, Skt. *bhadrakanyā*, A woman who was Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s mother in her previous life and was reborn in Marīcika World. See also . ## Bhadrakarṇa *rna ba bzang*, Skt. *bhadrakarṇa*, A yakṣa general. ## Bhadraṃkara *bzang byed*, Skt. *bhadraṃkara*, A city. ## Bhadrakālī *nag mo bzang mo*, Skt. *bhadrakālī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Bhadrakānta *bzang sdug*, Skt. *bhadrakānta*, A nāga king. ## Bhadrakāra The inhabitants of the city of Bhadrakāra, also known as Śākala, which was the capital city of the Madra kingdom and which has been identified as present-day Sialkot in northern Punjab. ## Bhadramati *bzang po’i blo gros*, Skt. *bhadramati*, The queen of a cakravartin in the distant past, a previous life of the night goddess Pramudita­nayana­jagad­virocanā. ## Bhadrapadā Skt. *bhadrapadā*, The name of a pair of nakṣatras. ## Bhadrapada The name of a lunar mansion and a lunar month. ## bhadrapatralatā An unidentified plant ingredient used in ritual and alchemical preparations. ## Bhadrapāṇi Skt. *bhadrapāṇi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhadrapāla *bzang skyong*, Skt. *bhadrapāla*, One of “the sixteen excellent men.” A bodhisattva who appears prominently in certain sūtras, such as The Samādhi of the Presence of the Buddhas, and perhaps also the merchant of that name who is the principal interlocutor in The Questions of Bhadrapāla the Merchant (tshong dpon bzang skyong gyis zhus pa zhes bya ba theg pa chen po’i mdo, toh 83). ## Bhadra­pāla *bzang skyong*, Skt. *bhadra­pāla*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Bhadrapura *grong khyer bzung*, Skt. *bhadrapura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Bhadraśrī *dpal bzang po*, Skt. *bhadraśrī*, Bhadraśrī (Excellent Glory) is a buddha who inhabits the buddhafield Padmaśrī. ## Bhadra­śrī (the buddha) *bzang po’i dpal*, Skt. *bhadra­śrī*, A buddha in a world realm in the eastern direction. ## Bhadra­śrī (the upāsaka) *bzang po’i dpal*, Skt. *bhadra­śrī*, An upāsaka in Dhanyākara. ## Bhadra­śrī (the upāsikā) *dge ba’i dpal*, Skt. *bhadra­śrī*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara. ## Bhadrarāja A god whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Bhadra­śrī­meru­tejas *dpal gyi ri bo gzi brjid bzang po*, Skt. *bhadra­śrī­meru­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Bhadrasena *sde bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrasena*, One of the generals of Māra. ## Bhadraśrī *bzang po’i dpal*, Skt. *bhadraśrī*, “Glorious Goodness,” the bodhisattva who resides at a place called Jyotiṣprabha. ## Bṛhadratha *shing rta che*, Skt. *bṛhadratha*, A yakṣa general. ## Bhadravairocana *rnam par snang byed bzang po*, Skt. *bhadra­vairocana*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Jitendriya­viśāla­netra to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Bhadravaktra *zhal bzangs*, Skt. *bhadravaktra*, A buddha who is not listed in the first or second list but is 862nd in the third list. ## Bhadrikā *bzang po can*, Skt. *bhadrikā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Bhadrika *bzang ldan*, Skt. *bhadrika*, One of the five excellent companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the [Buddha](#buddha) first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer [Park](#park) in Sarnath. ## Bhadrikarāja *bzang ldan rgyal po*, Skt. *bhadrikarāja*, Supreme among the upper-class monks. He became an arhat in the first rainy season. One of the first group of Śākya princes to become a monk. He is said to have been a king in many successive previous lifetimes, which is why the title of “king” is added after his name in the sūtra. He is not to be confused with the Bhadrika who was one of the Buddha’s first five pupils. ## Bhadrottamā *bzang mchog*, Skt. *bhadrottamā*, Lit. “Best.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Bhadrottama *bzang mchog*, Skt. *bhadrottama*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Bhadrāśva *rta bzangs*, Skt. *bhadrāśva*, A city or village. ## bhaga *bha+ga*, Skt. *bhaga*, In this text, it mostly refers to the female sexual and reproductive organs. However, this term encompasses several meanings, including “good fortune,” “happiness,” and “majesty.” It forms the root of the word bhagavat (Blessed One). A number of Buddhist esoteric scriptures are set within the bhaga of a female deity from the Buddhist pantheon. ## bhagavat *bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *bhagavat*, Literally “one who has bhaga,” which has many diverse meanings including “good fortune,” “happiness,” and “majesty.” In the Buddhist context, it means “one who has the good fortune of attaining enlightenment.” The Tibetan translation has three syllables defined to mean “one who has conquered (the māras), possesses (the qualities of enlightenment), and has transcended (saṃsāra, or both saṃsāra and nirvāṇa).” ## bhagavatī *bcom ldan ’das ma*, Skt. *bhagavatī*, Also rendered as “Blessed Lady.” ## Bhagavān *bcom ldan 'das*, an epithet of the [Buddha](#buddha). He who has vanquished (*bcom*) the [four demons](#four-demons), possess (*ldan*) all the qualities of realization, and is beyond (*das*) [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) and [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa). ## Bhagga A small tribal oligarchy belonging to the Vṛji confederacy located between ancient Vaiśālī and Śrāvastī. ## Bhaginī *sring mo*, Skt. *bhaginī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bhagīratha The king of the “solar race,” from Puranic narratives, who is said to have brought down the river Gaṅgā from the heavens. He is identified in Buddhist texts as an ancestor of the buddha Śākyamuni; also, the name of a previous buddha. ## Bhaiṣajyadatta *sman sbyin*, Skt. *bhaiṣajyadatta*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sman gtong) ## Bhaiṣajya­guru *sman gyi lha*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­guru*, A short form of the name of Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha, the Medicine Buddha. ## Bhaiṣajyaguru Vaidūryaprabharāja *sman gyi bla bai du rya’i ’od*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­guru vaidūrya­prabharāja*, Teacher of Medicine, King of Vaiḍūrya Light. ## Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha *sman gyi lha bai DUr+ya’i ’od*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha*, The Medicine Buddha, the thus-gone one residing in the buddhafield Vaiḍūrya­nirbhāsa. Also called Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja. ## Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja *sman gyi lha bai DUr+ya’i ’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja*, The Medicine Buddha, the thus-gone one residing in the buddhafield Vaiḍūrya­nirbhāsa. Also called Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha. ## Bhaiṣajyarāja *sman gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *bhaiṣajyarāja*, Lit. “King of Healers.” In the story of Śākyamuni’s former life in this sūtra, he is the tathāgata of the universe Mahāvyūha, during the eon called Vicaraṇa, who taught Prince Candracchattra about Dharma-worship. In later Buddhism, this buddha is believed to be the supernatural patron of healing and medicine. ## Bhaiṣajya­rāja­jyotirvi­mala *sman gyi rgyal po skar ma dri ma med*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­rāja­jyotirvimala*, The bodhisattva name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha gives to Mahābalavegadhārin, the youngest of the Veda-reciting pupils of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Roca, the thousand and fifth and the last buddha in the Bhadraka eon. ## Bhaiṣajyasamudgata *sman yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­samudgata*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Bhaiṣajya­samudgata *sman yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *bhaiṣajya­samudgata*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. ## Bhaiṣajyasena A lineage of kings. ## bhairavī A female among a class of beings known to be “fearsome,” and perhaps associated with Bhairava, the wrathful form of Śiva. ## Bhairava *’jigs byed*, Skt. *bhairava*, This name usually refers to the wrathful aspect of Śiva. ## Bhairavatī *’jigs ldan*, Skt. *bhairavatī*, The western realm in which the bodhisattva Prajñārciḥ­saṃkopita­daṣṭa became the Buddha Sūrya­garbhārci­vimalendra. ## Bhairavī *’jigs byed ma*, Skt. *bhairavī*, Fierce and terrifying Hindu goddess identified as the consort of Bhairava. ## Bhakṣaka *za byed*, Skt. *bhakṣaka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Bhallika *bzang po*, Skt. *bhallika*, One of the two brother merchants, the other being Trapuṣa, who met and made offerings to the Buddha near the Bodhi tree, seven weeks after his awakening. ## Bhīṣamāṇa “Frightening.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Bhandani The name of a town. ## bhandu An unidentified ritual substance. ## Bṛhannalā Skt. *bṛhannalā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bṛhantā *chen mo nyid*, Skt. *bṛhantā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bharaṇī *bra nye*, Skt. *bharaṇī*, A constellation in the north, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Ābharaṇacchatra­nirghoṣa­rāja *rgyan dang gdugs kyi dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *ābharaṇacchatra­nirghoṣa­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Bharadvaja-Tree Bark *b+ha ra dwa dza shing shun can*, Skt. *b+ha ra dwa dza shing shun can*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bharadvāja *bha ra dwa dza*, Skt. *bharadvāja*, One of the principal śrāvaka pupils of Śākyamuni. It is said that his previous lives had been in hells and then as a human he had only stones to eat because of his mistreatment of his mother in one lifetime. ## Bharadvājasa *bha ra dwa dza*, Skt. *bharadvājasa*, The name of a long enduring family in the distant past in which twenty thousand buddhas appeared. ## Bharata *bha ra ta*, Skt. *bharata*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Bharata Abode *bha ra ta’i gnas pa*, Skt. *bharata*, An island beyond Videha. ## Bhargava *skal yod*, Skt. *bhargava*, A deity. ## Bhargavajra *bhar ga rdo rje*, Skt. *bhar ga rdo rje*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prajñākūṭa (538 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bhargodeva “God of Splendor.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Bhaṭṭārikā *rje btsun ma*, Skt. *bhaṭṭārikā*, An epithet meaning “noble lady” commonly associated with the goddess Tārā in Buddhist literature, it is also applied to other goddesses in the Buddhist and Hindu pantheons. In The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī, the term appears as either an epithet of the goddess Durgā or perhaps Mārīcī. ## Bharo Chakdum Bharo “Maimed Hand,” the Newar master and who was one of Ra Lotsāwa’s main teachers. His work with Ra Lotsāwa, locates him in the eleventh to twelfth centuries. ## Bharuka *gso ba po*, Skt. *bharuka*, A yakṣa general. ## Bharukaccha An ancient trade city on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, presently known as Bharuch in the state of Gujarat. ## Bhasma *thal ba*, Skt. *bhasma*, The younger brother of the king Samudragupta. ## Bhasmakrodha *khro ba bcom*, Skt. *bhasmakrodha*, The 653rd buddha in the first list, 652nd in the second list, and 644th in the third list. ## Bhasmāntikā *thal bar nye gnas ma*, Skt. *bhasmāntikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Bhasmodgirā *thal ba za ma*, Skt. *bhasmodgirā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Bṛhaspati *phur bu*, Skt. *bṛhaspati*, The planet Jupiter. The Tibetan translation phur bu reflects the Sanskrit Kīlaka, which is also a name for the planet Jupiter. ## Bṛhaspatideva *phur bu’i lha*, Skt. *bṛhaspatideva*, Name of a past king, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Bṛhaspati’s Science of Grammar *phur bu sgra rig*, Skt. *phur bu sgra rig*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bṛhat *che ba*, Skt. *bṛhat*, Thirteenth of the sixteen god realms of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, meaning “Great.” ## Bṛhatphala *’bras bu che*, Skt. *bṛhatphala*, Lit. “Those in the Great Result.” The twelfth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the fourth of the four concentrations. ## Bṛhat­phala *’bras bu che*, Skt. *bṛhat­phala*, Twefth god realm of form, meaning “great fruition.” ## Bhava *’byor pa*, Skt. *bhava*, A householder and the father of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## Bhavadatta *srid pa byin pa*, Skt. *bhavadatta*, An ancient king of Kāmarūpa. ## Bhavadeva *srid pa’i lha*, Skt. *bhavadeva*, The king of Nandivardhana. ## Bhavanandin *’byor dga’*, Skt. *bhavanandin*, A son of Bhava and half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## Bhavapuṣpa *srid me tog*, Skt. *bhavapuṣpa*, The 982nd buddha in the first list, 981st in the second list, and 972nd in the third list. ## Bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa *srid pa’i sred pa dri ma spangs pa*, Skt. *bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa*, The 833rd buddha in the first list, 832nd in the second list, and 822nd in the third list. ## Bhavatrāta *’byor skyob*, Skt. *bhavatrāta*, A son of Bhava and half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## Bhavila *’byor len*, Skt. *bhavila*, A son of Bhava and half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## Bhavānta *rgyu mtha’*, Skt. *bhavānta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhavāntadarśin *srid mtha’ gzigs pa*, Skt. *bhavāntadarśin*, The 127th buddha in the first list, 127th in the second list, and 128th in the third list. ## Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha *srid mtha’ nor bu’i spos*, Skt. *bhavānta­maṇi­gandha*, The 347th buddha in the first list, 346th in the second list, and 341st in the third list. ## Bhavāntikā Skt. *bhavāntikā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhavyaghoṣa The name of a king. ## Bhayaṃkara *’jigs byed*, Skt. *bhayaṃkara*, One of the sons of Māra present at the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Bhayaṅkara *’jigs mdzad*, Skt. *bhayaṅkara*, A buddha. ## Bhūbhāsa *sa ’od*, Skt. *bhūbhāsa*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## Bhūbhṛt *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *bhūbhṛt*, A nāga king; a member of the Buddha’s retinue. ## Bhūbhṛta *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *bhūbhṛta*, A king, former incarnation of the Buddha. ## bhūcarī *sa spyod*, Skt. *bhūcarī*, A type of ḍākinī (literally, “earth traveller”). ## Bhādrapadā Refers to the two asterisms Pūrvabhādrapadā and Uttarabhādrapadā. ## Bhādrapada The sixth lunar month, which falls within the period of August–September, when the full moon is in the Bhādrapadā asterisms. ## Bhīduram *b+hI dU raM*, Skt. *bhīduram*, A town in Videha. ## bherī drum *rnga*, Skt. *bherī*, As specified in the Sanskrit, a conical or bowl-shaped kettledrum, with an upper surface that is beaten with sticks. The Tibetan and Chinese are not specific about the kind of drum it is.” ## Bheraṇḍa *e raN+Da*, Skt. *bheraṇḍa*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Bheruṇḍa *te raN+Da*, Skt. *bheruṇḍa*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Bhesakalā grove A deer park in the city of Suṃsumāragiri, the capital of the tribal oligarchy of the Bhaggas (Skt. Bhargas). The Tibetan translators interpreted this name as a compound where bhesakalā was rendered as sman (“medicine”) and vana as nags (“forest”). On the meaning of the Pali name, see in the translation. ## Bhṛṅgin Skt. *bhṛṅgin*, A great ṛṣi. ## Bhṛṅgirasa *ngan spong dga’*, Skt. *bhṛṅgirasa*, A great ṛṣi. ## Bhāgiratha *skal ldan shing rta*, Skt. *bhāgiratha*, A great ṛṣi. ## Bhṛṅgiriṭi *b+h+ring gi ri ti*, Skt. *bhṛṅgiriṭi*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; also, one of the personal attendants on Śiva. ## Bhṛṅgāra *b+h+ring ga ra*, Skt. *bhṛṅgāra*, One of the rāśis. ## Bhāṅgīrasi A buddha in the distant past. ## Bhāgīrathī *chu klung skal ldan shing rta*, Skt. *bhāgīrathī*, Another name for the river Gaṇgā, mentioned by the teacher [Sañjayin](#sañjayin-the-teacher) in encouraging [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana) to seek out the [Buddha](#buddha) who was born on its banks. ## Bhāgīratha *skal shing rta*, Skt. *bhāgīratha*, The 950th buddha in the first list, 949th in the second list, and 940th in the third list. ## Bhāgīrathi *skal ldan shing rta*, Skt. *bhāgīrathi*, The 315th buddha in the first list, 314th in the second list, and 309th in the third list. ## Bhāgīrāthī *gang gA*, Skt. *bhāgīrāthī*, One of the three branches of the river Gaṅgā in its early course. ## Bhṛgu *ngan spong*, Skt. *bhṛgu*, One of the seven great rishis of ancient India. The founder of Indian astrology. ## Bhāgupta *sa srung*, Skt. *bhāgupta*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## bhikṣu *dge slong*, Skt. *bhikṣu*, The term bhikṣu, which is often translated as “monk,” refers to the highest type among the eight types of prātimokṣa vows that make one part of the Buddhist assembly. The term is explained as having at least three possible meanings: (1) someone who begs; (2) someone who has taken the highest level of Buddhist ordination; and (3) someone who has destroyed mental afflictions. ## bhikṣuṇī *dge slong ma*, Skt. *bhikṣuṇī*, A fully ordained nun. Also rendered here simply as “nun.” ## Bāhiliko *ba hi li ko*, Skt. *bāhiliko*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Bhākrama *pha rol gnon*, Skt. *bhākrama*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## Bhṛkuṭī *khro gnyer ma*, Skt. *bhṛkuṭī*, One of the deified female bodhisattvas; one of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bhṛkuṭi *khro gnyer can*, Skt. *bhṛkuṭi*, A yakṣa. (Toh 555: khro gnyer) ## Bhṛkuṭīmukha *khro gnyer gdong*, Skt. *bhṛkuṭīmukha*, A mahoraga lord. ## Bhṛkuti *khro gnyer*, Skt. *bhṛkuti*, A yakṣa. ## Bāhlika *ba lhi ka*, Skt. *bāhlika*, Appears in The Hundred Deeds as the name of a king and a people dwelling in the “barbaric outlying region” west of Jambudvīpa. ## Bāhlīka The name of the Bactrian people, who lived in the Balkh region of northern Afghanistan, north of the Hindu Kush. In later times the people from this region also settled in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. ## Bhīmā *’jigs med*, Skt. *bhīmā*, The name of various goddesses; one of the deities in the maṇḍala of Avalokiteśvara-Amoghapāśa and in some of the maṇḍalas of Avalokiteśvara. ## Bhīma *skrag byed*, Skt. *bhīma*, A nāga king. ## Bhīṣma *’jigs byed*, Skt. *bhīṣma*, A great ṛṣi. ## Bhūma *sa pa*, Skt. *bhūma*, A yakṣa general who dwells on the earth. ## Bhīṣmagarjitanirghoṣasvara *sgra dbyangs mi zad par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *bhīṣma­garjita­nirghoṣa­svara*, The buddha as whom Dharmodgata was reborn. ## Bhīṣma­garjita­nirghoṣa­svara *sgra dbyangs mi bzad par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *bhīṣma­garjita­nirghoṣa­svara*, Lit. “Who Roared the Fearsome Roar.” A buddha, presumably in another realm, in the presence of whom the bodhisattva great being Sadāprarudita is practicing celibacy. ## Bhīṣma­garjita­svara­rāja *’jigs bsgrags dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *bhīṣma­garjita­svara­rāja*, The names of millions of buddhas within one eon in the distant past, and also the name of a particular buddha in chapter 19. ## Bhīmaka *skrag byed*, Skt. *bhīmaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bhīṣmamātaṅga *’jigs byed glang po*, Skt. *bhīṣmamātaṅga*, A great ṛṣi. ## Bhīmasena *’jigs sde*, Skt. *bhīmasena*, One of the five Pāṇḍava brothers. Son of Vāyu. ## Bhīṣmayaśas *’jigs par grags pa*, Skt. *bhīṣmayaśas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## bhūmi *sa*, Skt. *bhūmi*, This is literally the “ground” in which qualities grow like plants, and it also means a “level.” As an untranslated term, bhūmi is used specifically to refer to levels of enlightenment, especially the seven or ten levels of the enlightened bodhisattvas. Sūtras such as the Perfection of Wisdom sūtras teach the seven bhūmis. The teaching of ten bhūmis was found in the Mahāsāṃghika tradition and particularly in the Daśa­bhūmika Sūtra (Toh 44, ch. 31, Ten Bhūmi Sūtra ), which is the thirty-first chapter in the Tibetan version of the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. ## Bhūmikampa *sa g.yo byed*, Skt. *bhūmikampa*, A yakṣa. (Toh 555: sa kun g.yo ba) ## bhūmilatā This is either a type of ground creeping vine or perhaps a term for an earthworm. ## Bhūmipati *sa’i bdag po*, Skt. *bhūmipati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. See . ## Bhūmiprāpaṭī *sa thob par ’gro ba*, Skt. *bhūmiprāpaṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## bhūmividārī *bhu mi bi dA rI*, Skt. *bhūmividārī*, Same as bhūmisphoṭa (?); Agaricus campestris (?) ## Bhīṣmottara *’jigs pa’i bla ma*, Skt. *bhīṣmottara*, The name of both a previous life of Buddha Śākyamuni as a king (translated as ’jigs pa’i bla ma) and the name of one of the buddhas (translated as ’jigs mchog) that Śākyamuni received the samādhi teaching from in a previous life. ## Bhīṣmottara­nirghoṣa *’jigs mchog dbyangs*, Skt. *bhīṣmottara­nirghoṣa*, A ṛṣi, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 11. ## Bhānugupta Skt. *bhānugupta*, A sixth century king of the imperial Gupta dynasty. ## Bhānumat *nyi ma lta bur gshegs pa*, Skt. *bhānumat*, The 810th buddha in the first list, 809th in the second list, and 798th in the third list. ## Bhānuprabhā *nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *bhānuprabhā*, A merchant’s daughter, a previous life of Gopā. ## Bhogavatī *longs spyod ldan ma*, Skt. *bhogavatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bhogavān *longs spyod ldan*, Skt. *bhogavān*, A nāga king. ## Bhogāvalī *longs spyod phreng ma*, Skt. *bhogāvalī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bhojya The name of a people in central India, whose kingdom, Bhoja, was situated in the Vidarbha region below the Vindhya mountain range. ## Bhojyadeva An individual famous for attaining siddhi in the city of Mālavī. ## Bhoktrī *longs spyod ma*, Skt. *bhoktrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## bhoṭārālā An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Bhrū *smin ma*, Skt. *bhrū*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhāradvāja *b+ha ra dwA dza*, Skt. *bhāradvāja*, A brahmin who scolded the Buddha but subsequently became a monk. ## Bhramaṇa *’khor*, Skt. *bhramaṇa*, One of the muhūrtas. ## Bhramarī *bung ba ma*, Skt. *bhramarī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Bhramara *bung ba*, Skt. *bhramara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Bhraṣṭolā *yul gnyid ’grogs*, Skt. *bhraṣṭolā*, A country. ## Bhārgava One of the sublineages connected with the Vātsya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Bhārgavīya The name of a family lineage. ## Bhrikuti *jo mo khro gnyer can*, one of the forms of [Tārā](#tārā) the female [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) of compassion. The name [means](#means) literally "She who has a wrathful frown." ## Bhrāmaṇa *’khor bar byed pa nyid*, Skt. *bhrāmaṇa*, One of the muhūrtas. ## Bhrāmarī *bung ba’i bu ma*, Skt. *bhrāmarī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great piśācīs. ## Ābhāsaraśmi *snang ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *ābhāsaraśmi*, The 649th buddha in the first list, 648th in the second list, and 640th in the third list. ## Bhāsarāja *snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bhāsarāja*, A buddha. ## Bhāskara­deva *nyi ma’i lha*, Skt. *bhāskara­deva*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Bhāskara­pradīpa *nyi ma’i sgron ma*, Skt. *bhāskara­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Ābhāsvara *’od gsal*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, Lit. “Clear Light.” The sixth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the second of the four concentrations. ## Bhāsvat *’od ldan*, Skt. *bhāsvat*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## bhūtā A female bhūta. ## bhūtī A female bhūta. ## bhūta *’byung po*, Skt. *bhūta*, This term in its broadest sense can refer to any being, whether human, animal, or nonhuman. However, it is often used to refer to a specific class of nonhuman beings, akin to spirits, who haunt dangerous and wild places. They are regularly mentioned alongside other nonhuman beings such as rākṣasas, piśācas, and pretas, and are especially prominent in Buddhist tantras. Their leader is traditionally regarded to be Rudra-Śiva (also known by the name Bhūta), thus bhūtas are also common in Śaivism. ## Bhūta (a brahmin) *’byung po*, Skt. *bhūta*, The name of a certain brahmin who lived in Rājagṛha. Not to be confused with Bhūta, the name of a merchant and a dog, and a certain class of evil beings. ## Bhūta (the merchant and the dog) *’byung po*, Skt. *bhūta*, The name of a certain householder’s dog and the name given to the lost infant it carried home to its owner one night, which would one day be reunited with his birth mother. Also the name of a certain brahmin who lived in Rājagṛha, and the name of a certain class of evil beings. ## bhūtagraha *’byung po’i gdon*, Skt. *bhūtagraha*, A general term for classes of spirits and demonic beings who possess humans and cause illnesses. ## Bhūtaḍāmara *’byung po ’dul ba*, Skt. *bhūtaḍāmara*, ‟Tamer of Spirits,” the titular deity of the Bhūtaḍāmara Tantra; a wrathful form of Vajrapāṇi. ## Bhūtamātṛ *sems can rnams kyi ma*, Skt. *bhūtamātṛ*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Bhūtamukha *’byung po’i gdong*, Skt. *bhūtamukha*, A yakṣa general. ## Bhūtamuni Skt. *bhūtamuni*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhūtarāśi *’byung ba’i phung po*, Skt. *bhūtarāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bhūtavatī *’byung po ldan ma*, Skt. *bhūtavatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bhūtādhipati Skt. *bhūtādhipati*, Epithet of Rudra; also of Maheśvara. ## Bhūteśvara *’byung po’i bdag po*, Skt. *bhūteśvara*, ‟Lord of Bhūtas,” one of the eight bhūta kings. ## Bhūti *mi ’byung ba*, Skt. *bhūti*, ‟Prosperity,” one of the eight goddesses of offerings in the Bhūtaḍāmara maṇḍala. Note that the Tibetan translation does not accord with the Sanskrit Bhūti. ## Bhūtika *’byung ba pa*, Skt. *bhūtika*, One of the rāśis. ## Bhūtinī *’byung mo*, Skt. *bhūtinī*, A female bhūta or any nonhuman female being; in some mantras it seems to be used as a proper name. ## Bhūtāntaścara *’byung ba’i nang spyod*, Skt. *bhūtāntaścara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Bhūtāntakarī *’byung po mthar byed ma*, Skt. *bhūtāntakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Bhūtāntakara *’byung po mthar byed*, Skt. *bhūtāntakara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bāhu *lag pa*, Skt. *bāhu*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; one of the kings of asuras. ## Bhujaṅga *lag ’gro*, Skt. *bhujaṅga*, A deity. ## Bhujaṃgama *lag ’gro*, Skt. *bhujaṃgama*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## bhujaṅgapodadhika A group of people opposed to Rāma and his supporters in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Bhāvatī Skt. *bhāvatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Bṛhāvatī *yangs pa*, Skt. *bṛhāvatī*, A city. ## Bhāvaviveka *legs ldan ’byed*, Skt. *bhāvaviveka*, (c. a.d. 400). A major Indian philosopher, a master of the Mādhyamika school of Buddhism, who founded a sub-school known as Svātantrika. ## Bhāvikī *sgom pa ma*, Skt. *bhāvikī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Bhāṇḍāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Māṇḍavya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## bichiliocosm *stong gnyis pa bar ma’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *dvitīyamadhyama sāhasralokadhātu*, Equal to a thousand universes of a thousand worlds (i.e., a universe of a million worlds). ## big action *byed pa chen po*, Skt. *byed pa chen po*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## big black mouth A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## big pearl A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## big water life A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## bignonia *skya snar*, Skt. *pāṭalā*, Bignonia suaveolens. The Indian species of bignonia. They have trumpet-shaped flowers and the small trees are common throughout India. ## Bile *mkhris pa*, one of the three humours of the body, whose imbalance creates the different kinds of illness. See also [wind](#wind), [phlegm](#phlegm). ## bile disorders *mkhris pa’i nad*, Skt. *paittikāvyādhi*, Second of the four kinds of disease. ## billion trillionth *bye ba khrag khrig stong gi cha*, Skt. *bye ba khrag khrig stong gi cha*, Ten to the power of -21. A “hundred billion trillionth” (bye ba khrag khrig rgya phrag stong gi cha) is ten to the power of -23. ## billions *bye ba khrag khrig phrag ’bum*, Skt. *koṭiniyuta­śatasahasra*, The number of grains of sand of the river Ganges is a favored analogy for immense numbers in the sūtras. Literally 10 million x 100 million x 100 thousand; i.e., 1019 or 10 quintillion. ## billion-world galaxy *stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *trisāhasra­mahā­sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, Lit. “three-thousand-great-thousand-world realm.” Each of these is composed of one thousand realms, each of which contains one thousand realms, each of which contains one thousand realms = one thousand to the third power = one billion worlds. ## Billowing Waters *chu g.yo ba*, Skt. *chu g.yo ba*, A river on Great Slope. ## Billowing Waves *rlabs g.yo ba*, Skt. *rlabs g.yo ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## bilva Aegle marmelos. The bel tree, also known as the Bengal quince. ## Bilvaka of Sumeru *lhun po’i bi lwa kaH*, Skt. *bilvaka*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## bimbā *bim pa*, Skt. *bimbā*, Momordica monadelpha. A perennial climbing plant, the fruit of which is a bright red gourd. Because of its color it is frequently used in poetry as a simile for lips. ## Bimbī *btsun mo gzugs can, gzugs can*, Skt. *bimbī, rājñī bimbī*, The queen, wife of King [Mahāpadma](#mahāpadma) and mother of [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra). ## bimba *bim pa*, Skt. *bimba*, Momordica monadelpha. A perennial climbing plant, the fruit of which is a bright red gourd. Because of its color it is frequently used in poetry as a simile for lips. ## Bimbika *bim pi ka*, Skt. *bimbika*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bimbisāra *gzugs can snying po*, Skt. *bimbisāra*, The king of [Magadha](#magadha) and a great patron of Śākyamūni [Buddha](#buddha). His birth coincided with the [Buddha](#buddha)’s. His father, mistakenly attributing the brilliant light that marked the [Buddha](#buddha)’s birth to the birth of his son by Queen [Bimbī](#bimbī) (Goldie), named him ‘[Essence](#essence) of Gold.’ ## bindi *thig le*, Skt. *tilaka*, An ornamental dot painted between the eyebrows. ## binding *bcing ba*, Skt. *bandhana*, A type of ritual action. ## Bindu *thig le*, lit. a circle, sphere, point or drop, but also with a range of more abstract meanings. We have used this Sanskrit term in the chapter on the [transference](#transference) of consciousness to underline the fact that the [levels](#levels) of meaning are multiple; in other contexts we have translated the same word as [essence](#essence). ## Bindusāra *snying po thig le*, Skt. *bindusāra*, The second Mauryan emperor, son of Candragupta. ## biographies *rtogs pa brjod pa’i sde*, Skt. *avadāna*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## birch bark A medium for writing texts and mantras. Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra prescribes using birch bark to copy down the text. ## Bird Throat *bya mgrin*, Skt. *bya mgrin*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Bird’s Beak *bya mchu can*, Skt. *bya mchu can*, A preta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## birth *skye ba*, Skt. *jāti*, The four types of birth are birth from a womb, birth from an egg, birth from warmth and moisture, and miraculous birth. ## birth from a womb *mngal gyi gnas*, Skt. *mngal gyi gnas*, Existence in which one is born from a womb. This is one of four types of birth listed in treatises such as the Abhidharmakośa : (1) birth from a womb (mammals, human beings), (2) from an egg (birds, reptiles, fish, etc.), (3) from heat and moisture (maggots, etc.), (4) and spontaneous or miraculous birth (gods, pretas, hell beings, intermediate state beings, etc.). ## birth from heat and moisture *drod gsher las skyes*, Skt. *saṃsvedaja*, Third of the four modes of birth. ## Birth of Happy Mind *yid bde skyes*, Skt. *yid bde skyes*, Son of the buddha Asaṅga. ## birth story *skyes pa’i rabs*, Skt. *jātaka*, The Buddha’s accounts of his own previous lifetimes, listed as one of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma. ## birth totem gods *lhan cig skyes pa'i lha*, Skt. *devatā sahajā*, [Yakṣa](#yakṣa) and other spirits that appear at the same time a person is born in order to protect them. ## birthlessness *mi skye ba*, Skt. *anutpādatva*, This refers to the ultimate nature of reality, to the fact that, ultimately, nothing has ever been produced or born nor will it ever be because birth and production can occur only on the relative, or superficial, level. Hence “birthlessness” is a synonym of “voidness,” “reality,” “absolute,” “ultimate,” “infinity,” etc. ## bisakṣīla *pad ma’i rtsa ba’i ’o ma*, Skt. *bisakṣīla*, The juice of lotus roots. ## bitter *kha*, Skt. *tikta*, One of the eight supreme flavors. Also one of the six tastes of the Āyurveda and Tibetan medical traditions. ## bitter gourd *in dra ba ru na*, Skt. *indrāvaruṇi*, Cucumis trigonus; colocynth, a wild bitter gourd, Cucumis colocynthis; the favorite plant of Indra and Varuṇa. ## Bījadhara *sa bon ’chang*, Skt. *bījadhara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Bālā *stobs*, Skt. *bālā*, One of the five goddesses personifying the five “hooks of gnosis.” ## Bāla *byis*, Skt. *bāla*, One of the Gupta emperors, the successor of king Skanda. ## Bālabhañja The name of a city located just north of Mount Sumeru. ## Black (a brahmin) *nag po*, Skt. *kāla*, A certain dark-complected brahmin youth who became a sage, then heard the Dharma from the Buddha, became ordained, and manifested arhatship. Not to be confused with Black the yakṣa who also appears in his story, nor with Kāla the nāga king (whose name in Tib. is the same nag po). ## Black (a yakṣa) *nag po*, Skt. *kāla*, A certain yakṣa tamed by the Buddha and subsequently sworn to protect the people of Rājagṛha. Not to be confused with Black the brahmin who also appears in his story, nor with Kāla the nāga king. ## Black Acala *mi g.yo ba nag po*, Skt. *kṛṣṇācala*, Acala corresponding to Buddha Akṣobhya in the center of the maṇḍala. ## black begging bowl carriers *lhung bzed nag pa can*, Skt. *kālapātrika*, A euphemism for those who seek [alms](#alms), understood to refer to Buddhist monks. ## Black Belly *nag po gsus pa*, Skt. *kālodara*, (1) An area in Kuru (nag po gsus pa). 2. One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. (lto gnag), also called Raven’s Belly. ## Black Bhūta A graha. ## Black Cord *thig nag*, Skt. *kālasūtra*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Black Defeater The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## black earth *sa nag po*, Skt. *kṛṣṇamṛttikā*, A type of soil (?) ## black face *gdong gnag*, Skt. *gdong gnag*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## black faction *nag po’i phyogs*, Skt. *kṛṣṇapakṣa*, The army, divisions, or factions of Māra, the deity who personifies spiritual death; from Māra’s point of view, this is the “white faction.” Also refers to the dark fortnight of the lunar month. ## black gram A type of bean used in ritual preparations. Most often identified as black gram (Vigna mungo). ## black head *mgo nag*, Skt. *mgo nag*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Black Indrāṇī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Kapālin *nag po thod pa can*, Skt. *kṛṣṇakapālin*, One of the deities invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Black Kumbhāṇḍī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Lady *nag mo*, Skt. *nag mo*, The name of a rākṣasī. ## Black Line Hell *thig nag*, Skt. *kālasūtra*, One of the eight hot hells. The name of this hell refers to the black thread that is used to measure lines on the bodies of those reborn there so that they can be cut into pieces. ## Black Lines *thig nag*, Skt. *kālasūtra*, One of the eight hot hells. ## black magic Harmful sorcery, or a class of beings prone to perpetrating it. See also . ## Black Mongoose-like *ne’u le nag po lta bu*, Skt. *kālakanakula*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Black Mountains The Kāla Mountains of Bhāratvarṣa (i.e., India) are listed in the Mahābhārata as the mountain ranges Vindhya (separating the Deccan from north India), Mahendra (the eastern Ghats), Malaya (southern half of the Western Ghats), Sahya (the northern half of the Western Ghats), Rakṣavat (northeast extension of the Vindhya), Pāripātra, and the Sūktimat (or Śuktimat), which is presumably another name for the one remaining significant mountain range, the Arbuda in the northwest. ## black mouth A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## black mustard seed *ske tshe*, Skt. *rājikā*, A substance used for the preparation of ink in tantric rituals. ## Black Nāginī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## black nightshade *ka ma ci*, Skt. *kāmācī*, Solanum nigrum. ## Black Obscurer The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black One *nag po*, Skt. *kālikā*, A river in the hell called Raven Mouths. ## Black One’s sādhana *nag po’i sgrub thabs*, A term for the Mahākāla practice (sgrub thabs, sādhana). ## Black Peaks *ri nag po*, Skt. *kālaparvata*, The Nine Black Mountains found on the northern edge of the continent of Jambudvīpa. There are three sets of three of these peaks, and behind them lies the great snow mountain that is the source of the Ganges River. A description of this cosmology can be found in chapter three of the Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. ## black pepper *pho ba ris*, Skt. *marīca*, Piper nigrum. ## Black Piśācī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## black plum *'dzam bu*, Skt. *jambū*, Syzygium cumini according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Black Plum Caves *’dzam bu’i phug*, Skt. *’dzam bu’i phug*, Caves on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Kāśyapa. ## Black Revatī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Revatī Protectress Vetālī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## black rice leaf *sA lu nag po’i lo ma*, Skt. *sA lu nag po’i lo ma*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Black Rākṣasī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Seer The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## black stone flower *rdo dreg lo ma*, Skt. *patraśaileya*, Parmelia perlata. A lichen used as a spice and in Āyurveda for the treatment of skin diseases, cough, asthma, kidney stones, painful urination, and localized swelling. Commonly called śaileya in Sanskrit. Emmerick, based on the Nobel edition, separates the compound into two: patra (leaf) and śaileya. Toh 555: spra ba. ## Black Swirling *nag po ’khyil ba*, Skt. *nag po ’khyil ba*, A river to the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Black Thread *thig nag*, Skt. *kālasūtra*, Name of one of the great hells; see also . ## Black Thread Hell Name of one of the great hells (Skt. mahānaraka). Elsewhere translated as “Black Line Hell.” It is so named because the beings reborn there have lines drawn on their bodies with a black thread and are then dismembered along these lines. ## Black Unmadā The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Vetālī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Vetālī Rākṣasī The name of a grahī. This seems to be another name for the grahī otherwise called Black Vetālī (ro langs nag mo), who is identified as one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Vāyu The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Waters *chu nag po*, Skt. *chu nag po*, (1) An ocean far off the coast of Jambudvīpa. (2) A river on Forest Garlands. ## Black Yakṣiṇī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Black Yamā A grahī. ## Black Yamāri *gshin rje’i gshed nag po*, Skt. *kṛṣṇayamāri*, The principal deity of this tantra. ## bālagraha Literally “child snatchers,” the bālagrahaḥ are an important class of demonic being in both Āyurvedic literature and across both popular and institutional religious communities in South Asia and the broader South Asian cultural world. ## Blameless *mi smod pa dang ldan pa*, Blameless (free from fault or guilt), also the name of the world in the distant past inhabited by the Buddha Invincible Banner of Victory. ## Blanket of Smell *gos dri*, Skt. *gandhakambala*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## blatant pride *mngon pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *abhimāna*, The pride of showing off. It is one of seven types of pride, which include (1) pride (Tib. nga rgyal; Skt. māna), (2) excessive pride (Tib. lhag pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. adhimāna), (3) outrageous pride (Tib. nga rgyal las kyang nga rgyal; Skt. mānātimāna), (4) egoistic pride (Tib. nga’o snyam pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. asmimāna), (5) blatant pride (Tib. mngon pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. abhimāna), (6) pride of feeling inferior (Tib. cung zad snyam pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. ūnamāna), and (7) unfounded pride (Tib. log pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. mithyāmāna). ## Blaze *’bar ba*, Skt. *’bar ba*, Blaze (a bright flame or fire), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Velāmarāja. ## Blazing Crest *’bar ba’i tog*, Skt. *’bar ba’i tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇivajra (281 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blazing Glory *dpal ’bar ba*, Skt. *dpal ’bar ba*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Glory of Being Renowned for Considering Everyone resides. ## Blazing Gold *gser ’bar ba*, Skt. *gser ’bar ba*, A mountain in the eastern sea beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Blazing Great Garuḍa A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Blazing Intelligence *blo ’bar*, Skt. *blo ’bar*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samāhitātman (651 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blazing Jewels *rin po che ’bar ba*, Skt. *rin po che ’bar ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhu. ## Blazing Light *’od ’bar*, Skt. *’od ’bar*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sukhacittin (813 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blazing Light Rays *’od zer ’bar ba*, Skt. *’od zer ’bar ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Durjaya (604 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blazing Light Rays of Unhindered Traits of Lions *seng ge’i mtshan thogs pa med pa’i ’od zer ’bar ba*, Skt. *siṃha­lakṣanāsaṅga­raśmijvala*, A bodhisattva. ## Blazing Melody *’bar ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *’bar ba’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Devarāja (690 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blazing River Hell One of the neighboring hells, literally “river that is difficult to cross.” ## Blazing Roar *nga ro ’bar*, Skt. *nga ro ’bar*, A great bodhisattva. ## Blazing Splendor *gzi brjid ’bar ba*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’bar ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Baladatta (425 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blazing Wit *blo gros ’bar ba*, Skt. *blo gros ’bar ba*, A brahmin. ## Blazing with Famed Power *rnam par bsgrags pa’i stobs kyis ’bar ba*, Skt. *rnam par bsgrags pa’i stobs kyis ’bar ba*, A king and great bodhisattva. ## Blessed Buddha The name of a nāga who is invoked in the Dhāraṇī of Vaiḍūryaprabha (Toh 505). ## Blessed Eloquence *spobs pa byin gyis brlabs*, Skt. *spobs pa byin gyis brlabs*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## blessed lady *bcom ldan ’das ma*, Skt. *bhagavatī*, The female form of the epithet commonly applied to buddhas and other awakened beings. The Sanskrit word bhaga means, among other factors, “good fortune,” “happiness,” “prosperity,” and “excellence.” The suffix -vat indicates possession. A common English translation is thus “blessed one” or “fortunate one.” The three syllables of the Tibetan translation mean that the being has “overcome” or “conquered” (Tib. bcom), is “endowed [with qualities]” (Tib. ldan), and has “gone beyond [saṃsāra]” (Tib. ’das). ## Blessed Lord *bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *bhadanta­bhagavan*, See “Blessed One.” ## Blessed Mārīcī’s Supreme Secret *bcom ldan ’das ma mchog tu gsang ba*, The name of a text mentioned in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. The name of this text appears as the source for an excerpted chapter titled “The Mantra Wheel: A Jewel That Fulfills Every Wish.” ## blessed one *bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *bhagavān*, In Buddhist literature, an epithet applied to buddhas, most often to Śākyamuni. The Sanskrit term generally means “possessing fortune,” but in specifically Buddhist contexts it implies that a buddha is in possession of six auspicious qualities (bhaga) associated with complete awakening. The Tibetan term—where bcom is said to refer to “subduing” the four māras, ldan to “possessing” the great qualities of buddhahood, and ’das to “going beyond” saṃsāra and nirvāṇa—possibly reflects the commentarial tradition where the Sanskrit bhagavat is interpreted, in addition, as “one who destroys the four māras.” This is achieved either by reading bhagavat as bhagnavat (“one who broke”), or by tracing the word bhaga to the root √bhañj (“to break”). ## Blessing *byin rlabs*, Skt. *byin rlabs*, Blessing (a conferral of divine favor or grace), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nakṣatrarāja. ## blessing of the buddha ornaments *sangs rgyas kyi rgyan byin gyis rlabs pa*, Skt. *buddhālaṃkārādhiṣṭhitā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## blessing of turning away from birth *skye ba las rnam par log pa’i byin gyi rlabs*, Skt. *skye ba las rnam par log pa’i byin gyi rlabs*, A kind of absorption. ## Bālāha *stobs kyis sgrol ba*, Skt. *bālāha*, In the Jātakas, Bālāha is a previous life of the Buddha Śākyamuni in which he saves merchants from the island of the rākṣasīs. In the Kāraṇḍa­vyūha Sūtra ( The Basket’s Display , Toh 116), it is Avalokiteśvara as a horse, saving a previous life of Śākyamuni from that island. ## Bālāhaka *sprin gyi shugs can*, Skt. *bālāhaka*, A mythical horse, described in this text as the precious horse of universal monarchs. ## Bālhīka *pa lha pa*, Skt. *bālhīka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Bālikhilya *byis pa rtse*, Skt. *bālikhilya*, A great ṛṣi. ## Blinding Smoke *’jig rten par gyi du ba*, Skt. *lokāndhakārikā­dhūma*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## blink of the eye A measure of time consisting of half a lava. ## bliss *bde ba*, Skt. *sukha*, Also translated here as “happiness.” ## Bliss and emptiness *bde stong*, bliss experienced without attachment, as being empty. ## Bliss (experience) *bde nyams*, one of the three types of experience in meditation. See [experiences](#experiences-meditative). ## Bliss Maker *bde byed*, Skt. *bde byed*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Bliss Ruler *bde ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *bde ba’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Gaganasvara. ## Blissful *bde ldan*, Skt. *bde ldan*, Blissful (full of joy), also the name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Greatly Renowned for Considering All resides. ## Blissful and Clear *bde gsal*, Skt. *bde gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Vararuci. ## Blissful Array *bde ba bkod pa*, Skt. *bde ba bkod pa*, A buddha realm. ## Blissful Castle *mkhar bde ba can*, Skt. *mkhar bde ba can*, A castle in the country of Virtue. ## Blissful Homage *bde bar ’dud*, Skt. *bde bar ’dud*, Father of the buddha Amitatejas. ## Blissful Joy *bde dga’*, Skt. *bde dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahāprabha. ## Blissful Light *bde ba’i ’od*, Skt. *bde ba’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratibhāna­cakṣus (728 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blissful Mind *bde bar sems*, Skt. *bde bar sems*, Mother of the buddha Amitayaśas. ## Blissful (pure land) *bde ba can*, Skt. *Sukhāvatī*, the [Buddhafield](#buddhafield) of the West, that of [Buddha](#buddha) [Amitābha](#amitābha). ## Blissful Splendid Intelligence *gzi brjid blo gros bde*, Skt. *gzi brjid blo gros bde*, Attendant of the buddha Mokṣavrata. ## Blissful Splendor *bde ba’i dpal*, Skt. *bde ba’i dpal*, A buddha realm. ## Blissful Vision *bde bar gzigs*, Skt. *bde bar gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyabala (742 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blissful Water *bde ba’i chu*, Skt. *bde ba’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Blistering Hell *chu bur can*, Skt. *arbuda*, Name of one of the eight cold hells. Its inhabitants are tormented by a cold wind that causes their bodies to be covered in sores. The Skt. arbuda in other contexts may refer to a number; see . ## Blisters *chu bur can*, Skt. *arbuda*, Blisters (fluid-filled swellings on the skin), also the name of one of the eight cold hells. ## Bālāka *nag po*, Skt. *bālāka*, One of the ancient kings. ## Blocked Neck *mgrin pa ’gag pa*, Skt. *mgrin pa ’gag pa*, A forest on Upward Ocean. ## blood disorders *khrag nad*, Skt. *rudhira*, Illnesses that may be considered an impediment to ordination. ## blood vessels and nerves are inconspicuous *rtsa rnams mi mngon pa*, Skt. *gūḍha­śira­tā*, Twelfth of the eighty minor marks. ## blood vessels and nerves that are unknotted *rtsa la mdud pa med pa*, Skt. *nirgranthiśira*, Eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## Blooming Abundance of Precious Flowers *rin chen me tog sna tshogs me tog kun tu rgyas*, Skt. *rin chen me tog sna tshogs me tog kun tu rgyas*, A buddha. ## Blooming Flower *me tog rgyas*, Skt. *me tog rgyas*, Son of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Blooming Flower of Qualities *yon tan me tog rgyas pa*, Skt. *yon tan me tog rgyas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Surūpa. ## Blooming Flower of Splendor *gzi brjid me tog rgyas pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid me tog rgyas pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇiprabha (149) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Blooming Flower of Superknowledge through the Meteor of Insight *shes rab skar mdas mngon par shes pa’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *shes rab skar mdas mngon par shes pa’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Father of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Blooming Flower of Wisdom *ye shes me tog legs rgyas*, Skt. *ye shes me tog legs rgyas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmaraśmi. ## Blooming Flower Parasol *me tog gi gdugs me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *me tog gi gdugs me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Blooming Flower That Does Not Doubt the Light of Insight *shes rab kyi snang ba rnam par gdon mi za ba’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *shes rab kyi snang ba rnam par gdon mi za ba’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Attendant of the buddha Sulocana. ## Blooming Flowers *me tog rgyas pa*, Skt. *me tog rgyas pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi. ## Blooming Flowers of Excellent Qualities *yon tan gyi me tog kha rgyas pa*, Skt. *yon tan gyi me tog kha rgyas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kalyāṇacūḍa. ## Blooming Flowers of Superknowledge *mngon par shes pa’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ṛṣideva. ## Blooming Night *mtshan mo rgyas*, Skt. *mtshan mo rgyas*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇavisṛta. ## Blooming Park *kun dga’ ra ba’i rgyas pa*, Skt. *kun dga’ ra ba’i rgyas pa*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## Blossom of the Four Jewels *rin po che bzhi’i me tog rgyas pa*, Skt. *rin po che bzhi’i me tog rgyas pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Blossoming and Purity of the Flowers of Virtue *dge ba’i me tog rgyas shing dag pa*, Skt. *śubha­puṣpita­śuddha*, Name of the seventy-fourth meditative stability. “Purity” here could also be rendered “vibrance.” ## blossoming and vibrance of the flowers of virtue *dge ba’i me tog rgyas shing gsal ba*, Skt. *śubha­puṣpita­śuddha*, The 80th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Blower of Wind *rlung yang dag par ston pa*, Skt. *rlung yang dag par ston pa*, A nāga king. ## Blue *sngon po*, Skt. *sngon po*, Blue (the color), also the name of an ocean off Jambudvīpa. ## blue beryl *bai DUr+ya*, Skt. *vaiḍūrya*, Although vaiḍūrya—particularly in the context of Bhaiṣajya­guru—has often been translated as lapis lazuli, blue beryl is overall a better match for the descriptions and references in the Sanskrit and Tibetan literature. The equivalent Pāli form of vaiḍūrya is veḷuriya. The Prākrit form verulia is the source for the English word “beryl.” There are white, yellow, and green beryls (green beryl is generally called “emerald”), but in this case blue beryl needs to be specified to match traditional descriptions. Vaiḍūrya may nevertheless have been taken to designate different gems at different times and places, and no single equivalent in English is entirely satisfactory. ## Blue Color *rtsi sngon po*, Skt. *rtsi sngon po*, A nāga. ## blue green naḍa reed *’dam bu sngon po*, Skt. *’dam bu sngon po*, A species of reeds; according to Monier-Williams, the Arundo tibialis, or Karka. ## blue jaybird *sngon po rab bskums bya*, Skt. *cāṣa*, More commonly known as the Indian roller (Coracias benghalensis). YJ has “deep blue color” instead of “blue jay.” ## Blue Light *sngon por snang ba*, Skt. *sngon por snang ba*, A buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Saffron Color attains buddhahood as Precious Light. ## blue lotus *ut pa la*, Skt. *utpala*, Nymphaea caerulea. The “blue lotus” is actually a lily, so it is also known as the blue water lily. ## Blue Lotus Eyes *ud pa la’i mig*, Skt. *utpalanetra*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Blue Lotus Hell *ud pal ltar gas pa*, Skt. *utpala*, See “Splitting Open Like a Blue Lotus Hell.” ## blue roller bird *tsa sha*, The bird Coracias indica. ## Blue Shade *grib ma sngon po*, Skt. *grib ma sngon po*, A mountain by Lake Expansive. ## Blue Shadows *grib ma sngon po*, Skt. *grib ma sngon po*, A forest on Saṅkāśa. ## Blue Stream *sngon ’bab*, Skt. *sngon ’bab*, A river on Flocking Peacocks. ## Blue Topknot *gtsug phud sngon po*, Skt. *gtsug phud sngon po*, A nāga king. ## Blue Waters *chu sngon po*, Skt. *chu sngon po*, An ocean far off the coast of Jambudvīpa. ## Blue-Colored One *mdog sngon*, Skt. *mdog sngon*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## boarding monk *gnas pa*, Skt. *āvāsiko bhikṣuḥ*, A boarding (or visiting) monk is a short-term occupant who is not familiar with the inner or outer workings of the community. See also “resident monk.” ## Boat *gzings*, Skt. *gzings*, Boat (a small watercraft), also the name of a nāga king. ## Bodhana *rtogs mdzad*, Skt. *bodhana*, The 646th buddha in the first list, 645th in the second list, and 637th in the third list. ## bodhi *byang chub*, Skt. *bodhi*, In general the Sanskrit means “awakening,” as from sleep, but in the Buddhist context it is the awakening from ignorance, i.e., the direct realization of truth. ## Bodhi tree *byang chub kyi shing*, Skt. *bodhivṛkṣa*, Lit. “tree of awakening.” Name of the tree under which the Buddha Śākyamuni attained awakening in Bodhgayā. It is a kind of fig tree, the Ficus religiosa, known in Sanskrit as aśvattha or pippala. It is also mentioned as the tree beneath which every buddha will manifest the attainment of buddhahood. ## bodhicitta In normative Mahāyāna doctrine, bodhicitta refers to the aspiration for awakening, in both its relative and absolute aspects. In tantric thought it frequently refers to semen in the context of its generation through sexual yoga, its use as a ritual substance, and its manipulation through practices dealing with the chanels and centers of the body. ## Bodhicittavajra The name of an interlocutor in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Bodhidhvaja *byang chub rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bodhidhvaja*, The 904th buddha in the first list, 903rd in the second list, and 894th in the third list. ## Bodhiketu *byang chub kyi dpal*, Skt. *bodhiketu*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## bodhimaṇḍa *snying po byang chub*, Skt. *bodhimaṇḍa*, The exact place where every buddha in this world will manifest the attainment of buddhahood. In our world, it is the spot beneath the Bodhi tree in the village presently known as Bodhgaya. Literally, “the essence of enlightenment.” Also translated elsewhere as byang chub kyi snying po. ## Bodhimaṇḍacūḍa *byang chub dam pa’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *bodhimaṇḍacūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Bodhi­maṇḍalākāra­surucirā *snying po byang chub kyi rgyan shin tu yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍalākāra­surucirā*, Name of a world system in the southeastern direction. ## Bodhi­maṇḍalālaṃkāra­surucitā *snying po byang chub kyi rgyan shin tu yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍalālaṃkāra­surucitā*, Name of a world system in the southeastern direction, where the buddha Padmottaraśrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Bodhi­maṇḍalālaṃkāra­su­rucitā *byang chub kyi snying po’i rgyan shin tu mdzes pa*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍalālaṃkāra­su­rucitā*, Lit. “Dazzling Ornament of the Choice Circle of Awakening.” A world system in the southeast direction where the buddha Padmottaraśrī dwells. ## Bodhi­maṇḍa­mukuṭa *byang chub dam pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍa­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Bodhi­maṇḍa­vibuddha­śrī­candra *snying po byang chub rnam par sangs rgyas pa’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍa­vibuddha­śrī­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Bodhimati *byang chub blo gros*, Skt. *bodhimati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Bodhimitra A Kashmiri paṇḍita who was invited to Tibet during the late eight and early ninth centuries. He worked with several Tibetan translators on the translation of a number of sūtras. ## Bodhirāja *byang chub rgyal po*, Skt. *bodhirāja*, The 574th buddha in the first list, 574th in the second list, and 567th in the third list. ## Bodhisattva *byang chub kyi sems*, lit. the mind of [enlightenment](#enlightenment). On the relative level, it is the wish to attain Buddhahood for the sake of all beings, as well as the practice of the [path](#path) of love, compassion, the [six transcendent perfections](#six-transcendent-perfections), etc., necessary for achieving that goal. On the absolute level, it is the direct insight into the ultimate nature. ## Bodhisattva Abbot the title by which [Śāntarakṣita](#śāntarakṣita) is sometimes known. ## bodhisattva basket *byang chub sems pa'i sde snod*, Skt. *bodhisattva­piṭaka*, A collection of the Great Vehicle teachings. ## bodhisattva collection *byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod*, Skt. *bodhisattva­piṭaka*, In this text, the bodhisattva collection refers to the realization of all phenomena as well as the qualities of ordinary beings, learning, that which is beyond learning, hearers, solitary buddhas, bodhisattvas, and buddhas. ## bodhisattva conduct *byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa*, Skt. *bodhisattva­caryā*, The proper conduct of a committed bodhisattva is a topic addressed in many Mahāyāna sūtras, as wells as the commentarial literature. ## bodhisattva great being *byang chub sems dpa’ chen po*, Skt. *bodhisattva­mahāsattva*, A bodhisattva who has attained the highest level next to the Buddha. ## bodhisattva level The ten levels or stages traversed by a bodhisattva that culminate in buddhahood: (1) Joyful (pramuditā; rab tu dga’ ba), (2) Stainless (vimalā; dri ma med pa), (3) Luminous (prabhākarī; ’od byed pa), (4) Radiant (arciṣmatī; ’od ’phro can), (5) Invincible (sudurjayā; shin tu sbyang dka’ ba), (6) Facing Directly (abhimukhī; mngon du gyur), (7) Far-Reaching (dūraṅgamā; ring du song ba), (8) Immovable (acalā; mi g.yo ba), Auspicious Intellect (sādhumatī; legs pa’i blo gros), and (10) Cloud of Dharma (dharmameghā; chos kyi sprin). ## Bodhisattva levels *phags pa'i sa*, lit. [sublime levels](#sublime-levels), Skt. *bhūmi*. The ten [levels](#levels) of realization reached by [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) on the [path](#path)s of seeing, meditation and beyond learning. In some classifications additional [levels](#levels) are added. "These [levels](#levels) are sublime because they are far beyond ordinary beings." DICT. ## bodhisattva mahāsattva *byang chub sems dpa’ sems dpa’ chen po*, Skt. *bodhisattvamahāsattva*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva is a bodhisattva who has completed the seventh bhūmi and is on the eighth, ninth, or tenth bhūmi prior to becoming a buddha. These bodhisattvas have several special qualities that bodhisattvas on the lower bhūmis do not have. ## bodhisattva of great courage A common epithet of great bodhisattvas, the precise meaning of which is contested but that seems to describe someone as possessing great courage, magnanimity, and great strength of character. The term is explained in the *Mahā­prajñā­pāramitopadeśa, which has a short chapter on this term, also as a being who possesses great love and great compassion. ## Bodhisattva Vehicle *byang chub sems dpa’i theg pa*, Skt. *bodhisattvayāna*, A synonym for the Mahāyāna, the Great Vehicle. ## Bodhisattva­piṭaka Skt. *bodhisattva­piṭaka*, “Basket” or “Collected Teachings for Bodhisattvas,” refers to the sūtras and teachings of the bodhisattva yāna in general. ## Bodhisattvasamuccayā *byang chub yang dag par bsdus pa*, Skt. *Bodhi­sattva­samuccayā*, A goddess. In Toh 555 called “goddess of the Bodhi tree.” ## Bodhisattva­yāna *byang chub sems dpa’i theg pa*, Skt. *bodhisattva­yāna*, This is the way (yāna) of the bodhisattva, the teachings of the Mahāyāna sūtras. ## Bodhākṣa *shes mig*, Skt. *bodhākṣa*, One of the māras. ## Bodhnath (stūpa) *bya rung kha shor*, pronounced "Jarungkashor", one of the two great [stūpa](#stūpa)s in the Kathmandu valley. The story of its construction is related to the advent of Buddhism in Tibet and described in the *History of the Jarungkhashor Stūpa*, a terma discovered by Śākya Zangpo (translated by Keith Downam as *The Legend of the Great Stūpa*, berkeley, [Dharma](#dharma) Publishing, 1973). ## Bodhyaṅgā *byang chub yan lag ma*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Bodhyaṅgapuṣpa *byang chub kyi yan lag gi me tog*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgapuṣpa*, Lit. “Limbs of Awakening Flower.” Name that a hundred thousand one hundred million billion beings will bear when they become buddhas after sixty-four eons. ## bodhyaṅgavatin *byang chub kyi yan lag yod pa*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgavatin*, Lit. “endowed with the limbs of awakening.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Bodhyaṅgā­laṃkāra *byang chub yan lag brgyan*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgā­laṃkāra*, A buddha realm. ## Bodily Array of Qualities *yon tan bkod pa’i lus*, Skt. *yon tan bkod pa’i lus*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnapāṇi. ## bodily essences *snying sna*, The exact identification of these substances is not explicitly stated in The Tantra of Glorious Mahākāla. The Suśrutasaṁhitā refers to seven “bodily essences” (Skt. sāra). These are vital fluid (Skt. sattva, perhaps signifying the amniotic fluid), semen (Skt. śukra), marrow (Skt. majjan), bone (Skt. asthi), lymph (Skt. medas), flesh (Skt. māṃsa), and blood (Skt. rakta). It is entirely possible, however, that these “bodily essences” correspond to the various bodily fluids that often accompany offerings of the five types of meat in the performance and maintenance of samaya. ## Bodong Paṇchen Choklé Namgyal *bo dong paN chen phyogs las rnam rgyal*, Skt. *bo dong paN chen phyogs las rnam rgyal*, 1376–1451. Prolific scholar and abbot of the Bodong E monastery. ## body anointed with the fragrance of moral discipline *tshul khrims kyi spos kyis lus byugs pa*, Skt. *śīla­gandhānulipta­gātra*, There are many references in the sūtras to a pleasant fragrance that is the result of moral discipline. Although it is not stated in these exact words, this description echoes some of the eighty excellent signs (asītyānuvyañjana), a subset of the 112 physical characteristics of both buddhas and cakravartins. For example, the list found in the Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Toh 11, 2.33) describes these signs: “(34) Their body is immaculate and without unpleasant odors”; and (later down the list) “(40) The pores of their body all emit a pleasant odor.” ## body consciousness constituent *lus kyi rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *kāyavijñānadhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents. ## body family The family to which kṣatriya women are said to belong in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## body golden in color *sku gser gyi kha dog can*, Skt. *suvarṇa­kāya*, One of the features of the Buddha‘s body. ## body hairs are bluish black *spu mthon ting can*, Skt. *abhi­nīla­roma­tā*, Fifty-first of the eighty minor marks. ## body hairs are clean *spu gtsang ba*, Skt. *suci­roma­tā*, Fifty-second of the eighty minor marks. ## body hairs that point upwards *sku’i spu gyen du phyogs pa*, Skt. *ūr­dhvāgra­roma­tā*, Twelfth of the thirty-two major marks. ## body is clean *sku gtsang ba*, Skt. *śuci­gātra­tā*, Fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## body is firm, like that of Nārāyaṇa *sred med kyi bu’i ltar sku grims pa*, Skt. *nārāyaṇat su­saṃhata­gātra­tā*, Second of the eighty minor marks. See “Nārāyaṇa.” ## body is immaculate and without unpleasant odors *sku la dri ma med cing dri mi zhim pa med pa*, Skt. *vyapa­gata­tilaka­gātra­tā*, Thirty-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## body is lustrous *sku snum bag can*, Skt. *snigdha­gātra­tā*, Seventh of the eighty minor marks. ## body is not slouched *sku ma btud pa*, Skt. *a­jihma­gātra­tā*, Eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## body is soft *sku ’jam pa*, Skt. *mṛdu­gātra­tā*, Fifth of the eighty minor marks. ## body is supple *sku mnyen pa*, Skt. *su­kumāra­gātra­tā*, Sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## body is well formed *sku dbyibs legs pa*, Skt. *vṛtta­gātra­tā*, Fourteenth of the eighty minor marks. ## body is well proportioned *sku shin tu legs par ’brel pa*, Skt. *mṛṣṭa­gātra­tā*, Fifteenth of the eighty minor marks. ## body mudrā *yan lag gi phyag rgya*, In The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī, this term refers to the transformation of a practitioner’s body into the body of a deity through adopting a particular hand mudrā and affixing the syllables of the deity’s mantra on the body. ## Body of Brightness *lus mdangs can*, Skt. *lus mdangs can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suprabha. ## Body of Clear View *lta ba gsal ba’i lus*, Skt. *lta ba gsal ba’i lus*, Son of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## Body of Delight *lus dga’ ma*, Skt. *lus dga’ ma*, Mother of the buddha Vimalaprabha. ## body of Dharma *chos kyi sku*, Skt. *dharmakāya*, Also translated “ultimate body.” ## body of emanation *sprul pa’i sku*, Skt. *nirmāṇakāya*, The visible and usually physical manifestation of fully enlightened beings which arises spontaneously from the expanse of the body of reality, whenever appropriate‌, in accordance with the diverse dispositions of sentient beings. ## body of enjoyment *longs spyod rdzogs pa’i sku*, Skt. *sambhogakāya*, The luminous manifestation of the buddhas’ enlightened communication, perceptible to advanced bodhisattvas. ## Body of Jewels *rin po che’i lus*, Skt. *rin po che’i lus*, A buddha. ## body of reality In distinction to the rūpakāya, or form body of a buddha, this is the eternal, imperceivable realization of a buddha. In origin it was a term for the presence of the Dharma, and it has since become synonymous with the true nature. ## Body of the Lion Lords and Thirty River Kings *chu bo’i rgyal po sum cu seng ge’i bdag po lus*, Skt. *chu bo’i rgyal po sum cu seng ge’i bdag po lus*, Attendant of the buddha Sukrama. ## Body, speech, mind, qualities and activity *sku, gsung, thugs, yon tan, phrin las*, five aspects of Buddhahood. Sometimes referred to as the [five kāyas](#five-kāyas). See also [five families](#five-families). ## Body That Expands Like a Golden Ornamented Victory Banner *gser gyi rgyan ltar mtshan rab tu rgyas pa’i lus*, Skt. *gser gyi rgyan ltar mtshan rab tu rgyas pa’i lus*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## body that is extremely compact *sku shin du rgyas pa*, Skt. *utsadatagātra*, Twenty-ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is extremely firm *sku shin du mkhregs pa*, Skt. *susaṃhatagātra*, Thirtieth of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is most excellent *sku shin tu legs pa*, Skt. *vṛttagātra*, Eighteenth of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is not bent over‍ *sku zhum pa med pa*, Skt. *adīnagātra*, Twenty-eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is tall and upright *sku che zhing drang ba*, Skt. *ṛjukāyodbhavatā*, Eighth of the thirty-two major marks. ## body that is tapering *sku rim gyis gzhol ba*, Skt. *anupūrvagātra*, Twentieth of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is unblemished by moles *sku la sme ba med pa*, Skt. *vyapagata­tilaka­kāla­gātra*, Forty-first of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is utterly clean *sku shin du gtsang ba*, Skt. *śucigātra*, Twenty-first of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is utterly pure *sku shin du rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhagātra*, Twenty-third of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is utterly refined *sku shin du sbyangs pa*, Skt. *mṛṣṭagātra*, Nineteenth of the eighty minor signs. ## body that is utterly soft *sku shin du ’jam pa*, Skt. *mṛdugātra*, Twenty-second of the eighty minor signs. ## Bodyless *sku mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *sku mi mnga’ ba*, Bodyless (having no physical body), also the name of a buddha. ## Body-Piercing Needle *lus ’bigs pa’i khab*, Skt. *lus ’bigs pa’i khab*, A nāga king. ## body’s most basic feelings *lu kyi mtha’ pa’i tshor ba*, Skt. *lu kyi mtha’ pa’i tshor ba*, See . ## Bogadhiga The name of a king. ## boiled oil *’bru mar bskol ba*, Skt. *taila*, In Āyurvedic medicine, taila can be used both internally and externally. It is produced by boiling herbs in edible oil, such as sesame seed oil. ## boiled rice *’bras chan*, Skt. *odana*, The Sanskrit is also used for a porridge made from other grains. ## Boiling Cauldrons *snod du btso ba*, Skt. *kumbhīpāka*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## bola *bo la*, Skt. *bola*, A code word for the male sexual organ. Taken literally, refers to “gum myrrh.” ## Bold Destroyer of Attacks *phas kyi rgol ba rnam par ’jig pa la dpa’ ba*, Skt. *phas kyi rgol ba rnam par ’jig pa la dpa’ ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Bold Understanding *dpa’ rtogs*, Skt. *dpa’ rtogs*, A hunter. ## bondmen *lha 'bangs*, Skt. *kalpikāra*, Bondmen bound to serve the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## bondsman *bran*, Skt. *dāsa*, Someone born into service, e.g., the children of slaves, serfs, and servants. ## bone face *rus pa’i gdong*, Skt. *rus pa’i gdong*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## bone marrow disease Diseases involving bone marrow (Skt. majjā, Tib. rkang). ## bone pain *rus pa la zug pa*, Skt. *asthibheda*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## bone piercing *rus pa ’bigs pa*, Skt. *rus pa ’bigs pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Bonpo *bon po*, follower of Bön, the religious tradition prevailing in Tibet before the introduction of Buddhism. ## boon-granting gesture *mchog sbyin*, Skt. *varada*, Gesture in which the arm is extended down and the palm faces outward. ## boon-granting hand-mudrā *mchog sbyin pa*, Skt. *varada*, A hand gesture associated with the bestowal of gifts. ## Border country *mtha' 'khob*, a region in which the teachings are unknown. ## Border Mountain *mtshams kyi mtha’i ri*, Skt. *mtshams kyi mtha’i ri*, The mountain between Videha and Jambudvīpa. ## Borderlands of the Lord of Death *gshin rje’i mtshams kyi dgon pa*, Skt. *yama­sīmākāntāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## born as exalted in sacred scripture *gsung rab ’phags par skyes pa*, Skt. *gsung rab ’phags par skyes pa*, Translation tentative. ## Born from a Topknot *gtsug nas phyung*, Skt. *gtsug nas phyung*, A vināyaka. ## Born from an Ornament *rgyan skyes*, Skt. *rgyan skyes*, A nāga king. ## Born from Merit *bsod nams skyes*, Skt. *puṇyaprasava*, Third of three heavens of gods on the fourth concentration level. ## born from sacred spaces A class of yoginī or ḍākinī who takes birth in a human form. Buddhist and non-Buddhist literature lists multiple classes of such beings, with Buddhist literature often employing a threefold typology: those born from sacred spaces (kṣetrajā or pīṭhajā), those born from mantra (mantrajā), and those born from the natural state (sahajā). ## Born from the Lion’s Virtues and Moving with a Thunder Roar *seng ge’i yon tan las byung ba ’brug gi nga ros ’gro ba*, Skt. *seng ge’i yon tan las byung ba ’brug gi nga ros ’gro ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Born in a Lap *skyil mo krung gi steng du skye ba*, Skt. *skyil mo krung gi steng du skye ba*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## Born in a Tank *skyor chu skyes*, Skt. *skyor chu skyes*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## Born Round *kun nas zlum par skyes pa*, Skt. *kun nas zlum par skyes pa*, An area in Kuru. ## Born Supreme *mchog tu skyes pa*, A past buddha. ## Born Triangular *gru gsum pa*, Skt. *gru gsum pa*, An area in Kuru. ## Both *gnyi ga*, Skt. *gnyi ga*, Both (the two together, one and the other), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Atibala. ## Bothar The first Degé king, Bothar Lodrö Topden (late fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century), was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-first generation. He is remembered for establishing the site that would later become the center of the Degé kingdom. He had two sons, Lama Palden Sengé and Gyaltsen Bum. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## bottle gourd Lagenaria siceraria. ## Bound in Movement *rgyu bar btags pa*, Skt. *rgyu bar btags pa*, A demon leader. ## boundary *mtshams*, Skt. *sīmā*, An area demarcated by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) which then functions as the community’s borders. Such boundaries may be set to define the area monks are confined to during the rains retreat. A gathering of all the monks within these boundaries constitutes a “[consensus](#consensus),” during which formal [act](#act)s of [saṅgha](#saṅgha) may be performed. ## Boundless Acumen *mtha’ yas spobs pa*, Skt. *mtha’ yas spobs pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## boundless eloquence *spobs pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantaprabhā*, The 82nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Boundless Inspiration *spobs pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *an­anta­prabhā*, Name of the seventy-sixth meditative stability. ## boundless lamplight *mtha’ yas sgron ma*, A meditative stability. ## boundless light *’od mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *anantaprabhā*, The 36th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Boundless Melody *dbyangs tshad med*, Skt. *dbyangs tshad med*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Superior to All Cymbals. ## Boundless Precious Treasure *dpag med rin chen mdzod*, Skt. *dpag med rin chen mdzod*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Boundless Qualities *yon tan dpag tu med pa*, Skt. *yon tan dpag tu med pa*, A buddha from the past. ## Boundless Radiance *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *apramāṇābha*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Boundless Roar *mtha’ yas nga ro*, Skt. *mtha’ yas nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## boundless spiral *mtha’ yas ’khyil pa*, Skt. *mtha’ yas ’khyil pa*, An absorption. ## Boundless Splendor *gzi brjid dpag med*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Boundless Splendor of Qualities *yon tan dpag tu med pa’i dpal*, Skt. *yon tan dpag tu med pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Boundless Stillness *gnas pa dpag med*, Skt. *gnas pa dpag med*, A bodhisattva. ## Boundless Torture *tshor ba dbag tu med*, Skt. *aparimita­vedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Boundless Victor *dpag tu med pa’i rgyal ba*, Skt. *dpag tu med pa’i rgyal ba*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Boundless Virtue *tshad med dge ba*, Skt. *apramāṇaśubha*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Boundless Voice *dpag med spos*, Skt. *dpag med spos*, (1) A queen of King Sarvārthasiddha. (dpag med spos) (2) A bodhisattva disciple of King of the Lunar Lamp. (dpag med dbyangs) ## boundlessness of feelings, perceptions, formative predispositions, and consciousness *tshor ba dang / ’du shes dang / ’du byed dang / rnam par shes pa mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *vedanā-, saṃjñā-, saṃskāra-, and vijñānā-paryanta*, The fifteenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## boundlessness of physical forms *gzugs mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *rūpāparyanta*, The fourteenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## boundlessness of the earth element *sa’i khams mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *pṛthivī­dhātvaparyanta*, The sixteenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## boundlessness of the space element *nam mkha’i khams mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *ākāśa­dhātvaparyanta*, The eighteenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## boundlessness of the water element, the fire element, and the wind element *chu’i khams dang / me’i khams dang / rlung gi khams mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *abdhātu-, tejodhātu-, and vāyudhātva-paryanta*, The seventeenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Bouquet of Flowers *me tog gi tshogs*, Skt. *me tog gi tshogs*, The name of an eon. ## bovine bezoar *gi’u wang*, Skt. *gorocanā*, A dye or paint prepared from the gall stones of cattle. ## bow A measure of length defined as being equal to four cubits. ## bowl *ril ba*, Skt. *bhājana*, An implement used by [brahmin](#brahmin)s for pūjā. ## bowl-holding deities See “karoṭapāṇi yakṣa.” ## Bāṣpa *rlangs pa*, Skt. *bāṣpa*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. He was one of the five companions who joined Prince Siddhārtha while practicing austerities and attended his first turning of the wheel of Dharma at the Deer Park, after the Buddha’s awakening. ## Bracelet *gdu bu*, Skt. *gdu bu*, Bracelet (an ornamental band worn on the wrist), also the name of the first wife of a certain householder of great means who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Brahmā *tshangs pa*, Skt. *brahmā*, In Buddhism Brahmā is not considered as an eternal [deity](#deity) but as the ruler of the [gods](#gods) of the World of Form. ## Brahmāṇī *tshangs pa ma*, Skt. *brahmāṇī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Brahmā abode *tshang pa’i gnas*, Skt. *brahmavihāra*, See “abodes of Brahmā.” ## brahmā abodes Here refers to the brahmā heavens of the form realm, in which brahmā deities and the supreme deity, Brahmā, lord of the Sahā world, abide. Elsewhere the four brahmā abodes, or the “four immeasurables,” refer to the practices of limitless love, compassion, joy, and equanimity, which lead to rebirth in the brahmā realms. ## Brahmā and the gods of his realm A term for the heavenly realm of Brahmā and the gods who dwell there. ## Brahmā Crest *tshangs pa’i tog*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Hutārci. ## brahmā deities *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, Lit. “brahmā group,” this refers to deities who inhabit the brahmā realms, the heavens of the form realm. ## Brahmā Deity *tshangs pa lha*, Skt. *tshangs pa lha*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Brahmā devas *tshangs pa*, Skt. *brahmā*, In addition to Brahmā being the name of the great deity, “Brahmā” (sometimes “Mahābrahmā”) can refer to all the devas that live in Brahmā’s paradise. ## Brahmā Excellence *tshangs bzangs*, Skt. *tshangs bzangs*, Son of the buddha Lokottīrṇa. ## Brahmā Friend *tshangs pa’i grogs*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i grogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmā. ## Brahmā Fully Illuminating *tshangs pa kun du snang ba*, Skt. *tshangs pa kun du snang ba*, A god. ## Brahmā Gift *tshangs byin*, Skt. *tshangs byin*, Attendant of the buddha Kṣemapriya. ## Brahmā Glory *tshangs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Brahmā God *tshangs lha*, Skt. *tshangs lha*, Son of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## brahmā gods See “brahmā.” ## Brahmā Heaven *tshangs ris*, Skt. *Brahmakāyika*, The first of the seventeen heavens of the form realm. ## Brahmā heavens *tshangs pa’i lha*, Skt. *brahmadeva*, The three heavens of Brahmā in the form realm. Subordinates of Brahmā dwell in the first, attendants and officials dwell in the second, and the third and highest heaven is Mahābrahmā or “Great Brahmā.” ## Brahmā Śikhin *tshangs pa gtsug phud can*, Skt. *brahmā śikhin*, In some canonical sources, this name denotes Brahmā Sahāmpati, the lord of the Sahā universe who famously asked the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach for the first time. See, for example, Tathāgatācintya­guhya­nirdeśa (Toh 47), Lalita­vistara (Toh 95), and Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa (Toh 147). But in another canonical text, Saddharma­puṇḍarīka (Toh 113), it is used for a different Brahmā god. The current sūtra does not provide enough context to allow us to determine which of these two gods is under discussion. ## Brahmā in Joy and Delight *dga’ zhing sdug la tshangs pa*, Skt. *dga’ zhing sdug la tshangs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmā. ## Brahmā Joy *tshangs dga’*, Skt. *tshangs dga’*, Son of the buddha Bhadradatta. ## Brahmā king *tshangs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *brahmarāja*, A king of the Brahmā heavens in the form realm. ## Brahmā Lady *tshangs bdag ma*, Skt. *tshangs bdag ma*, Mother of the buddha Anupamaśrī. ## Brahmā Light *tshangs pa’i ’od*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigatabhaya (726 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Brahmā Lord *tshangs pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Brahmā. ## Brahmā Lord Great Being *tshangs dbang bdag nyid chen po*, Skt. *tshangs dbang bdag nyid chen po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## Brahmā, lord of the Sahā world An epithet of the deity Brahmā, who presides over our Sahā world. Though not considered a creator god in Buddhism, Brahmā occupies an important place as one of two gods (the other being Indra/Śakra) said to have first exhorted the Buddha Śākyamuni to teach the Dharma. The particular heavens of the form realm over which Brahmā rules are among the most sought-after realms of higher rebirth in Buddhist literature. Sahā is the name of the particular world system or trichiliocosm, in which our four-continent world is located. It is also the buddhafield of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Since there are many universes or world systems, there are also multiple supreme Brahmās presiding over them. ## Brahmā Master *tshangs pa’i bla ma*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i bla ma*, Father of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## Brahmā Melody *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Muktiskandha (20 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Brahmā Mind *tshangs pa sems*, Skt. *tshangs pa sems*, Father of the buddha Dharmamati. ## Brahmā Mountain *tshangs pa lhun po*, Skt. *tshangs pa lhun po*, A buddha. ## Brahmā Possessor *tshangs ldan*, Skt. *tshangs ldan*, Mother of the buddha Brahmaketu. ## Brahmā realm The heavenly realm of Brahmā, which in standard works like the Abhidharmakośa is described as being just above the desire realm (kāmadhātu) and comprising the first three levels of the form realm (rūpadhātu). It is also said to be the dwelling place of the god Brahmā and of the class of divinities called brahmās, and it is equated with the state that one achieves in the first level of meditative concentration (dhyāna). ## Brahmā realm gods *tshangs pa’i ris kyi lha’i bu*, Skt. *brahmakāyikadevaputra*, A class of gods that reside in the Brahmā heavenly realms. ## Brahmā realms *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *brahmāloka*, The heaven of Brahmā, usually located just above the desire realm (kāmadhātu) as one of the first levels of the form realm (rūpadhātu) and equated with the state that one achieves in the first meditative absorption (dhyāna). ## Brahmā Roar *tshangs pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i nga ro*, Attendant of the buddha Arthadarśin. ## Brahmā Sahāmpati *mi mjed dbag tshangs*, Skt. *brahmā sahāmpati*, The well-gone Amoghavikramin when Brahmā, lord of the Sahā world. ## Brahmā Sahāṃpati *tshangs pa mi mjed kyi bdag po*, Skt. *brahmā­sahāṃpati*, Literally, “Brahmā, Lord of the Sahā [world].” ## Brahmā Sound *tshangs sgra*, Skt. *tshangs sgra*, Mother of the buddha Guṇendradeva. ## brahmā states The four qualities that are said to result in rebirth in the heaven of Brahmā: limitless love, compassion, rejoicing, and equanimity. The term can also refer to the resultant states. This formulation was already prevalent in India before Śākyamuni’s teaching on them. ## Brahmā Stūpa *mchod rten*, Skt. *mchod rten*, Mother of the buddha Arthabuddhi. ## Brahmā Superior *tshangs pa ’phags*, Skt. *tshangs pa ’phags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Devarāja. ## Brahmā Supreme *tshangs mchog*, Skt. *tshangs mchog*, Mother of the buddha Vidumati. ## Brahmā Sustenance *tshangs lto*, Skt. *tshangs lto*, Father of the buddha Guṇendradeva. ## Brahmā Victory *tshangs rgyal*, Skt. *tshangs rgyal*, Mother of the buddha Krakucchanda. ## Brahmā View *tshangs pa rnam par lta*, Skt. *tshangs pa rnam par lta*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmaketu. ## Brahmā Voice *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Brahmā Wheel *tshangs pa’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i ’khor lo*, Son of the buddha Satyadeva. ## Brahmā Wish *tshangs ’dod*, Skt. *tshangs ’dod*, Father of the buddha Arthakīrti. ## Brahmā World *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *brahmāloka*, Refers to the first three heavenly planes of the form realm, reached via rebirth or through the first dhyāna. Rebirth as a brahma in the Brahmā World reflects a very high degree of merit. For a discussion of this topic, see Skilling 2021, pp. 253–66. ## Brahma *tshangs pa*, Skt. *brahman*, A high-ranking deity presiding over a divine world where other beings consider him the creator; he is also considered to be the “Lord of the Sahā World” (our universe). ## Brahma King of Purity *tshangs pa rnam dag rgyal po*, Skt. *brahmaviśuddharāja*, A buddha. ## Brahma Realm *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, The first god realm of form, it is the lowest of the three heavens that make up the first dhyāna heaven in the form realm. ## Brahma wheel *tshangs pa’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *brāhmacakra*, Here the sense is “the supreme wheel” or perhaps “the wheel of what is supreme.” See brahmacakkaṃ pavattetīti ettha brahmanti seṭṭhaṃ uttamaṃ visiṭṭhaṃ | Mahāsīhanādasutta-Aṭṭhakathā, Mūlapaṇṇāsa, Majjhimanikāya. ## brahmacarya *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacārya*, A celibate lifestyle focused on spiritual pursuits. ## brahmacārin *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacārin*, Śīlapālita explains that here “holy” (Tib. tshangs pa; Skt. brahman) refers to nirvāṇa, and so, for Buddhists, a life or practice (Tib. spyod pa; Skt. carya) oriented to that end amounts to a “holy life.”See Śīlapālita (F.43.b): tshangs pa ni mya ngan las ’das pa yin la/ de’i rgyu mtshan du spyod pa ni tshangs par spyod pa ste/ de dang ’gal ba ni mi tshangs par spyod pa’o. ## brahmacārya *tshangs pa lha’i spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacārya*, The expression brahmacārya (tshangs pa lha ’ i spyod pa) refers to the conduct of a student in training and encompasses a wide range of activities including moral restraint in general (including celibacy, refraining from killing and harming beings, etc.), devotion to academic studies and religious practices, as well as the simplification of one’s lifestyle in regard to food, lodging, and so forth. ## Brahmadaṇḍa Skt. *brahmadaṇḍa*, A mountain king. ## Brahmadattā *tshangs pas byin*, Skt. *brahmadattā*, An eminent daughter in Dhanyākara. ## Brahmadatta *tshangs pas byin*, Skt. *brahmadatta*, A king of Vārāṇasī during the Buddha's lifetime. One of multiple kings of Vārāṇasī who bear this name in Buddhist literature. ## Brahma­datta *tshangs pas byin*, Skt. *brahma­datta*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Brahmadatta (past) *tshangs pas byin*, Skt. *brahmadatta*, King of the city of Vārāṇasī and the country of Kāśi before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. Not to be confused with the king of the same name who ruled the same city of Vārāṇasī during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Brahmadatta (present) *tshangs pas byin*, Skt. *brahmadatta*, King of the city of Vārāṇasī during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. Not to be confused with the king of the same name who ruled the city of Vārāṇasī and the country of Kāśi before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Brahmadeva *tshangs lha*, Skt. *brahmadeva*, The 195th buddha in the first list, 194th in the second list, and 194th in the third list. ## Brahmadhvaja *tshangs pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *brahmadhvaja*, A buddha in the southwestern direction. ## Brahmaghoṣa *tshangs dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmaghoṣa*, The 548th buddha in the first list, 548th in the second list, and 541st in the third list. ## Brahmagāmin *tshangs gshegs*, Skt. *brahmagāmin*, The 443rd buddha in the first list, 442nd in the second list, and 436th in the third list. ## Brahmajālin A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Brahma­jyotir­vikrīḍitābhijña *tshangs pa’i ’od zer rnam par rol pas mngon par mkhyen pa*, Skt. *brahma­jyotir­vikrīḍitābhijña*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## brahmaka *tshangs pa*, Skt. *brahmaka*, The devas who live in the paradise of Brahmā. ## Brahmaketu *tshangs pa’i tog*, Skt. *brahmaketu*, The 396th buddha in the first list, 395th in the second list, and 389th in the third list. ## Brahmakusuma *tshangs pa’i me tog*, Skt. *brahmakusuma*, A buddha whom Śākyamuni sees in a western buddha realm. ## Brahmakāyika *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, Lit. “Brahmā class.” The first of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍‍, or Śuddhāvāsa, it is listed as the first of the three heavens that correspond to the first of the four concentrations. Also called Brahmaloka. ## Brahmaloka *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *brahmaloka*, A collective name for the first three heavens of the form realm, which correspond to the first concentration (dhyāna): Brahmakāyika, Brahmapurohita, and Mahābrahmā (also called Brahmapārṣadya in this text). These are ruled over by the god Brahmā, who believes himself to be the creator of the universe. According to some sources, it can also be a general reference to all the heavens in the form realm and formless realm. ## Brahmamati *tshangs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *brahmamati*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Brahmamuni *tshangs thub*, Skt. *brahmamuni*, The 453rd buddha in the first list, 452nd in the second list, and 446th in the third list. ## Brahman conduct *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, Brahman is a Sanskrit term referring to what is highest (parama) and most important (pradhāna); the Nibandhana commentary explains brahman as meaning here nirvāṇa, and thus the brahman conduct is the “conduct toward brahman,” the conduct that leads to the highest liberation, i.e., nirvāṇa. This is explained as “the path without outflows,” which is the “truth of the path” among the four truths of the noble ones. Other explanations (found in the Pāli tradition) take “brahman conduct” to mean the “best conduct,” and also the “conduct of the best,” i.e., the buddhas. In some contexts, “brahman conduct” refers more specifically to celibacy, but the specific referents of this expression are many. ## brahmanical fire *tshangs pa’i me*, Skt. *brahmāgni*, One of the sacrificial fires. ## Brahmapariṣadya *tshangs ’khor*, Skt. *brahmapariṣadya*, “Brahmā’s Entourage.” In this sūtra the highest of the three paradises that correspond to the first dhyāna in the form realm. ## Brahma­pari­ṣadya *tshangs ’khor*, Skt. *brahma­pari­ṣadya*, Second god realm of form, meaning “retinue of Brahmā.” Also called “Brahmapurohita.” ## Brahma­pariṣadya *tshangs ’khor*, Skt. *brahma­pariṣadya*, Second god realm of form, meaning “Assembly of Brahmā,” it is the second of the three heavens that make up the first dhyāna heaven in the form realm. Also called Brahma­purohita. ## Brahmaprabha *tshangs pa’i ’od*, Skt. *brahmaprabha*, “Light of Brahmā.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Brahmapārṣada *tshangs pa’i rgyal po’i ’khor*, Skt. *brahmapārṣada*, “Brahmā’s Entourage.” In this sūtra, the highest of the four paradises that correspond to the first dhyāna in the form realm. Translated in other texts as tshangs pa kun ris. In the generally established cosmology, this is a synonym for Brahmakāyika, and therefore there are only three Brahmā paradises. ## Brahmapārṣadya *tshangs ’khor*, Skt. *brahmapārṣadya*, Lit. “Retinue of Brahmā.” This is usually considered to be an alternate name of the Brahmapurohita heaven, the second of the seventeen heavens of the form realm. However, in this text, it seems to refer to the third heaven and also to the name of the gods living there—otherwise called Mahābrahmā (tshangs pa chen po). In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the first of the four concentrations. ## Brahma­pārṣadya *tshangs pa kun ’khor*, Skt. *Brahma­pārṣadya*, Third of the sixteen god realms of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, meaning “Retinue of Brahmā.” ## Brahmapurohita *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, Lit. “Sacrificial Priests of Brahmā.” The second of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the second of the three heavens that correspond to the first of the four concentrations. ## Brahma­purohita *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahma­purohita*, Second god realm of form, meaning “high priests of Brahmā,” it is the second of the three heavens that make up the first dhyāna heaven in the form realm. Also called Brahma­pariṣadya. ## Brahmaputra A term used to refer to gods in the Brahma Realm. ## Brahmaśrī A young boy who offers a pavilion made of sand to the Buddha in this sūtra. ## Brahmarṣabha *tshangs pa khyu mchog*, Skt. *brahmarṣabha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-sixth) when he becomes a buddha ## brahmarṣi *tshangs pa’i drang srong*, Skt. *brahmarṣi*, A class of beings. ## brahmarṣis *bram ze’i drang srong*, Skt. *brahmarṣi*, See brahmin ascetics. ## Brahmarāja *tshangs rgyal*, Skt. *brahmarāja*, The 907th buddha in the first list, 906th in the second list, and 897th in the third list. ## brahmarākṣasa *tshangs pa’i srin po*, Skt. *brahmarākṣasa*, A brahmin reborn as a rākṣasa. ## Brahmaruta *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmaruta*, The 745th buddha in the first list, 744th in the second list, and 734th in the third list. ## Brahmasabhā *tshangs pa ’du ba*, Skt. *brahmasabhā*, A pond. ## Brahmasama One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Brahmasvara *tshangs dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmasvara*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fifty-seventh) when he becomes a buddha. ## Brahma­svara­nirghoṣa­svara *tshangs pa’i sgra dbyangs kyi skad sgrogs pa*, Skt. *brahma­svara­nirghoṣa­svara*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Brahmatejas *sgra snyan*, Skt. *brahmatejas*, A buddha in the past. ## Brahmaśuddha *tshangs pa dag pa*, Skt. *brahmaśuddha*, A buddha in the past. ## Brahmavasu *tshangs dbyig*, Skt. *brahmavasu*, The 681st buddha in the first list, 680th in the second list, and 672nd in the third list. ## Brahmavatī *tshangs pa ldan pa*, Skt. *brahmavatī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## brahmavihāra *tshangs pa’i gnas*, Skt. *brahmavihāra*, The four qualities that are said to result in rebirth in the paradise of Brahmā, and were a practice already prevalent before Śākyamuni’s teaching, are limitless love, compassion, rejoicing, and equanimity. ## Brahma­viṣṇu­maheśvara­śrī *tshangs pa dang khyab ’jug dang dbang phyug chen po thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *brahma­viṣṇu­maheśvara­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Brahmavāsa *tshangs par gnas*, Skt. *brahmavāsa*, The 429th buddha in the first list, 428th in the second list, and 422nd in the third list. ## Brahma-world *tshang pa'i 'jig rten*, Skt. *brahmāloka*, in general, all the form and formless worlds. ## Brahmādatta *tshangs pa’i byin*, Skt. *brahmādatta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Brahmādeva *tshangs lha*, Skt. *brahmādeva*, A great bodhisattva. ## Brahmendracuḍa *tshangs pa’i dbang po’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *brahmendracuḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Brahmendraghoṣa *tshangs pa’i dbang po dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmendra­ghoṣa*, A buddha whom Śākyamuni sees in a western buddha realm. ## Brahmendrarāja *tshangs pa’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *brahmendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Brahmeśvara *tshangs pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *brahmeśvara*, Name of two past buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the samādhi teachings. ## Brahmāghoṣa *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmāghoṣa*, A great bodhisattva. ## brahmic gift The endowment of land and its revenues to brahmins. ## brahmic stages *tshangs pa’i gnas*, Skt. *brahmāvihāra*, Refers to the fourfold practice of love, compassion, joy, and impartiality. ## Brahmin *bram ze*, one of the four castes in ancient Indian society, the priestly caste. ## brahmin ascetics *bram ze’i drang srong*, Skt. *brahmarṣi*, Indian ascetic, sage, or hermit belonging to brahmin priestly class. ## brahmin (caste) *bram ze’i rigs*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa*, One of the four castes, that of the highly respected priestly caste of classical Indian society. ## brahmin caste *bram ze’i rigs*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa varṇa*, See “brahmin.” ## Brahmin Mahāgovinda *bram ze chen po gnag lhas skyes*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa mahāgovinda*, A brahmin who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Brahmin Ānanda The son of a Kashmiri merchant who was one of the earliest translators in Tibet. ## Brahmin Priests *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmāpurohita*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology; its inhabitants are devotees of Great Brahmā. ## brahmin student *bram ze’i khye’u*, Skt. *māṇava*, The Buddha Śākyamuni in an earlier life, when his awakening was predicted by the buddha Dīpaṃkara. ## Brahmin Velāma *bram ze be la ma*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa velāma*, Appears in various Buddhist stories from the Pali canon onward as a previous incarnation of the Buddha who was renowned for the great acts of charity and generosity he performed despite the unworthiness of his recipients. ## Brahmin Village *bram ze’i grong*, Skt. *bram ze’i grong*, A village in Kosala. ## brahmin youth *ma na ba*, Skt. *māṇava*, See “young brahmin.” ## Brahmin’s Flat Stone *bram ze’i rdo leb*, Skt. *bram ze’i rdo leb*, A location in the country of Trigarta. ## Brahmālaya *tshangs pa ldan*, Skt. *brahmālaya*, A mountain king. ## Brahmāloka *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *brahmāloka*, The heaven of Brahmā, usually located just above the desire realm (kāmadhātu) as one of the first levels of the form realm (rūpadhātu) and equated with the state that one achieves in the first meditative absorption (dhyāna). ## Brahmottama *tshangs pa’i dam pa*, Skt. *brahmottama*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Brahmottara *tshangs pa mchog*, Skt. *brahmottara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Brahmāśrī *tshangs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *brahmāśrī*, A buddha realm. ## brahmās A class of gods who have transcended the desire realm and dwell in the heavens of the form realm. As distinguished from Brahmā or Great Brahmā, who is lord of the brahmās and sovereign of our universe, the Sahā world. Every universe has its own brahmā realms. ## Brahmā’s Advent *tshangs pa ’byung ba*, Skt. *tshangs pa ’byung ba*, A world system. ## Brahmā’s Assembly *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmākāyika*, The general name for the class of gods that dwell in Brahmāloka. ## Brahmā’s Entourage *tshangs ’khor*, Skt. *brahma­pariṣadya*, The name of an abode and class of gods inhabiting the first concentration level in the realm of forms (rūpadhātu). It is also called the abode of Brahmā’s High Priests (Brahma­purohita), although the two are listed distinctly in this text. ## Brahmā’s High Clerics *tshangs pa’i rgyal po’i ’khor*, Same as the Brahmapurohita paradise. ## Brahmā’s High Priests *tshangs pa mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahma­purohita*, The name of an abode and class of gods inhabiting the first concentration level in the realm of forms (rūpadhātu). It is also called the abode of Brahmā’s Entourage (Brahma­pariṣadya), although the two are listed distinctly in this text. ## Brahmā’s melodious voice *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmaghoṣa*, A voice that has the qualities of the voice of the god Brahmā. This is one of the thirty-two major marks of a buddha. ## Brahmā’s Ministers *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Brahmā’s Retinue *tshangs rigs*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, The lowest class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Brahmāvatī *tshangs ldan ma*, Skt. *brahmāvatī*, (1) The wife of Brahmāyus. (2) The wife of King Brahmadatta. ## Brahmāvatīya The name of a family lineage. ## Brahmāyus *tshangs pa’i tshe*, Skt. *brahmāyus*, (1) The chief priest of King Śaṅkha. (2) A buddha in the past. ## Braided *gtsug phud ’phyang ba*, Skt. *gtsug phud ’phyang ba*, Braided (woven together in a plait), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Lokottīrṇa. ## Braided Shape *ral pa can gyi dbyibs*, Skt. *ral pa can gyi dbyibs*, A vidyādhara site on Kālaka. ## Branch Guru *yan lag bla ma*, Skt. *yan lag bla ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Beyond All Sorrow and Harm/Liberation from All Sorrow and Harm. ## branch of perfect awakening *yang dag byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *sambodhyaṅga*, One of seven qualities cultivated on the path of seeing: mindfulness, discernment, diligence, joy, ease, absorption, equanimity. ## branches of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *bodhyaṅga*, In this text, this set of factors is said to include discipline, insight, absorption, liberation, the vision of liberated wisdom, the perfection of generosity, the perfection of discipline, the perfection of patience, the perfection of diligence, the perfection of concentration, and the perfection of insight. However, usually they are listed as seven, namely remembrance, discrimination between teachings, diligence, joy, pliancy or serenity, absorption, and equanimity; these form a part of the thirty-seven factors of awakening. ## branches of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgāni*, The branches of (1) authentic mindfulness, (2) authentic discrimination of dharmas, (3) authentic perseverance, (4) authentic joy, (5) authentic serenity, (6) authentic meditative absorption, and (7) authentic equanimity. ## Branches of Joy *yan lag dga’*, Skt. *yan lag dga’*, Mother of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## branches of knowledge *rig pa’i gnas*, Skt. *vidyāsthāna*, Traditionally, there are eighteen branches of knowledge; they include the great philosophical systems of India (Sāṅkhya, Yoga, etc.) as well as ordinary sciences and arts, such as arithmetic, medicine, astrology, music, archery, etc. ## breach *’gal tshab*, Skt. *atisāra*, In the first chapters of The Chapter on Monastic Discipline, Kalyāṇamitra explains “breach” to mean a “misdeed” (Tib. nyes byas; Skt. duṣkṛta) (Toh 4113, F.324.b–325.a). In his comments on The Chapters on Minor Matters of Discipline, however, Śīlapālita cites instances or opinions in which a “breach” refers variously to a saṅgha remnant, a grievous fault, a simple atonement, or a misdeed, before concluding that a breach’s class of offense must be determined according to context: (Toh 4115, F.183.b). ## breakfast *g.yar tshus*, Skt. *purobhaktikā*, Simple food to be eaten before the main meal. See also . ## breaking down of cultivation *bsgom pa rnam par bsgom pa*, Skt. *bhāvanā­vibhāvana*, The Sanskrit term is rendered in this text and in the Hundred Thousand as bsgom pa rnam par bsgom pa, suggesting an analysis or investigation of cultivation rather than its destruction or negation, in contrast to its rendering as bsgom pa rnam par ’jig pa, literally “the destruction of cultivation,” in the Tibetan translations of the Ten Thousand, Eighteen Thousand, and the Tengyur version of the Twenty-Five Thousand. We have chosen “breaking down” in order to retain the widest range of possible meanings: “examination,” “analysis,” “exposure,” “deconstruction,” “destruction,” “annihilation,” “elimination,” or “unraveling,” with respect to false appearances. For more details, see and . ## Breast of the Earth *sa’i nu ma*, Skt. *sa’i nu ma*, A location in Khaṣa. ## Breath *dbugs can*, Skt. *dbugs can*, Breath (air drawn into and out of the lungs), also the name of a nāga king. ## breath control *srog rtsol*, Skt. *prāṇāyāma*, Also rendered here as “control of the winds.” ## breath retention The yogic practice of breath retention, of which there are multiple techniques. ## Brāgajyotiṣa *brA ga dz+yo ti Sha*, Skt. *brāgajyotiṣa*, A mountain in the sea west of Jambudvīpa. ## Brāhmī *tshangs pa ma*, Skt. *brāhmī*, A great rākṣasī. ## brāhmaṇa *bram ze*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa*, A person who follows the Vedic tradition and its correlate religious systems that feature the ritual worship of brahmanical deities within the context of a householder lifestyle. The term often appears in the compound śramaṇa­brāhmaṇa to refer generically to the two major religious orientations of ancient India. Here, the term brāhmaṇa is used to contrast with those who belong to the śramaṇa religious tradition, which emphasizes an ascetic, mendicant way of life that often includes celibacy and monasticism. There are a number of such traditions, including Buddhism and Jainism. ## Brāhmaṇa Kapina *bram ze ka pi na*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa kapina*, See “Brāhmaṇa Mahā­kapina.” ## Brāhmaṇa Mahā­kapina *bram ze ka pi na chen po*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa mahā­kapina*, One of the most eminent monks of the Buddha’s order. Going out to teach by direct order of the Buddha, he became famous for leading one thousand disciples to attain arhatship. Also rendered here simply as “Brāhmaṇa Kapina.” ## Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa *bram ze ka pi na*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Brāhmaśaraṇa *tshangs pas skyabs*, Skt. *brāhmaśaraṇa*, A buddha. ## Brāhmaketu *tshangs pa’i tog*, Skt. *brāhmaketu*, A buddha. ## Brāhmanetra *tshangs pa’i mig*, Skt. *brāhmanetra*, A bodhisattva. ## Bridge *zam pa*, Skt. *zam pa*, Bridge (a structure spanning and providing passage over an obstacle), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arajas (855 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bridge of the Dharma *chos kyi zam pa*, Skt. *dharmasetu*, This location couldn’t be identified. ## brigand *phyir rgol ba*, Skt. *pratyarthika*, Kalyāṇamitra explains that a brigand is a person who seeks to steal another’s belongings (Toh 4113, F.318.a). ## Bright *dang ba*, Skt. *dang ba*, Bright (giving out much light), also the name of a pool upon one of Airāvaṇa’s ears. ## Bright Blue *sngo sangs*, Skt. *sngo sangs*, Son of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Bright Colors *bkra ba*, Skt. *bkra ba*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Bright Countenance Like the Stainless Moon of the Essence of Glorious Splendor *zhal gsal zla ba dri ma med pa’i dpal gyi snying po gzi brjid*, Skt. *zhal gsal zla ba dri ma med pa’i dpal gyi snying po gzi brjid*, A buddha of the past. ## Bright Eyes *mig gsal*, Skt. *mig gsal*, A nāga king. ## Bright Jewel *rin chen snang*, Skt. *rin chen snang*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Crystalline. ## Bright Jewels *rin po che sna tshogs*, Skt. *rin po che sna tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## Bright Joy *mdangs dga’*, Skt. *mdangs dga’*, Mother of the buddha Mahauṣadhi. ## Bright Lamp *sgron ma’i mdangs*, Skt. *sgron ma’i mdangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhugupta. ## Bright Light *mdangs ’od*, Skt. *mdangs ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dhyānarata (273 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bright Merit *bsod nams rab gsal*, Skt. *bsod nams rab gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Sucintitārtha. ## Bright Movement *mdangs kyis ’gro*, Skt. *mdangs kyis ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthitamitra. ## Bright Power *gsal stobs*, “Power of Splendor,” Puṇyabala’s father. ## Bright River *rab tu dang ba’i chu*, Skt. *rab tu dang ba’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Bright Sight *mdangs mthong*, Skt. *mdangs mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmaprabhāsa. ## Bright Strength *mdangs stobs*, Skt. *mdangs stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśoratna (431 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Bright Waters *chu rab tu dang ba*, Skt. *chu rab tu dang ba*, An ocean far off the coast of Jambudvīpa. ## Brightness Attained *mdangs thob*, Skt. *mdangs thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sundarapārśva. ## Brilliance *’od ’phro ba*, Skt. *arciṣmatī*, Brilliance (radiant brightness), also the name of the fourth bodhisattva bhūmi. ## brilliancy *spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna*, The translation is meant to somehow echo the etymology of prati + bhāna (“forth” + “shine”), and the term does mean something like “intelligence,” “inspiration,” or “eloquence,” often referring to the intelligent presence of mind that allows one to speak in the most appropriate way, even for very long stretches of time. ## Brilliant *’od zer can*, Skt. *’od zer can*, Brilliant (shining brightly), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Shining Jewel. ## Brilliant Discipline *tshul khrims gsal*, Skt. *tshul khrims gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sucīrṇabuddhi (171 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Brilliant Jewel *rin chen rab snang*, Skt. *rin chen rab snang*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Shining with All Qualities. ## Brilliant Light *shin tu ’od*, Skt. *shin tu ’od*, Name of a buddha. ## Brilliant Lotus Storehouse *’od chags pad ma mdzod*, Skt. *’od chags pad ma mdzod*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Brilliant Moon *’od zer rab tu gtong ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *’od zer rab tu gtong ba’i zla ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Brilliant white Sundarī Skt. *dhavalasundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Bringer of Death *mthar byed*, Skt. *antaka*, An epithet for the deity Hayagrīva. ## bringer of joy *dga’ ba byed pa*, Skt. *ratikara*, The 41st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Broad Face *zhal ras rgyas pa*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## broad heels *rting pa yangs pa*, Skt. *āyatapārṣṇitā*, Seventh of the thirty-two major marks. ## Broken by Nāgas *klus brtol*, Skt. *klus brtol*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## broth *khur ba dang skyo ma*, Skt. *sūpa*, The Sanskrit term can refer any kind of soup or broth, but especially those made with peas, lentils, etc., with salt and flavoring. The Tibetan appears to have used two words to cover the range of meaning: the obscure khur ba, which, according to the Mahāvyutpatti, is the equivalent of the Sanskrit maṇḍa, though that refers to the scum from boiled rice, and skyo ma, which is a soup or broth made with flour and water. ## Brother *tshe dang ldan pa*, Skt. *āyuśman*, A respectful form of address between monks, and also between lay companions of equal standing. It literally means “one who has a [long] life.” ## Bāsa *bA sa’i chu*, Skt. *bāsa*, A river in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Bu A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Bubbles *dbu ba’i tshogs*, Skt. *dbu ba’i tshogs*, Bubbles (thin films of liquid enclosing air), also the name of a town in Videha. ## Buddhā *sangs rgyas*, Skt. *buddhā*, A goddess. ## Buddha *sangs rgyas*, "One who has dispelled (*sangs*) the darkness of the [two obscurations](#two-obscurations) and developed (*rgyas*) the two kinds of omniscience (knowing the nature of phenomena and knowing the multiplicity of phenomena)." DICT. ## buddha body of emanation *sprul pa’i sku*, Skt. *nir­māṇa­kaya*, The buddha body of emanation is the visible and usually physical manifestation of fully enlightened beings which arises spontaneously from the expanse of the buddha body of reality, whenever appropriate‌, in accordance with the diverse dispositions of sentient beings. ## buddha body of essentiality *ngo bo nyid sku*, Skt. *svābhāvika­kāya*, This indicates either an active or a passive distinction in the buddha body of reality, or the underlying indivisible essence of the three buddha bodies. ## buddha body of form *gzugs kyi sku*, Skt. *rūpa­kāya*, According to the Lesser Vehicle, the buddha body of form refers to the thousand buddhas of the Auspicious Eon, including Śākyamuni. In the Great Vehicle, however, the term includes both the buddha body of perfect resource which appears in a pure light form to tenth level bodhisattvas and the buddha body of emanation which manifests physically for the sake of all beings. ## buddha body of perfect resource *longs spyod rdzogs pa’i sku*, Skt. *sam­bhoga­kāya*, The buddha body of perfect resource denotes the luminous, immaterial, and unimpeded reflection-like forms of enlightened mind, which become spontaneously present and naturally manifest to tenth level bodhisattvas. ## buddha body of reality *chos kyi sku*, Skt. *dharmakāya*, The ultimate nature or essence of the fruitional enlightened mind of the buddhas, which is non-arising, free from the limits of conceptual elaboration, empty of inherent existence, naturally radiant, beyond duality, and spacious. ## Buddha Courage *sangs rgya kyi spobs pa*, Skt. *sangs rgya kyi spobs pa*, A buddhafield in the southern direction of the Tathāgata Countless Qualities Precious Courage. ## buddha eye The fifth of the five eyes, the five superior levels of vision experienced by realized beings, the other four being the physical eye (māṃsacakṣus), the divine eye (divyacakṣus), the wisdom eye (prajñācakṣus), and the Dharma eye (dharmacakṣus). ## buddha field *sangs rgyas kyi zhing*, Skt. *buddhakṣetra*, A pure realm manifested by a buddha or advanced bodhisattva through the power of their great merit and aspirations. Examples include Sukhāvatī (the domain of the Buddha Amitābha) and Abhirati (the domain of the Buddha Akṣobhya). ## Buddha Flower Ornament *sangs rgyas me tog brgyan*, Skt. *sangs rgyas me tog brgyan*, A buddha realm. ## Buddha Gaya Skt. *buddha gaya*, Ancient name for the town in Bihar province, where the Buddha attained his highest enlightenment under the Bodhi-tree. Modern name, Bodhgaya. ## buddha ground The buddha grounds consist of twelve stages of becoming a buddha after completing the ten bodhisattva grounds. ## buddha heritage *sangs rgyas kyi gdung*, Skt. *buddhagotra*, The innate potential for realizing Buddhahood. Sometimes rendered as “buddha nature,” it is similar to the essence of the Tathāgata. ## Buddha Intelligence *sangs rgyas blo gros*, Skt. *sangs rgyas blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhacandra. ## buddha land *sangs rgyas kyi zhing*, Skt. *buddhakṣetra*, A pure realm manifested by a buddha or advanced bodhisattva through the power of their great merit and aspirations. ## Buddha Leader *sangs rgyas khyu mchog*, Skt. *sangs rgyas khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Buddha level *sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *buddhabhūmi*, The tenth and last of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. See “ten levels.” ## buddha marks *mtshan*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa*, The thirty-two major and eighty minor marks of a buddha. ## Buddha Melody *sangs rgyas dbyangs*, Skt. *sangs rgyas dbyangs*, Mother of the buddha Mokṣadhvaja. ## Buddha Nature *de gshegs snying po*, Skt. *tathāgatagarbha*, the potential of Buddhahood present in every being. AT: [essence](#essence) of Buddhahood. ## buddha of conditions *rkyen gyi sangs rgyas*, Skt. *rkyen gyi sangs rgyas*, Refers to a pratyekabuddha. See . ## Buddha of Great Array *bkod chen sangs rgyas*, Skt. *bkod chen sangs rgyas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṣemottamarāja (369 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## buddha play in unveiled liberation *rnam par thar pa sgrib pa med pa la sangs rgyas rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *rnam par thar pa sgrib pa med pa la sangs rgyas rnam par rol pa*, The name of an absorption. ## buddha qualities *sangs rgyas kyi chos*, Skt. *buddhadharmāḥ*, The specific qualities of a buddha; may sometimes be used as a general term, and sometimes referring to sets such as the ten strengths, the four fearlessnesses, the four discernments, the eighteen distinct qualities of a buddha, and so forth; or, more specifically, to another set of eighteen: the ten strengths; the four fearlessnesses; mindfulness of body, speech, and mind; and great compassion. Alternatively, in the context of this sūtra, see -. ## buddha realm *sangs rgyas kyi zhing*, Skt. *buddhakṣetra*, Roughly a synonym for “universe,” although Buddhist cosmology contains many universes of different types and dimensions. “Buddha realm” indicates, in regard to any type of universe, that it is the field of influence of a particular buddha. ## Buddha Sky *sangs rgyas nam mkha’*, Skt. *sangs rgyas nam mkha’*, A buddha. ## Buddha Stage *sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *buddhabhūmi*, The name of a bodhisattva stage. ## Buddha Vehicle *sangs rgyas theg pa*, Skt. *buddhayāna*, The way to full awakening; another term for the Mahāyāna or Great Vehicle. ## buddha without the marks *sangs rgyas kyi mtshan med pa*, Skt. *alakṣaṇako buddhaḥ*, A buddha who does not possess the thirty-two marks and eighty minor marks. ## Buddhabala *sangs rgyas stobs*, Skt. *buddhabala*, Unidentified. ## Buddhabhadra *byang chub bzang po*, Skt. *buddhabhadra*, 359−429 ce. He was from North India and came to China in 408 and translated extensively. The Tibetan would more literally be sangs rgyas bzang po. ## buddhadharma *sangs rgyas kyi chos*, Skt. *buddhadharma*, The term can mean “teachings of the Buddha” or “buddha qualities.” In the latter sense, it is sometimes used as a general term, and sometimes it refers to sets such as the ten powers, the four fearlessnesses, the four detailed and thorough knowledges, the eighteen distinct attributes of a buddha, and so forth; or, more specifically, to another set of eighteen: the ten powers; the four fearlessnesses; mindfulness of body, speech, and mind; and great compassion. ## buddha-eye *sangs rgyas kyi spyan*, Skt. *buddhacakṣus*, One of the five “eyes,” or qualities of vision, possessed by a buddha, viz., the eye made of flesh (māṃsacakṣus), the divine eye (divyacakṣus), the eye of insight (prajñācakṣus), the eye of Dharma (dharmacakṣus), and the buddha-eye. The buddha-eye is the omniscience seeing both how things are ultimately and how they manifest in their variety. ## Buddhafield See [Pure Land](#pure-land). ## Buddha­gagana­prabhāsa­cūḍa *sangs rgyas nam mkha’ snang ba’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *buddha­gagana­prabhāsa­cūḍa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Buddhaguhya *sangs rgyas gsang ba*, Skt. *buddhaguhya*, An Indian master from the eighth century who was a prolific commentator, especially on works of the Kriyā-, Caryā-, and Yogatantra classes. ## Buddhahāsa The name of a king. ## Buddhaḍākinī *sangs rgyas mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *buddhaḍākinī*, A deity in Vajraḍākinī’s maṇḍala. ## buddhakāya *sangs rgyas sku*, Skt. *buddhakāya*, Literally “buddha body,” it is another term for the state of buddhahood, which can be subdivided into two or three bodies (kāya). ## Buddhalocanā *sangs rgyas spyan*, Skt. *buddhalocanā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Eyes of an Awakened One,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Buddhamati *sangs rgyas yod pa*, Skt. *buddhamati*, A realm in the distant past. ## Buddhamātā *sangs rgyas yum*, Skt. *buddhamātā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Buddhapakṣa *sangs rgyas phyogs*, Skt. *buddhapakṣa*, The first king of the “yakṣa” dynasty, most likely Kadphises I. ## Buddhapālita *sangs rgyas bskyang*, Skt. *buddhapālita*, (c. fourth century). A great Mādhyamika master, who was later regarded as the founder of the Prāsaṅgika sub-school. ## Buddhaprabha *bud dha pra bha*, Skt. *buddhaprabha*, One of the Indian preceptors who assisted in translating this text. ## Buddha­prabhā­maṇḍala­śrī­pradīpā *sangs rgyas kyi ’od kyi dkyil ’khor dpal gyi sgron ma*, Skt. *buddha­prabhā­maṇḍala­śrī­pradīpā*, A world realm in the eastern direction. ## Buddharakṣita *sangs rgyas 'tsho*, Skt. *buddharakṣita*, A wealthy householder from [Śrāvastī](#śrāvastī) who fathered [Saṅgharakṣita](#saṅgharakṣita). ## Buddhaśrava *sangs rgyas sgrogs*, Skt. *buddhaśrava*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twentieth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Buddha­śrī­garbha *sangs rgyas dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *buddha­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Buddha’s Servant *sangs rgyas ’bangs*, Skt. *sangs rgyas ’bangs*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Buddhayaśas Skt. *buddhayaśas*, Prolific translator of Vinaya texts into Chinese during the fifth century. ## Buddhayāna *sangs rgyas kyi theg pa*, Skt. *buddhayāna*, According to the Lotus Sūtra the one true way to buddhahood, equivalent to the Mahāyāna, which is the only teaching given by buddhas who do not live in a degenerate eon. ## Buddhika *blo can*, Skt. *buddhika*, A nāga king. ## Buddhimat *blo ldan*, Skt. *buddhimat*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Buddhimati *byang chub blo gros*, Skt. *buddhimati*, The 750th buddha in the first list, 749th in the second list, and 739th in the third list. ## Buddhiśrī *sangs rgyas dpal*, Skt. *buddhiśrī*, Name of a bodhisattva, “Intellect-Splendor.” However, the Tibetan suggests “Buddha-” rather than “Buddhi-,” which would then mean “Buddha-Splendor.” ## Buddhāvataṃsaka *sangs rgyas phal po che*, Skt. *buddhāvataṃsaka*, Presented as a single, long sūtra, many of its 45 chapters are independent works. See table of contents of Toh 44. ## Budha *gza’ lhag pa*, Skt. *budha*, The planet Mercury; a legendary king before the time of the Buddha; a south Indian king, the son of Śaṅkara. ## buffalo spinach *hi la mi ci*, Skt. *hilamocī*, Enhydra fluctuans. ## builder *phywa mkhan*, Skt. *sthapati*, Kimura reads palagaṇḍa; see . ## Building the Array of Qualities *yon tan bkod pa po*, Skt. *yon tan bkod pa po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Atula­pratibhāna­rāja (974 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Built of Jewels *rin chen brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ratnoccaya*, A teacher of The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light in the distant past. ## Bukong *不空*, Skt. *amoghavajra*, Amoghavajra, known in Chinese as Bukong (705–74) was a prolific eighth-century translator particularly renowned for his translations of Indian Buddhist esoteric works into Chinese. He is known to have sailed from South India to China via Sri Lanka between 741 and 746. Not to be confused with the eleventh-century paṇḍita of the same name who translated texts into Tibetan. ## Bull Ear *glang rna*, Skt. *glang rna*, One of the eight yakṣa generals. ## Bull Mount Skt. *vṛṣavāhana*, This appears to be an epithet referring to Nandi, Śiva’s bull mount. ## bull-following progression The progression of an asterism with the moon behind it. ## bumalaha An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Buoyancy *rab tu dang ba*, Skt. *rab tu dang ba*, Buoyancy (the tendency to float or rise), also the name of a mountain range in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Buoyant Movement *rab tu dang bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *rab tu dang bar ’gro ba*, A forest in Continuous Movement. ## Burning *rnam par sreg byed*, Skt. *rnam par sreg byed*, Burning (being on fire; intense heat), also the name of (1) a land in the east of Jambudvīpa. (2) A river in the land known as Aṅga. ## Burning All *kun sreg*, Skt. *sarvadāha*, A mountain range surrounding the hell of Embers Within. ## Burning Everyone *skye bo thams cad sreg pa*, Skt. *sarvajanapāka*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Burning Hair *skra me ’bar ba*, Skt. *skra me ’bar ba*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Burning Hell Name of one of the great (hot) hells (Skt. mahānaraka). Inhabitants of this hell are boiled in cauldrons, roasted in pans, beaten with hammers, and skewered with spears as their bodies burst into flames. The Sanskrit word for this hell, tapana or tāpana, can mean both burning and, by semantic extension, tormenting or distressing. Elsewhere translated as “Hell of Heat.” ## Burning Incense *spos sreg*, Skt. *spos sreg*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṛtārtha (970 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## burning lamp *sgron ma ’bar ba*, Skt. *jvalanolkā*, The 95th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Burning Torrent of the Vaitaraṇī *chu bo rab med rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *vaitaraṇī­pradāha­pravāha*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Burnt offering *gsur*, an offering made by burning food on coals. It is offered to the [Buddha](#buddha)s, the [protectors](#protectors), all beings in general and in particular to wandering spirits and those towards whom we have karmic debts. The usual white *gsur* is prepared with the [three white foods](#three-white-foods) and the [three sweet foods](#three-sweet-foods). The red *gsur* is prepared with meat. ## burrowed-out crevice *bya skyibs su byas pa*, Skt. *kṛtaprāgbhāra*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Burst Blisters *chu bur rdol ba*, Skt. *nirarbuda*, One of the eight cold hells. ## Bursting Blister Hell *chu bur rdol*, Skt. *nirarbuda*, Name of one of the eight cold hells. Its inhabitants are tormented by a cold wind that causes their bodies to be covered in sores that burst open. The Skt. nirarbuda in other contexts may refer to a number; see also . ## Bursting Blisters *chu bur rdol ba*, Skt. *nirarbudha*, One of the cold hells. ## Bursting Like Great Lotuses *pad ma chen po ltar gas pa*, Skt. *mahāpaduma*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Bursting Like Lotuses *pad ma ltar gas pa*, Skt. *paduma*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## bushel A measure of volume. ## business caste *rje’u’i rigs*, Skt. *vaiṣya varṇa*, The third of the four classes in the Indian caste system. It generally includes merchants and farmers. ## business family *khyim bdag gi rigs*, Skt. *gṛhapatikula*, A subdivision of the vaiśya (mercantile) class of traditional Indian society. ## Butön *bu ston rin chen grub*, Tibetan scholar and historian (1290–1364) based at the monastery of Zhalu. His list of translated texts was one of several influences on the compilation of the first Kangyurs, and he was directly involved in the establishment of the Tengyur. ## Butön Rinchen Drup *bu ston rin chen grub*, A master of the Sakya school who lived from 1290–1364 ce. He was an influential scholar, historian, compiler, and cataloger of the canon. His compilation of lists of translated works contributed to the emergence of the Kangyur and Tengyur collections. ## Butön Rinpoché *bu ston rin po che*, Skt. *bu ston rin po che*, Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub, 1290−364). A master of the Sakya school, he was an influential scholar, historian, and compiler and cataloger of the canon. ## butter oil *mar dkar*, Skt. *sarpis*, A kind of dairy product made from fermented milk. ## butterfly pea *a pa ra dzi*, Skt. *aparājitā*, Clitoria ternatea. ## butterfly-pea Clitoria ternatea. ## Bāvarī *pa pa li*, Skt. *bāvarī*, A brahmin into whose family Ajita was born. ## by way of apprehending *dmyigs pa’i tshul du*, Skt. *ārambaṇayogena*, The expression “by way of apprehending” implies that ordinary persons perceive phenomena as inherently existing, whereas bodhisattvas are said to act and teach “without apprehending anything.” On the latter term, see its respective glossary entry. See also “apprehend.” ## Bāṇāyudha *mda’ gri can*, Skt. *bāṇāyudha*, An epithet of Kāmadeva or Vajrānaṅga. ## Caṇḍā *gdol pa mo*, Skt. *caṇḍā*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 555: ma rungs pa) ## Caṇḍī *gtum mo*, Skt. *caṇḍī*, Another name for Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa’s consort. ## Cūḍa *gtsug phud*, Skt. *cūḍa*, The 1003rd buddha in the first list, 1002nd in the second list, and 993rd in the third list. ## Cūṣaṇī *’jib byed ma*, Skt. *cūṣaṇī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## cāṣa bird *tsa sha*, Skt. *cāṣa*, This most likely refers to the Indian Roller, Coracias indica, a small bird with bright blue plumage. ## Caṇḍa *gtum po*, Skt. *caṇḍa*, A king based in Ujjain; a contemporary of the Buddha. ## caṇḍāḷa *gdol ba*, Skt. *caṇḍāḷa*, The name of one of the lowest castes in India’s caste system. ## Caṇḍaka *gtum po*, Skt. *caṇḍaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Caṇḍakātyāyanī *gtum mo ka ta ya na*, Skt. *caṇḍakātyāyanī*, ‟Fierce Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## caṇḍala *gdol pa*, Skt. *caṇḍala*, The lowest and most disparaged class of people within the caste system of ancient India, they fall outside of the caste system altogether due to their low rank in society. ## Caṇḍa­mahāroṣaṇa The name of a tantric deity, the main deity of the Caṇḍa­mahāroṣaṇa­tantra. ## Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa *gtum po khro bo chen po*, Skt. *caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa*, The chief deity of the CMT. ## Caṇḍamahāroṣaṇa Tantra Toh 431. ## Caṇḍapradyota *gtum por rab snang*, Skt. *caṇḍapradyota*, King of Ujjayinī, in Śiṃśapā Forest, where Buddha Śākyamuni sometimes dwelt. Also called just “Pradyota.” ## Cañcā *tsan tsa*, Skt. *cañcā*, Edgerton identifies Cañcā as the name of a brahmin girl who appears in Buddhist sūtras such as the Laṇkāvatāra (BHSD, p. 222). ## Caṇḍeśvarī One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Caṇḍikā The name of a goddess who is identified as a wrathful form of the goddess Durgā in the purāṇic traditions. ## Caṇḍinī *gtum mo*, Skt. *caṇḍinī*, A goddess in one of the maṇḍalas of Amoghapāśa. ## Caitra The first lunar month, which falls within the period of March–April, when the full moon is in the Citra asterism. ## Caitraka *rmad byung*, Skt. *caitraka*, The 895th buddha in the first list, 894th in the second list, and 885th in the third list. ## Caitraratha *shing rta sna tshogs can*, Skt. *caitraratha*, “The Garden of Chariots”; one of the four parks in Sudarśana city, home of Śakra (Indra) and his thirty-two gods, located on the summit of Mount Meru. ## Caitraratha grove *shing rta sna tshogs can gyi tshal*, Skt. *caitraratha*, One of the four heavenly groves outside the city of Sudarśana on Mount Meru. It owes its name to the fact that it was constructed by the king of the gandharvas, Citraratha (“He Who Has a Brightly-Colored Chariot”), for Kubera, king of yakṣas and god of wealth. ## Caitra­ratha­vana *shing rta sna tshogs pa’i tshal*, Skt. *caitra­ratha­vana*, (1) A forest on the eastern face of Sumeru. (2) Śakra’s arsenal. ## caitya *mchod rten*, Skt. *caitya*, Caitya is used as a general term for any structure or site that is deemed worthy of veneration. A caitya can be a mound, a shrine, or other generically shaped structure, but in most Buddhist contexts is identified with the domed structure also known as a stūpa. The Sanskrit terms caitya and stūpa are both translated into Tibetan with the term mchod rten, which can be literally translated as “a basis of worship.” However, a stūpa is a type of caitya that specifically contains a relic of the Buddha, a tathāgata, or another venerable person. ## Caityaka *’od ’phro’i tog*, Skt. *caityaka*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Caityapattana *ba ta mchod rten*, Skt. *caityapattana*, Toponym of an unidentified place. ## cūṣaka *gzhib pa*, Skt. *cūṣaka*, “Sucker,” a class of malevolent spirits. ## cakra *’khor lo*, Skt. *cakra*, Circle; wheel; energy center in the subtle body—a vortex of channels. ## cakra of great bliss *bde chen ’khor lo*, Skt. *mahāsukhacakra*, The name of the energy center (cakra) at the top of the head. Also referred to as the mahāsukha cakra . ## Cakradharā *khor lo ’dzin ma*, Skt. *cakradharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Cakradhara *’khor lo ’dzin*, Skt. *cakradhara*, The 960th buddha in the first list, 959th in the second list, and 950th in the third list. ## Cakrasaṃvara Cakrasaṃvara is a deity from the highest yoga tantras and is especially popular among the new schools of Tibetan Buddhism. ## Cakravāḍā *khor yug ma*, Skt. *cakravāḍā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Cakravāḍa *khor yug*, Skt. *cakravāḍa*, Literally, “circular mass.” There are at least three interpretations of what this name refers to. In the Kṣitigarbha Sūtra, it is a mountain that contains the hells. In that case it is equivalent to the Vaḍaba submarine mountain of fire, also said to be the entrance to the hells. More commonly it is the name of the outer ring of mountains at the edge of the flat disk that is the world, with Sumeru in the center. This is also equated with Vaḍaba, the heat of which evaporates the ocean so that it does not overflow. Jambudvīpa, the world of humans, is in this sea to Sumeru’s south. However, it is also used to mean the entire disk, including Meru and the paradises above it. The Tibetan here is just ’khor yug, but later on it is ’khor yug gi ri, which means the circle of mountains around the world. ## Cakravāḍa Mountains The mountain range made of vajra that forms the world’s perimeter, as described in this sūtra. ## cakravartin *’khor los sgyur ba*, Skt. *cakravartin*, A term for an idealized, utopic vision of kingship in South Asian cultures. A cakravartin reigns over vast regions of the universe in accordance with principles of righteous law ( dharma ). Such a king is called a cakravartin because he possesses a wheel or discus (cakra) that rolls across different realms and brings them all under his power. ## Cakravartisūtra *’khor los sgyur ba’i mdo*, Skt. *cakravartisūtra*, No extant Sanskrit text of this sūtra has as yet been identified (see Kudo 2004, p. 263, n. 37). ## Cakravicitra *’khor lo sna tshogs*, Skt. *cakravicitra*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Cakravāla *khor yug*, Skt. *cakravāla*, “Circular Mass.” There are at least four interpretations of what this name refers to. In the Kṣiti­garbha Sūtra it is a mountain that contains the hells. It is also equivalent to the Vaḍaba submarine mountain of fire, which is also said to be the entrance to the hells. The term cakravāla is also used to mean “the entire disk of a world,” including Meru and the paradises above it. More commonly, as in this sūtra, it is the name of the outer ring of mountains at the edge of the flat disk of a world, with Sumeru in the center. Yet it is has the nature of heat, like the Mountain Vaḍaba, in that the heat of the ring of mountains evaporates the ocean so that it does not overflow. Also called Cakravāḍa. ## Cāṇakya Cāṇakya (375–283 ʙᴄᴇ) was an ancient Indian polymath. ## Cāṇakya’s Treatise of Ethical Advice to the King The Cāṇakyarājanīti­śāstra (Toh 4334) by Cāṇakya (fourth century bce). ## Caṇḍālī *gdol ba mo*, Skt. *caṇḍālī*, An outcaste woman; one of the female deities in the retinue of Hevajra; the mystic heat below the navel, personified as a goddess; one of the five ḍākinīs visualized on the prongs of the vajra scepter. ## Cala *g.yo ba*, Skt. *cala*, Name of a yakṣa. ## caṇḍāla *gdol pa*, Skt. *caṇḍāla*, The lowest and most disparaged class of people within the caste system of ancient India, they fall outside of the caste system altogether due to their low rank in society. ## Calf of Delightful Sight *mthong dga’ be’u*, Skt. *mthong dga’ be’u*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## calf-following progression The progression of an asterism with the moon in front of it. ## Caṇḍālikā *gtum mo*, Skt. *caṇḍālikā*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 555: gdug pa) ## Call of Gentle Melody *nga ro ’jam pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *nga ro ’jam pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama. ## Call of Joy *dga’ ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Susthita. ## call up *go skon*, Skt. *saṃnāhayati*, To call up reserves or members of a standing army. ## calling forth the variety of sounds, words, and syllables *sgra dang tshig dang ’bru sna tshogs mngon par ’byin pa*, Skt. *nānā­ruta­pada­vyañjanābhinirhāro*, The seventeenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## calling forth the voices of all beings *sems can thams cad kyi sgra ’byin pa*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­ruta­nirhāro*, The fourteenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Calling Geese *ngang ngur rnams kyis rjes su bsgrags par byed pa*, Skt. *ngang ngur rnams kyis rjes su bsgrags par byed pa*, (1) A forest on Encircled by White Clouds (ngang ngur rnams kyis rjes su bsgrags par byed pa). (2) A river on Saṅkāśa (ngang pa kun sgra ’byin pa). ## Calling the teacher from afar *bla ma rgyang 'bod*, a type of prayer of yearning to one's spiritual teacher. ## calm *zhi ba*, Skt. *śānti*, Also translated here as “calmness” and “peace.” ## calm abiding A term for a general style and state of Buddhist meditation in which one focuses the mind and abides in a state of calm, as implied by the Tibetan translation of the term. Associated with the states of meditation, concentration, and absorption, and the achievement of supernormal faculties as well as awakening itself. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, with the other technique being “deep insight.” ## calm abiding meditation One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, which focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other technique being “insight meditation.” ## calm abiding single-pointedness *zhi gnas rtse gcig tu bya ba*, Skt. *śamathaikāgratā*, See “calm abiding.” ## Calm Thinker *rtog pa zhi ba*, Skt. *rtog pa zhi ba*, A minister, former incarnation of the Buddha. ## calmed *rab tu zhi ba*, A meditative stability. ## calming of all deviations and obstacles *’gal ba dang ’gog pa thams cad yang dag par zhi bar byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­nirodha­virodha­saṃpraśamana*, The 103rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## calmness *zhi ba*, Skt. *śānti*, Also translated here as “calm” and “peace.” ## Calumny Vajrī *phra ma rdo rje ma*, Skt. *piśunavajrī*, Consort of Yellow Acala. ## calves resembling those of an antelope *byin pa ri dags e ne ya’i lta bu dang ldan pa*, Skt. *eṇeya­jaṅgha­tā*, Eighth of the thirty-two major marks. ## calves resembling those of Śarabha Aiṇeya, the king of ungulates *ri dags e ne ya’i byin pa lta bu*, Skt. *eṇeyajaṅghatā*, Eleventh of the thirty-two major marks. See also Śarabha Aiṇeya. ## Camel Face *rnga mo’i bzhin*, Skt. *rnga mo’i bzhin*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Camel’s Hump Mountain *nog ri*, Skt. *nog ri*, During the time of Buddha Greatest of All, a certain mountain where seventy-seven thousand on the path of learning and the path of no more to learn pledged to stay during the rains. ## Campā *tsam pa*, Skt. *campā*, The capital of [Aṅga](#aṅga). ## Campa A city in ancient India, located on the Campā River. It was the capital of the Aṅga state, which was located east of Magadha. ## campaka *tsam pa ka*, Skt. *campaka*, A tree, Magnolia champaca, with attractive cream or yellow-orange flowers used in India for offerings, decoration, and perfume. ## Campaka Color *tsam pa ka’i mdog*, Skt. *tsam pa ka’i mdog*, A buddha residing in the eastern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Campaka Eye *tsam pa’i mig*, Skt. *tsam pa’i mig*, Father of the buddha Candra. ## Campaka Glory *tsam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *tsam pa’i dpal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Aridama. ## Campaka Lady *tsam pa bdag*, Skt. *tsam pa bdag*, Mother of the buddha Maṇicūḍa. ## Campaka Lamp *tsam pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *tsam pa’i sgron ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇavīrya (935 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## campaka tree *me tog tsam pa ka’i shing*, Skt. *campaka*, Michelia champaca according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Campakavarṇā *me tog tsam pa ka’i kha dog*, Skt. *campakavarṇā*, The world of the Thus-Gone One Puṣpāvali Vanarāji Kusumitābhijña’s buddha realm. ## Campakavarṇa A realized one mentioned in this sūtra, who presides over the buddha domain called Arindamāyā. His name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript ## Campaka­vimala­prabha *tsam pa ka dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *campaka­vimala­prabha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## camphor *ga bur*, Skt. *karpūra*, A substance derived from the wood of the Kapur tree (Dryobalanops aromatica) and also from the unrelated camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora). ## can [only] be known by intelligent scholars well versed in the subtle *zhib mo brtags pa’i mkhas pa dang ’dzangs pas rig pa*, Skt. *sūkṣmaṃ nipuṇapaṇḍitavijñavedanīyaḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 2918. ## Canafistula *sha myang*, Skt. *śyābhyaka*, Cassia fistula. An Indian tree with pods that are used medicinally. ## Cancer *sbal ba*, Skt. *karkaṭaka*, See “Karkaṭaka.” ## Candanā *tsan dan*, Skt. *candanā*, The distant southeastern realm of the Buddha Candrottama long ago in the past, which became Padmā in the time of the next Buddha, Padmottara. ## Candana *tsan dan*, Skt. *candana*, In the sūtra Auspicious Night, Candana is identified as an army general from among the gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. According to the Pali suttas, Candana is one of the yakṣa generals and a vassal of the gods of the four directions, also known as the Four Great Kings (Cāturmahārājika). In the Lomasakaṅgiyabhaddekarattasutta version of the Bhaddekarattasuttas in the Majjhima Nikāya (MN 134), as in Auspicious Night, Candana is the deity that illuminates the banks/park of the hot springs, but he is not identified as a general from the Heaven of the Thirty-Three gods. The Sanskrit word means “sandalwood powder,” which was considered a very precious substance. ## Candanagandha *tsan dan gyi dri*, Skt. *candanagandha*, A world system. ## Candana­kusuma­tejo­nakṣatra­prabhāsa­śrī *tsan dan gyi me tog gzi brjid skar ’od kyi dpal*, Skt. *candana­kusuma­tejo­nakṣatra­prabhāsa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Candana­megha *tsan dan gyi sprin*, Skt. *candana­megha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Candanamāla *tsan+dan phreng*, Skt. *candanamāla*, A mountain king. ## Candanamūla *tsan dan gyi rtsa ba*, Skt. *candanamūla*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Candanaśrī *tsan dan dpal*, Skt. *candanaśrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Candana­śrī­candra *tsan dan dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *candana­śrī­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Candana­śrī­garbha *tsan dan dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *candana­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Candana­vatī *tsan dan yod pa*, Skt. *candana­vatī*, Realm of the Buddha Vajrābha. ## candlenut Aleurites triloba. The candlenut tree, also known as the Indian walnut. ## Candrā *zla ba*, Skt. *candrā*, Daughter of the high brahmin Candrasukha of Śrāvastī, her mother, during her pregnancy, wished to engage in philosophical debate. She herself grew up to be a great debater. Ordained a nun, she learned the Prātimokṣa Sūtra by heart after hearing the Buddha recite it just once. ## Candrī *zla mo*, Skt. *candrī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Candra *zla ba*, Skt. *candra*, The deity of the moon, as well as the moon itself. In the Kāraṇḍavyūha, when Avalokiteśvara emanates Candra, it is the deity that is meant. ## Candraśaila *zla ba’i brag*, Skt. *candraśaila*, A mountain king. ## Candrabhāgā *zla ba*, Skt. *candrabhāgā*, The river Chenab in the Punjab. ## candrabindu *zla ba’i thig le*, Skt. *candrabindu*, A sign in Sanskrit indicating nasalization of the vowel it is written above; it consists of a horizontal crescent with its horns pointing up and a dot above it. ## Candrabuddhi *zla ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *candrabuddhi*, Candrabuddhi (Moon-Like Intellect) is a buddha who inhabits a buddhafield. In Toh 44-37 his buddhafield is named Color of the Mirror Disk, and in Toh 104 it is named Ādarśa­maṇḍala­cakra­nirghoṣā. ## Candra­buddhi *blo gros zla ba*, Skt. *candra­buddhi*, Name of a buddha. ## Candracchattra *zla gdugs*, Skt. *candracchattra*, (1) Chief of the Licchavi. (2) Son of the king Ratnacchattra, mentioned in the former-life story told by the Buddha to Śakra in Chapter 12. ## Candradatta *zla bas byin pa*, Skt. *candradatta*, A king in an age prior to that of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Candradeva *zla ba’i lha*, Skt. *candradeva*, A bodhisattva. ## Candra­dhvajā *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *candra­dhvajā*, A realm in the distant past. ## Candradhvaja *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *candradhvaja*, A bodhisattva. ## candra­dhvaja­ketu *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *candra­dhvaja­ketu*, Lit. “crest of the moon’s victory banner.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Candra­dhvaja­śrī­ketu *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan dpal gyi dpal*, Skt. *candra­dhvaja­śrī­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Candradvīpa *zla ba’i gling*, Skt. *candradvīpa*, A well-known site of pilgrimage in Bengal. Candradvīpa was a prosperous kingdom with Buddhist sites, located on what is now the south coast of Bangladesh, centered on the Barisal district. ## Candragarbha *zla ba’i snying po*, Skt. *candragarbha*, The bodhisattva who is the Buddha’s interlocutor in the present sūtra. ## Candra­garbha *zla ba’i snying po*, Skt. *candra­garbha*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Candragupta *zla ba sbas*, Skt. *candragupta*, Or Candragupta Maurya, the founder of the Mauryan Empire. ## Candraketu *zla ba’i tog*, Skt. *candraketu*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Ratnacandra to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Candrakāntā *zla ba ltar mdzes ma*, Skt. *candrakāntā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## candrakānta *chu shel*, Skt. *candrakānta*, A mythical precious stone which is made up of the rays of the moon that shines only in moonlight and then exudes a cool liquid. ## Candrakīrti *zla ba grags pa*, Skt. *candrakīrti*, The famed seventh-century Indian Buddhist master known most for his Madhyamaka treatises commenting on the works of the second- to third-century master Nāgārjuna. In Tibet, where Candrakīrti’s exegetical writings form the foundation for the study of Indian Madhyamaka thought, he is celebrated as a proponent of the Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka approach in particular. ## Candramas *zla ba*, Skt. *candramas*, The god of the moon; the moon. ## candramasuri An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Candramati *zla ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *candramati*, A king. ## Candranemin *zla ba’i mu khyud*, Skt. *candranemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Candraprabha *zla ’od*, Skt. *candraprabha*, The young man of Rājagrha who is the principal interlocutor for the Samādhirājasūtra. He is frequently addressed as “youth” or “young man,” (Skt. kumāra; Tib. gzhon nu); see “the youth Candraprabha.” ## Candra­prabha *zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *candra­prabha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Candra­prabha­kumāra­bhūta *zla ’od gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *candra­prabha­kumāra­bhūta*, The name of a bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Candraprabhārāja *zla ’od rgyal po*, Skt. *candra­prabhā­rāja*, A buddha. ## Candra­prabhāsā *zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *candra­prabhāsā*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara. ## Candrapradīpa *zla sgron*, Skt. *candrapradīpa*, The 572nd buddha in the first list, 572nd in the second list, and 565th in the third list. ## Candra­śrī *zla ba’i dpal*, Skt. *candra­śrī*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Candraśrī *zla ba’i dpal*, Skt. *candraśrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Candrarāja *zla ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *candrarāja*, A great bodhisattva. ## Candrasama *tsa ma sha*, Skt. *candrasama*, An ancient king, contemporary of the Buddha. ## Candra­skandha *zla ba’i phung po*, Skt. *candra­skandha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Candrasūrya *nyi zla*, Skt. *candrasūrya*, A buddha. ## Candra­sūrya­jihmī­kara­prabha *nyi zla zil du rlag par byed pa’i ’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *candra­sūrya­jihmī­kara­prabha*, A thus-gone one. ## Candra­sūrya­pradīpa *nyi zla sgron ma*, Skt. *candra­sūrya­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Candrasūryaśrī *nyi zla’i ’od dpal*, Skt. *candrasūryaśrī*, A tathāgata. ## Candra­sūrya­trailokya­dhārin *nyi zla dang ’jig rten gsum ’dzin pa*, Skt. *candra­sūrya­trailokya­dhārin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of this teaching. ## Candra­sūrya­vimala­prabhāsa­śrī *nyi zla dri ma med pa’i ’od dpal*, Skt. *candra­sūrya­vimala­prabhāsa­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Candrasukha *zla ba bde ba*, Skt. *candrasukha*, A certain high brahmin in Śrāvastī whose wife, upon conceiving, began wishing to engage in philosophical debate. She then gave birth to the great debater named Candrā, a nun who learned the Prātimokṣa Sūtra by heart after hearing the Buddha recite it just once. ## Candra­vairocana *zla ba lter rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *candra­vairocana*, One of the two primary bodhisattvas who accompany the Thus-Gone One Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja in the buddhafield Vaiḍūrya­nirbhāsa. ## Candravidyuta *zla ba rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *candravidyuta*, A name of the Sahā realm in an earlier eon. ## Candravimalā *zla ba dri ma med*, Skt. *candravimalā*, Name of the universe where the Buddha Guṇarāja­prabhāsa will appear in the future. ## candravimala *zla ba dri ma med pa*, Skt. *candravimala*, Lit. “stainless moon.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Candrāloka *zla ba snang ba*, Skt. *candrāloka*, A world system. ## Candrānana *zla ba’i zhal*, Skt. *candrānana*, The 774th buddha in the first list, 773rd in the second list, and 763rd in the third list. ## Candrodgata *zla ltar shar*, Skt. *candrodgata*, The 844th buddha in the first list, 843rd in the second list, and 833rd in the third list. ## Candrolkā­dhārin *zla ba sgron ma ’dzin pa*, Skt. *candrolkā­dhārin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Candrottama *zla ba dam pa*, Skt. *candrottama*, The buddha preceding the Buddha Padmottara in a distant southeastern buddha realm. ## Candrottarā *bu mo zla mchog*, Skt. *candrottarā*, The protagonist of this sūtra, whose name means “Surpassing the Moon.” ## Candrottara *zla ba mchog*, Skt. *candrottara*, Name of the male bodhisattva whom the girl Candrottarā transforms into at the end of the sūtra. Also the name of the future buddha he is predicted to become. ## Candrottara­jñānin *zla ba dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *candrottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Candrottarya *zla ba’i bla ma*, Skt. *candrottarya*, A nāga king; a member of the Buddha’s retinue. ## Candrārka *nyi zla*, Skt. *candrārka*, The 121st buddha in the first list, 121st in the second list, and 122nd in the third list. ## Candrārkadīpa *nyi zla sgron ma*, Skt. *candrārkadīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Candrāvaloka *zla ba snang*, Skt. *candrāvaloka*, A great bodhisattva. ## Candrāvatī *zla ldan ma*, Skt. *candrāvatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## cane sugar *kha ra*, Skt. *śarkara*, The “grit” (śarkara) of crystallized brown sugar that is made with the juice of sugar cane. ## canon of the bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa’i sde snod*, Skt. *bodhi­sattva­piṭaka*, The collection of the Vast (vaipulya) Sūtras of the Mahāyāna, supposed to have been collected supernaturally by a great assembly of bodhisattvas led by Maitreya, Mañjuśrī, and Vajrapāṇi. There is a Mahāyāna sūtra called Bodhisattvapiṭaka, but the word more usually refers to the whole collection (piṭaka) of Mahāyāna sūtras, to distinguish them from the Three Collections (Tripiṭaka) of the Hinayāna. ## Capable *thub pa*, Skt. *thub pa*, Capable (having the ability to do something), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Vibodhana. ## Capable Gathering *tshogs thub*, Skt. *tshogs thub*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Abhaya. ## Capable Light *dbang ’od*, Skt. *dbang ’od*, Son of the buddha Baladeva. ## Capable of the Impossible *mi thub thub*, Skt. *mi thub thub*, Mother of the buddha Vajrasaṃhata. ## capable one *thub pa*, Skt. *muni*, An ancient title, derived from the verb man (“to contemplate”), given to those who have attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. Also rendered here as “sage.” Used here as an epithet of the buddhas and of the Buddha Śākyamuni in particular. ## Capable Strength *stobs thub*, Skt. *stobs thub*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Capable Tamer *thub thul*, Skt. *thub thul*, Father of the buddha Anupamavādin. ## Capala *g.yo ba*, Skt. *capala*, The king identified with Kharagraha of the Maitraka dynasty. ## Cūḍapanthaka *lam phran bstan*, Skt. *cūḍapanthaka*, Śrāvaka arhat, one of the sixteen sthavira arhats (see “elder”). ## Capricorn *chu srin*, Skt. *makara*, See “Makara.” ## captain *ded dpon*, Skt. *sārthavāha*, A leading merchant or leader of a merchant caravan; this epithet is often used for the Buddha in his capacity as an eminent leader, guide, and protector. It evokes the traditionally close ties between Buddhist and mercantile communities in South and Central Asia. ## captivating speech *gzung ba’i tshig*, Skt. *grahaṇa­pada*, This term can also mean “comprehensible speech,” in contrast to gzung ba med pa’i tshig (agrahaṇapada) or “incomprehensible speech.” See Negi (1993-2005): 5505. ## Captivating the Mind *mthong na yid ’phrog pa*, Skt. *mthong na yid ’phrog pa*, A mansion in Supreme Strength. ## captive *brkus pa*, Skt. *muṣita*, Someone seized and held captive by another government, as with prisoners of war. ## caraṭa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Caraṇabhrāja *zhabs mdzes*, Skt. *caraṇabhrāja*, The 940th buddha in the first list, 939th in the second list, and 930th in the third list. The correspondence between the Tibetan and Sanskrit is tentative; see Skilling and Saerji 2018: p. 235 n. 269. ## Caraṇaprasanna *spyod gsal*, Skt. *caraṇaprasanna*, The 875th buddha in the first list, 874th in the second list, and 865th in the third list. ## Caraca *tsa ra tsa*, Skt. *caraca*, A river on Great Slope. ## caraka Literally “wanderer,” refers to a religious mendicant; in Buddhist texts this term is often paired with parivrājaka in stock lists of followers of non-Buddhist ascetic traditions. In some cases, Tibetan sources will give this term as a translation of mīmāṃsaka, a member of the Mīmāṃsā school. However, this is likely a confusion with the similarly spelled dpyod pa ba, which correctly translates the Sanskrit meaning of mīmāṃsaka as “examiner” or “investigator.” ## carakas *spyod pa pa*, Skt. *caraka*, In Buddhist usage, a general term for non-Buddhist religious mendicants, often occurring together with parivrājakas and nirgranthas in stock lists of followers of non-Buddhist movements. ## Caralā Skt. *caralā*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## carṭapri An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## carbuncles *lhog pa*, Skt. *lohaliṅga*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Carcikā One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## cardamom *sug smel*, Skt. *sūkṣmelā*, Elettria cardamomum. A digestive medicine in Āyurveda. (Degé 557: smug smel. Toh 555: su ki ma le.) ## Carefree *so sor bag yangs*, Skt. *so sor bag yangs*, Carefree (free from worry or anxiety), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Carefree Movement *dpag med ’gro*, Skt. *dpag med ’gro*, Attendant of the buddha Velāma. ## Careful Scrutiny *legs par brtags spyod*, Skt. *legs par brtags spyod*, A monk. ## carefulness *bag yod pa*, Skt. *apramāda*, Heedful attention to virtuous qualities. ## Careless Living *bag med pa rnams spyod pa*, Skt. *bag med pa rnams spyod pa*, A forest in Endowed with Increasing Bliss. ## carelessness *bag med pa*, Skt. *pramāda*, Not being conscientious. In this text, carelessness is one of the three factors at odds with the true Dharma because it impedes generosity and thus destroys merit. ## caretaker *bstabs pa*, Skt. *parihāra*, The Chapter on the Restoration Rite introduces five types of caretakers who manage and administer the saṅgha’s movable and immovable property at a monastic site. The five kinds of caretaker (Tib. bstabs pa; Skt. parihāra) are called: (1) “site caretaker” (Tib. gnas bstabs pa; Skt. vastuparihāra), (2) “residence caretaker” (Tib. gnas mal bstabs pa; Skt. śayanāsana­parihāra), (3) “work caretaker” (Tib. las bstabs pa; Skt. karmaparihāra), (4) “supplies caretaker” (Tib. rnyed pa bstabs pa; Skt. lābhaparihāra), and (5) “attendant caretaker” (Tib. bsnyen bkur ba bstabs pa; Skt. upasthāyaka­parihāra). (-). ## Caretaker of Beings *gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *gro ba ’dzin*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Caritaka Skt. *caritaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Caritra *tsA ri t+ra*, Skt. *caritra*, One of the power places. ## Carmadā Skt. *carmadā*, A river queen. ## Āścarya The name of four hundred beings from the city of Rājagṛha when they attain Buddhahood in the distant future. ## Caryāgata *spyod pas grub pa*, Skt. *caryāgata*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Caryātantra *sbyod rgyud*, Skt. *caryātantra*, The second class of tantra in most systems of tantra classification (the other classes being, in the fivefold classification, Kriyātantra, Yogatantra, Yogottaratantra, and Yoganiruttaratantra). ## Cascade *’bab cu*, Skt. *’bab cu*, Cascade (a small waterfall), also the name of a park in Delighting in Flower Garlands. ## Cascades of Joy *’bab chu rnam kyis mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *’bab chu rnam kyis mngon par dga’ ba*, A forest in Total Pleasure. ## cast offering *gtor ma*, Skt. *bali*, An offering, originating in the vedic tradition, traditionally made out of uncooked food and performed at the home prior to cooking a meal by arranging portions of the ingredients and then casting them outside or into the sacred fire. Also translated here as “uncooked offering.” ## caste The Sanskrit jāti literally means “birth” but covers a range of meanings depending on the context. In general it denotes a “kind” or “sort” of something, and in describing the natural world it refers to different “species” of animals or plants, each born with specific distinguishing characteristics. In regard to the human world the term is used to broadly designate the tribe or ethnic group into which one is born. In a more restricted sense, the term jāti is used in the brahmanical caste system to refer to separate “castes,” whose members have fixed inborn characteristics by which they are placed within (or outside) one of the four larger caste categories known as varṇa (“color”). ## caste categories The Sanskrit varṇa literally means “color” and in origin seems to have been used in reference to complexion and skin color. In the brahmanical caste system the term is used to classify human society into four main categories of caste: the priestly caste of brahmins, the warrior caste of kṣatriyas, the commoner caste of vaiśyas, and the servant caste of śūdras. Brahmins were historically the arbiters to decide which family group or “caste” (jāti) falls within which caste category. Outcastes were considered to fall outside and below this fourfold caste system. ## castor-oil plant *e raN+Da*, Skt. *eraṇḍa*, Ricinus communis. ## cataract The Sanskrit term timira may refer to a variety of eye disorders including myopia and cataracts. In the context of Buddhist texts, this term may be understood to refer more specifically to the “vitreous floaters” (myodesopsia or muscae volitantes) that appear as spots, specks, or strings in one’s visual field. ## catechu *seng ldeng*, Skt. *khadira*, Monier-Williams s.v. khadira: “Acacia Catechu (having very hard wood, the resin of which is used in medicine, called ‘Catechu,’ ‘Khayar,’ ‘Terra japonica’).” ## cat’s eye *skar ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jyotirdhvaja*, One of the three main varieties of chrysoberyl, the third-hardest gemstone. The cat’s-eye gem (cymophane) is light green or yellow and contains the distinctive appearance of a band of light, resembling a cat’s eye. It has been mined since ancient times in India and particularly in Sri Lanka. Jyoti can mean both “light” and “star,” and in describing this jewel the Sanskrit more likely means “banner of light.” However, the Tibetan translates the term as “banner of stars.” ## Catuṣka *bzhi ldan*, Skt. *catuṣka*, The name of King Śibi’s palace. ## Catuḥpañca­lokapāla­śrī *’jig rten skyong ba bzhi dang lnga’i dpal*, Skt. *catuḥpañca­lokapāla­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Catura *grims g.yar*, Skt. *catura*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-fourth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Caturbhuja *phyag bzhi pa*, Skt. *caturbhuja*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Catur­mahā­rāja *rgyal po chen po bzhi*, Skt. *catur­mahā­rāja*, The Four Great Kings—Virūḍhaka, Virūpākṣa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, and Vaiśravaṇa. They are gods of the first god realm of the desire realm and known as powerful guardians of the four quarters who rule, respectively, over kumbhāṇḍas in the south, nāgas in the west, gandharvas in the east, and yakṣas in the north. ## Caturmahā­rāja­kāyika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *caturmahā­rāja­kāyika*, Lit. “Abode of the Four Great Kings.” ## Catur­mahā­rājakāyika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *catur­mahā­rājakāyika*, The lowest of the six god realms of the desire realm. See “Catur­mahā­rāja.” ## Catur­mahā­rāja­kāyika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *catur­mahā­rāja­kāyika*, First god realm of desire, meaning “abode of the four great kings.” ## Caturmahārājika *rgyal po chen po bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *caturmahā­rājika*, A deity in the paradises of the Four Mahārājas. ## Catur­mahā­rājika *rgyal po chen po bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *catur­mahā­rājika*, The paradise of the Four Mahā­rājas situated around the base of Sumeru. ## caturmāra­bala­vikaraṇa *bdud bzhi’i dpung stobs med par byed pa*, Skt. *caturmāra­bala­vikaraṇa*, Lit. “destroyer of the power of the four māras’ host.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Caturo *tsa tu ro*, Skt. *caturo*, A land in Godānīya. ## Caturojā The name of a muhūrta. ## Caturojas “Having Four Vital Warmths.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Caturvedaśrī *rig byed bzhi’i dpal*, Skt. *caturvedaśrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## catuḥsama A codeword for feces. ## Caundhula *g.yo ba ’dzin*, Skt. *caundhula*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Caurī The name of a goddess in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Causal Intelligence *rgyu’i blo gros*, Skt. *rgyu’i blo gros*, A buddha. ## causal sign *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, A causal sign is the projected reality that functions as the objective support of a cognitive state. It cannot be separated out from the cognitive state and to that extent may enjoy a modicum of conventional reality. To “practice with a causal sign” means to look at an apparent phenomenon within accepting that it has more reality than it actually does. ## Causal Strength *rgyu yi stobs*, Skt. *rgyu yi stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nāgaprabhāsa. ## causes joy *dga’ bar byed pa*, Skt. *rati­kara*, An absorption. ## Causing Delight *rab tu dga’ byed*, Skt. *rab tu dga’ byed*, A buddha realm. ## Causing Delight in All Focal Points *dmigs pa kun la dgyes par mdzad*, Skt. *dmigs pa kun la dgyes par mdzad*, A buddha. ## Causing Downpour *char chen spyod*, Skt. *char chen spyod*, A nāga king. ## Causing Realization *rtogs byed ma*, Skt. *rtogs byed ma*, Mother of the buddha Bodhirāja. ## Caustic River *ba tshwa’i chu bo’i rlabs*, Skt. *kṣāranadī*, River in the hell known as Bursting Like Great Lotuses. ## Cave of Provisions *brgyags kyi phug*, Skt. *brgyags kyi phug*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in Gandhara. ## Cave of Sandalwood Fragrance *tsan dan gyi dri’i phug*, Skt. *tsan dan gyi dri’i phug*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Essence of Vaiḍūrya. ## Cave of the Elders *gnas brtan gyi phug*, Skt. *gnas brtan gyi phug*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Cavern of the Closed Eye *mig btsums pa’i phug*, Skt. *mig btsums pa’i phug*, A cave on the mountain called Closed Eye. ## Cayang *ca yang*, Skt. *ca yang*, A Chinese king. He is identified by Thomas (1935, p. 17) as the founder of the Qin dynasty: Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇; 259–210 bce). ## ceṭī *bran mo*, Skt. *ceṭī*, Female ceṭa. ## ceṭa *bran*, Skt. *ceṭa*, Servant; also a class of spirits used as servants. ## Ceaseless Torment *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, The lowest hell; the eighth of the eight hot hells. ## Celebrating Goddesses *lha’i bu mo rnams rtse dga’ bar byed pa*, Skt. *lha’i bu mo rnams rtse dga’ bar byed pa*, A minor mountain on Lofty Peak. ## Celebrations throughout the Land *nye ’khor na rtse dga’ ba*, Skt. *nye ’khor na rtse dga’ ba*, A city in Videha. ## celestial bodies *gza’*, Skt. *graha*, The sun, moon, Mercury (Budha), Venus (Śukra), Mars (Aṅgāra), Jupiter (Bṛhaspati), Saturn (Śaniścara), the eclipse (Rāhu), and meteors/comets (Ketu). In some presentations Rāhu refers to the eclipse of the northern lunar node, Ketu to the eclipse of the southern lunar node. ## celestial body *gza’*, Skt. *graha*, Astronomical bodies that are believed to exert influence on individuals and the world according to Indic astrological lore. There are traditionally nine: the sun, the moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the eclipse (Rāhu), and comets/meteors (Ketu). ## celestial graha *gza’*, Skt. *graha*, The set of nine celestial phenomena and planets as well as the deities associated with them. ## celestial maiden *lha’i bu mo*, Skt. *devakanyā*, Sometimes also translated “goddess.” ## celestial mansion circles *gzhal med khang gi dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vimāna­maṇḍala*, The Skt. vimāna suggests the “mount” or “chariot” of the gods, namely of the sun and moon. It can be a celestial palace (gzhal med khang). ## celestial nymph *lha’i bu mo*, Skt. *apsaras*, A class of celestial singers and dancers in Indian mythology who inhabit the heaven of the god Śakra, lord of the heavens. ## celestial palace *gzhal med khang*, Skt. *vimāna*, The Sanskrit term vimāna can refer to a multistoried mansion or palace, or even an estate, but is more often used in the sense of a celestial chariot of the gods, sometimes taking the form of a multistoried palace. ## Celestial Tree *nam mkha’i shing*, Skt. *nam mkha’i shing*, Name of a mercenary demon. ## celibacy *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, Also translated as “holy living.” ## celibate *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacārin*, See “celibate renunciate.” ## celibate renunciate *tshangs par spyad pa*, Skt. *brahmacārin*, One who abstains from sexual activity as a religious observance. ## cell *khang pa*, Skt. *bhavana, veśman*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## cemetery keeper An outcaste people consigned to clearing refuse and handling corpses. ## Center of the Land of Excellence *yul bzangs dbus*, Skt. *yul bzangs dbus*, Birthplace of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Central channel *rtsa dbu ma*, Skt. *avadhūti*, the central axis of the subtle body. Its exact description varies according to the particular practice. It represents non-dual [wisdom](#wisdom). ## central pillar *srog shing*, Skt. *yaṣṭi*, The central pillar is an essential element of the domed stūpa with a significant ritual importance. ## central pole *srog shing*, Skt. *iṣikā*, Central inner pillar or tree trunk that is said to give life to a stūpa or sacred statue. ## ceremony *cho ga*, Skt. *vidhi*, Also translated here as “procedure.” ## Certain Accomplishment *byas pa nges*, Skt. *byas pa nges*, Mother of the buddha Kṛtāntadarśin. ## Certain Aspiration *smon lam nges pa*, Skt. *smon lam nges pa*, A buddha. ## Certain Awakening *byang chub nges pa*, Skt. *byang chub nges pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## Certain Brightness *nges pa’i mdangs*, Skt. *nges pa’i mdangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Sumati. ## Certain Dharma *chos nges*, Skt. *chos nges*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dundubhi­megha­svara. ## Certain Firmness *nges brtan*, Skt. *nges brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sārathi. ## Certain Form *nges pa’i gzugs*, Skt. *nges pa’i gzugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyotiṣka (564 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Certain Gift *nges byin*, Skt. *nges byin*, Attendant of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Certain Guidance *nges par ’dren pa*, Skt. *nges par ’dren pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Certain in the Dharma *chos la nges pa*, Skt. *chos la nges pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Certain Insight *shes rab rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *shes rab rnam par nges pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhadharma. ## Certain Intelligence *rnam par nges pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *rnam par nges pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Muni. ## Certain Liberation *nges par mthar byed*, Skt. *nges par mthar byed*, A park in Blazing Splendor. ## Certain Lotus *pad ma nges*, Skt. *pad ma nges*, Birthplace of the buddha Amitayaśas. ## Certain Love *nges byams ma*, Skt. *nges byams ma*, Mother of the buddha Kṛtavarman. ## Certain Mind *nges par sems*, Skt. *nges par sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Manujacandra (146) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Certain Mind of Complete Vision *yongs mthong blo nges*, Skt. *yongs mthong blo nges*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Certain Qualities *yon tan nges*, Skt. *yon tan nges*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahauṣadhi. ## certain realization of all phenomena *chos thams cad nges par rtogs pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirvedhako*, The forty-second of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Certain Rest *nges par gnas*, Skt. *nges par gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ūrṇāvat. ## Certain Sight *nges mthong*, Skt. *nges mthong*, Son of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Certain Wisdom *ye shes nges*, Skt. *ye shes nges*, Attendant of the buddha Anindita. ## Certain Worship *mchod par nges*, Skt. *mchod par nges*, Birthplace of the buddha Viniścitamati. ## Certainly Fierce *drag shul nges*, Skt. *drag shul nges*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Certainty *rnam par nges*, Skt. *rnam par nges*, Certainty (the state of being sure), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Dharmakīrti. ## Certainty in the Expanse of Reality *dbyings su nges pa*, Skt. *dharmā­dhatu­niyata*, Name of the eighth meditative stability. ## certainty in the realm of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi dbyings su nges pa*, Skt. *dharmā­dhatu­niyata*, A meditative stability. ## certainty in the realm of phenomena *chos kyi dbyings su nges pa*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­niyata*, The 9th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## certainty of all phenomena in the realm of phenomena *chos thams cad kyi dbyings su nges pa*, Skt. *dharmā­dhatu­niyata*, A meditative stability. ## Certainty of the Mind *blo’i rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *blo’i rnam par nges pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## certainty produced from all kinds of supernormal knowledge *mngon par shes pa thams cad las nges par skyes pa*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa thams cad las nges par skyes pa*, An absorption. ## cessation *’gog pa*, Skt. *nirodha*, The third Noble Truth, equivalent to nirvāṇa. ## Cessation Attained *’gog pa thob*, Skt. *’gog pa thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ketu. ## Cessation of All Faculties *dbang po thams cad ’gags pa*, Skt. *sarvendriya­nirodha*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Cessation of All Transmigration *’gro ba thams cad mi ’byung bar gyur pa*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad mi ’byung bar gyur pa*, Son of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## cessation of perception and sensation *’du shes dang tshor ba ’gog pa*, Skt. *saṃjñāvedayitanirodha*, An advanced state of meditation corresponding to the ninth anupūrva­vihāra­samāpatti (the attainment of (nine) successive stages); the state of the eighth vimokṣa (liberation). ## cessation of suffering *’gog pa*, Skt. *nirodha*, Third of the four truths of the noble ones. ## Cetanā *sems pa*, Skt. *cetanā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Cetana *tshe ta na*, Skt. *tshe ta na*, Birthplace of the buddha Kāśyapa. ## Cūḍeśvara *gtsug gi dbang phyug*, Skt. *cūḍeśvara*, A garuḍa. ## chaff tree *a pa mar+ga*, Skt. *apāmārga*, Achyranthes aspera. ## Chagalapāda *ra rkang*, Skt. *chagalapāda*, A yakṣa king. ## Chagme Rinpoche see [Karma Chagme](#karma-chagme). ## chakra *’khor lo*, Skt. *cakra*, Also rendered in this sūtra as “wheel.” ## Chakshingwa, (Geshe) *lcags shing ba*, a [Kadampa](#kadampa) [geshe](#geshe), [disciple](#disciple) of [Langri Thangpa](#langri-thangpa-geshe). ## Ch’an Chinese word for dhyāna, which was adopted as the name of the school of Mahāyāna practice founded by Bodhidharma, and later to become famous in the west as Zen. ## Chanda *'dun pa*, Skt. *chanda*, One of the notorious “group of six” monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the [Buddha](#buddha)’s injunctions on conduct. ## Chandaka *’dun pa*, Skt. *chandaka*, The Bodhisattva’s charioteer. ## Chandika *’dun pa can*, Skt. *chandika*, Attendant of Prince Siddhārtha. ## chandoha *ts+tshan do*, Skt. *chandoha*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## Chang A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Changing the Womb *mngal ’gyur mdzad pa*, Skt. *mngal ’gyur mdzad pa*, A buddha. ## Channel *rtsa*, Skt. *nāḍī*, subtle vein in which the subtle [energy](#energy) (*rlung*, Skt. *prāṇa*) circulates. The left and right principal channels run from the nostrils to just below the navel, where they join the [central channel](#central-channel). ## channel of darkness *mun pa ’bab*, Skt. *tamovāhinī*, The middle channel above the navel. ## Channels and energies (exercises of) *rtsa rlung gi 'phrul 'khor*, exercises combining visualization, [concentration](#concentration) and physical movements, in which the flow of subtle energies through the subtle [channels](#channel) is controlled and directed. These practices should only be attempted with the proper transmission and guidance, after completing the [preliminaries](#preliminaries) and achieving some stability in the [generation phase](#generation-phase). ## characteristic marks of a great being See “thirty-two characteristics of a great being.” ## characteristics *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, A sign or characteristic, which refers to the generic appearance of an object, in distinction to its secondary characteristics or anuvyañjana. Advertence toward the generic sign and secondary characteristics of an object furnishes the conception or nominal designation (Skt. saṃjñā) of that object, which may in turn generate clinging or rejection and ultimately lead to suffering. ## characteristics of phenomena *chos kyi mtshan nyid*, Skt. *dharmalakṣaṇa*, The defining characteristics (lakṣaṇa) of phenomena (dharma). The term lakṣaṇa is used in a variety of contexts to indicates the primary characteristic or defining feature of any particular phenomena; for instance the lakṣaṇa of fire is that it is hot and burning. ## characterized by *rab tu phye ba*, Skt. *prabhāvita*, See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1. Also translated here as “consisting in” and “constituted.” ## Characterized by Opportunity *kun nas skabs kyi mtshan nyid*, Skt. *kun nas skabs kyi mtshan nyid*, A buddha realm. ## Chariot *shing rta*, Skt. *shing rta*, Chariot (a two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle), also the name of a rākṣasī. ## Chariot Leading Ruler *shing rta ’dren pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *shing rta ’dren pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Rāhu­sūrya­garbha. ## Chariot of Fortune *skal ldan shing rta*, Skt. *skal ldan shing rta*, Son of the buddha Ketumat. ## Chariot of Joy *shing rta dga’*, Skt. *shing rta dga’*, Son of the buddha Supraṇaṣṭamoha. ## Chariot of Splendor *shing rta gzi brjid*, Skt. *shing rta gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Susthita. ## Chariot of the Fortunate *skal ldan shing rta*, Skt. *skal ldan shing rta*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samudradatta (496 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Chariot Ruler *shing rta dbang po*, Skt. *shing rta dbang po*, Father of the buddha Kathendra. ## Chariot-Driving Glorious Lotus Essence *shing rta gtong ba’i pad ma’i snying po dpal*, Skt. *shing rta gtong ba’i pad ma’i snying po dpal*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Charming Hands *lag sgeg*, Skt. *lag sgeg*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Charming Youth *gzhon nu yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *gzhon nu yid du ’ong ba*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## charnel ground *dur khrod*, Skt. *śmaśāna*, A cremation ground or place for discarded corpses. Also becomes synonymous in tantra with a type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## charnel-ground shroud *dur khrod kyi ras*, Skt. *śmaśānakarpaṭa*, A piece of cloth that covers corpses being carried to a cremation ground and that remains draped over them on the funeral pyre. ## chaste life *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, The observance of celibacy. ## chaste tree *sin+du ba ra*, Skt. *sindhuvara*, Vitex negundo. A member of the verbena family. Also known in English as the Chinese chaste tree, the five-leaved chaste tree, and horseshoe vitex. ## chastity *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, See “holy life.” ## Chatrākāra *gdugs ’dra*, Skt. *chatrākāra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## chatter *ngag kyal*, Skt. *saṃbhinna­pralāpa*, The fourth among the four misdeeds of speech. ## Chattering Teeth *so thams thams*, Skt. *adada*, One of the cold hells. ## Chavikaliṅka *tsha bi ka ling ka*, Skt. *chavikaliṅka*, A forest in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Chödrak Pel Sangpo *chos grags dpal bzang po*, Skt. *chos grags dpal bzang po*, One of the two Tibetan translators of this scripture. ## Chödrup *chos grub*, A prolific translator active in Dunhuang during the early ninth century (c. 755–849). ## Che Khyidruk *lce khi ’brug*, A Tibetan author and translator dated to the late eighth and early ninth centuries ce. As well as being listed by Butön among the translators of this text, he is the author of three treatises on Sanskrit grammar in the Tengyur (Toh 4350, Toh 4351, and Q 5838). ## cheating *tshul ’chos*, Skt. *kuha*, Also translated here as “hypocrisy.” ## Chedana *gcod mdzad*, Skt. *chedana*, The 538th buddha in the first list, 538th in the second list, and 531st in the third list. ## cheek molding *’gram*, Skt. *kapola*, A type of convex molding. The term kapola literally means “cheek,” and is used in this technical sense in classical Indian architecture. ## cheerful *kun spro*, Skt. *kun spro*, A class of asuras ruled by Overjoyed. ## Chekawa Yeshe Dorje *'chad kha ba ye shes rdo rje* (1101-1175), a famous [Kadampa](#kadampa) [geshe](#geshe). He systematized the teachings of the Mind Training into seven points [see external](https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/geshe-chekhawa-yeshe-dorje/seven-points-mind-training), and rendered them more accessible. See *The Great [Path](#path) of Awakening*, Jamgön Kongtrul, Shambhala, 1987, and *Enlightened Courage*, Dilgo Khyentse, Editions Padmakara, 1992 (worldwide except N. America) and Snow Lion, 1993 (North America only). ## Chel Lotsāwa Chökyi Sangpo *dpyal lo tsA ba chos kyi bzang po*, Skt. *dpyal lo tsA ba chos kyi bzang po*, Chel Lotsāwa Chökyi Sangpo (d. 1216) was a Tibetan translator active in the thirteenth century. ## Chengawa, (Geshe) *spyan snga ba*(1038 - 1103), [disciple](#disciple) of [Drom Tönpa](#drom-tönpa), started the transmission lineage of the [Kadampa](#kadampa) oral instructions. ## Chenrenzi *spyan ras gzigs*, the Tibetan name for [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara) ## cherry wood *shug pa*, Skt. *padmaka*, Also known as Wild Himalayan Cherry, Sour Cherry, and Costus Speciosus. ## Chögyal Pakpa *chos rgyal 'phags pa* (1235 - 1280), one of the five great scholars of the [Śākya](#sakyapa) school known as the Śākya Gongma. He became the [preceptor](#preceptor) of Mongolian emperor Kublai Khan and regent of Tibet. ## Chi A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Chief of All Beings *’gro ba thams cad kyi gtso bo*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad kyi gtso bo*, Name of a dance instructor in a story Buddha tells. ## Chief Water God *gtso bo chu lha*, Skt. *gtso bo chu lha*, Name of a village chief in a story Buddha tells. ## Child *brang skyes*, Skt. *brang skyes*, Child (a young human being), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Lokapriya. ## Child of Happiness *bde gnas phrug gu sdug*, Skt. *bde gnas phrug gu sdug*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bahudevaghuṣṭa. ## child of Manu *shed bu*, Skt. *mānava*, Manu being the archetypal human, the progenitor of mankind, in the Mahā­bhārata, the Purāṇas, and other Indian texts, “child of Manu” is a synonym of “human being” or mankind in general. See also “descendant of Manu.” ## Child of Qualities *yon tan bu*, Skt. *yon tan bu*, Mother of the buddha Kuśalaprabha. ## Child of the Royal Sage *rgyal po’i drang srong phrug gu*, Skt. *rgyal po’i drang srong phrug gu*, Birthplace of the buddha Kṣatriya. ## Child of the Splendid Scattering of Doubts *yid gnyis rnam par ’thor ba’i gzi brjid phrug gu*, Skt. *yid gnyis rnam par ’thor ba’i gzi brjid phrug gu*, Father of the buddha Amoghagāmin. ## Child of the Wealth God *nor lha’i bu*, Skt. *nor lha’i bu*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vararuci. ## childish *byis pa*, Skt. *bāla*, See and . ## children of the jinas *rgyal ba’i sras*, Skt. *jinorasa*, A term for bodhisattvas. ## children of the Victorious One *rgyal ba’i sras*, Skt. *jinaputra*, An epithet of bodhisattvas. See g.47 for the definition of Victorious One. ## child’s play Derived from a verb that means “to play with” or “to engage in sport,” the term often has the sense in Buddhist literature of doing things easily or making easy work of something as a result of having attained great knowledge and power. ## chiliocosm *stong gi ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *sāhasralokadhātu*, A “thousandfold universe,” also called a “first order chiliocosm” (spyi phud kyi ’jig rten gyi khams), “lesser chiliocosm” (chung ngu’i ’jig rten gyi khams, sāhasra­cūḍiko loka­dhātu), or “lower chiliocosm” (tha ma’i ’jig rten gyi khams), consisting of a thousand worlds each made up of their own Mount Meru, four continents, sun, moon, and god realms. Explained in . ## Chim Chenpo Namkha Drak Lived from 1210–89 and was the seventh abbot of Narthang monastery, serving from 1250 until his death. ## Chim Tsöndrü Sengé *mchims brtson seng*, Skt. *mchims brtson seng*, Late-eleventh to early-twelfth century. The text gives the shortened version of his name, which in full is mchims brtson ’grus seng ge. A disciple of Bari Lotsawa. ## chimili A type of plant. ## China It is believed that the term “Tongku” is derived from the Chinese dong jing (東京) or “Eastern capital” but came to refer to the Chinese lands east of Tibet. Use of this term is attested as early as 960 ce, before the creation of the modern political designation “China,” but it was used as an epithet for various Chinese empires over the course of centuries. For more on this term, see van Schaik 2013. ## Chinese wedelia Wedelia chinesis or Sphagneticola calendulacea. ## Chingwa An area of central Tibet. ## Chinnasrotas *rgyun bcad pa*, Skt. *chinnasrotas*, One of the five yakṣa generals. ## chir pine rosin *shi ri bi sta*, Skt. *nīveṣṭaka*, This is a product of the chir pine, also known as the long leaf pine: Pinus roxbhurghii or Pinus longifolia. It is used in Āyurvedic medicine. Also known in Sanskrit as śrīveṣṭa, which appears to be the version in the manuscript from which the Tibetan was transliterated. (Toh 555: thang chu.) ## Chisé *phyi se*, Skt. *phyi se*, An image of the Buddha. ## Chitvāsuta *gcod dang ldan pa’i bu*, Skt. *chitvāsuta*, A nāga king. ## Chökyi Gyalpo See “Drogön Chögyal Phakpa.” ## Chökyi Jungné *chos kyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *chos kyi ’byung gnas*, The eighth Tai Situpa in the Karma Kagyü tradition (1700−1777), he oversaw the creation of the Degé Kangyur. ## Chökyi Nyingpo A Tibetan translator during the imperial period. ## Chökyi Sherap An eleventh-century Tibetan translator who translated over eighty seven works in the Kangyur and Tengyur. ## Chökyi Wangchuk See “sixth Shamar.” ## Chönyi Tsültrim *chos nyid tshul khrims*, Tibetan translator of this sūtra in the ninth century, also well known for his collaboration in compiling the Mahāvyutpatti (Skt.-Tib. dictionary). ## Chönyi Tsultrim *chos nyid tshul khrims*, Skt. *dharmatāśīla*, A translator and editor active in the late eighth and early ninth centuries, he translated a dozen important sūtras in the Kangyur including this text and was a contributor to the Drajor Bampo Nyipa, an early ninth century edict and manual defining translation methodology. ## Cho *gcod*, lit. cutting, destroying. Method of meditation in which one offers one's own body to cut the [four demons](#four-demons) within. [Machik Labdrön](#machik-labdrön) received the cho teachings from the Indian teacher [Padampa Sangye](#padampa-sangye) and from Kyotön Sönam [Lama](#lama), and propagated them in Tibet. ## Chokden *mchog ldan*, Skt. *mchog ldan*, Chokden Lekpé Lodrö (mchog ldan legs pa’i blo gros), a Sakya master of the thirteenth century. ## Chokro Lui Gyaltsen *cog ro klu’i rgyal mtshan*, An important early Tibetan translator and editor who was also one of the twenty-five principal disciples of Guru Padmasambhava. ## Chom Ralpa Chomden Rikpai Raldri (bcom ldan rig pa’i ral gri, 1227–1305) was a prominent scholar based at Narthang monastery who compiled an inventory of translated Buddhist texts and guided the compilation of the Old Narthang manuscript Kangyur (no longer extant), which is considered the first Kangyur compiled in Tibet. He was a student of Chim Chenpo Namkha Drak and the teacher of Jamgak Pakṣi. ## Chomden Rikpai Raldri See also “Chom Ralpa.” ## Chomden Rikpai Raltri *bcom ldan rig pa’i ral gri*, A Tibetan scholar of the early Kadam school who lived from 1227–1305 ce. He composed a history of Buddhism in India and Tibet in 1261 and compiled a survey of Buddhist texts that had been translated into Tibetan. Toward the end of his life he played a key role in the compilation of what is considered the first full Kangyur, known as the old Narthang Manuscript Kangyur, which is no longer extant. ## chosen deity *rang gi ’dod pa’i lha*, Skt. *sveṣṭadevatā*, A sambhogakāya deity to which the practitioner has a samaya commitment, commonly known by the students of Tibetan Buddhism as yidam. ## Chosen Roar *nga ro bsdams*, Skt. *nga ro bsdams*, A buddha. ## chronic fevers *rtag pa'i rims*, Skt. *nityajvara*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## chrysoberyl *ke ke ru*, Skt. *karketana*, This stone is not a type of beryl in spite of its name. The Tibetan has adopted the Prakrit form of its name: ke ke ru. It is the third hardest gemstone. It comes in three main varieties: the eponymous yellow or green chrysoberyl; cat’s eye (cymophane), which is light green or yellow with a band of light, resembling a cat’s eye; and the third form, alexandrite, which can change color from red to green to yellow according to the light. All three kinds have been mined since ancient times, in Sri Lanka in particular. ## Chugönpana *cu gon pa na*, Skt. *cu gon pa na*, An image of the Buddha. ## Chuk A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Chumik Ringmo A monastery in Tsang, located west of present-day Shigatse. ## churning method *srub pa’i sbyor ba*, Skt. *manthānayoga*, A method of generating a deity in visualization (out of male and female sexual fluids mixed in the vagina). ## chāyā *grib gnon*, Skt. *chāyā*, “Shadow,” a class of malevolent supernatural beings considered a source of disease and misfortune. ## chāya *grib non*, Skt. *chāya*, “Shadow”; a type of harmful being believed to be the source of disease and mental illness. ## Cūṣiṇī *’jib byed ma*, Skt. *cūṣiṇī*, One of the four guardian goddesses who can be indicated to a fellow practitioner by her pledge sign. ## Cibikuṇḍalī *rna cha kos ko*, Skt. *cibikuṇḍalī*, A deity in Ekajaṭā’s maṇḍala. ## Cibikuṇḍalin *bi ci kuN+Da li*, Skt. *cibikuṇḍalin*, God of wealth. ## cicca *sems bsgyur ba*, Skt. *cicca*, A class of malevolent spirits. ## Cidāla *bsam ’dzin*, Skt. *cidāla*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Cihna *phyag mtshan*, Skt. *cihna*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas. ## Cihnaketu *tog gi phyag mtshan*, Skt. *cihnaketu*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Cihnitikā *mtshon byed ma*, Skt. *cihnitikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Cilika *tsi li ka*, Skt. *cilika*, A forest on Forest Garlands. ## cinnamon *shing tsha*, Skt. *tvaca*, Cinnamonum tamale. Specifically, the Indian species of cinnamon, which has medicinal properties. ## Cintārāja *bsam pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *cintārāja*, A bodhisattva in a southern realm. ## Circle *dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *dkyil ’khor*, Circle (a round closed curve), also the name of a lake on Equal Peaks. ## circle of hair between the eyebrows *mdzod spu*, Skt. *ūrṇā*, One of the physical marks of a buddha, a hair that is coiled up between the eyebrows. ## Circling Fish *nya ’khor ba*, Skt. *nya ’khor ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## circling the eye A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Circling Waves *rlabs ’khor bar gyur pa*, Skt. *rlabs ’khor bar gyur pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Circular Design *khor yug gi rnam pa*, Skt. *khor yug gi rnam pa*, An ocean beyond Videha. ## Circular Movement *dkyil ’khor ’gro*, Skt. *dkyil ’khor ’gro*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Circumambulating *skor byed*, Skt. *skor byed*, Circumambulating (walking around something), also the name of a future solitary buddha. ## Circumambulation *skor ba*, [act](#act) of veneration consisting in walking clockwise, concentratedly and with [awareness](#awareness), around a sacred object, e.g. a [temple](#temple), [stūpa](#stūpa), holy mountain, or the house, and even the person, of a spiritual master. ## circumstantial victor *rkyen gyi rgyal ba*, A being who attains victory (i.e., awakening) through specific circumstances. A synonym for a solitary buddha. ## Citīmukha *gnas sgo*, Skt. *citīmukha*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Citrā *nag pa*, Skt. *citrā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Spica (alpha Virginis) in the occidental tradition. ## Citra *nag pa*, Skt. *citra*, Citra Mounted on an Elephant’s name in a former life. ## Citra Mounted on an Elephant *nag pa glang chen gnas*, Skt. *nag pa glang chen gnas*, In Rājagṛha, the son of King Bimbisāra’s elephant trainer Elephant Heart. He is tricked into giving back his precepts, then becomes ordained once again. ## Citragupta *sna tshogs sbed pa*, Skt. *citragupta*, A yakṣa general. ## Citrakūṭa *sna tshogs brtsegs*, Skt. *citrakūṭa*, A mountain king. ## Citraketu *sna tshogs tog*, Skt. *citraketu*, A king of vidyādharas. ## Citra­mañjari­prabhāsa *yal ga sna tshogs kyi ’od*, Skt. *citra­mañjari­prabhāsa*, A bodhimaṇḍa in another world in the distant past. ## Citrapiśācikā *sha za phra mo*, Skt. *citrapiśācikā*, A piśācī. ## Citraraśmi *’od zer sna tshogs*, Skt. *citraraśmi*, The 564th buddha in the first list, 564th in the second list, and 557th in the third list. ## Citraratha Grove *sna tshogs shing rta*, Skt. *citraratha*, One of the groves of the Trāyastriṃśa (Heaven of the Thirty-Three) gods. ## Citrasena *sna tshogs sde*, Skt. *citrasena*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Citrākṣī *sna tshogs mig ldan ma*, Skt. *citrākṣī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Citrākṣa *mig bkra*, Skt. *citrākṣa*, A nāga king. ## citron Citrus medica. The citron tree. ## Citrārthendra *sna tshogs don dbang*, Skt. *citrārthendra*, The twenty-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Citrārtha-indra . ## Cittarāja *sna tshogs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *cittarāja*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## cittasthiti *sems gnas pa*, Skt. *cittasthiti*, Lit. “stability of mind.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Citton­mādakara *sems skyed par byed pa*, Skt. *citton­mādakara*, One of the kinnara kings. ## City *grong khyer*, Skt. *grong khyer*, City (a large town), also the name of a buddha realm. ## city beggar woman *grong khyer gyis ’tsho ba*, Skt. *nagarāvalambikā*, Lit. “one whose livelihood is from the city.” This is a Tibetan rendering of the Sanskrit nagarāvalambikā, referring to a person dependent on the city for alms, or a beggar. (Skilling 2021, pp. 301–4, includes a detailed discussion of this Sanskrit term and notes that different Tibetan translations of it include the following: grong khyer gyis ’tsho ba (“one who is supported by the city,” which is the Tibetan translation found in this sūtra), grong khyer rten pa (“city dependent”), grong khyer gyi sprang po (“city beggar”), and grong gi sprang po (also “city beggar”).) ## city of gandharvas *dri za’i grong khyer*, Skt. *dri za’i grong khyer*, Cloud formations that look like elaborate celestial cities, one classical example of illusory phenomena. ## City of Hills *phung po’i grong khyer*, Skt. *phung po’i grong khyer*, A city in Videha. ## city of Pāṭaliputra *dmar bu can gyi grong khyer*, Skt. *pāṭaliputraṃ nagaraṃ*, A city on the Ganges that became the capital of Magadha after Rājagṛha. ## cāṇḍāla *gdol pa*, Skt. *cāṇḍāla*, An outcaste or a member of the lowest (and despised) castes in Indian society. ## claimed *zin pa*, Kalyāṇamitra explains that a “claimed” (zin pa) site means one that is suitable for use (Kalyāṇamitra, F.313.a.1–2). ## clairvoyance *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, The clairvoyances are listed as either five or six. The first five are the divine eye, divine ear, performance of miraculous power, recollection of past lives, and knowing others’ thoughts. A sixth, knowing that all outflows have been eliminated, is often added. The first five are attained through concentration (dhyāna) and are sometimes described as worldly, as they can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogins, while the sixth is supramundane and attained only by realization‍. ## clairvoyant knowledge *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, See “clairvoyances.” ## Clan of the Sun *nyi ma’i rigs*, Skt. *sauryakula*, An epithet of the Buddha’s tribe derived from a legend concerning his ancestry (Rigzin 128). See also “Śākya.” ## clarified butter *mar gyi snying khu*, Skt. *sarpirmaṇḍa*, Mahāvyutpatti 5683. ## Clarifier of the Meaningful Name *don yod ming sgrogs*, Skt. *don yod ming sgrogs*, A great bodhisattva. ## Clarity (experience) *gsal nyams*, one of the three types of experience in meditation. See [experiences](#experiences-meditative). ## Clarity Free from Dullness *gsal ba gti mug med pa*, Skt. *gsal ba gti mug med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kṛtāntadarśin. ## Clarity, increase and attainment *snang mched thob*, three experiences which occur successively at the moment of death. ## Clarity of Friendship *mdza’ yi gsal*, Skt. *mdza’ yi gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇicandra. ## clarity of mind *sems dad pa*, Skt. *cittaprasāda*, The exact meaning of this term is uncertain; it could mean mental clarity or calmness. ## Clarity of Supreme Renown *grags mchog gsal ba*, Skt. *grags mchog gsal ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pradānakīrti. ## class *sde tshan*, Skt. *varga*, The term for the consonant classes of the Sanskrit alphabet. ## class of pure abodes *gnas gtsang ma’i ris*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsakāyika*, The abodes inhabited by anāgāmins (“non-returners”) who are on the path to arhathood. ## Class Possessor *rigs ldan*, Skt. *rigs ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Somacchattra. ## clay drum *rdza rnga*, Skt. *mṛdaṅga*, A kettledrum played horizontally that is wider in the middle, with the skin at both ends played by the hands. One drumhead is smaller than the other. A South Indian drum, it maintains the rhythm in Karnatak music. ## Clean Water *gtsang ba’i chu*, Skt. *gtsang ba’i chu*, (1) A lake on Equal Peaks. (2) A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Cleansed of the Stains of Affliction *nyon mongs dri ma sbyangs*, Skt. *nyon mongs dri ma sbyangs*, A buddha. ## Clear *gsal can*, Skt. *gsal can*, Clear (easy to perceive or understand; transparent), also the name of the father of the buddha Prasannabuddhi. ## Clear Abiding *gsal bar gnas*, Skt. *gsal bar gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Satyaketu. ## Clear Appearance *gsal bar snang ba*, Skt. *gsal bar snang ba*, A lake on Utterly Delightful to Behold. ## Clear Conduct *spyod pa gsal*, Skt. *spyod pa gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anantatejas (667 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Delight *rab dgyes gsal ba*, Skt. *rab dgyes gsal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyamati (941 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Dharma *chos gsal*, Skt. *chos gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Arthamati. ## Clear Direction *phyogs gsal*, Skt. *phyogs gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyotiṣka (124 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Expertise *mkhas pa gsal*, Skt. *mkhas pa gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Clear Fame *grags pa gsal ba po*, Skt. *grags pa gsal ba po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padmaśrī (491 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Focal Point *dmigs pa gsal*, Skt. *dmigs pa gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Netra. ## Clear Forest *gsal ba’i tshal*, Skt. *gsal ba’i tshal*, A forest in Moving Mind. ## Clear Fragrance *spos gsal*, Skt. *spos gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Clear Gathering *tshogs gsal*, Skt. *tshogs gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sucittayaśas. ## Clear Gift of Wealth *nor sbyin gsal*, Skt. *nor sbyin gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Girīndrakalpa. ## Clear Infinite Fame *grags pa mtha’ yas gsal*, Skt. *grags pa mtha’ yas gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jitaśatru. ## Clear Insight *shes rab gsal*, Skt. *shes rab gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Laḍitakṣetra. ## Clear Intelligence *blo gros gsal ba*, Skt. *blo gros gsal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāpraṇāda (914 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Intelligence and Merit *blo gros bsod nams gsal*, Skt. *blo gros bsod nams gsal*, Father of the buddha Śrī. ## Clear Intelligence of Vast Vision *mthong chen blo gros gsal*, Skt. *mthong chen blo gros gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Cāritraka. ## Clear Jewels *rin chen gsal*, Skt. *rin chen gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Maṇiviśuddha. ## Clear Joy *dga’ ba gsal*, Skt. *dga’ ba gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Vegajaha. ## Clear Knowledge of the Heard *thos rig rab gsal*, Skt. *thos rig rab gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇārci. ## Clear Learning *mkhas pa gsal*, Skt. *mkhas pa gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Chedana (531 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Liberation *rnam grol gsal*, Skt. *rnam grol gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kṛtārtha. ## Clear light *'od gsal*, Skt. *prabhāsvara*, spontaneous, luminous (or knowing) aspect of the nature of the mind—or [awareness](#awareness). ## Clear Light, (gods of) *'od gsal gyi lha*, Skt. *Ābhāsvara*, the highest level of the [gods](#gods) of the Second [Concentration](#concentration) (in the [World of Form](#three-worlds)). ## Clear light of the moment of the ground *gzhi dus kyi 'od gsal*, "nature of the mind of all beings, pure from the [beginning](#beginning) and spontaneously luminous; fundamental continuum (of [awareness](#awareness)), potential of Buddhahood." DICT. It can be "introduced" by a realized master to a [disciple](#disciple), who then stabilizes and develops that experience through the profound practices of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection) Ordinary beings perceive it only for a flash at the moment of death. ## Clear Marks *mtshan gsal*, Skt. *mtshan gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jagattoṣaṇa (819 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Melody *dbyangs gsal*, Skt. *dbyangs gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyaraśmi (595 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Mind *blo gsal*, Skt. *blo gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānaśūra (558 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Mindfulness *dran pa gsal*, Skt. *dran pa gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Apagatakleśa. ## Clear Position *phyogs gsal ba*, Skt. *phyogs gsal ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sumati. ## Clear Possession of Gatherings *tshogs ldan gsal ba*, Skt. *tshogs ldan gsal ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Sugaṇin. ## Clear Qualities *yon tan gsal*, Skt. *yon tan gsal*, Mother of the buddha Anupamavādin. ## clear realization *mngon par rtogs pa*, Skt. *abhisamaya*, A samaya is a coming together, in this case of an object known and something that knows it; the abhi means “toward” or else adds an intensity to the act. ## clear realization of all aspects *rnam kun mngon rdzogs rtogs pa*, Skt. *sarvākārābhisambodha*, Fourth of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## clear realization of all phenomena *rnam kun mngon rdzogs rtogs pa*, Skt. *sarvākārābhi­sam­bodha*, Fourth of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## Clear Roar *nga ro gsal*, Skt. *nga ro gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhadhvaja (66 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Sage *drang srong gsal*, Skt. *drang srong gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Satyaruta (423 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Seeing *gsal ldan mthong*, Skt. *gsal ldan mthong*, Mother of the buddha Laḍitakrama. ## Clear Speech *smra ba gsal*, Skt. *smra ba gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prasannabuddhi. ## Clear Stream of Summer Clouds *dbyar sprin rab tu dang ba’i chu ’bab pa*, Skt. *dbyar sprin rab tu dang ba’i chu ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Clear Strength *stobs gsal*, Skt. *stobs gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vimalarāja (500 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Supremacy *rab mchog gsal*, Skt. *rab mchog gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mānajaha. ## Clear Teacher *ston pa gsal*, Skt. *ston pa gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ugratejas (318 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Teacher Mind *ston gsal*, Skt. *ston gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇacūḍa. ## Clear Teaching *smra ba gsal*, Skt. *smra ba gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Arthavādin. ## Clear Truth *bden pa gsal*, Skt. *bden pa gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Laḍitagāmin. ## clear understanding *’du shes*, Skt. *saṃjñā*, The term is used in an ordinary sense in Sanskrit to mean “notion,” “sign,” “conception,” or “clear understanding.” It is also used more specifically in Buddhist scholastic contexts in the phrase “the aggregate of perceptions” (saṃjñāskandha). ## Clear View *lta ba gsal*, Skt. *lta ba gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhāgīrathi. ## Clear Vision *gzigs pa gsal*, Skt. *gzigs pa gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇagarbha (430 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Clear Water *chu dang ba*, Skt. *chu dang ba*, A pond in Dwelling on Forest Riverbanks in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Clear Wealth *’byor pa gsal*, Skt. *’byor pa gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vegajaha. ## Clear Wealth Gift *nor sbyin gsal*, Skt. *nor sbyin gsal*, Father of the buddha Muktaprabha. ## Clear Wisdom *ye shes gsal*, Skt. *ye shes gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Clear Worthy One *dgra bcom gsal*, Skt. *dgra bcom gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Arhatkīrti. ## clear-eyed *mig yongs su dag pa*, A meditative stability. ## clearing nut *ka Ta kaM*, Skt. *kataka*, Strychnos potatorum. ## Clear-Limbed Deer Eyes *yan lag ’char ri dags mi*, Skt. *yan lag ’char ri dags mi*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Clearly Superior *mngon ’phags*, Skt. *mngon ’phags*, A great bodhisattva. ## Cleaved Head *mgo zed*, Skt. *mgo zed*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Clinging *'dzin pa*, lit. holding, also [means](#means) to have a belief. Thus "ego clinging" can also be interpreted as "believing in an I." ## clinging to desire *’dod pa la mngon par zhen pa*, Skt. *’dod pa la mngon par zhen pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Close Attention *nyer sems*, Skt. *nyer sems*, Attendant of the buddha Prahāṇakhila. ## Close Force *nye sde*, Skt. *nye sde*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vikrāntagāmin. ## Closed Eye *mig btsums*, Skt. *mig btsums*, A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## close-fitting teeth *tshems thags bzang*, Skt. *a­virala­danta­tā*, Twenty-second of the thirty-two major marks. ## cloth eye-covering The translation of this term follows the rendering in the Sanskrit witnesses. The meaning of the corresponding Tibetan is obscure. ## cloth hanging *’phan*, Skt. *paṭṭika*, An ornament of the maṇḍala palace. ## cloth of a fitting color *kha dog ran pa*, Skt. *samavarṇa*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. In this case, a “fitting color” has equal shades of blue, yellow, and saffron while “ill-colored” [means](#means) exclusively blue, yellow, or saffron. ## Cloud *sprin*, Skt. *sprin*, Cloud (a visible mass of condensed water vapor in the sky), also the name of a devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Cloud Banks *sprin brtsegs*, Skt. *sprin brtsegs*, King Sudarśana’s elephant. ## Cloud Bearer *sprin ldan*, Skt. *sprin ldan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃha. ## Cloud below Gold *gser gyi ’og phag sprin*, Skt. *gser gyi ’og phag sprin*, A forest of the asuras. ## Cloud Color *sprin gyi kha dog*, Skt. *sprin gyi kha dog*, A world system. ## Cloud Companion *sprin ’khor ba*, Skt. *sprin ’khor ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Cloud Complexion *sprin gyi mdog*, Skt. *sprin gyi mdog*, A past buddha. ## cloud disperser *sprin rab tu ’byed par byed pa*, Skt. *sprin rab tu ’byed par byed pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Cloud Essence *sprin gyi snying po*, Skt. *sprin gyi snying po*, A goddess. ## Cloud Forest *sprin gyi nags*, Skt. *sprin gyi nags*, A forest on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Krakucchanda. ## Cloud Fulfilling Equanimity’s Splendor *snyoms pa’i gzi brjid sgrub pa’i sprin*, Skt. *snyoms pa’i gzi brjid sgrub pa’i sprin*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud Garland *sprin phreng*, Skt. *sprin phreng*, A lotus pool in Lateral. ## Cloud Gatherer *sprin ’du bar mdzad*, Skt. *sprin ’du bar mdzad*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud Grove *sprin tshal*, Skt. *sprin tshal*, A park where the buddha Voice Proclaiming the Cloud of Dharma resided. ## Cloud King *sprin gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sprin gyi rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Cloud Light *sprin gyi sgron ma*, The name of a deity in the southwest section of Gaṇapati’s maṇḍala. ## Cloud Locks *sprin gyi ral pa can*, Skt. *sprin gyi ral pa can*, A goddess. ## Cloud Melody *sprin gyi dbyangs*, Skt. *sprin gyi dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka (878 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Cloud Mode *sprin gyi ’gros*, Skt. *sprin gyi ’gros*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Cloud of Dharma The tenth of the bodhisattva grounds, here understood as ten in number. ## Cloud of Generosity *sprin sbyin*, Skt. *sprin sbyin*, A buddha. ## Cloud of Intelligence *sprin kyi blo gros*, Skt. *sprin kyi blo gros*, A king. ## Cloud of Sandalwood Incense *tsan dan spos kyi ’od*, Skt. *tsan dan spos kyi ’od*, A buddha from the past. ## Cloud Proclaimer *sprin sgrogs*, Skt. *sprin sgrogs*, A brahmin. ## Cloud Protector *sprin gyi bsrungs*, Skt. *sprin gyi bsrungs*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Cloud River *sprin gyi chu bo*, Skt. *sprin gyi chu bo*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud That Vanquishes All Arrays of Wind *rlung gi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’joms pa’i sprin*, Skt. *rlung gi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’joms pa’i sprin*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud Voice *sprin gyi dbyangs*, Skt. *sprin gyi dbyangs*, Two different individuals in this sūtra: (1) a son of King Sarvārthasiddha and (2) a bodhisattva disciple of King of the Lunar Lamp. ## Cloud-Born Harvest *sprin gyis lo tog skyed*, Skt. *sprin gyis lo tog skyed*, A tathāgata. ## Cloudless *sprin med kyi lha rnams*, Skt. *anabhraka*, Cloudless (free of clouds), also the name of a class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Cloudless Heaven *sprin med*, Skt. *anabhraka*, The tenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the first of the three heavens that correspond to the fourth of the four concentrations. ## Cloud-Like Exaltation *sprin ltar ’phags*, Skt. *sprin ltar ’phags*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud-Like Resounding *sprin ltar rnam par sgrogs*, Skt. *sprin ltar rnam par sgrogs*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud-Like Victory *sprin ltar rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *sprin ltar rnam par ’joms pa*, A tathāgata. ## Cloud-Like White Array *sprin ltar dkar brtsegs*, Skt. *sprin ltar dkar brtsegs*, A forest in Dwelling on Summits. ## Cloud’s Great Water Endowed with Six Flavors *ro bro ba drug dang ldan pa’i chu chen po’i sprin*, Skt. *ro bro ba drug dang ldan pa’i chu chen po’i sprin*, A tathāgata. ## Clouds of Dharma *chos sprin*, Skt. *dharmameghā*, The tenth bodhisattva bhūmi. ## Clouds of Joy *dga’ ba’i sprin*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i sprin*, Birthplace of the buddha Vibodhana. ## Cloudy *sprin dang ldan pa*, Skt. *meghavatī*, Cloudy (covered with clouds), also the name of the realm of the Buddha Cloud King. ## cluster fig Identified tentatively as Ficus glomerata or Ficus racemosa. Alternately, it may be identified with Pueraria tuberosa, commonly known as kudzu. ## Cluster Fig Caves *u dum pA ra’i phug*, Skt. *u dum pA ra’i phug*, Caves on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Krakucchanda. ## cluster fig tree *shing u dum ba ra*, Skt. *udumbara*, Ficus Glomerata according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Cluster of Forms *gzugs brtsegs pa*, Skt. *gzugs brtsegs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kṛtavarman. ## Cluster of Parasols *gdugs sde*, Skt. *gdugs sde*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Abhyudgataśrī (159 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Ācāma River *’bras khu’i chu*, Skt. *ācāmanadī*, A river that flows down from the lake Anavatapta. ## Cūḍāmaṇi *phyag na gtsug gi rin po che*, Skt. *cūḍāmaṇi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Cūḍāmaṇidhara *gtsug na nor bu thogs*, Skt. *cūḍāmaṇidhara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Cāmaradvīpa *Rnga yab gling*, one of the eight sub-continents in ancient Indian cosmology, to the west of [Jambudvīpa](#jambudvīpa). This is the south-western continent referred to as the [Buddhafield](#buddhafield) of the [Glorious Copper-colored Mountain](#glorious-copper-colored-mountain). ## Cāmpayaka *tsam par skyes*, Skt. *cāmpayaka*, A nāga king. ## Cāmpeya *tsam pa skyes*, Skt. *cāmpeya*, A nāga who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Cāmuṇḍā *tsa muN+DA*, Skt. *cāmuṇḍā*, Normally regarded as a Hindu goddess (a form of Durgā), in the CMT she is invoked to protect from theft. ## Cīnabhūmi *rgya yul gyi ni sa*, Skt. *cīnabhūmi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Coḍa The name of a country. ## coṇa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## coarse food *kham gyi zas*, Skt. *kavalīkārāhāra*, One of the four kinds of food. ## cobra saffron Mesua ferrea. ## cobra’s saffron *klu shing gi me tog*, Skt. *nāgapuṣpa*, Mesua roxburghii. The Sanskrit literally translates as “nāga flowers.” ## coconut Cocos nucifera. The coconut tree. ## coconut palm Cocos nucifera. ## code of conduct *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, See “religious life.” ## coemergent joy *lhan cig skyes dga’*, Skt. *sahajānanda*, The fourth joy. ## cognition *shes pa*, Skt. *jñāna*, Also translated as “knowledge.” ## coherent *rigs pa*, Skt. *[yukta?]*, The Tibetan rigs pa is used to translate several Sanskrit terms (which cannot be reconstructed with certainty for this text) with the literal meaning of being connected or coherent, but with contextual meanings ranging from appropriateness or suitability, through correctness, conformity, congruence, to reasoned and rational thinking or argument, and the principles used to validate scriptural statements. In this text the epithet is one of several others paired with “liberated” as criteria for the authenticity of monks, their worthiness to receive offerings, etc. See “knowledge,” “equipped,” “liberated,” and also . “Coherent and liberated” is also used (in other texts) as a description of the necessary qualities of the inspired eloquence (pratibhāna, spobs pa) of those qualified to give teachings. ## coin *kAr ShA pa Na*, Skt. *kārṣāpaṇa*, A coin of variable value, sometimes worth as little as a burnt bun and other times equal to twenty gold coins. ## Cold Whimpering Hell *a chu zer ba*, Skt. *huhuva*, Fifth of the eight cold hells of Buddhist cosmology. It is named for the sounds its inhabitants make while enduring unthinkable cold. ## collarbones that are well covered *thal gong rgyas pa*, Skt. *citāntarāṃsa­tā*, Seventeenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Collected Clouds *sprin sdud*, Skt. *sprin sdud*, A tathāgata. ## collected state *mnyam par bzhag pa*, Skt. *samāhita*, Also rendered here as “meditative equipoise.” ## collecting The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its fifth week. ## collection *tshogs*, Skt. *tshogs*, In the context of the psychophysical constituents, refers to the combination of individual sense-consciousnesses related to the five senses, and that of the mind, making five or six constituents depending on the context (and in some texts more) that collectively constitute “consciousness.” ## Collection of Sounds *sgra bsags*, Skt. *sgra bsags*, A nāga king. ## collection of sūtras *mdo sde*, Skt. *sūtrapiṭaka*, The collection of discourses of the Buddha. ## collections *sde snod*, Skt. *piṭaka*, Literally, the “baskets,” or collections containing the Buddha’s teachings. ## collyrium *mig sman*, Skt. *añjana*, An ointment or concoction that is applied to the eyes. This is also the name of a type of siddhi that includes applying ointments of various ritually prepared substances to the eyes. ## collyrium siddhi The name of a siddhi. ## Color Heap *tshon rtsi’i phung po*, Skt. *tshon rtsi’i phung po*, A buddha realm. ## color of bile *mkhris pa’i kha dog*, Skt. *mkhris pa’i kha dog*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## color of fat *tshil gyi kha dog*, Skt. *tshil gyi kha dog*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Colorful *sna tshogs*, Skt. *sna tshogs*, Colorful (having many bright colors), also the name of (1) a grove in Lateral (sna tshogs). (2) A forest at Sudharma (bkra ba). ## Colorful Brightness *rnam par sna tshogs par bkra ba*, Skt. *rnam par sna tshogs par bkra ba*, A lotus pond in Shining in Manifold Ways. ## Colorful Waters *rnam par bkra ba’i chu*, Skt. *rnam par bkra ba’i chu*, A river in Moving in Vast Environments. ## Colors of Acumen *spobs pa’i mdog*, Skt. *spobs pa’i mdog*, Birthplace of the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa. ## Colors of the Splendor That Cannot Become Flawed Yet Defeats the Hordes of the Māras *skyon gyis zil gyis mi non zhing bdud kyi dpung rab tu phung bar byed pa’i gzi brjid kyi kha dog*, Skt. *skyon gyis zil gyis mi non zhing bdud kyi dpung rab tu phung bar byed pa’i gzi brjid kyi kha dog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## combined humoral disorders *’dus pa pa’i bro*, Skt. *sāṃnipātikā­vyādhi*, Fourth of the four kinds of disease. ## Combining Special Features *khyad par bsdus pa*, Skt. *khyad par bsdus pa*, The realm of the Buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## come into being *mngon par sgrub pa*, Skt. *mngon par sgrub pa*, Also translated in this text as “actualize.” ## Come, monk. *dge slong tshur shog gi bsnyen par rdzogs pa*, Skt. *ehibhikṣukā upasaṃpadā*, The informal ordination first employed by the [Buddha](#buddha). ## “Come, monk.” *dge slong tshur shog gi bsnyen par rdzogs pa*, Skt. *ehibhikṣukā upasaṃpadā*, The informal ordination first employed by the Buddha. ## “Come, monk” formula *dge slong tshur shog ces bya ba*, Skt. *ehibhikṣukā*, A formula for ordination that consists of the words, “Come, monk.” This is one of the ways of ordaining a man as monk and is said to have been used by the Buddha until he established the rules of the standard ordination ceremony. ## Comet of Dharma Light *chos kyi mar me skar mda’*, Skt. *chos kyi mar me skar mda’*, Son of the buddha Smṛtīndra. ## commitment *dam tshig*, Skt. *samaya*, The level of commitments specifically associated with tantric practice. Also rendered here as “samaya.” ## Common accomplishments *thun mong gi dngos grub*, supernatural powers coming from meditation, not exclusive to Buddhism, but common to other [path](#path)s as well. See [accomplishment](#accomplishment). ## common jasmine *dza hi ka*, Skt. *jātī*, Jasminum grandiflorum according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## common milk hedge *sha ri khaN+Da*, Skt. *snuhī*, Euphorbia neriifolia. ## common phenomena *thun mong gi chos*, Skt. *sādhāraṇa­dharma*, Common phenomena from the perspective of ordinary persons, as described in , include the following: the four meditative concentrations, the four immeasurable aspirations, the four formless meditative absorptions, and the [first] five extrasensory powers. (See also ). ## common savor of all phenomena *chos thams cad ro gcig pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmaikarasa*, The sixth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## communicated through the headings *thos pas sgrogs pa*, Skt. *śrutena śrāvayanti*, The expression “communicated through the headings”—more literally “announced/proclaimed by the hearing”—refers to simply reciting the names of the five types of offense without reciting the specific offenses that comprise those categories. Dharmamitra explains that once the reciter has begun to recite the specific offenses that comprise that type of offense, that section must be recited in full in order to qualify as a proper and complete Prātimokṣa recitation (Toh 4120, vol. yu, F.109.b). ## community *dge ’dun*, Skt. *saṅgha*, See “saṅgha.” ## compact fingers and toes *sor mo rgyas pa*, Skt. *citāṅguli*, Fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## companion *sa ga*, Skt. *sa ga*, The name of the twenty thousand channels on the front of the body. ## companion in the good A mentor or teacher who guides one’s pursuit of good or virtuous behavior and supports one on the spiritual path. ## compassion *snying rje*, Skt. *karuṇā*, One of the four practices of spiritual practitioners and one of the four immeasurables (the others being loving-kindness or love, sympathetic joy, and equanimity). ## Compassionate Concern *bsam pa snying rje can*, Skt. *bsam pa snying rje can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmaketu. ## Compelling Array *yid du ’thad pa*, Skt. *yid du ’thad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Manojñavākya. ## Compelling Melody *yid ’ong dbyangs*, Skt. *yid ’ong dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratibhāna­rāṣṭra (768 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Compelling Splendor *gzi brjid yid du ’thad*, Skt. *gzi brjid yid du ’thad*, Birthplace of the buddha Sukhita. ## Compelling Vision *yid ’thad gzigs*, Skt. *yid ’thad gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Muni (8 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## competence in mantras The name of a siddhi. In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, it is said to allow one to attain all the siddhis. ## competent monk *yul las byed pa'i dge 'dun*, A monk to whom one may give one’s proxy in case one cannot attend a official [saṅgha](#saṅgha) function. ## Compiled Acumen *spobs pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *spobs pa brtsegs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arthasiddhi. ## Compiled Merit *bsod nams brtsegs pa*, Skt. *bsod nams brtsegs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmakūṭa (625 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## complete *mthun pa*, Skt. *samagra*, A gathering of all of the monks present within a boundary for an official act of the saṅgha, such as an ordination ceremony. As in, “having secured a quorum” (Tib. mthun par gyur pa; Skt. sāmagrīm prāpya). The Tibetan translation of Kalyāṇamitra’s The Ṭīkā on the Chapters on Monastic Discipline glosses sāmagrī or mthun pa with tshang ba, meaning “complete” (Toh 4113, F.264.b): mthun pa zhes bya ba ni tshang ba’o. Here, the Tibetan term tshang ba presumably renders the Sanskrit samagra, for which Apte gives “all, whole, entire, complete” (Apte 1957, vol. 3, p. 1629). However, according to Edgerton, in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit usage, samagra is closer in meaning to the Pāli samagga, or “united, harmonious.” (See samagra in Edgerton p. 560, col. 2). Pāli dictionaries give meanings such as “completeness,” “quorum,” and “unanimity.” ## Complete Awakening *shin tu byang chub*, Skt. *shin tu byang chub*, Father of the buddha Jagadmati. ## Complete Cloud Coverage in Times of Drought *char mi ’bab pa na sprin gyis kun du ’gebs pa*, Skt. *char mi ’bab pa na sprin gyis kun du ’gebs pa*, A tathāgata. ## Complete Defeat of Affliction *nyon mongs pa rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa rnam par ’joms pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## complete elimination of right and wrong *yang dag pa dang log pa thams cad yang dag par sel ba*, Skt. *[sarva]-samyaktva­mithyātva­saṃgrahana*, The 102nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Complete Excellence *rdzogs bzang*, Skt. *pūrṇabhadra*, A yakṣa king. ## complete faculties and a fully developed body *dbang po yongs su tshang zhing lus rab tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *pūrṇendriyaḥ paripūrṇa­gātraḥ*, Although not stated in precisely the same words, this description echoes some of the eighty excellent signs (asītyānuvyañjana), a subset of the 112 physical characteristics of both buddhas and cakravartins. For example, the list found in the Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Toh 11, 2.33) describes these signs: “(15) Their body is well proportioned. (16) Their senses are completely purified. (17) Their understanding is perfectly pure.” And further down the list it reads “(36) Their [sense faculties]—the ‘gates to the sense fields’—are excellent.” ## Complete Liberation *shin tu thar pa*, Skt. *shin tu thar pa*, Attendant of the buddha Mahauṣadhi. ## complete mental construction *kun tu rtog pa*, Skt. *parikalpa*, A complete projection of the mind that has no valid basis in reality. ## complete nirvāṇa *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *parinirvāṇa*, A specialized term for nirvāṇa when it is used in reference to the apparent passing away of the physical body of a buddha or an arhat. See “nirvāṇa.” ## Complete Power *mthu rtsal tshang ba*, Skt. *mthu rtsal tshang ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anupamarāṣṭra. ## Complete Purifier of Speech *gtam shin tu yongs su dag par mdzad pa*, Skt. *gtam shin tu yongs su dag par mdzad pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Region of Joyous Radiance. ## complete severance of the roots of virtue *dge ba’i rtsa ba kun tu gcod pa*, Skt. *samucchinnakuśala­mūla*, A term for beings who violate discipline to the extent that they may never make progress on the path to becoming a buddha. ## Complete Support *kun rten*, Skt. *kun rten*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## completely *thams cad kyi thams cad*, Skt. *sarveṇa sarvam*, Mahāvyutpatti 6405. ## Completely Authentic Presence *shin tu so sor yang dag par gnas pa*, Skt. *shin tu so sor yang dag par gnas pa*, A buddha realm. ## completely awakened buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddha*, The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of a buddha’s body, speech, and mind. ## Completely Bound *nye bar bcings pa*, Skt. *nye bar bcings pa*, The name of a monk in the lineage of the buddha Mahāvyūha and the name of the order founded by that monk after Mahāvyūha entered parinirvāṇa. ## completely floating The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-fourth week. ## Completely Joyful *yongs su dga’ ldan*, A god of the Pure Abodes. ## completely peaceful *rab tu zhi ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba dang ldan pa*, The name of an absorption. ## completely perfect buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddha*, The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of buddha body, speech, and mind. Also used to emphasize the superiority of buddhahood when contrasted with the achievement of the arhats and pratyekabuddhas. A samyaksaṃbuddha is considered superior by virtue of his compassionate activity, his omniscience, and his ten special powers. ## completely perfect eyeballs *spyan gyi tshogs yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *netra­gaṇa­paripūrṇa­tā*, Twenty-ninth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Completely Pure Intelligence *rnam par dag pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *rnam par dag pa’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## Completely Pure Moonlight Sign Renowned King *zla ’od rnam dag grags pa’i tog gi rgyal po*, A buddha. (Toh 555: rnam dag zla ba’i ’od zer mtshan grags rgyal po) ## Completely Pure Pinnacle *rnam dag tog*, Skt. *viśuddhaketu*, The name of Rūpyaketu when he becomes the regent of the Buddha King of the Mountain of Gold and Jewels. ## Completely Quaking *rnam par g.yo*, Skt. *rnam par g.yo*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Completely Stable *shin tu brtan pa*, Skt. *shin tu brtan pa*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## completely victorious *kun tu rgyal ba*, Skt. *kun tu rgyal ba*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-second week. ## Completely Victorious Lotus *rnam par rgyal ba’i pad+ma*, Skt. *padmavijaya*, A buddha. ## completion *yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *yongs su rdzogs pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## completion of birth *skye ba mngon par grub*, Skt. *skye ba mngon par grub*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-sixth week. ## completion stage One of the two primary categories for the practice of union (yoga) in Vajrayāna Buddhism. These two stages include a variety of practices. Generally speaking, the generation stage consists of practices for attaining spontaneous union as the deity maṇḍala, while the completion stage consists of practices to test, demonstrate, or perfect this union. ## complexes *'dus pa*, Skt. *samnipāta*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## complexion is radiant *mdog gsal ba dag*, Skt. *bhāsvara­varṇa­tā*, Thirty-fifth of the eighty minor marks. ## complicated illness A term for an illness that is brought on by multiple humoral imbalances. ## compounded *’dus byas*, Skt. *saṃskṛta*, Composed of constituent parts, whether physical or temporal; dependent on causes. ## compounded phenomenon *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskṛta*, See “compounded.” ## comprehension of all bases of existence through realization *rtogs pas srid pa’i gzhi thams cad khong du chud pa*, Skt. *sarva­bhava­tala­vikiraṇa*, A meditative stability. ## comprehension of all bases of rebirth through realization *srid pa’i gzhi thams cad rtogs par khong du chud pa*, Skt. *sarva­bhava­tala­vikiraṇa*, The 92nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## comprehensive knowledge *so sor yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, The modes of knowledge attained on the ninth bodhisattva level. There are four such modes: the comprehensive knowledge of phenomena (dharma; chos), of meaning (artha; don), of language or etymology (nirukti; nges pa’i tshig), and eloquence (pratibhāna; spobs pa). ## Concealed Divinity *lha sbed*, Skt. *lha sbed*, Son of the buddha Āryastuta. ## Concealed Faculties *dbang po sbas*, Skt. *dbang po sbas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## Concealed God of the Land *yul ’khor lha sbed*, Skt. *yul ’khor lha sbed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Cāritraka. ## Concealed Infinity *mtha’ yas sbed*, Skt. *mtha’ yas sbed*, Father of the buddha Āryastuta. ## Concealed Jewel Splendor *rin chen gzi brjid kun tu sbed*, Skt. *rin chen gzi brjid kun tu sbed*, Father of the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara. ## Concealed Lord Who Is the Lamp Master of the Clouds *kun tu sbas pa’i sprin gyi dbang phyug mar me*, Skt. *kun tu sbas pa’i sprin gyi dbang phyug mar me*, A buddha. ## Concealer *sbed pa po*, Skt. *sbed pa po*, Concealer (one who hides something), also the name of the son of the buddha Susthita. ## Conceiver of All Things *don thams cad sems pa*, Skt. *don thams cad sems pa*, A buddha. ## Concentrated Experience *bsam gtan spyod yul*, Skt. *bsam gtan spyod yul*, A monk. ## concentrating *bsam gtan byed pa*, Skt. *dhyāyati*, Also translated as “practicing concentration.” ## Concentration *bsam gtan*, Skt. *dhyāna*, meditative absorption, a state of mind without any distraction. Although it is vital for the meditative practices of the Buddhist [path](#path) at all [levels](#levels), it is not sufficient on its own, but must be combined with the correct motivation and [view](#view). See also [four concentrations](#four-concentrations). ## concentrations *bsam gtan*, Skt. *dhyāna*, See “four concentrations.” ## Concept obscurations *shes bya'i sgrib pa*, Skt. *jñeyāvaraṇa* "These are the concepts of subject, object and action, which prevent one from attaining omniscience." DICT. ## Concept or Conceptual reference *dmigs pa*, any notion of a subject, an object and an action. ## conception of the spirit of enlightenment *byang chub kyi sems bskyed pa*, Skt. *bodhi­cittotpāda*, This can also be rendered by “initiation of…” because it means the mental event occurring when a living being, having been exposed to the teaching of the Buddha or of his magical emanations (e.g., Vimalakīrti), realizes simultaneously his own level of conditioned ignorance, i.e., that his habitual stream of consciousness is like sleep compared to that of one who has awakened from ignorance; the possibility of his own attainment of a higher state of consciousness; and the necessity of attaining it in order to liberate other living beings from their stupefaction. Having realized this possibility, he becomes inspired with the intense ambition to attain, and that is called the “conception of the spirit of enlightenment.” “Spirit” is preferred to “mind” because the mind of enlightenment should rather be the mind of the Buddha, and to “thought” because a “thought of enlightenment” can easily be produced without the initiation of any sort of new resolve or awareness. “Will” also serves very well here. ## conceptual elaboration *spros pa*, Skt. *prapañca*, This term denotes the presence of discursive or conceptual thought processes. Their absence or deconstruction is characteristic of the realization of emptiness or actual reality. ## conceptual notion *rnam par rtog pa*, Skt. *vikalpa*, Also translated here as “false imagination.” ## conceptual sign *rnam par rtog pa’i mtshan ma*, Skt. *vikalpanimitta*, A “conceptual sign” should here be understood to refer to those signs that arise through conceptual engagement with the phenomenon under examination or discussion. See also “sign.” ## conceptual signs *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, Conceptual characteristics or reifications that lead to distraction and a false understanding of reality. ## conceptual thought Discursive or conceptual thought which obscures awareness of the ultimate nature. ## conceptuality *spros pa*, Skt. *prapañca*, This term denotes the presence of discursive or conceptual thought processes. Their absence or deconstruction is characteristic of the realization of emptiness or ultimate reality. ## conceptualization *rnam par rtog pa*, Skt. *vikalpa*, This brings up another important group of words that has never been treated systematically in translation: vikalpa, parikalpa, samāropa, adhyāropa, kalpanā, samjñā, and prapāñca. All of these refer to mental functions that tend to superimpose upon reality, either relative or ultimate, a conceptualized reality fabricated by the subjective mind. Some translators have tended to lump these together under the rubric “discursive thought,” which leads to the misleading notion that all thought is bad, something to be eliminated, and that sheer “thoughtlessness” is “enlightenment,” or whatever higher state is desired. According to Buddhist scholars, thought in itself is simply a function, and only thought that is attached to its own content over and above the relative object, i.e., “egoistic” thought, is bad and to be eliminated. Therefore we have chosen a set of words for the seven Skt. terms: respectively, “conceptualization,” “imagination,” “presumption,” “exaggeration,” “construction,” “conception” or “notion,” and “fabrication.” This does not mean that these words are not somewhat interchangeable or that another English word might not be better in certain contexts; it only represents an attempt to achieve consistency with the original usages. ## conceptualize *gdags pa*, Skt. *prajñapti*, Also translated here as “decide.” ## conceptualized *rnam par brtags pa*, Skt. *vikalpita*, One of the three natures, used in the sense of “other-powered.” ## Concern for Generosity *sbyin mos*, Skt. *sbyin mos*, A great bodhisattva. ## Concern for the World *’jig rten sems*, Skt. *’jig rten sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Priyābha. ## Conch *dung*, Skt. *dung*, Conch (a large spiral marine shell), also the name of an island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Conch Color *dung gi mdog*, Skt. *dung gi mdog*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Conch Prince *dung gi sras*, A future rebirth of the girl Candrottarā during the time of the future buddha Maitreya. ## Conch Shell *dung can*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 556 Degé: dung can. Toh 555: dung chen. Toh 555 Narthang: rung chen) ## conch shell mouth A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Conch Sound *dung gi sgra si mi si mi*, Skt. *dung gi sgra si mi si mi*, An ocean between Kuru and Godānīya. ## conch-shell channel *dung can ma*, Skt. *śaṅkhinī*, Another name for the channel carrying semen. ## Conciliator *’thun mdzad*, Skt. *’thun mdzad*, Conciliator (one who reconciles or pacifies), also the name of a future buddha. ## Concise *mdor bsdus pa*, Skt. *mdor bsdus pa*, Concise (brief and to the point), also the name of a town in Videha. ## concluding rite *las mtha’ brtul ba*, A term for the ritual that is performed at the conclusion of a rite, most often in the form of a fire offering (homa, sbyin sreg). ## conclusive *gcig tu nges pa*, Skt. *aikāntikaḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 7587. ## concomitance *mtshungs ldan*, Skt. *sam­pra­yuktaka*, This denotes the five aspects of concomitance between mind and its mental states, which may concern (1) location or support (gnas sam rten), (2) objective referent (dmigs pa), (3) sensum (rnam pa), (4) time (dus), or (5) substance (rdzas). (See also ). ## concordant acceptance *rjes ’thun bzod pa*, Skt. *ānulomikī kṣāntiḥ*, A level of patience reached by bodhisattvas on the path. Concordant acceptance means acceptance that is concordant with the nature of reality. It precedes acceptance that all phenomena do not arise (anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti). ## concordant patience *’thun pa’i bzod pa*, Skt. *anulomikakṣānti*, This patience is an acceptance of the true nature of things. It is a patience that is in concord with the nature of phenomena. ## concordant with one’s fortune *skal ba ’dra ba*, Skt. *tatsabhāga*, “One’s fortune” in this phrase refers to the realm of birth (gati) that one experiences currently or will experience in the future as the maturation of karma, both positive and negative. ## Condemner of the Afflictions *nyon mongs pa smod pa*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa smod pa*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Conditioned *'dus byas*, Skt. *saṃskṛta*, produced (*byas*) by a combination (*'dus*) of causes and conditions. "Conditioned [positive action](#positive-action)s are all those done without realizing [emptiness](#emptiness)," DKR. ## conditioned phenomena *’dus byas kyi chos*, Skt. *saṃskṛtadharma*, Conditioned phenomena include the following: the realm of desire, the realm of form, the realm of formlessness, and likewise, the five aggregates, the four meditative concentrations, the four immeasurable attitudes, the four formless meditative absorptions, and similarly, all those attributes extending from the four applications of mindfulness, up to and including the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. Conditioned phenomena are listed at . See also somewhat longer corresponding list found in the One Hundred Thousand at . ## conditioned states *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, All conditioned states or factors which in turn collectively make up ordinary states of being. ## conditioned things *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, This term refers to composite objects in the generic sense. In other contexts, it can also refer to “formations.” ## conditioning *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, The meaning of this term varies according to context. As one of the skandhas, it refers to various mental activities. In terms of the twelve phases of dependent origination, it is the second, “formation” or “creation,” referring to activities with karmic results. ## Conditioning effect *dbang gi 'bras bu*, the effect of actions on the environment in which one lives in a future life. ## conditioning mental factors *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, Also translated here as “conditioned phenomena.” ## conducive to the forms of penetrating insight Four stages in the development of insight upon the path to awakening, which are given the following names in the Mahāyāna­sūtrālaṃkāra, chapter 14, verse 26ff: “heat” (uṣmagata), “the summit” (mūrdhan), “patience” (kṣānti), and “the highest worldly dharma” (laukikāgra­dharma). ## Conduct *spyod pa*, Skt. *spyod pa*, Conduct (the manner in which one behaves), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānin. ## Conduct Free from Delusion *spyod pa ma ’khrul*, Skt. *spyod pa ma ’khrul*, Mother of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## conduct of a bodhisattva *byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa*, Skt. *bodhisattva­caryā*, Also translated here as “enlightened conduct of bodhisattvas.” ## confessable offense *so sor bshags pa*, Skt. *pratideśanīya*, The fourth and second least severe class of monastic offense. The Buddha prohibited four such acts for monks. ## confessor *len pa*, The one who receives a monastic’s confession or disclosure of an offense. ## confidence *mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *viśārada*, The literal translation of Tibetan mi ’jigs pa (Skt. vaiśāradya) is “fearlessness.” Usually four kinds of confidence or fearlessness are enumerated when describing a buddha: a fully enlightened buddha is confident of having (1) attained complete, perfect enlightenment regarding all phenomena, (2) eliminated all contaminants, (3) correctly declared all obstacles to enlightenment, and (4) shown the path that actually leads to the liberation from obstacles and suffering. This sūtra, on the other hand, talks about confidence regarding the daily routines of monks and nuns and their deportment. They have confidence in their ability to faultlessly adhere to the monastic discipline in all situations because it provides a sense of protection. ## confidence in the appearance of variety *sna tshogs snang ba’i spobs pa*, Skt. *sna tshogs snang ba’i spobs pa*, An absorption. ## confidence that inspires speech *spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna*, See “inspired eloquence.” ## confident eloquence Inspiration and courage that particularly manifest in endowing one with brilliant abilities in oration. ## confident in the four confidences *mi ’jigs pa bzhis bsnyengs pa mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *caturvaiśāradyaviśarada*, Confidence in (1) ascending dharmas, (2) all their teaching, (3) comprehending the path to nirvāṇa, and (4) their effort for the knowledge of exhausting negative influences. ## confident readiness *spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhā*, Pratibhāna is the capacity for speaking in a confident and inspiring manner. ## confined chiliocosm *stong gi ’jig rten gyi khams byur bu*, Skt. *sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, A universe comprising one thousand world systems each with its four continents etc., according to traditional Indian cosmology. The Tibetan term byur bu that forms part of the term used in this text, and also means “brimful,” may be a rendering of Skt. cūlakabaddha with the sense of this first-order world system being “bound,” i.e., relatively compact or limited when compared to the second- and third-order universes. ## Conflict Engager *’thab ’jug*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Conflict Lover *’thab dga’*, Skt. *kalahapriya?*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Confluence *tshogs pa*, Skt. *tshogs pa*, Confluence (the junction of two rivers), also the name of a river on Deer Abode. ## Confused Attachment *lhag par chags par rmongs pa*, Skt. *lhag par chags par rmongs pa*, A “ruler of the world” who belongs to the class of the māras. ## confusion *gti mug*, Skt. *moha*, One of the three mental “poisons” (Skt. triviṣa) and one of six fundamental afflictions (Tib. rtsa nyon; Skt. mūlakleśa). ## congregation *dge ’dun*, Skt. *saṅgha*, The community of followers of the Buddha; the third of the triad, the “Three Jewels,” in which Buddhists take refuge. In a narrower sense, it can refer to a congregation of monastics or of advanced bodhisattvas. Also translated here as “community.” ## conjoined *kha sbyar*, Skt. *sampuṭa*, Used as an adjective, the term sampuṭa indicates two bowls, skull cups, etc. that are joined at the mouth to form an enclosed interior space. As a noun, sampuṭa can refer to an earthenware bowl or to the sphere created by conjoined bowls. ## conjuration In reference to buddhas and bodhisattvas, nirmāṇa refers to the miraculous power of the buddhas, and bodhisattvas at a certain stage of spiritual development, to project emanations in order to develop and teach beings. In The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist, the same term is used both for the Buddha’s emanations and the conjurations that Bhadra magically creates through his power of illusion. While the sūtra makes a qualitative distinction between the two (see ), it is uncertain whether the same Sanskrit term underlies the Tibetan term sprul pa. ## connected with awakening in a single moment of thought This expression is used in this sūtra as an adjective modifying wisdom (prajñā) and appears at the moment of supreme awakening. ## connecting propensities *bag chags kyi mtshams sbyor*, Skt. *vāsanānusaṃdhi*, The mundane process of rebirth within cyclic existence, impelled by the propensities of past actions. See also The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Toh 99), . ## connecting with awakening in a single moment The idea that the mind, or wisdom as a factor of mind, comes into contact with perfect awakening (sambodhi) or correct knowledge (samyagjñāna) in a single moment or a single moment of thought. ## Conquered by Kadambas *ka dam+ba’i bya rnams kyis bcom pa*, Skt. *ka dam+ba’i bya rnams kyis bcom pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Conquered the Legions of Māra *bdud kyi sde bcom pa*, A world system in the northeastern direction in the present, presently the realm of the buddha named Māras and Doubt Conquered and Subdued. ## conquering all forms *gzugs thams cad rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *gzugs thams cad rnam par gnon pa*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## Conquering the Enemy *pha rol gyi tshogs ’joms pa*, Skt. *pha rol gyi tshogs ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇivajra. ## conquering the entire retinue of Māra *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vidhvaṃsana*, The name of an absorption. ## Conquering the Waves *rlabs ’joms*, Skt. *rlabs ’joms*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśāntamala (777 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Conqueror *rgyal ba*, Skt. *jina*, a [Buddha](#buddha). ## Conqueror of All Darkness *mun pa thams cad ’joms pa*, Skt. *mun pa thams cad ’joms pa*, A buddha. ## Conqueror of All Doubt *yid gnyis yang dag ’joms par mdzad*, Skt. *yid gnyis yang dag ’joms par mdzad*, A buddha. ## Conqueror of All Realms *’gro kun rnam par ’joms mdzad*, Skt. *’gro kun rnam par ’joms mdzad*, A buddha. ## Conqueror of All Sorrow *mya ngan thams cad bcom pa*, Skt. *mya ngan thams cad bcom pa*, A tathāgata in the southeastern buddhafield Sorrowless. ## Conqueror of Defilements *nyon mongs ’joms*, Skt. *nyon mongs ’joms*, A self-awakened one. ## Conqueror of Saṃsāra A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Conqueror of the Conceited View That Everything Exists *thams cad yod pas rgyags pa yang dag bcom*, Skt. *thams cad yod pas rgyags pa yang dag bcom*, A buddha. ## Conqueror of the Craving of Existence *srid pa’i sred pa ’joms pa*, Skt. *srid pa’i sred pa ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gaṇimuktirāja. ## Conqueror of the Enemy *dgra rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *dgra rab tu ’joms pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Conqueror of the Lower Realms *ngan song spor*, Skt. *ngan song spor*, A bodhisattva. ## Conqueror of the Māras *bdud zil gnon pa*, Skt. *bdud zil gnon pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaṇimukha (232 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Conqueror’s Abode *rgyal ba’i gnas*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Conqueror’s Moon *rgyal ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i zla ba*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Conqueror’s Servant *rgyal ba’i ’bangs*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i ’bangs*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## conquers the throng of māras *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor rnam par ’joms pa*, An absorption. ## Conquest of the Enemy *dgra nges par bcom pa*, Skt. *dgra nges par bcom pa*, A king. ## conscience *ngo tsha*, Skt. *hrī*, One of the eleven virtuous mental factors (Tib. sems byung dge ba; Skt. kuśalacaitta), a subgroup of the mental states or factors associated with the mind (Skt. caitasika, caitta), according to the Abhidharma. According to Vasubandhu (in his Pañcaskandhaka), ngo tsha (“scruples, conscience”) is different from khrel or khrel yod (“embarrassment” or “shame”; here “decorum”) in that it is independent of others’ judgment of one’s behavior, and solely internal in that it contradicts one’s internalized values and one’s inner moral compass. See “decorum.” ## Conscientious *ngo tsha shes*, Skt. *ngo tsha shes*, Conscientious (diligent and careful), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Dharmaprabhāsa. ## conscientiousness *bag yod pa*, Skt. *apramāda*, A set of qualities of the bodhisattvas. These are explained in detail by the Buddha at . ## conscious awareness *bag yod pa*, Skt. *apramāda*, This denotes a type of awareness of the most seemingly insignificant aspects of practical life, an awareness derived as a consequence of the highest realization of the ultimate nature of reality. As it is stated in the Anavatapta­nāga­rāja­paripṛcchā­sūtra (Toh 156), : “He who realizes voidness, that person is consciously aware.” “Ultimate realization,” far from obliterating the relative world, brings it into highly specific, albeit dreamlike, focus. ## consciousness *rnam par shes pa*, Skt. *vijñāna*, The term vijñāna is formed by the prefix vi plus a formation from the root jñā, which means “to know,” “to understand,” “to know of,” “to be aware of.” (This is reproduced in the Tibetan as rnam par + shes pa.) “Consciousness” has a specific meaning in Buddhist texts and refers to awareness of an object, point of reference, or support. This meaning is occasionally obtained by understanding the vi as standing for viṣaya, which means a domain of activity and, in this case, the object of perception. The standard list of consciousness types is six, corresponding to the five sense faculties plus the “thought consciousness.” This refers to a type of mental perception that arises taking as its basis not a sense faculty but a prior moment of consciousness itself; this type of consciousness is unrestricted as per its possible range of objects, both in terms of their location in time (past, present, or future) and in terms of their type (visual, audible, etc., including entities that are not within the range of any of the five senses). ## consecrated *spyi bo nas dbang bskur ba*, Skt. *mūrdha-abhiṣikta*, One who has been consecrated; a consecrated king; a man of the kṣatriya caste. ## consecrated as a king of meditative stabilities *ting nge ’dzin la rgyal po ltar rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *samādhi­rāja­supratiṣṭhita*, The 13th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Consecrated as a King of Meditative Stability *ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po ltar rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *samādhi­rāja­suprati­ṣṭhita*, Name of the twelfth meditative stability. ## Consecrated Branches of Awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag rab gnas*, Skt. *byang chub kyi yan lag rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Consecrated in Great Gnosis The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## Consecrated Lotus *pad ma rab gnas*, Skt. *pad ma rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## consecration Literally “sprinkling” in Sanskrit, an abhiṣeka is a ritual consecration that often functions as an initiation into a particular deity maṇḍala and its practices. ## consensus *mthun par gyur pa*, Skt. *samanuyujya*, A gathering of all the monks present within a monastery’s boundaries for an official function (such as an ordination ceremony); with [consent](#consent) from any absentee monks. Also rendered here as “in concord.” ## consent *'dun pa*, Skt. *chanda*, A monk absent from an official [saṅgha](#saṅgha) function, such as the [restoration](#restoration), must send word he will consent to any actions taken in his absence. Such consent is sent by proxy. ## Considering Forms *gzugs la rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *gzugs la rnam par lta ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śreṣṭharūpa. ## consisting in *rab tu phye ba*, Skt. *prabhāvita*, Also translated here as “characterized by” and “constituted.” See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1. ## Consoler *’thun par byed pa*, Skt. *’thun par byed pa*, Consoler (one who comforts another), also the name of a previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Consort (1) *yum*, feminine [deity](#deity) represented in union with a male [deity](#deity) (*yab*). She symbolizes *[wisdom](#wisdom)* inseparable from [skilful means](#skilful-means), symbolized by the male. They also symbolize the space of [emptiness](#emptiness) inseparable from [awareness](#awareness). (2) *gsang yum*, lit. secret mother. The wife of a great [lama](#lama). ## consort (female) *phyag rgya*, Skt. *mudrā*, The female element of the coupling pair in sexual yoga. In this translation the term “consort” has been used to render different terms with slighty different concepts of the female consort, the most important being mudrā, vidyā, and prajñā. Mudrā emphasizes the symbolic form of the female consort, while vidyā and prajñā emphasize the wisdom, or insight, aspect that the female principle embodies (see also “wisdom consort”). ## consort (male) *thabs*, Skt. *upāya*, The male element of the coupling pair in sexual yoga. See “skillful means.” ## constancy of phenomena *chos gnas pa nyid*, Skt. *dharmasthititā*, Mahāvyutpatti 1719. ## Constant Adornment *rtag tu rgyan pa*, Skt. *rtag tu rgyan pa*, A buddha realm. ## Constant and Supreme Light Rays *rtag tu bla ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *rtag tu bla ma’i ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Constant Bliss *rtag tu bde ba*, Skt. *rtag tu bde ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Constant Darkness *rtag tu mun pa*, Skt. *nirantarāndhakāra*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## constant enjoyer *rtag tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtag tu dga’ ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Constant Enjoyment *rtag tu mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtag tu mngon par dga’ ba*, A forest on the lower level of Living on the Peak. ## Constant Expression *rtag tu rab brjod*, Skt. *rtag tu rab brjod*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Fumes of Incense *rtag tu bdugs spos bdugs*, Skt. *rtag tu bdugs spos bdugs*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Happiness *rtag tu dga’*, In this text, a realm where one is happy for an eon. ## Constant Illumination *rtag tu snang*, Skt. *rtag tu snang*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Incense *kun tu spos*, Skt. *kun tu spos*, A buddha realm. ## constant infatuation *rtag par rgyags pa*, Skt. *rtag par rgyags pa*, A bird that lives on the banks of the River of Carelessness. ## Constant Intelligence *phyad pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *phyad pa’i blo gros*, A great bodhisattva. ## Constant Joy *rtag dga’*, Skt. *rtag dga’*, (1) A peak on Sumeru (rtag dga’). (2) A realm of the ever-infatuated gods (brtan dga’). ## Constant Light *’od ni rtag pa*, Skt. *’od ni rtag pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ugraprabha. ## Constant Lightning *rtag tu glog ’khyug pa*, Skt. *rtag tu glog ’khyug pa*, A forest on Flocking Peacocks. ## Constant Lotus Joy *rtag tu pad ma rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtag tu pad ma rab tu dga’ ba*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Constant Masterful Expression *rtag tu shin tu smras*, Skt. *rtag tu shin tu smras*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Miracles *rtag tu rnam par ’phrul*, Skt. *rtag tu rnam par ’phrul*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitābha. ## Constant Movement *rtag tu g.yo ba*, Skt. *rtag tu g.yo ba*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Observation *rtag tu dmigs pa*, Skt. *rtag tu dmigs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Play *rtag tu rtse ba*, Skt. *rtag tu rtse ba*, A pleasure garden in Pair of Śāla Trees. ## Constant Possession of Patience *rtag tu bzod pa dang ldan*, Skt. *rtag tu bzod pa dang ldan*, A buddha realm. ## constant power *rtag pa’i shugs*, Skt. *rtag pa’i shugs*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Constant Rain of Glowing Sand *mdag me bye ma lta bu’i char rtag tu ’bab pa*, Skt. *nitya­sikatāṅgāra­varṣa*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Constant Renown *rtag tu bsgrags*, Skt. *rtag tu bsgrags*, A buddha realm. ## Constant Seeing *rtag pa mthong*, Skt. *rtag pa mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇiviśuddha. ## Constant Shooting Stars *kun tu skar mda’*, Skt. *kun tu skar mda’*, Birthplace of the buddha Satyaruta. ## Constant Sight *rtag tu mthong*, Skt. *rtag tu mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Vidyutketu. ## Constant Spreader of Light Rays *kun tu btang ba’i ’od zer rab btang*, Skt. *kun tu btang ba’i ’od zer rab btang*, A buddha. ## Constant Terror *rtag tu ’jigs pa*, Skt. *sadāpratibhayā*, A river in the hell of the Borderland of the Lord of Death. ## Constant Trembling *rtag tu kun du ’khrugs*, Skt. *rtag tu kun du ’khrugs*, A buddha realm. ## Constant True Joy *rtag tu mngon dga’*, Skt. *rtag tu mngon dga’*, A forest in Dwelling on Summits. ## Constant View *rtag tu blta ba*, Skt. *rtag tu blta ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇaskandha. ## Constant Water *rtag pa’i chu*, Skt. *rtag pa’i chu*, (1) A lake on Equal Peaks. (2) A pond on Equal Peaks. (3) A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit (brtan pa’i chu). ## Constantly Crazed Bees *bung ba rtag myos*, Skt. *bung ba rtag myos*, A park in Sustained by Fruition. ## Constantly Illuminated *rtag tu snang bar byas*, Skt. *rtag tu snang bar byas*, A buddha realm. ## Constantly Ravishing *rtag tu rab dga’*, Skt. *rtag tu rab dga’*, A forest in Dwelling on Summits. ## Constantly Striving to Abide by the Dharma *chos la gnas par rtag tu brtson pa*, A god from the Heaven of Joy. ## Constellation of Unique Attributes *khyad par gyi yon tan bkod pa bsdus pa*, Skt. *khyad par gyi yon tan bkod pa bsdus pa*, The realm of the Buddha Divine King of Brahmā’s Splendor ## constituent In a manner similar to the term dharma (Tib. chos), the Sanskrit term dhātu has a wide semantic range. In Buddhist usage it refers to all the parts, elements, and aspects of experience that together constitute the experience of saṃsāra. These include all the elements and realms. In most uses dhātu was translated into Tibetan with the word khams, but in the compound dharmadhātu, which denotes the ultimate nature of all phenomena, it was uniquely translated into Tibetan with dbyings, which means “space.” ## constituent element *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, Also rendered here as “temperament” and “element.” ## constituent of learning *slob pa’i khams*, Skt. *śaikṣadhātu*, The experience of those in training. ## constituent of no learning *mi slob pa’i khams*, Skt. *aśaikṣadhātu*, The experience of those who have passed beyond training. ## constituent of the conditioned *’dus byas kyi khams*, Skt. *saṃskṛtadhātu*, Conditioned phenomena. ## constituent of the contaminated *zag pa dang bcas pa’i khams*, Skt. *sāsravadhātu*, The phenomena of saṃsāra influenced by the defilements (Tib nyon mongs, Skt. kleśa) and karma are classified as contaminated. ## constituent of the unconditioned *’dus ma byas kyi khams*, Skt. *asaṃskṛtadhātu*, Unconditioned phenomena. ## constituent of the uncontaminated *zag pa med pa’i khams*, Skt. *anāsravadhātu*, The phenomena of saṃsāra not influenced by the defilements (nyon mongs, kleśa) and karma are classified as uncontaminated. ## constituents *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, Often translated “element,” commonly in the context of the eighteen elements of sensory experience (the six sense faculties, their six respective objects, and the six sensory consciousnesses), although the term has a wide range of other meanings. Along with the aggregates (Skt. skandha) and the sense bases (Skt. āyatana), one of the three major categories in the taxonomy of phenomena in the sūtra literature. ## constituted *rab tu phye ba*, Skt. *prabhāvita*, See Schmithausen 2014, p. 557, §512.1. Also translated here as “characterized by” and “consisting in.” ## constitution *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, A word that can refer, in different formulations, to the fundamental constituents of material and/or mental phenomena, or to the realms of existence. It also has the general meaning of the nature of something. ## constitutive factors of awakening A list of factors conducive to and forming the components of awakening, including the following: mindfulness (smṛti), analytic observation of things (dharma­pravicaya), heroic effort (vīrya), joy (prīti), tranquility (praśrabdhi), concentration (samādhi), and equanimity (upekṣā). ## Consumer of Burnt Offerings *sbyin sreg za*, Skt. *hutāśana*, This is another name for Agni, the god of fire. (Toh 557: sbyin sreg za) ## Consuming Blood and Fat *khrag dang zhag za ba*, Skt. *khrag dang zhag za ba*, Alternative name for Consuming Blood and Marrow, which is one of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Consuming Blood and Marrow *khrag dang rkang za ba*, Skt. *rudhira­majjāhāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Consuming Faith in Awakening *byang chub la dad pa’i mid pa*, Skt. *byang chub la dad pa’i mid pa*, Father of the buddha Siddhi. ## consummate eloquence *yongs su rdzogs pa’i spobs pa*, See “inspired eloquence.” ## contact *reg pa*, Skt. *sparśa*, This can mean either, more literally, “touch,” or coming into contact; in the context of the twelve parts of dependent arising, “contact” refers more specifically to the coming together of the object, faculty, and consciousness. According to some abhidharma masters, this coming together gives rise to a specific entity called “contact,” while others consider “contact” to simply describe a specific state of those three entities, i.e., when object, faculty, and consciousness are “together” and thus able to give rise to notion. It is also worth noticing that the root spṛś is used far more often in Sanskrit than either “to touch” or “to come in contact with” is used in English, and can often mean something like “to obtain” etc. ## contagion *’go ba’i nad*, Skt. *upasarga*, General name for transmittable diseases. ## contagious disease *’go ba’i nad*, Skt. *upasarga*, See also . ## contaminant *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, Mental contaminants or “outflows” that negatively influence interaction with the external world; they are (1) the contaminant of sensuality (kāmāśrava), (2) the contaminant of existence (bhavāśrava), (3) the contaminant of ignorance (avidyāśrava), and (4) the contaminant of views (dṛṣṭyāśrava). ## contaminated *zag pa dang bcas pa*, Skt. *sāsrava*, Susceptible to the contaminations (āsrava; zag pa), literally “outflows” or mental defilements that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence. One classification enumerates three contaminations related to desire, existence, and ignorance. ## contaminated phenomena *zag pa dang bcas pa’i chos*, Skt. *sāsrava­dharma*, Contaminated phenomena, as found in , include the following: the five psycho-physical aggregates which are encompassed in the three world systems, the twelve sense fields, the eighteen sensory elements, the four meditative concentrations, the four immeasurable aspirations, and the four formless meditative absorptions. (See also ). ## contamination *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, Also translated here as “defilement.” For the four contaminants, see . ## contemplation *yid la byed pa*, Skt. *manasikāra*, To direct one’s attention to an object for a period of time. ## contemplation of a bloated corpse *rnam par bam pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vyādhmātaka­saṃjñā*, First of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a bloody corpse *rnam par dmar ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vilohitaka­saṃjñā*, Fourth of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a blue-black corpse *rnam par sngos pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vinīlaka­saṃjñā*, Fifth of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a devoured corpse *rnam par zos pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vikhāditaka­saṃjñā*, Sixth of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a dismembered corpse *rnam par ’thor ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vikṣiptaka­saṃjñā*, Seventh of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a putrefied corpse *rnam par rnags pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vi­pūyaka­samjñā*, Fourth of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a skeleton *rus pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *asthisaṃjñā*, Eighth of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of a worm-infested corpse *’bu can gyi ’du shes*, Skt. *vipaḍumaka­saṃjñā*, Second of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## contemplation of an immolated corpse *rnam par tshig pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *vidagdhaka­saṃjñā*, Ninth of the nine contemplations of impurity. ## content *rnam pa*, Skt. *ākāra*, An epistemological term that signifies the mental content that results from sensory contact, which is often understood as a kind of “image” that presents itself before the mind. ## contexts *gleng gzhi*, Skt. *nidāna*, Sixth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## contextually *rnam grangs su*, Skt. *paryāya*, Used adverbially, this term indicates that a given teaching has been skillfully adapted by the Buddha for the audience and therefore is not to be taken literally or definitively. ## continent of Jambu *’dzam bu’i gling*, Skt. *jambudvīpa*, One of the four continents surrounding Mount Sumeru, which is located in the south, according to Buddhist cosmology. ## Continent Traveler *gling ’gro*, Skt. *gling ’gro*, Attendant of the buddha Nāganandin. ## Continuous *bar med*, Skt. *bar med*, Continuous (unbroken; without interruption), also the name of a lake in Godānīya. ## Continuous Abode *rgyun gyi gnas*, Skt. *rgyun gyi gnas*, A forest in Draped with Jewels. ## Continuous Excellent Intention *phyir zhing legs par sems pa*, Skt. *phyir zhing legs par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jaya. ## Continuous Intelligence *blo gros rgyun mi ’chad pa*, Skt. *blo gros rgyun mi ’chad pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Continuous Movement *rgyun gyis rgyu ba*, Skt. *rgyun gyis rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife, possibly the same as Moving in Mixed Environments (rab tu rnam par ’dres pa’i khor yug na rgyu ba). ## Continuously Cultivated *kun nas bsten pa*, Skt. *kun nas bsten pa*, A lotus pond in Delighting in Flower Garlands. ## Continuum of Joy *dga’ ba’i rgyud*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i rgyud*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhaketu. ## contracted male organ *gsang ba’i gnas sbubs su nub pa*, Skt. *kośāvahitavasti­guhyatā*, Thirteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## contrive Lit. “to shape/form/create,” the term refers to volitional activity that creates karmic patterns and results. ## contrived phenomena See “contrive.” ## control This term is usually translated into English with “to bless.” However, the verb adhiṣṭhā conveys the notions of control (of one’s environment as a result of meditative absorption), authority, or protection. ## Control of Others’ Emanations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *paranirmita­vaśavartin*, The highest level of the desire realm. ## control of the winds *srog rtsol*, Skt. *prāṇāyāma*, Also rendered here as “breath control.” ## Controlled Movement *bsdams par rgyu ba*, Skt. *bsdams par rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Controller *dbang sgyur ma*, Skt. *dbang sgyur ma*, Controller (one who exercises control), also the name of the mother of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Controlling Others’ Emanations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *nirmāṇa­vaśavartin*, The Heaven of Controlling Others’ Emanations is the highest (or sixth) of the six heavens of the desire realm. ## controlling power *byin gyis brlabs*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhāna*, Also rendered here as sustaining power. ## controlling power of a name *ming gi gzhi*, Skt. *nāmādhiṣṭhāna*, See also . ## controls all things *chos thams cad la dbang byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmādhipateyā*, An absorption. ## controls mind and aspects *rnam pa dang sems la dbang byed pa*, Skt. *rnam pa dang sems la dbang byed pa*, An absorption. ## controls objects *yul la dbang byed pa*, Skt. *yul la dbang byed pa*, An absorption. ## controls the minds of all sentient beings *sems can thams cad kyi sems la dbang byed pa*, Skt. *sems can thams cad kyi sems la dbang byed pa*, An absorption. ## convention Here used in reference to conventional or provisional meaning or truth. ## conventional reality *kun rdzob*, Skt. *saṃvṛti*, Conveys the relative or conventional view of the world according to the understanding of ordinary unawakened beings. This is distinguished from the ultimate truth, which conveys the understanding of phenomena as they really are. Saṃvṛti literally means “covered” or “concealed,” implying that the relative reality seen by ordinary beings seems to be convincingly real, but it is ultimately, in its actual state, illusory and unreal. ## convergence in nonaffliction *nyon mongs pa med par yang dag par gzhol ba*, Skt. *anusaraṇa­sarva­samavasaraṇa*, The 113th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## convergence of all afflicted mental states in nonaffliction *nyon mongs pa dang bcas pa thams cad nyon mongs pa med par yang dag par gzhol ba*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa dang bcas pa thams cad nyon mongs pa med par yang dag par gzhol ba*, A meditative stability. In Dutt 198 there appears to be no corresponding item. ## Convergence of All Mental Afflictions in Non-affliction *nyon mongs pa med pa nyon mongs pa dang bcas pa thams cad yang dag par ’du ba*, Skt. *anu­saraṇa­sarva­samavasaraṇa*, Name of the 106th meditative stability. ## convergence of all mental afflictions in nonaffliction *nyon mongs pa dang bcas pa thams cad nyon mongs pa med par yang dag par gzhol ba*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa dang bcas pa thams cad nyon mongs pa med par yang dag par gzhol ba*, The 114th meditative stability in chapter 8, missing in chapter 6. In Dutt 198 there appears to be no corresponding item. ## convert to a tīrthika order *mu stegs can zhugs pa*, Skt. *tīrthikāvakrāntaka*, A person, who though once a Buddhist later converts, barred from joining the renunciate order. ## Cool *grang mo*, Skt. *grang mo*, Cool (moderately cold), also the name of one of the eight nāga ladies. ## Cool Grove *bsil ba’i tshal*, Skt. *śītavana*, A famous cremation ground near Bodh Gayā. ## Cool Land An epithet of Tibet. Similar to Land of Snows (gangs can ljongs). ## Cool Water *chu bsil ba*, Skt. *chu bsil ba*, A pond at the forest Joyous in Sudharma. ## Cool Water Home *chu bsil gnas*, Skt. *chu bsil gnas*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Cool Waters *chu bsil*, Skt. *chu bsil*, A pool in Special Joy. ## Cooling Cooling (making or becoming cool), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## Copious Degeneration *nyams pa mang ba*, Skt. *nyams pa mang ba*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Copious Parasites in Marrow and Bones *rkang dang rus pa la srin bu mang ba*, Skt. *majjāsthi­kṛmi­nikara*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Copper Holder *zangs can*, Skt. *zangs can*, An island far off the coast of Jambudvīpa. ## Copper-Colored *zangs kyi mdog*, Skt. *zangs kyi mdog*, A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## copper-colored nails *sen mo zangs kyi mdog ltar ’dug pa*, Skt. *tāmranakha*, First of the eighty minor signs. ## Coppery *zangs ma can*, Skt. *zangs ma can*, Coppery (like copper in color), also the name of a rākṣasī on the island called Copper Holder. ## copulation dharma *khrig pa’i chos*, Skt. *maithunadharma*, This refers to the habit of copulation, called a dharma perhaps as it is a property/feature that belongs to those who copulate, or in the sense of something that is one’s course of behavior. ## Coral Forest *byi ru’i tshal*, Skt. *byi ru’i tshal*, A pleasure grove in White Body. ## coral tree *man dA ra ba*, Skt. *māndārava*, Erythrina indica or Erythrina variegate. Mandarava, flame tree, tiger’s claw. In the summer it is covered in large crimson flowers, which are believed to also grow in Indra’s paradise. The coral tree is the most widespread species of Erythrina or māndārava, taller than the others, and all are collectively known as coral trees. ## coral tree flower *man dA ra ba*, Skt. *mandārava*, Erythrina variegata. ## corporeal being *lus can*, Skt. *dehin*, Also rendered in this translation as “embodied being,” and “living being.” ## corporeal siddhi In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, this term refers to a siddhi that yogins can attain by ingesting prepared mercury prior to performing sexual yoga. ## correct abandonments The abandonment of nonvirtuous mental states and resultant actions of body, speech, and mind, and the cultivation of virtuous mental states and resultant actions of body, speech, and mind. This set is often interpreted as “right exertions,” reflecting the Skt. term samyakpradhāṇa, rather than samyakprahāṇa, which is the basis for the Tibetan term yang dag par spong ba. ## correct action *yang dag pa’i las kyi mtha’*, Skt. *samyakkarmānta*, Fourth factor of the noble eightfold path. ## correct applications of mindfulness *yang dag pa’i dran pa nye bar bzhag pa*, Skt. *samyak­smṛtyupasthāna*, This refers to the four types of mindfulness: the mindfulness of the body, sensations, thought, and phenomena. ## correct delight *dga’ ba yang dag*, Skt. *prīti*, Fourth of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## correct discernment *so so yang dag rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, This refers to the four forms of discernment or special knowledge that pertain to meaning, phenomena, definitions, and eloquence. ## correct discernments Correct and accurate discernment, typically in regard to four sets of factors: phenomena, meaning, language, and confident eloquence. ## correct discrimination *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Correct knowledge of meaning, Dharma, language, and eloquence. ## correct discriminations *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Genuine discrimination with respect to dharmas, meaning, language, and eloquence. ## correct doctrinal analysis *chos rnam par ’byed pa*, Skt. *dharmapravicaya*, Second of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## correct effort *yang dag pa’i rtsol ba*, Skt. *samyagvyāyāma*, Sixth factor of the noble eightfold path. ## correct eliminations *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, Relinquishing negative acts in the present and the future and enhancing positive acts in the present and the future. ## correct equanimity *btang snyoms yang dag*, Skt. *upekṣā*, Seventh of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## correct exertion *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, There are four kinds: the intention to not do bad actions that have not been done, to give up bad actions that are being done, to do good actions that have not been done, and to increase the good actions that are being done. Exertion is in accordance with the meaning in Buddhist Sanskrit. The Tibetan is translated as “abandonment” as in classical Sanskrit, which does not fit the context. ## correct exertions *yang dag spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, The four correct exertions are (1) abandoning existing negative mental states, (2) abandoning the production of such states, (3) giving rise to virtuous states of mind that are not yet produced, (4) and letting those states continue. ## correct ideation *yang dag pa’i rtog pa*, Skt. *samyak­saṃ­kalpa*, Second of the noble eightfold path. Also translated as “correct thought.” ## correct knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Correct knowledge of phenomena, meaning, language, and eloquence. ## correct livelihood *yang dag pa’i ’tsho ba*, Skt. *samyagājīva*, Fifth factor of the noble eightfold path. ## correct meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin yang dag*, Skt. *samādhi*, Sixth of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## correct mental and physical refinement *shin tu sbyangs pa*, Skt. *praśrabdhi*, Fifth of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## correct perseverance *brtson ’grus yang dag*, Skt. *vīrya*, Third of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## Correct Practice *yang dag sbyor*, Skt. *yang dag sbyor*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## correct recollection *dran pa yang dag*, Skt. *smṛti*, First of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## correct self-restraints *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, See “four correct self-restraints.” ## correct speech *yang dag pa’i ngag*, Skt. *samyagvāg*, Third factor of the noble eightfold path. ## correct thought *yang dag pa’i rtog pa*, Skt. *samyaksaṃkalpa*, Second of the noble eightfold path. Also translated as “correct ideation.” ## correct understanding *so sor yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Correct understanding of meaning, Dharma, language, and eloquence. ## correct understandings *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Correct knowledge of meaning, Dharma, language, and eloquence. ## correct view *yang dag par lta ba*, Skt. *samyagdṛṣṭi*, First factor of the noble eightfold path. ## correctly disregard *yang dag par rjes su mi mthong ba*, Skt. *na sam­anu­paśyati*, Also translated here as “do not consider.” ## corrupting being *log ’dren*, Skt. *vināyaka*, A class of being that misleads or has a corrupting influence. ## cosmic age *bskal pa*, Skt. *kalpa*, The timespan in which a world system or universe evolves and dissolves again according to Buddhist cosmology; a complete cosmic cycle. ## cosmic wind-atmosphere *rlung gi dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vātamaṇḍalī*, The ancient cosmology maintained that the cosmos was encircled by an atmosphere of fierce winds of impenetrable intensity (see Lamotte, p. 255, n. 15). ## Cosmos of a billion universes *stong gsum*, Skt. *trisāhasra*, a cosmos composed of one billion (1000^3) universes like ours and cooresponding to the area of activity of one [Buddha](#buddha). ## cosmos of a billion worlds Sometimes rendered “trichiliocosm,” this term refers to a container (dhātu) of worlds (loka) numbering one thousand to the third power, which equals one billion. It is sometimes contrasted with smaller groups of worlds translated herein as “a galaxy of a thousand worlds” and “a galaxy of a hundred thousand worlds.” While in English, the cosmos refers to the entire universe of many billions of galaxies, in present usage following Buddhist cosmology, it may represent only one of many universes. ## costus *ru rta*, Skt. *kuṣṭha*, Saussurea costus. ## costus root *ru rta*, Skt. *kuṣṭha*, Saussurea lappa. This is a 3–4-foot-tall shrub. Alternatively identified as Saussurea costus and Costus speciosus. YJ’s translation refers to another plant, namely Aristolochia recurvilabra. ## cotton cloth *ras gos*, Skt. *kārpāsaka*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## cotton tree *shal ma li*, Skt. *śālmalī*, Bombax ceiba. Also known as the red cotton tree. It has red flowers and ripened capsules that contain cotton-like fibers. In particular, the trunk is covered in spikes to deter climbing animals, and therefore it is an iron version of this tree that is found in the hells. ## cough *lud pa*, Skt. *kāsa*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## counselor *mkhan po*, Skt. *upādhyāya*, The person from whom one receives vows. It is also the title of the head of a monastery and used here to refer to a royal magistrate. Also rendered here as “preceptor.” ## Countenance *bzhin ldan*, Skt. *bzhin ldan*, Countenance (a person's face or expression), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Manuṣyacandra. ## counterpoint to all that is ordinary *’jig rten thams cad dang mi ’thun pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­vipratyanīkā*, Also translated as “antithetical to all worlds.” ## Countless Qualities Precious Courage *yon tan mtha’ yas rin chen spobs pa*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas rin chen spobs pa*, (1) A tathāgata in the buddhafield in the northern direction called Fully Adorned with Jewels. (2) A tathāgata in the buddhafield in the southern direction called Buddha Courage. ## country *ljongs kyi skye bo*, Skt. *janapada*, Large political formations, either republics or kingdoms, of ancient India. ## country mallow *bA la*, Skt. *balā*, Sida cordifolia. ## country of the Mallas *gyad rnams dang nye ba*, One of the sixteen great countries (mahājanapada) of Northern India during the Buddha’s lifetime, with Kuśinagara as its capital. See also “Malla.” ## countryside *yul*, Skt. *grāma*, Countryside refers to the hamlets and villages where the nonurban populace lived. This phrase refers to the once-common practice of settling in one place only for the monsoon. ## courage *spobs pa*, Skt. *prati­bhāna*, Also translated here as “inspired eloquence.” ## Courageous *dpa’ ba*, Skt. *sattva*, Short for Mahāsattva, dpa’ ba means “courage.” Elsewhere in the sūtra the prince’s name is translated as sems can chen po (“Great Being”) and in Toh 556 it is translated as snying stobs chen po (“Great Courage”). “Courage” and “being” are two possible meanings of sattva, which has a number of alternative meanings, such as “goodness” and “existence.” ## Courageous Engagement with All Objects of Perception *dmigs pa thams cad spobs pas spyod pa*, Skt. *dmigs pa thams cad spobs pas spyod pa*, A buddha. ## Courageous Established Intention *spobs pas bkod par dgongs pa*, A buddha. (Toh 555: spobs rab dgongs) ## Courageous Intellect *dpa’ ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *dpa’ ba’i blo gros*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Courageous Intention *spobs rab dgongs*, Skt. *pratibhāna­vyūhābhiprāya*, A buddha. ## Courageous Knowledge *shes pa dpa’ ba*, Skt. *shes pa dpa’ ba*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## courageous one A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Courageous Strength *dpa’ stobs*, Skt. *dpa’ stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhasena. ## court *yul chos byed pa*, Literally “the agent who enacts the regional laws,” this term refers to the court of a king or any governing body. ## courtesan *bcom pa ma*, Skt. *bhāgavatī*, This term is used for a female devotee of Viṣṇu ( bhagavat ), but here is used as an honorific term for a courtesan. Bhaga can also mean “vulva” and is therefore also used in that way in compounds. This English is also used as a translation for gaṇika in chapter 43 (see ). ## Covered *sbas pa*, Skt. *sbas pa*, Covered (having something laid over it), also the second name given to Deluded. ## Covered by a Golden Net *gser gyi dra bas g.yogs pa*, A world system in the southwestern direction, presently the realm of the buddha named Superior Illumination of a Jeweled Canopy. ## Covered by Flowers *me tog gis rab tu khebs pa*, Skt. *me tog gis rab tu khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Covered by Hair *skras khyab pa*, Skt. *skras khyab pa*, A piśāca. ## Covered by Lotuses *pad mas rab tu khebs pa*, Skt. *pad mas rab tu khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Covered by Palāśas *pa la sha yis kun tu khyab pa*, Skt. *pa la sha yis kun tu khyab pa*, An area in Kuru. ## Covered by Parasols *gdugs kyi khebs pa*, Skt. *gdugs kyi khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Covered by Puḍi *pu Dis g.yogs pa*, Skt. *pu Dis g.yogs pa*, An ocean to the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Covered by Red Lotuses *pad ma dmar pos kun tu khyab pa*, Skt. *pad ma dmar pos kun tu khyab pa*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## Covered by Red Utpalas *ud pa la dmar pos khebs pa*, Skt. *ud pa la dmar pos khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Covered by Utpalas *ud pa las rab tu khebs pa*, Skt. *ud pa las rab tu khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Covered by Vines *’khri shing gis g.yogs pa*, Skt. *’khri shing gis g.yogs pa*, A river on Forest Garlands. ## Covered in Flower Nets *me tog dra bas kun g.yogs*, Skt. *me tog dra bas kun g.yogs*, A buddha realm. ## covetous one *’dun pa*, Skt. *’dun pa*, A class of nonhuman beings associated with misfortune and disease. ## covetousness *brnab sems*, Skt. *abhidhyā*, The desire for things that arises from experiencing sense objects as pleasant. First of the four bonds that bind the psychophysical body to cyclic existence. Also one of the ten nonvirtues. ## cow bezoar *gi’u wang*, Skt. *gorocanā*, A yellow stone that forms within the stomach of ruminants and is held to have medicinal properties. ## cowitch *ka pi kats+tsha*, Skt. *kapikacchu*, Mucuna pruriens. ## cowrie shell *’gron bu*, Skt. *kapardaka*, A type of shell used as currency. ## cowry *’gron bu*, Skt. *hiraṇya*, The Tibetan term ’gron bu is generally restricted to “cowry shell,” but the term hiraṇya more typically refers to “gold coins” and can be applied to any form of currency, which includes cowry shells. ## cow’s tongue Elephantopus scaber, commonly known as elephant’s foot. ## Cūḍāpanthaka *lam phran bstan*, Skt. *cūḍāpanthaka*, A monk (bhikṣu) and disciple of the Buddha. ## Cāṃpeya *me tog tsam pa ka las byung ba*, Skt. *cāṃpeya*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## cāṇūra *stobs mchog*, Skt. *cāṇūra*, A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength. ## Cīrṇabuddhi *blo sbyangs*, Skt. *cīrṇabuddhi*, The 547th buddha in the first list, 547th in the second list, and 540th in the third list. ## Cracked Like Blue Lotus Flowers *ud pa la ltar gas pa*, Skt. *utpala*, One of the cold hells. ## Cracked Like Lotus Flowers *pad ma ltar gas pa*, Skt. *padma*, One of the cold hells. ## Cracked Like Pink Lotus Flowers *ku mu da ltar gas pa*, Skt. *kumuda*, One of the cold hells. ## Cracked Like Smooth Fragrant Flowers *me tog dri ngad ’jam ltar gas pa*, Skt. *me tog dri ngad ’jam ltar gas pa*, One of the cold hells. ## Cracked Like Sweet Smelling Flowers *me tog dri zhim ltar gas pa*, Skt. *sugandhapuṣpa*, One of the cold hells. ## Cracked Like White Lotus Flowers *pad ma dkar po ltar gas pa*, Skt. *puṇḍarika*, One of the cold hells. ## Cracked Open Like a White Lotus *me tog pun da rI ka ltar gas pa*, The hell into which King Ajātaśatru will be briefly reborn. Also called White Lotus. ## Crane Call *khrung khrung nga ro*, Skt. *khrung khrung nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gaṇin. ## crape jasmine *ta ga ra*, Skt. *tagara*, Tabernaemontana coronaria. ## Cīrṇaprabha *’od spyod*, Skt. *cīrṇaprabha*, The 957th buddha in the first list, 956th in the second list, and 947th in the third list. ## craving *sred pa*, Skt. *tṛṣṇā*, Eighth of the twelve links of dependent origination. Craving is often listed as threefold: craving for the desirable, craving for existence, and craving for non-existence. ## craving for sensual pleasures *’dod pa’i sred pa*, Skt. *kāmacchanda*, One of the five obscurations. ## Craving the Supreme *mchog sred*, Skt. *mchog sred*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmakośa. ## Cīrṇavrata *brtul zhugs spyad*, Skt. *cīrṇavrata*, A buddha. ## create obstacles *hur thum*, A command that appears in the Mahākāla mantra. The bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo notes that this is the equivalent of the syllable dzaH (Skt. jaḥ) and that it is a type of attracting mantra syllable (dzaH zer ba ste drag las skabs kyi dgug sngags gras shig). ## created *byas pa*, Kalyāṇamitra explains that a “created” (byas pa) site is akin to an abode created by a resident animal (Kalyāṇamitra, F.313.a.1–2). ## Created and Brightly Adorned with Wisdom *ye shes kyis rnam par sprul zhing gsal ba rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *ye shes kyis rnam par sprul zhing gsal ba rab tu brgyan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānaprāpta. ## Created by Gods *lha yis sprul*, Skt. *lha yis sprul*, Birthplace of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Created with Joy *dga’ ba dang bcas par skyed pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba dang bcas par skyed pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Devoid of Sorrow. ## Creativity of awareness *rig pa'i rtsal*, [awareness](#awareness)'s inherent and spontaneous ability to manifest phenomena. ## Creator *skrun mdzad*, Skt. *skrun mdzad*, Creator (one who brings something into existence), also the name of the 465th buddha in the first list, 464th in the second list, and 458th in the third list. See also . ## creatures of the night *mtshan mo rgyu ba*, Skt. *niśācara*, A generic term for a range of beings that includes both animals and spirits of various types. ## cremation ground A cremation ground or place for discarded corpses. Also becomes synonymous in tantra with a type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## crepe ginger *dz+ha ma*, Skt. *vyāmaka*, Cheilocostus speciosus. This rhizome is used in Āyurvedic medicine to treat fever, rash, asthma, bronchitis, and intestinal worms. ## crescent moon *zla ba tshes pa*, A term for the first phase of the waxing moon. ## Crest *tog*, Skt. *tog*, Crest (the top of something, such as a ridge or wave), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānaruta (754 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crest Banner *tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prabhākośa. ## Crest Banner of Heaps of Merit *bsod nams kyi phung po tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bsod nams kyi phung po tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Attendant of the buddha Ojastejas. ## Crest Banner of Merit *bsod nams tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bsod nams tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmabala. ## Crest Follower *tog ’brangs*, Skt. *tog ’brangs*, Mother of the buddha Keturāṣṭra. ## crest insignia Skt. *dhvajāgra*, A military ensign or standard. In ancient Indic culture a dhvaja was a long pole surmounted by a top piece or finial (agra). The term dhvaja was translated into Tibetan as rgyal mtshan, literally “royal insignia.” ## Crest King *tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *tog gi rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Crest Lamp *sgron ma’i tog*, Skt. *sgron ma’i tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyapradīpa. ## Crest Light *tog gi ’od*, Skt. *tog gi ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śuddhasāgara (816 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crest of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i tog*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Buddhas *sangs rgyas kyi tog*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi tog*, A bodhisattva. ## crest of certainty’s victory banner *nges pa’i rgyal mtshan rtog*, Skt. *niyata­dhvaja­ketu*, The 10th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8; also mentioned in other chapters. ## Crest of Clarity *gsal ba’i tog*, Skt. *gsal ba’i tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Satyaketu. ## Crest of Dharma *chos kyi tog*, Skt. *chos kyi tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Equanimous Eyes *mig snyoms tog*, Skt. *mig snyoms tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Crest of Excellence *bzang po’i tog*, Skt. *bzang po’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Asaṅga. ## Crest of Faith in Noble Beings *’phags pa la dad pa’i tog*, Skt. *’phags pa la dad pa’i tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## Crest of Fame *grags pa’i tog*, Skt. *grags pa’i tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padmapārśva (278 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crest of Famed Worship *mchod grags tog*, Skt. *mchod grags tog*, Son of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Crest of Flowers *me tog gi tog*, Skt. *me tog gi tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Glory *dpal gyi tog*, Skt. *dpal gyi tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prabhākara (205 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crest of Gnosis *ye shes tog*, Skt. *jñāna­ketu*, Name of the fifty-first meditative stability. ## Crest of Great Rule *dbang chen tog*, Skt. *dbang chen tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Indra. ## Crest of Humanity *mi yi tog*, Skt. *mi yi tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kanakaparvata. ## Crest of Illumination *kun nas snang ba’i tog*, Skt. *kun nas snang ba’i tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Infinite Lands *yul ’khor mtha’ yas tog*, Skt. *yul ’khor mtha’ yas tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Keturāṣṭra. ## Crest of Intelligence *blo gros tog*, Skt. *blo gros tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnābhacandra. ## Crest of Jewels *nor bu’i tog*, Skt. *nor bu’i tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Joy in Liberation *thar pa la dga’ ba’i tog*, Skt. *thar pa la dga’ ba’i tog*, Attendant of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## Crest of Light *tog gi ’od*, Skt. *tog gi ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Crest of Luminous Qualities *gtsug gi yon tan ’od*, Skt. *gtsug gi yon tan ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Crest of Masters *dbang po’i tog*, Skt. *dbang po’i tog*, Father of the buddha Vidyutketu. ## Crest of Merit *bsod nams tog*, Skt. *bsod nams tog*, Father of the buddha Ketudhvaja. ## Crest of Meritorious Intelligence *blo gros bsod nams tog*, Skt. *blo gros bsod nams tog*, Mother of the buddha Mānajaha. ## Crest of Nectar Essence *bdud rtsi’i bcud kyi tog*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i bcud kyi tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Crest of Power *tog mthu*, Skt. *tog mthu*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Crest of Purity *rnam par dag pa’i tog*, Skt. *rnam par dag pa’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Crest of Qualities *yon tan tog*, Skt. *yon tan tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūryaprabha (476 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crest of Radiant Light *’od ’phro tog*, Skt. *’od ’phro tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## Crest of Royal Sal Trees *sA la’i dbang po’i tog*, Skt. *sA la’i dbang po’i tog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Crest of Superknowledge *mngon par shes pa’i tog*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa’i tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Supreme Excellence *bzang mchog tog*, Skt. *bzang mchog tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhasvara. ## Crest of Supreme Light *tog mchog ’od*, Skt. *tog mchog ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mayūraruta. ## Crest of the Banner of the Qualities of Infinite Eloquence *spobs pa mtha’ yas pa’i yon tan tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *spobs pa mtha’ yas pa’i yon tan tog gi rgyal mtshan*, A Dharma teacher. ## Crest of the Child of the Wealth God *nor lha’i bu tog*, Skt. *nor lha’i bu tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Atula­pratibhāna­rāja. ## Crest of the Gathering of Qualities *yon tan tshogs kyi tog*, Skt. *yon tan tshogs kyi tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kuśalaprabha. ## crest of the moon’s victory banner *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan rtog*, Skt. *candra­dhvaja­ketu*, The 5th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8; also mentioned in other chapters. ## Crest of the Precious Dharma *chos rin po che’i tog*, Skt. *chos rin po che’i tog*, Son of the buddha Dharmadatta. ## Crest of the Riches of Merit *bsod nams ’byor pa’i tog*, Skt. *bsod nams ’byor pa’i tog*, Father of the buddha Kṣatriya. ## Crest of the Victory Banner of Certainty *nges pa’i rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *niyata­dhvaja­ketu*, Name of the ninth meditative stability. ## Crest of the Victory Banner of the Moon *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *candra­dhvaja­ketu*, Name of fifth meditative stability. ## Crest of the Wisdom Banner *ye shes rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *ye shes rgyal mtshan tog*, A bodhisattva. ## Crest of Tossed Flowers *me tog rab tu gtor ba’i tog*, Skt. *me tog rab tu gtor ba’i tog*, A buddha. ## Crest of Truth *bden pa’i tog*, Skt. *bden pa’i tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Satyarāśi. ## Crest of Twofold Characteristics *mtshan nyid gnyis pa’i tog*, Skt. *mtshan nyid gnyis pa’i tog*, A buddha. ## Crest of Universal Light *kun tu gsal ba tog*, Skt. *kun tu gsal ba tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sārodgata. ## Crest of Wisdom *ye shes tog*, Skt. *ye shes tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prajñākūṭa (87 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crest Ornament of Eloquence *spobs pa’i tog*, Skt. *spobs pa’i tog*, A buddha of the past. ## Crest Possessor *tog ldan*, Skt. *tog ldan*, Son of the buddha Siṃhavikrāmin. ## Crest Roar *tog gi nga ro*, Skt. *tog gi nga ro*, Father of the buddha Keturāṣṭra. ## Crested Ravens *skra shad ’dzings pa dang bya khwa yod pa*, Skt. *keśoṇḍūka­vāyasa*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Crested Ruler Banner *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Deveśvara. ## Crier *a tsa zer ba*, Skt. *cuṭucuṭu*, Crier (one who calls out or proclaims), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## crime of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa*, Skt. *ānantarya*, The five crimes of immediate retribution, acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages: killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating schism in the saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## Cāritra­caraṇa­sudarśayūthika *spyad spyod lta mdzes*, Skt. *cāritra­caraṇa­sudarśayūthika*, A śakra deity who prays to be Samudrareṇu’s son when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Rahula. ## Cāritragocara A seer (ṛṣi), a past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Cāritraka *spyod par ldan*, Skt. *cāritraka*, The 892nd buddha in the first list, 891st in the second list, and 882nd in the third list. ## Cāritramati *spyod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *cāritramati*, Lit. “Intelligence of Activity.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Upaśānta, in the western direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## Cāritratīrtha *spyod pa’i stegs*, Skt. *cāritratīrtha*, The 834th buddha in the first list, 833rd in the second list, and 823rd in the third list. ## cāritravatin *spyod pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *cāritravatin*, Lit. “act possessor.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## crooked medicine *sman yon chen po*, Skt. *sman yon chen po*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-seventh week. ## crooked opening *yon po’i sgo*, Skt. *yon po’i sgo*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twelfth week. ## Crooked Teeth *so rad rod can*, Skt. *so rad rod can*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## cross bolt *gnam gzer*, Skt. *sūcaka*, One of the fasteners, along with levers (Tib. ’khor gtan) and bars (Tib. phred gtan), that the Buddha allowed to bar doors and windows. ## cross of the māras In Praises to Śrīdevī Kālī (Toh 671), this appears to be a pattern on the strap of Mahākālī’s saddle that represents punishing beings who violate their vows (samayas). ## crossed the four rivers *chu bo bzhi las rgal ba*, Skt. *caturoghottīrṇa*, [Buddha](#buddha)s have crossed the rivers of desire, existence, [view](#view), and ignorance. ## crossed vajra *las kyi rdo rje*, Skt. *karmavajra*, Aa ritual implement that looks like two crossed vajras with a common sphere in the center. This implement is also known as a viśvavajra in Sanskrit and sna tshogs rdo rje in Tibetan. ## Crossing the Swamp *’dam las rgal ba*, Skt. *’dam las rgal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitasvara (712 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## crow pen *bya rog gi smyu gu*, A writing implement made from some part of a crow, presumably one of its feathers. ## crow-faced people A race of people. ## crown *cod pan*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa*, A crown or turban that dons the head of the king and symbolizes royalty. ## crown cannot be seen *spyi gtsug bltar mi mthong ba*, Skt. *anavalokitamūrdhatā*, A feature of the uṣṇīṣa whereby its top, or its upward extent, cannot be seen. ## Crown Escape *spyi gtsug thar*, Skt. *spyi gtsug thar*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## crown extension *spyi gtsug*, Skt. *śikha*, This is listed on as the last (33rd) of the major marks. ## crown flower plant *shing arka*, Skt. *arka*, Calotropis gigantea. ## crown initiation *cod pan dbang*, Skt. *mauliseka*, In the Tantra of Back Yamāri, the first in a series of four initiations. ## Crown Intelligence *grong khyer tog gi blo gros*, Skt. *grong khyer tog gi blo gros*, Birthplace of the buddha Maitreya. ## Crown Jewel *gtsug na nor bu*, Skt. *gtsug na nor bu*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnakīrti. ## Crown Jewel of the Lord of Men Resembling a Sublime Lion Sporting and Roaring in Mountain Caves, Peaks, Clefts, Valleys, and Meadows *ri’i phug dang zom dang ri sul dang gseb dang sman ljongs na seng ge’i mchog rnam par bsgyings shing nga ro rnam par sgrogs pa lta bu’i mi’i dbang po’i gtsug gi nor bu*, Skt. *ri’i phug dang zom dang ri sul dang gseb dang sman ljongs na seng ge’i mchog rnam par bsgyings shing nga ro rnam par sgrogs pa lta bu’i mi’i dbang po’i gtsug gi nor bu*, Bodhisattva great being, interlocutor of the Buddha in The Perfection of Generosity. ## Crown King *gtsug phud rgyal po*, Skt. *gtsug phud rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Crown Nobler Than the Cosmos *’jig rten gyi khams thams cad las mngon par ’phags pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *’jig rten gyi khams thams cad las mngon par ’phags pa’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown of Delight *gtsug phud dgyes*, Skt. *gtsug phud dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Priyaprasanna (991 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Crown of Joy *dga’ ba’i tog*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i tog*, Son of the buddha Śrīdeva. ## Crown of the Jewel That Illuminates the Realm of Phenomena *chos kyi dbyings snang ba’i nor bu’i cod pan*, Skt. *chos kyi dbyings snang ba’i nor bu’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown of the Seat of Enlightenment *byang chub kyi snying po’i cod pan*, Skt. *byang chub kyi snying po’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown of the Womb from which All Buddhas Are Born *sangs rgyas thams cad byung ba’i snying po’i cod pan*, Skt. *sangs rgyas thams cad byung ba’i snying po’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament Adorned by the Gem That Perceives the Indivisibility of All of Space *nam mkha’i dbyings thams cad dbyer med pa rnam par shes pa’i nor bu rin po ches brgyan pa’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dbyings thams cad dbyer med pa rnam par shes pa’i nor bu rin po ches brgyan pa’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Brilliant Gem That Projects the Halo of All Thus-Gone Ones *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi ’od kyi dkyil ’khor rab tu gtong ba nor bu rin po che mngon par bsgrags pa’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi ’od kyi dkyil ’khor rab tu gtong ba nor bu rin po che mngon par bsgrags pa’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the King of Jewels That Sings an Ocean of Aspirations *smon lam rgya mtsho thams cad kyi dbyangs nor bu rin chen rgyal po’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *smon lam rgya mtsho thams cad kyi dbyangs nor bu rin chen rgyal po’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Lord of the Brahmā Realm *tshangs pa’i dbang po’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbang po’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Melodious Dharma Wheel of All Thus-Gone Ones *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi chos kyi ’khor lo dbyangs kyi gtsug pud*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi chos kyi ’khor lo dbyangs kyi gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Melodious One in All the Three Times *dus gsum thams cad kun nas dbyangs kyi gtsug pud*, Skt. *dus gsum thams cad kun nas dbyangs kyi gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Nāga Lord *klu’i dbang po’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *klu’i dbang po’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Precious King of Jewels That Is Adorned with a Web of Gems and Placed on the Victory Banner That Illuminates the Emanations of All Thus-gone Ones *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa’i snang ba’i gyal mtshan nor bu’i rgyal po nor bu rin po che’i dra bas bres pa’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa’i snang ba’i gyal mtshan nor bu’i rgyal po nor bu rin po che’i dra bas bres pa’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament of the Seat of Enlightenment *byang chub kyi snying po’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *byang chub kyi snying po’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Ornament That Illuminates All the Buddha’s Emanations *sangs rgyas ’phrul pa thams cad snang ba’i gtsug pud*, Skt. *sangs rgyas ’phrul pa thams cad snang ba’i gtsug pud*, A bodhisattva. ## crown prince *gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *kumāra­bhūta*, The term, depending on context, can refer either to bodhisattvas who remain celibate, or to bodhisattvas at the advanced level of “crown prince” who are awaiting the final stages before buddhahood that include regency and consecration. ## crown protrusion *gtsug tor*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa*, One of the physical marks of a buddha that takes the form of a protuberance on the crown of his head. ## Crown protuberance *gtsug tor*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa* a prominence on the head of a [Buddha](#buddha), one of the thirty-two [major marks](#major-and-minor-marks). ## Crown That Captures the Thus-Gone Ones’ Lion Throne of the Essence of All Phenomena *chos thams cad kyi snying po de bzhin gshegs pa’i seng ge’i khri ’dzin pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *chos thams cad kyi snying po de bzhin gshegs pa’i seng ge’i khri ’dzin pa’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown That Fully Illuminates the Space of the Realm of Phenomena *kun nas chos kyi dbyings nam mkha’ snang ba’i cod pan*, Skt. *kun nas chos kyi dbyings nam mkha’ snang ba’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown That Is Never Outshone *zil gyis mi non pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non pa’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Crown Vajra *gtsug gi rdo rje*, Skt. *gtsug gi rdo rje*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmā. ## crown victory *gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣavijayā*, The shorter name for the dhāraṇī after which this text is named. ## Cāru *mdzes pa*, Skt. *cāru*, A lay brother living in Nādikā. ## Cārugati *mdzes pa’i ’gros*, Skt. *cārugati*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## cruising the path of the sun *nyi ma’i lam du legs par rgyu ba*, Skt. *nyi ma’i lam du legs par rgyu ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Cārulocana *spyan mdzes*, Skt. *cārulocana*, The 522nd buddha in the first list, 522nd in the second list, and 515th in the third list. ## Crusher *’joms byed*, Skt. *’joms byed*, Crusher (one that crushes), also the name of the son of the buddha Sumati. ## Crusher of Attacks *phas kyi rgol ba ’joms pa*, Skt. *phas kyi rgol ba ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jayanandin. ## Crusher of Doubts *the tshom ’joms*, Skt. *the tshom ’joms*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Crusher of Existence *srid pa ’joms*, Skt. *srid pa ’joms*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tejasprabha. ## Crusher of Non-Buddhist Outsiders *pha rol mu stegs ’joms*, Skt. *pha rol mu stegs ’joms*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anindita. ## Crushing *bsdus ’joms*, Skt. *saṃghāta*, Crushing (pressing with force so as to break), also the name of one of the great hells; see also . ## Crushing Hell *bsdus gzhom*, Skt. *bsdus gzhom*, Third of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. The guardians of the Crushing Hell repeatedly crush its inhabitants between mountains. ## Crushing Subduer *gzhom thul*, Skt. *gzhom thul*, A great bodhisattva. ## Cry of Bliss *dga’ ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Siṃha. ## Ācārya *slob dpon* (1) teacher. (2) equivalent of spiritual master or [lama](#lama). See [vajra master](#vajra-master). ## Ācārya Bodhisattva Also known by his Sanskrit name, Śāntarakṣita (725–88), he was a Bengali monk and scholar and the first abbot at Samyé monastery. He was one of the most important figures in the establishment of Buddhism in Tibet. ## Ācārya Dharmatāśīla *chos nyid tshul khrims*, Skt. *dharmatāśīla*, The 9th century Tibetan translator of this text. ## Ācārya Jinamitra A Kashmiri paṇḍita who was invited to Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. He worked with several Tibetan translators on the translation of a number of sūtras. ## Ācārya Padma *slob dpon padma*, the master [Padma](#padma), see [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## Ācārya Padmasaṃbhava The great tantric master who helped establish Buddhism in Tibet. He would later become the central figure of the Nyingma tradition where he is known as Guru Rinpoché. ## Cārāyaṇīya A sublineage of the Sāmavedins. ## Crying Out *ma la ’bod*, Skt. *ma la ’bod*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Crystal *do shal*, Skt. *do shal*, Crystal (a clear transparent mineral or glass), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Pūrṇamati. ## Crystal Encounter *shel ’jug pa*, Skt. *shel ’jug pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Crystal Forest *shel gi tshal*, Skt. *shel gi tshal*, A forest in Activity. ## crystal holders *nor bu’i do shal thogs pa*, Skt. *nor bu’i do shal thogs pa*, A class of asuras. ## Crystalline *man shel can*, Skt. *man shel can*, Crystalline (clear and transparent like crystal), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Bright Jewel. ## Cāturmahā-rāja-kāyika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cāturmahā­rāja­kāyika*, “The Division of the Four Mahārājas.” The paradise of the Four Mahārājas, which is situated at the base of Sumeru. The lowest of the six paradises of the desire realm. ## Cāturmahārāja­kāyika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cāturmahārāja­kāyika*, “The Division of the Four Mahārājas.” The paradise of the Four Mahārājas, which is situated at the base of Sumeru. The lowest of the six paradises of the desire realm. ## Cāturmahārājika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *Cāturmahārājika*, Lit. “Abode of the Four Great Kings.” For consistency rgyal chen bzhi’i ris is rendered Cāturmahārājika (“[gods] belonging to the group of the Four Great Kings”), even though there are a number of Skt. forms (Edg says the forms are cāturmahā­rāja­kāyika and less often Cāturmahārājika, and Cāturmahārājika and less often caturmahā­rājika) and slight differences are encountered in the Tib. translation. “Gods” is sometimes rendered explicitly and is sometimes implicit in the Tib. ## Cāturmahā­rājika *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cāturmahā­rājika*, For consistency rgyal chen bzhi’i ris is rendered cāturmahā­rājika (“[gods] belonging to the group of the Four Great Kings”), even though there are a number of Skt. forms (Edg says the forms are cāturmahā­rāja­kāyika and less often caturmahā­rāja­kāyika, and cāturmahā­rājika and less often caturmahā­rājika) and slight differences are encountered in the Tib. translation. “Gods” is sometimes rendered explicitly and is sometimes implicit in the Tib. ## cāturthakā *rims nyin bzhi pa*, Skt. *cāturthakā*, A class of spirits causing quartan fever. ## cubeb *kaM kA laM ko*, Skt. *kaṅkola*, Piper cubeba florence. ## cubit *khru gang*, Skt. *hasta*, A measure of length; also, an angular cubit is the measure of angular distance equal to about 2 degrees. ## Cuñcumātī *tsun tsum+pa tI*, Skt. *cuñcumātī*, A river in Godānīya. ## culminating clear realization *rtse mor phyin pa’i mngon rtogs*, Skt. *mūrdhābhisamaya*, Fifth of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## cultivate *sgom*, Skt. *bhāvaya*, Acquainting the mind with a virtuous object. Often translated as “meditation” and “familiarization.” ## Cultivating Profound Realization *dgongs pa zab bsgoms*, Skt. *dgongs pa zab bsgoms*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnayaśas (969 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Cultivating the Scriptures *gzhung la rnam par bsgoms pa*, Skt. *gzhung la rnam par bsgoms pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Abhijñāketu. ## cultivation Acquainting or familiarizing the mind through meditation with a virtuous quality or teaching. ## Cultivator *sgom byed*, Skt. *sgom byed*, Cultivator (one who cultivates or develops something), also the name of the son of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Culundha Stream *tsu lun+da ’bab pa*, Skt. *culundha*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Cumbikā *’o byed ma*, Skt. *cumbikā*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## cumin *zi ra*, Skt. *jīraka*, Cuminum cyminum. ## Cundā The name of a Buddhist goddess whose dhāraṇī is associated with protection from disease and interference from demonic beings. ## Cunda *skul byed*, Skt. *cunda*, A pupil of the Buddha who had miraculous powers. Also said to be the younger brother of Śāriputra. There were at least three pupils of the Buddha who had the name Cunda, but in this sūtra it is Mahācunda, “Great Cunda.” Not to be confused with the layperson Cunda, who gave the Buddha his last meal. ## Cundrikā *skul byed ma*, Skt. *cundrikā*, A deity in Mañjuvajra’s maṇḍala. ## cupola *’gram*, Skt. *kapolaka*, A cupola covering each of the four gates of the maṇḍala. ## Curing Affliction *nyon mongs nad sel*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: nyon mongs pa’i nad rnam par sel ba) ## curled hair *mdzod spu*, Skt. *ūrṇā*, A single curled hair or tuft of hair located between the eyebrows of a buddha. ## Curved Trunk Vināyaka *log ’dren sna yon*, The name of a form of Vināyaka, a form of Gaṇapati. ## cutch *seng ldeng gi shing*, Skt. *khadira*, Acaia catechu according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## cutch tree *seng ldeng*, Skt. *khadira*, Acacia catechu. ## Cutting Doubt and Shaking the Defilements Since First Generating the Mind of Awakening *dang po sems bskyed the tsom gcod mdzad nyon mongs bskyod*, A buddha at the nadir in the present. ## cutting off the objective support *dmigs pa gcod pa*, Skt. *ālambhanaccheda*, A meditative stability. ## Cutting through Doubt *the tsom gcod*, Skt. *the tsom gcod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Cutting through Existence *srid pa gcod byed*, Skt. *srid pa gcod byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhula. ## Cutting through the Net *dra ba gcod byed pa*, Skt. *dra ba gcod byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇagaṇa. ## Cyavana *spen pa*, Skt. *cyavana*, A rishi of ancient India, the son of Rishi Bhṛgu, known for having become a youth again after he had reached an old age. ## cyclic existence *’khor ba*, Skt. *saṃsāra*, A state of involuntary existence conditioned by afflicted mental states and the imprint of past actions, characterized by suffering in a cycle of life, death, and rebirth. On its reversal, the contrasting state of nirvāṇa is attained, free from suffering and the processes of rebirth. ## cymbal A musical instrument. ## Daṇḍā *dbyug pa ma*, Skt. *daṇḍā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Daṇṭā *so*, Skt. *daṇṭā*, A great rākṣasī. ## daṇḍa *dbyug gu*, Skt. *daṇḍa*, A staff; punishment; the duration of a single breath (from the moment of inhalation until the moment of the next inhalation). ## Daṇḍa Yamāri *dbyug pa gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *daṇḍayamāri*, “Cudgel Yamāri,” A deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Daśaśaila *skyugs pa yi ni ri*, Skt. *daśaśaila*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Daśabalavāsinī *stobs bcu la gnas ma*, Skt. *daśabalavāsinī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## daśabalodgata *stobs bcu’i stobs kyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *daśabalodgata*, Lit. “exalted by ten powers.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Daṇḍadharā *be con ’dzin ma*, Skt. *daṇḍadharā*, A being in this sūtra. ## Daṇḍadhara *lag na dbyug thogs*, Skt. *daṇḍadhāra*, An alternate form of the name Daṇḍapāṇi, a Śākya clan member and the father of Gopā and Yaśodharā. In The Hundred Deeds he is noted as the father of mda’ thogs, rendered here with the potential back-translation Iṣudhara. ## Daṇḍadhāriṇī *chad pa’i gzungs ma*, Skt. *daṇḍadhāriṇī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## daśa­digvyavalokita *phyogs bcur rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *daśa­digvyavalokita*, Lit. “seeing in the ten directions.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Daśa­dikprabha­parisphuṭa *phyogs bcu snang bas rgyas par ’gengs pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *daśa­dikprabha­parisphuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Daśagrīva *da sha grI ba*, Skt. *daśagrīva*, The king of Laṅkāpuri. He is also known as the king Rāvaṇa in the Rāmāyaṇa. To appease the devas and to save his own life, he is said to have offered his sister in marriage to Mahādeva. From this union the Dharma protector Rematī was born. ## Daṇḍaka *dan da ka*, Skt. *daṇḍaka*, A forest. ## Daṇḍakāraṇyaṅ *daN+Da kA ra N+yang*, Skt. *daṇḍakāraṇyaṅ*, A river in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Daṇḍalagna One of the sublineages connected with the Kautsa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Daṇḍapāda *dbyug pa rkang*, Skt. *daṇḍapāda*, A nāga king. ## Daṇḍapāṇi *lag na be con*, Skt. *daṇḍapāṇi*, This is the Śākya Daṇḍapāṇi who, in the Lalitavistara Sūtra ( The Play in Full ), is described as the father of Gopā, the Buddha’s wife. There are others of that name, such as the brother of the Buddha’s mother, Māyā, and also the uncle of the Buddha’s other wife, Yaśodharā. However, that Daṇḍapāṇi was a member of the neighboring Koliya clan. There is also a contrasting account of a Śākya Daṇḍapāṇi who is said to have been a follower of Devadatta and who was dissatisfied by the Buddha’s answers when he met him in Kapilavastu, the capital of the Śākya clan. His nickname, “Cane Holder,” is said to be because he always carried a golden cane. ## Daśaraśmi *’od zer bcu pa*, Skt. *daśaraśmi*, The 288th buddha in the first list, 287th in the second list, and 287th in the third list. ## Daśa­raśmi­māra­bala­pramardin *’od zer bcus bdud rab tu dul ba*, Skt. *daśa­raśmi­māra­bala­pramardin*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Daśaratha The king of Ayodhyā and the father of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Daśarathaputra *shing rta bcu pa’i bu*, Skt. *daśarathaputra*, “The son of Daśaratha” is actually Rāma. At the point in the Kāraṇḍavyūha where Nārāyaṇa, really Viṣṇu, rescues the kṣatriyas, he is inexplicably called by this name, which may reference a Rāma story. Rāma came to be viewed as one of the ten incarnations of Nārāyaṇa. ## Daśavaśa *shugs bcu*, Skt. *daśavaśa*, The 368th buddha in the first list, 367th in the second list, and 362nd in the third list. ## Daṇḍavajra *rdo rje dbyug pa*, Skt. *daṇḍavajra*, Another name for Daṇḍa Yamāri. ## dacoit A robber or bandit. ## Dadhimukha *zho gdong*, Skt. *dadhimukha*, A certain yakṣa, who with a blazing scepter will club the head of the monk Aṅgada, who in turn had murdered the arhat Sūrata hastening the Dharma’s disappearance from this world. ## Dagapāla *chu skyong*, Skt. *dagapāla*, The mountain that the cakravartin Durdhana, a previous life of Śākyamuni, leaps from in order to make a gift of his body. ## Dago Rinpoche *dwags po rin po che* (1079 - 1153), also known as [Gampopa](#gampopa), the most famous [disciple](#disciple) of [Milarepa](#milarepa) and founder of the [Kagyupa](#kagyupa) monastic order. ## daily fevers *rims nyin re ba*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## daily practice *nyin mo spyod pa*, Skt. *divāvihāra*, Kalyāṇamitra explains that “daily practice” refers to engaging in virtuous endeavors (Toh 4113, F.222.b).: nyin mo spyod pa zhes bya ba ni nyin par dge ba’i phyogs byed pa’o. Dharmamitra mentions the “place for daily practice” as the place where monks should gather to listen to Dharma teachings in the night leading up to the restoration rite; Dharmamitra (Toh 4120, vol. yu, F.145.a): tshes bcu bzhi’i nyin mo spyod yul du de skad sbran nas tshes bcu bzhi’i nub mo thams cad tshogs pa na dge slong mdo sde dang ’dul ba dang ma mo ’dzin pa gsol ba btab pa dag gis mtshan thog thag tu kha ton gdon pas chos mnyan pa sbyin par bya’o. Note that Edgerton defines the Skt. divāvihāra as “daily rest” (p. 264, col. 2), as in a siesta. In the Mūalsarvāstivādin sources, however, wards and apprentices are allowed time in the morning and afternoon to cultivate their own practice of recitation and meditation. Wards and apprentices also are depicted spending this time in walking meditation and paying homage to reliquaries. ## Daṇḍin *dbyug gu can*, Skt. *daṇḍin*, A brahmin. ## daitya A class of nonhuman beings sometimes used to refer to asuras more generally, but also more specifically to those nonhuman beings who are said to descent from Diti. ## Daityendra *lha min dbang po*, Skt. *daityendra*, A king of the asuras. ## Dakṣa *mkhas pa*, Skt. *dakṣa*, A lord of beings. ## Dakṣiṇamūrti *g.yas phyogs su*, Skt. *dakṣiṇamūrti*, An iconographic aspect of Śiva who is facing south. ## Dakpo Along with Kongpo and Powo, Dakpo is one of the three main regions of southeastern Tibet. ## Dama The name of a king. ## Damajyeṣṭha *’joms pa’i mchog*, Skt. *damajyeṣṭha*, The 845th buddha in the first list, 844th in the second list, and 834th in the third list. ## Damaka *’dul byed*, Skt. *damaka*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Damanī *’dul byed ma*, Skt. *damanī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Damaśrī *da ma shi ri*, Skt. *damaśrī*, A prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha. ## Damchö Lhundrup See “Jampa Phuntsok.” ## Damchen *dam chen (rdo rje legs pa)*, a protector of the [Dharma](#dharma), bound under oath by [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## dammar gum *sardza ra sa*, Skt. *sarjarasa*, A resin from the tree known as sarjarasa, sarja, white dammar, or Indian copal tree (Vateria indica). The white dammar resin is used in incense and Āyurvedic medicine. In the Chinese, 婆 po is probably a mistake for 娑 suo. ## Damṣṭrā *mche ba ma*, Skt. *damṣṭrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Dancing Birds *tshal bya bro gar byed pa*, Skt. *tshal bya bro gar byed pa*, A grove in the forest known as Incomparable. ## Dangler *’phyang ba*, Skt. *’phyang ba*, Dangler (one that hangs or dangles), also the name of a nāga king. ## Dangling Locks *gtsug ’phyang*, Skt. *gtsug ’phyang*, The general of the One-Tooth clan according to The Tantra of Subāhu’s Questions. ## Daśānūpa *rgya mtsho bcu*, Skt. *daśānūpa*, An unidentified river in India. ## dantadhāvana *da ste da ma nA*, Skt. *dantadhāvana*, A tooth-stick, a small piece of wood which is chewed for cleaning one’s teeth. In the Tantra of Black Yamāri this represents the syllable da. ## Dantapura *mche ba’i khyim*, Skt. *dantapura*, A city. ## Dantotkaṭī One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Danturā *so sto ma*, Skt. *danturā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Danu The mother of demons (dānava). According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## Daśārṇa The name of an area in ancient Indian on the Dhasan River. ## Darada *’jigs byin*, Skt. *darada*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Darśaka *mthong ldan*, another name of [Ajātaśatru](#ajātaśatru), the son of King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra), king of [Magadha](#magadha) and the most important patron of [Śākyamuni Buddha](#śākyamuni). Although he had killed his father, he later repented and purified his [negative action](#negative-action)s to such an extent that he attained the level of a [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva). ## Ādarśamaṇḍala­cakra­nirghoṣā *me long gi dkyil ’khor dbyangs*, Skt. *ādarśamaṇḍala­cakra­nirghoṣā*, Ādarśamaṇḍala­cakra­nirghoṣā (Sound of the Mirror Disk) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Candrabuddhi. ## Ādarśa­maṇḍala­nibhāsā *me long gi dkyil ’khor ltar snang ba*, Skt. *ādarśa­maṇḍala­nibhāsā*, The realm of the Buddha Candra­buddhi. ## ādarśa­maṇḍala­pratibhāsa­nirhāra *me long gi dkyil ’khor snang ba sgrub pa*, Skt. *ādarśa­maṇḍala­pratibhāsa­nirhāra*, Lit. “that produces appearances [as if] on the surface of a mirror.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ādarśamukha *me long gdong*, Skt. *ādarśamukha*, A king who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Darśana level *mthong ba’i sa*, Skt. *darśanabhūmi*, Lit. “Seeing level.” The fourth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. It is equivalent to the level of a stream enterer. See “ten levels.” ## Darśanīya *blta na sdug*, Skt. *darśanīya*, A divine city filled with crowds of gods. ## Daṃṣṭrapāda *mche ba rkang*, Skt. *daṃṣṭrapāda*, A yakṣa general. ## Dāśarathi Skt. *dāśarathi*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Daśārṇava *rgya mtsho bcu*, Skt. *daśārṇava*, “Ten Lakes,” the country southeast of Madhyadeśa. ## darbha grass A grass used in ritual ceremonies, also known as kuśa grass. ## Darbhakātyāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Kauśika lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Darbhakātyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Dardara *da ra da ra*, Skt. *dardara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Dardo *dar do*, Skt. *dardo*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## dark age *zad pa’i dus*, Skt. *kaliyuga*, The most degenerate in the cosmic cycle of five ages. ## Dark Blue Lady A deity. ## dark eon *rtsod pa’i dus*, Skt. *kaliyuga*, The fourth and most debased in the cycle of four eons. The term is written elsewhere in the translation as “kaliyuga.” ## Dark Eyes *mig nag pa*, Skt. *mig nag pa*, A nāga king. ## Dark Joy *sngo bsangs dga’*, Skt. *sngo bsangs dga’*, Name of a former incarnation of Devadatta in a story the Buddha tells. ## Daṃṣṭrākarālī *mche ba gtsigs ma*, Skt. *daṃṣṭrākarālī*, ‟Terrible One with Bared Fangs,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Darkness *mun pa*, Skt. *andhakāra*, Darkness (the absence of light), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Darma Drak *dar ma grags*, A Tibetan monk and translator; identified as an editor / reviser of The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Darma’s Yellow-Paper Version A manuscript translation of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines that appears to have been named after Langdarma (glang dar ma u dum btsan), the king of Tibet who succeeded his brother Ralpachen and is traditionally blamed for the decline of Buddhism in Tibet in the late ninth century. ## Darpaka *’gying bag can*, Skt. *darpaka*, Epithet of Kāmadeva or Vajrānaṅga. ## Daṃṣṭrāsena *mche ba’i sde*, Skt. *daṃṣṭrāsena*, Kashmiri scholar, probably of the eighth or ninth century, thought to be the author of the Long Commentary on the Hundred Thousand Line Prajñā­pāramitā (Toh 3807) and possibly of the Long Commentary on the Hundred Thousand, Twenty-Five Thousand, and Eighteen Thousand Line Prajñā­pāramitās (Toh 3808) as well. ## date Phoenix silvestris. The silver date palm tree, also known as the Indian date. ## date tree *’o ma can gyi shing*, Skt. *kṣīrikā*, Identified in the Mahābhārata and Lalitavistara as a variety of date tree. ## Datṛmadaṇḍika *gdul ba’i be con can*, Skt. *datṛmadaṇḍika*, The father of Rājaka who briefly hosts Prince Siddhārtha after he leaves his home. ## Datta *drang srong sbyin*, Skt. *datta*, A certain sage whom The Hundred Deeds appears to list as one of the attendants of the queen in Śrāvastī during the time of the Buddha. Elsewhere he and his associate Purāṇa are remembered as a ministers or attendants (sthapati) to King Prasenajit. ## Āśādatta *bsam pas byin pa*, Skt. *āśādatta*, The 471st buddha in the first list, 470th in the second list, and 464th in the third list. ## Dattaka *byin pa po*, Skt. *dattaka*, A member of the audience in this sūtra. ## datura *smyon pa*, Skt. *dhuttūra*, Datura metel. ## Datura seeds *tsan da li ’bras bu*, Skt. *caṇḍabīja*, “Intense seeds,” a term for the seeds of Datura metel. ## daub tree Diospyros embryopteris or Diospyros malabarica. ## daughter of enlightened heritage *rigs kyi bu mo*, Skt. *kula­duhitā*, A term of endearment, used by a teacher when adressing a female follower of the bodhisattva path. ## daughter of good family While this is usually a characteristic pertaining to brahmins (i.e., born in the brahmin caste to seven-generation brahmin parents), the Buddha redefined noble birth as determined by an individual’s ethical conduct and integrity. Thus, someone who enters the Buddha’s saṅgha is called a “son or daughter of noble family” and is in this sense “good” or “noble” and considered born again (dvija, or “twice born”). ## daughter of noble family *rigs kyi bu mo*, Skt. *kuladuhitṛ*, Indian term of address used toward a female student of the bodhisattva path. See “son of noble family.” ## Dawn *skya reng*, Skt. *skya reng*, Dawn (the first light of day), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Dawn Intellect *skya reng blo gros*, Skt. *skya reng blo gros*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Dṛdhadatta *brtan pas byin*, Skt. *dṛdhadatta*, A king in the distant past. ## Ṛddhiketu *rdzu ’phrul tog*, Skt. *ṛddhiketu*, The 909th buddha in the first list, 908th in the second list, and 899th in the third list. ## deadliest poison The term hālāhala refers to a kind of snake venom, renowned as the most lethal of poisons. ## Deathless *’chi ba med*, Skt. *’chi ba med*, Deathless (immortal; not subject to death), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Anavanata. ## deceit *sgyu*, Skt. *śaṭha*, According to Edgerton: śaṭhya. ## Deceiver *yon po*, Skt. *yon po*, Deceiver (one who deceives or misleads), also the name of a nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Dechen Sönam Sangpo A son of Karchen Jangchup Bum. ## decide *gdags pa*, Skt. *prajñapti*, Also translated here as “conceptualize.” ## Decisive Attainment *nges par thob*, Skt. *nges par thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhahasta. ## decisive explications *rnam par gtan la dbab pa bstan pa’i sde*, Skt. *upadeśa*, One among the twelve sections of scripture. ## Decisive Joy *nges par dga’*, Skt. *nges par dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Baladatta. ## decisiveness *nges par sems pa*, Skt. *nidhyapti*, Analytic concentration that gains insight into the nature of reality, synonymous with “transcendental analysis,” vipaśyana (q.v.). ## Decorative Birds and Trees *bya dag shing ljon pas brgyan pa*, Skt. *bya dag shing ljon pas brgyan pa*, A forest in Engaging in Clarification. ## decorum *khrel yod*, Skt. *apatrāpya*, One of the eleven virtuous mental factors (Tib. sems byung dge ba; Skt. kuśalacaitta), a subgroup of the mental states or factors associated with the mind (Skt. caitasika, caitta), according to the Abhidharma. According to Vasubandhu (in his Pañcaskandhaka), khrel or khrel yod (usually rendered “embarrassment” or “shame”) is different from ngo tsha (“conscience”) in that it is dependent on others’ judgment of one’s behavior and not solely internal. See “conscience.” ## dedicate the merit *bsngo ba*, Skt. *pariṇāma*, Transformation; in the context of a sādhana, this is the dedication of merit. ## dedicated *yid du ’thad pa*, Skt. *manorama*, Kalyāṇamitra explains this to mean being ever mindful of good qualities (Toh 4113, F.133.a). ## dedication *yongs su bsngo ba*, Skt. *pariṇāma*, Although the Sanskrit term pariṇāmanā is often translated as “dedication” (as in the practice of dedicating merit), the term has the basic meaning of “transforming,” “developing,” “making ripen.” This conception, then, reflects the Buddhist understanding that the act of dedication involves mentally or ritually directing the merit ( puṇya ) produced from virtuous activity toward a specific goal, be it worldly or transworldly. In this text, we can observe that the idea of dedication is closely linked with the idea of karmic ripening or maturation (vipaka). It is also noteworthy that dedication can be wrongly practiced, as when the text speaks of six perfections that are dedicated through wrong view (). ## deed *las*, Skt. *karman*, See “action.” Also used to translate other synonyms, like mdzad pa. ## deeds with immediate result *mtshams med pa*, Skt. *ānantarya*, Five actions considered so heinous that they result in immediate rebirth in the hell realms. They include killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, killing an arhat, harming a buddha, and creating a schism in the saṅgha. ## Deep *zab mo*, Skt. *zab mo*, Deep (extending far down from the surface), also the name of (1) a pool upon one of Airāvaṇa’s ears (zab pa). (2) A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit (zab pa). (3) A forest on Saṅkāśa (zab mo). ## Deep and Joyous for the Moon *zab mo dang zla ba dga’ ba*, Skt. *zab mo dang zla ba dga’ ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## deep blue eyes *spyan mthon ting lta bu*, Skt. *abhi­nīla­netra­tā*, Twenty-eighth of the thirty-two major marks. ## deep insight Discernment of the true nature of things, somewhat like prajñā, and also a term for a general style of Buddhist meditation practice that involves the application of insight to one’s experience, often as a rehearsal of insights or concepts from the Dharma, while resting in a state of basic meditative concentration. Often translated as “insight” or “analytical meditation.” ## Deep Stream *chu klung zab mo’i chu*, Skt. *chu klung zab mo’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## deeper *phri*, Skt. *phri*, Lit. “outer.” ## Deer Abode *ri dags kyi khrod*, Skt. *ri dags kyi khrod*, A mountain on Videha. ## Deer Eye *ri dags mig*, Skt. *ri dags mig*, Mother of the buddha Siṃha. ## Deer Gait *ri dags ’gros*, Skt. *ri dags ’gros*, Father of the buddha Nāganandin. ## Deer Holder *ri dags ’dzin*, Skt. *ri dags ’dzin*, Father of the buddha Siṃhaketu. ## Deer Lady *ri dags ma*, Skt. *ri dags ma*, Mother of the buddha Chedana. ## Deer Mother *ma ma ri dags*, Skt. *ma ma ri dags*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## deer park In The Benefits of the Five Precepts, this seems to be a general term, rather than the name of a particular place (unlike the Deer Park outside of Varanasi, where the Buddha first taught the Dharma). Although “deer park” is a common English rendering, it may have referred to a stretch of wilderness or a forest, perhaps within a park, where wild animals roamed freely. ## defeat *pham pa*, Skt. *pārājika*, The most severe of the [five types of offenses](#five-types-of-offenses) a monk can incur. It cannot be expunged and results in the monk’s defrocking, unless the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) sees fit to allow him to engage in rehabilitory training. ## Defeater of Attacks *rgol ba tshar gcod*, Skt. *rgol ba tshar gcod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Defeater of Darkness *mun pa ’joms*, Skt. *mun pa ’joms*, Name of a buddha. ## Defeater of Māra *bdud ’joms*, Skt. *bdud ’joms*, A bodhisattva. ## Defeater of Others *gzhan ’joms pa*, Skt. *gzhan ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pratimaṇḍita. ## Defeater of the Enemy *dgra ’joms pa*, Skt. *dgra ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmaruta. ## Defeater of the Force of Evil *bdud kyi stobs rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *bdud kyi stobs rab tu ’joms pa*, Name of a buddha. ## Defeater of the Māras *bdud rnams phung bar byed pa*, Skt. *bdud rnams phung bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Udāragarbha. ## Defeating the Enemy *dgra bcom ldan*, Skt. *dgra bcom ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sudhana (962 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Defeating the Haughty Powerful Nāgas *klu’i stobs dang dregs pa ’joms pa*, Skt. *klu’i stobs dang dregs pa ’joms pa*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## defilement *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, A term meaning literally “to flow toward” or “stream outward.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them. Vasubandhu offers two alternative explanations of this term: “They cause beings to remain (āsayanti) within saṃsāra” and “They flow from the Summit of Existence down to the Unwavering, out of the six wounds that are the entrances” (āsayanti saṃsāre āsravanti bhavāgrādyāvadavīciṃ ṣaḍbhir āyatana­vraṇair ityāsravāḥ, Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya on 5.40, Pradhan 1967, p. 308). The “Summit of Existence” is the highest point within saṃsāra, while the hell called “Unwavering” is the lowest; the six entrances here refer to the five sense faculties plus the mind, i.e., the six internal entrances in the scheme of twelve entrances. ## defilements *zag pa*, Literally, “to flow” or “to ooze.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them. Vasubandhu offers two alternative explanations of this term: “They cause beings to remain (āsayanti) within [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra)” and “They flow from the Summit of Existence down to the Avīci [hell](#hell), out of the six wounds that are the sense fields” ([Abhidharma](#abhidharma)­kośa­bhāṣya 5.40; Pradhan 1967, p. 308). The Summit of Existence (bhavāgra, srid pa’i rtse mo) is the highest point within [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra), while the [hell](#hell) called Avīci (mnar med) is the lowest; the six sense fields (āyatana, skye mched) here refer to the five sense faculties plus the mind, i.e., the six internal sense fields. ## Definite Armor of Seeing Eyes *spyan ras gzigs nges pa’i go cha*, Skt. *spyan ras gzigs nges pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Definite Armor of Turning the Irreversible Dharma Wheel Immediately upon Rousing the Mind *sems bskyed ma thag tu phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo bskor ba*, Skt. *sems bskyed ma thag tu phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo bskor ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Definite Attainment of Pleasure *’dod pa nges par thob*, Skt. *’dod pa nges par thob*, A pleasure grove in Promotion ## definite deliverance *nges ’byung*, Skt. *niḥsaraṇa*, This term is also translated as “renunciation” and denotes the practitioner’s mind turning away from the bonds of saṃsāra and toward liberation. ## Definite Qualities *yon tan nges pa*, Skt. *yon tan nges pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Suviniścitārtha. ## Definitive Engagement in Precise Lexical Explanation *nges pa’i tshig la gdon mi za bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *nir­ukti­niyata­praveśa*, Name of the sixteenth meditative stability. ## Definitive Fame *rnam par nges par grags pa*, Skt. *rnam par nges par grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryapriya. ## Definitive Guidance *nges ’dren*, Skt. *nges ’dren*, A buddha realm. ## Definitive Guide *nges ’dren*, Skt. *nges ’dren*, A great bodhisattva. ## definitive knowledge of all the afflicted and purified mental states and their emergence, with respect to the faculties, powers, branches of enlightenment, aspects of liberation, meditative concentrations, meditative stabilities, and formless absorption *dbang po dang stobs dang byang chub kyi yan lag dang rnam par thar pa dang bsam gtan dang ting nge ’dzin dang snyoms par ’jug pa’i kun nas nyon mongs pa dang rnam par byang ba dang ldang pa shes pa yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *sarvendriya­bala­bodhyaṅga­vimokṣa­dhyāna­samādhi­samāpatti­saṃkleśa­vyavadāna-vyuthāna­yathā­bhūta­pra­jñāna*, Eighth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of all the afflicted and purified mental states and their emergence, with respect to the faculties, powers, branches of enlightenment, meditative concentrations, aspects of liberation, meditative stabilities, and formless absorptions *dbang po dang / stobs dang / byang chub kyi yan lag dang / bsam gtan dang / rnam par thar pa dang / ting nge ’dzin dang / snyoms par ’jug pa dang / kun nas nyon mongs pa dang / rnam par byang ba rnam par dgod pa yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *sarvendriya­bala­bodhyaṅga­vimokṣa­dhyāna­samādhi­samāpatti­saṃkleśa­vyavadāna­vyuthāna­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, Seventh of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of multiple world systems and diverse dispositions *’jig rten kyi khams du ma pa khams sna tshogs pa yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *nānalokadhātunānadhātuyathābhūtaprajñāna*, Fourth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of the diversity of inclinations and the multiplicity of inclinations that other beings, other individuals, have *sems can gzhan dang / gang zag gzhan gyi mos pa sna tshogs dang / mos pa du ma yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *anyasattva­pudgala­nānādhimuktyanekādhimukti­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, Fourth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of the diversity of inclinations and the multiplicity of inclinations that other sentient beings and other individuals have *sems can gzhan dag dang gang zag gzhan rnams kyi mos pa sna tshogs nyid dang mos pa du ma nyid yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *anya­sattva­pudgala-nānādhi­muktyan­ekādhi­mukti­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, Fifth or sixth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of the paths that lead anywhere *thams cad du ’gro ba’i lam yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *sarvatra­gāmanī-prati­padyathābhūta­prajñāna*, Seventh of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of the recollection of multiple past abodes, and of the transference of consciousness at the death and birth of all sentient beings *sngon gyi gnas rnam pa du ma rjes su dran pa dang sems can rnams kyi ’chi ’pho dang skye ba yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *an­eka­pūrva­nivāsānu­smṛti­cyutyutpatti­yathābhūta­prajñāna*, Ninth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of the recollection of multiple past abodes, ranging from the recollection of individual lifetimes to their circumstances, situations, and causes *rnam pa du mar sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran te/ tshe rabs gcig kyang rjes su dran pa nas/ rnam pa dang bcas/ sa mal dang bcas/ gtan tshigs dang bcas pa’i bar du/ rnam pa du mar sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran no/*, Skt. *aneka­pūrva­nivāsānusmṛti*, Eighth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of various realms and their multiple constituents *’jig rten ni khams sna tshogs can te/ ’jig rten ni khams du ma pa’o zhes bya bar yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *nāna­loka­dhātu­nāna­dhātu­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, Third of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. See also . ## definitive knowledge of whether the acumen of other beings, other individuals, is superior or inferior *sems can gzhan dang gang zag gzhan gyi dbang po rab dang / tham shes par bya ba yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *anya­sattva­pudgalendriyavarāvara­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, Fifth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge of whether the acumen of other sentient beings and other individuals is supreme or not *sems can gzhan dag dang gang zag gzhan rnams kyi dbang po mchog dang mchog ma yin pa nyid yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *anya­sattva­pudgalendriya­varāvara-yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, Sixth or fifth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge that phenomena that are possible are indeed possible, and definitive knowledge that phenomena that are impossible are indeed impossible *gnas la yang gnas su yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/ /gnas ma yin pa la yang gnas ma yin par yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *sthāna­sthāna­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna asthānāsthāna­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, First of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge that things which are impossible are indeed impossible *gnas ma yin pa la yang gnas ma yin par yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *a­sthānāsthāna­yathā­bhūta­pra­jñāna*, Second of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge that things which are possible are indeed possible *gnas la yang gnas su yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *sthāna­sthāna­yathā­bhūta­prajñāna*, First of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge that through one’s own extrasensory powers one has actualized, achieved, and maintained in this very lifetime the liberation of mind and the liberation of wisdom in the state that is free from contaminants because all contaminants have ceased *zag pa zad pa yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *ā­srava-kṣaya­yathābhūta­pra­jñāna*, Tenth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge that through one’s own extrasensory powers one has actualized, achieved, and maintained the liberation of mind and the liberation of wisdom in the state that is free from contaminants because all contaminants have ceased *zag pa rnams zad pa’i phyir sems rnam par grol ba dang / shes rab rnam par grol ba zag pa myed pa/ rang gis mngon par shes pas mngon du byas te/ nye bar bsgrubs shing rnam par spyod do/*, Skt. *āsrava­kṣaya­yathābhūta­prajñāna / āsrava­kṣaya*, Tenth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge, through possibilities and causes, of the maturation of past, future, and present actions, and of those who undertake such actions *’das pa dang ma ’ongs pa dang da ltar byung ba’i las rnams dang las yang dag par len pa rnams kyi rnam par smin pa gnas kyi sgo dang rgyu’i sgo nas yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes pa*, Skt. *atītānāgata­pratyutpanna­sarva­karma­samādāna­hetu­vipāka­yathā­bhūta-pra­jñāna*, Third of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive knowledge, through possibilities and causes, of the maturation of the past, future, and present actions [of beings], and of those who undertake such actions *’das pa dang ma ’ongs pa dang / da ltar byung ba’i las dang / las yongs su len pa’i rnam par smyin pa/ gnas kyi rnam pa dang / rgyu’i rnam par yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *atītānāgata­pratyutpanna­sarva­karma­samādāna­hetu­vipākayathābhūta­prajñāna*, Second of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. See also . ## definitive knowledge through pure clairvoyance, transcending the vision of human beings, of the death, transmigration, and rebirth of beings *lha’i myig rnam par dag pa myi’i las ’das pas/ sems can ’chi ’pho dang / skye ba dag kyang yang dag pa ji lta ba bzhin du rab tu shes so/*, Skt. *divyenacakṣuṣā­sattvānāṃcyutopapāda­yathābhūta­prajñāna*, Ninth of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## definitive meaning *nges don*, Skt. *nītārtha*, This refers to those teachings of the Buddha that are in terms of ultimate reality; it is opposed to those teachings given in terms of relative reality, termed “interpretable meaning,” because they require further interpretation before being relied on to indicate the ultimate. Hence definitive meaning relates to voidness, etc., and no statement concerning the relative world, even by the Buddha, can be taken as definitive. This is especially important in the context of the Mādhyamika doctrine, hence in the context of Vimalakīrti’s teachings, because he is constantly correcting the disciples and bodhisattvas who accept interpretable expressions of the Tathāgata as if they were definitive, thereby attaching themselves to them and adopting a one-sided approach. ## Definitive Splendor *gzi brjid rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid rnam par nges pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Saṃgīti. ## definitive teaching about mastery over all phenomena *chos thams cad ’dul bar rnam par nges par bstan pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad ’dul bar rnam par nges par bstan pa*, An absorption. ## Definitively Excellent Merit *bsod nams legs nges*, Skt. *bsod nams legs nges*, Son of the buddha Ṛddhiketu. ## Definitively Possessing Noble Qualities *yon can nges pa*, Skt. *yon can nges pa*, The name of a royal capital in the southern region in the distant future. ## Degé The name of a kingdom in eastern Tibet. Its name literally means “happiness and goodness.” ## Degenerate age *snyigs dus*, Skt. *kāliyuga*, a period of the [five degenerations](#five-degenerations). ## degeneration *log par ltung ba*, Skt. *vinipāta*, An alternate term of reference for the lower states of cyclic existence (i.e., hell beings, starving spirits, and animals). ## degenerations *snyigs ma*, Skt. *kaṣāya*, Refers to the five degenerations: (1) degeneration of lifespan, (2) degeneration of view or thoughts, (3) degeneration of the five afflictions, (4) degenerate sentient beings, (5) degenerate times. ## Dehinī *kye hi ni*, Skt. *dehinī*, Name of a yakṣiṇī in the maṇḍala of Ekajaṭā. ## Deśi *phyogs can*, Skt. *deśi*, A buddha realm. ## deities of the Brahmā group *tshangs rigs kyi lha*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, A class of deities, the first, i.e., lowest, in the form realm. ## Deity *lha*, Skt. *deva*, this term designates a [Buddha](#buddha) or [wisdom](#wisdom) deity, or sometimes a [wealth deity](#wealth-deity) or [Dharma protector](#dharma-protector). See also [gods](#gods). ## Deity of the World *’jig rten lha*, Skt. *’jig rten lha*, Mother of the buddha Kāñcanaprabha. ## deliberation *rtog pa*, Skt. *vitarka*, A mental factor understood either as “the coarseness of the mind” or as the cause for such coarseness. More elaborate definitions explain it as a type of “mental murmur” (manojalpa) that is searching (paryeṣaka) and can be either based on intention (cetanā) or on wisdom (prajñā). See also “analysis” (vicāra). ## delicate, soft, and lustrous skin *pags pa srab cing ’jam la snum pa*, Skt. *ślakṣṇa­mṛdu­snehacchavi­tā*, Thirteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## delight *dga’ ba*, Skt. *prīti*, Fourth of the seven branches of enlightenment. ## Delight in Going *gshegs par dgyes*, Skt. *gshegs par dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānaprāpta (680 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delight in Goodness *bzang po dga’ ba*, Skt. *bzang po dga’ ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Goodness. Another name for the world system Supreme Goodness. ## Delight in Learning *mkhas pa dgyes*, Skt. *mkhas pa dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suviniścitārtha (460 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delight of All Beings *skye bo thams cad dga’ ba*, Skt. *skye bo thams cad dga’ ba*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Delighter *dga’ byed*, Skt. *dga’ byed*, Delighter (one who gives delight), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Ananta­rati­kīrti. ## Delightful *mgu ba can*, Skt. *mgu ba can*, Delightful (giving great pleasure), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimala. ## Delightful Abiding *bde bar gnas*, Skt. *bde bar gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthitamitra. ## Delightful and Beautiful to See *nyams dga’ mig tu sdug*, Skt. *nyams dga’ mig tu sdug*, Birthplace of the buddha Cārulocana. ## Delightful Appearance *shin tu mthong ba*, Skt. *sudarśana*, The third highest class of gods of the Pure Abodes (Śuddhāvāsa) in the world of form (rūpadhātu); non-returners and those who have mastered the fourth dhyāna are reborn in the Pure Abodes. ## Delightful Array *bkod pa yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *bkod pa yid du ’ong ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Kalyāṇacūḍa. ## Delightful Attention *yid ’ong sems pa*, Skt. *yid ’ong sems pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śūra. ## Delightful Beauty *yid bzhin mdzes ’gyur*, Skt. *yid bzhin mdzes ’gyur*, A queen of Rāhu, king of asuras. ## Delightful Companion *’grogs bde*, Skt. *’grogs bde*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśadatta. ## Delightful Countenance *bzhin sdug*, Skt. *bzhin sdug*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnābhacandra. ## Delightful Environs *nye ’khor dga’ ba*, Skt. *nye ’khor dga’ ba*, A river on Deer Abode. ## Delightful Eye *mig sdug*, Skt. *mig sdug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Svaracodaka. ## Delightful Faith *dga’ ba dad*, Skt. *dga’ ba dad*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Delightful Fame *yid ’ong grags*, Skt. *yid ’ong grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇadhvaja (40 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Flower *yid ’ong me tog*, Skt. *yid ’ong me tog*, Mother of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## Delightful Fragrance *spos ngad zhim po*, Skt. *spos ngad zhim po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ugrasena (517 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Gift *yid du ’ong byin*, Skt. *yid du ’ong byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ojobala. ## Delightful Ground to Watch *sa gzhi blta bar dga’ ba*, Skt. *sa gzhi blta bar dga’ ba*, A city in Godānīya. ## Delightful Intelligence *yid ’ong blo gros*, Skt. *yid ’ong blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Anihata. ## Delightful Joy *snyan par dgyes*, Skt. *snyan par dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhapakṣa (303 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Land *yul sdug*, Skt. *yul sdug*, Son of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Delightful Light *yid du ’ong ba’i ’od*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Delightful Melody *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Girīndrakalpa (624 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Mind *yid ’ong sems*, Skt. *yid ’ong sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍhavrata (95 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Moon *yid ’ong zla ba*, Skt. *yid ’ong zla ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śodhita (891 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Movement *bde bar ’gro*, Skt. *bde bar ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vikrīḍita. ## Delightful Outcaste *gdol pa yid ’ong*, Skt. *gdol pa yid ’ong*, The name of a past sage who was one of the Buddha’s previous incarnations. ## Delightful Peace *zhi ba nyams dga’ ba*, Skt. *zhi ba nyams dga’ ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Dhyānarata. ## Delightful Peacocks The third great park in the King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s city. ## Delightful Presence *yid du ’ong bar gnas pa*, Skt. *yid du ’ong bar gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Asita. ## Delightful Radiance *yid ’ong gsal*, Skt. *yid ’ong gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arthavādin. ## Delightful Rain *char dga’*, Skt. *char dga’*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## Delightful Reed *’dam bu dga’*, Skt. *’dam bu dga’*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Delightful Retreat *dgon pa dga’ ba*, Skt. *dgon pa dga’ ba*, A forest in Part of the Assembly. ## Delightful Roar *yid du ’ong ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amoghavikramin. ## Delightful Rūpakāya *mngon par dga’ ba’i gzugs sku*, Skt. *abhiratirūpakāya*, A buddha. ## Delightful Sage *drang srong sdug pa*, Skt. *drang srong sdug pa*, Son of the buddha Jñānābhibhū. ## Delightful Sight *mthong dga’*, Skt. *mthong dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu. ## Delightful Speech *snyan par smra*, Skt. *snyan par smra*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Manoratha. ## Delightful Splendor *yid ’ong gzi brjid*, Skt. *yid ’ong gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mālādhārin (29 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Summit *rtse mo dga’ byed*, Skt. *rtse mo dga’ byed*, A mountain near the asura city Double Pleasure. ## Delightful to Behold *mthong na dga’ ba*, Skt. *mthong na dga’ ba*, (1) A forest in Dwelling in Excellent View. (2) A pond in Continuous Movement. ## Delightful to Hear *snyan par dga’*, Skt. *snyan par dga’*, Son of the buddha Satyaketu. ## Delightful to See *mthong na dga’*, Skt. *mthong na dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaketu (203 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful to the Eye *mig tu sdug*, Skt. *mig tu sdug*, Birthplace of the buddha Netra. ## Delightful Tone *sgra snyan pa*, Skt. *sgra snyan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ananta­rati­kīrti. ## Delightful Tones *gdangs snyan pa*, Skt. *gdangs snyan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitasvara. ## Delightful Veneration *bde bar ’dud*, Skt. *bde bar ’dud*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samṛddha (219 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful View *sdug par rnam par lta*, Skt. *sdug par rnam par lta*, Birthplace of the buddha Ojodhārin. ## Delightful Virtues The second great park in the King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s city. ## Delightful Vision *dgyes par gzigs*, Skt. *dgyes par gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍhavrata (444 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delightful Voice *skad snyan*, Skt. *skad snyan*, Son of the buddha Daśavaśa. ## Delightful Waters *chu rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *chu rab tu dga’ ba*, A lotus pond in Pair of Śāla Trees. ## Delightful Words *tshig snyan*, Skt. *tshig snyan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pradīpa. ## Delighting in All *thams cad dgyes pa po*, Skt. *thams cad dgyes pa po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhula (526 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Awakening *byang chub dgyes*, Skt. *byang chub dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśāntagati (359 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Benefiting *phan par dgyes*, Skt. *phan par dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśānta (850 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Buddhahood *sangs rgyas dgyes*, Skt. *sangs rgyas dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Janendrakalpa (524 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Calm Abiding *zhi gnas dga’*, Skt. *zhi gnas dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmamuni. ## Delighting in Creation Heaven *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇarati*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, counted among the six heavens of the desire realm. Its inhabitants magically create the objects of their own enjoyment, and also dispose of them themselves. ## Delighting in Discipline *tshul khrims dgyes*, Skt. *tshul khrims dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇadharma (486 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Emanations *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇarati*, One of the gods’ realms. ## Delighting in Excellence *bzang la dga’*, Skt. *bzang la dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Raśmirāja. ## Delighting in Flower Garlands *me tog phreng dga’*, Skt. *me tog phreng dga’*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Delighting in Flowers *me tog dag la dga’ ba’i rang bzhin*, Skt. *me tog dag la dga’ ba’i rang bzhin*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Delighting in Freedom from Sorrow *mya ngan med dga’*, Skt. *mya ngan med dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nikhiladarśin (199 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Generosity *sbyin la dga’*, Skt. *sbyin la dga’*, Mother of the buddha Śailendrarāja. ## Delighting in Knowledge *rig dga’*, Skt. *rig dga’*, Son of the buddha Ratnārci. ## Delighting in Less *dgyes chung*, Skt. *dgyes chung*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tīrthakara (312 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Liberation *thar pa dgyes*, Skt. *thar pa dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmagāmin 436 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Merit *bsod nams dgyes*, Skt. *bsod nams dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇavisṛta (373 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Objects *yul la ’dod pa*, Skt. *yul la ’dod pa*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Delighting in Pleasing the Noble *’phags dgyes dga’*, Skt. *’phags dgyes dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Raśmi. ## Delighting in Qualities *yon tan dga’*, Skt. *yon tan dga’*, Mother of the buddha Guṇakūṭa. ## Delighting in Reasoning *rigs par dga’ ba*, Skt. *rigs par dga’ ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Delighting in Ritual *cho ga dga’*, Skt. *cho ga dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Raśmi. ## Delighting in Teaching *ston par dgyes*, Skt. *ston par dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tejasprabha (394 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in the First Time *dus dang po la dga’ ba*, Skt. *dus dang po la dga’ ba*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Delighting in the Meaning *don la dgyes*, Skt. *don la dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padmagarbha (666 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in the Objects *yul la dga’ ba*, Skt. *yul la dga’ ba*, Mother of the buddha Dānaprabha. ## Delighting in the Truth *bden pa dgyes*, Skt. *bden pa dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gandhatejas (641 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Treasure *dbyig la dgyes pa*, Skt. *dbyig la dgyes pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpaketu (427 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Truth *bden dga’*, Skt. *bden dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Daśaraśmi. ## Delighting in Victory *rgyal bar dgyes*, Skt. *rgyal bar dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇicaraṇa (416 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delighting in Wisdom *ye shes dga’ ba*, Skt. *jñānapriya*, A monk who trained under the buddha Flawless Eye. A previous life of the bodhisattva child Without Reference. ## Delighting in Words *tshig la mngon par dga’ ba can*, Skt. *tshig la mngon par dga’ ba can*, Birthplace of the buddha Śaśin. ## Delighting Men and Women *skyes pa bud med dga’ ba*, Skt. *skyes pa bud med dga’ ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagati. ## Delighting People *skye bo dga’*, Skt. *skye bo dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇiprabha. ## Delighting the Mind *yid dga’ bar byed pa*, Skt. *yid dga’ bar byed pa*, The buddha field of the Buddha King Who Transcends the Light of Mount Meru. ## Delighting the Noble *’phags pa dgyes*, Skt. *’phags pa dgyes*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Delighting the People *skye bo rnams mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *skye bo rnams mngon par dga’ ba*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Delighting the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom dgyes*, Skt. *dgra bcom dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthita­vega­jñāna (781 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Delights in Dharma *chos la mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *chos la mngon par dga’ ba*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Delights in Gnosis *ye shes la dga’ ba*, Skt. *ye shes la dga’ ba*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Delights in Subtle Gnosis *ye shes phra ba la dga’ ba*, Skt. *ye shes phra ba la dga’ ba*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Delights in Truth A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## delineator *yongs su gcod pa byed pa*, Skt. *niratiśaya*, A meditative stability. ## deliverance *rnam par thar pa*, Skt. *vimokṣa*, In its most general sense, this term refers to the state of freedom from suffering and cyclic existence, or saṃsāra, that is the goal of the Buddhist path. More specifically, the term may refer to a category of advanced meditative attainment known as the “eight deliverances”; for an explanation of these, see and . ## Delivered through Powerful Diligence *mthu chen po’i brtson ’grus kyis nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *mthu chen po’i brtson ’grus kyis nges par ’byung ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Yaṅgarvatī. ## Deluded *rmongs pa*, Skt. *rmongs pa*, Deluded (misled or deceived in one's beliefs), also the name of a son of householders in the country of Śūrpāraka. During the time of the Buddha, he was also known as Covered. ## delusion *gti mug*, Skt. *moha*, One of the three poisons (dug gsum) along with hatred and desire which perpetuate the sufferings of cyclic existence. Delusion is the obfuscating mental state which obstructs an individual from generating knowledge or insight, and it is said to be characteristic of the animal world in general. ## Delusion Vajrī *gti mug rdo rje ma*, Skt. *mohavajrī*, Consort of White Acala. ## demeanor Physical postures defined basically as the four positions of walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. Connected with physical activity and behavior. ## Deśāmūḍha *phyogs ma bslad*, Skt. *deśāmūḍha*, The 789th buddha in the first list, 788th in the second list, and 778th in the third list. ## Demigod *lha ma yin*, Skt. *asura*. One of the [six classes of beings](#six-classes-of-beings), with jealousy as their predominant emotion. ## Demolished Mountain *phung po shin tu bshig pa*, Skt. *phung po shin tu bshig pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Demon *bdud*, Skt. *māra*, term used for terrifying or malevolent energies, However, "what is called a demon is not someone with a gaping mouth and staring wide eyes. It is that which produces all the sufferings of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) and prevents one from reaching [liberation](#liberation) beyond suffering. In short it is that which harms body and mind." NT. See also [four demons](#four-demons). ## demon of afflictions *nyon mongs pa’i bdud*, Skt. *kleśamāra*, The aspect of Māra associated with the power of the afflictive emotions to obstruct awakening. ## demon of the aggregates *phung po’i bdud*, Skt. *skandhamāra*, The aspect of Māra associated with the power of the five aggregates to obstruct awakening. ## demon of the divine son *lha’i bu’i bdud*, Skt. *devaputramāra*, The form of Māra who assaulted the Buddha prior to his awakening. ## demon of the lord of death *’chi bdag gi bdud*, Skt. *mṛtyumāra*, The aspect of Māra that is death itself. ## demonic force *bdud*, Skt. *māra*, Buddhist literature speaks of four kinds of malign or demonic influences which may impede the course of spiritual transformation. These include the impure psycho-physical aggregates; the afflicted mental states; desires and temptations; and submission to the “Lord of death,” at which point involuntary rebirth is perpetuated in cyclic existence. Also rendered here as “Māra.” ## demons *mi ma yin pa*, Skt. *amānuṣa*, Literally “the non-humans,” i.e., demonic spirits. ## Demonstrator of Consequences *thal ba ston*, Skt. *thal ba ston*, A bodhisattva who seeks a prophecy from Śākyamuni. ## denarii *zong rnying*, Skt. *dīnāra*, A loanword from the Graeco-Roman denarius, meaning [coin](#coin). ## denied the common living *gnas par mi bgyid pa*, Skt. *asaṃvāsika*, A monk is denied the “common living” (Tib. gnas pa; Skt. saṃvāsa) after incurring a “defeat” (Tib. phas pham pa; Skt. pārājikā). Here, “common living” denotes a monk’s right to a share of the saṅgha’s resources, beginning with dwellings, food, robes, and medicine. A monk who incurs a defeat may request and be “given a training” (Tib. bslab pa byin pa; Skt. śikṣādatta), which allows him to share in the saṅgha’s common living but in a position subordinate to monks and nuns. If a defeated monk does not request and receive a training, he forfeits his right to the “common living” and hence his livelihood in the saṅgha. ## Denkarma A Tibetan imperial-era catalog of translated Buddhist scripture. According to Situ Paṇchen, compiled after the Phangthangma. ## Dense Cloud *sprin stug po*, Skt. *sprin stug po*, Name of the thus-gone one venerated by Always Fragrant when he was engaged in the conduct of the bodhisattvas. ## deodar cedar *thang shing*, Skt. *devadāru*, Cedrus deodara; devadār in Hindi. A cedar tree whose inner wood is aromatic and used for incense. The Sanskrit literally means “divine tree.” ## deodar leaves *thang shing pa tra*, Skt. *śāmyaka*, Also called devadāru (“divine wood”), Cedrus deodara, the Himalayan cedar. While the Chinese transliteration—苫弭哆shanmiche—corresponds to the Sanskrit śāmyaka, the Chinese translation—甘松 gansong—refers to yet another substance, namely spikenard. See the entry for “spikenard” and Ludvik 2007, p. 310. ## Departed to a Jewel Lotus *rin chen pad mo bzhud*, Skt. *rin chen pad mo bzhud*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Joyful Entrance. Likely an alternate name for the thus-gone one Departed to a Lotus. ## Departed to a Lotus *pad mo la bzhud pa*, Skt. *pad mo la bzhud pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Beautiful Entrance. Likely an alternate name for the thus-gone one Departed to a Jewel Lotus. ## dependent *gzhan gyi dbang*, Skt. *paratantra*, This refers to the dependent nature of phenomena. One of the three natures that are a central philosophy of the Yogācāra tradition. ## Dependent Arising *ye dharmā hetuprabhavā hetuṃ teṣāṃ tathāgato hy avadat teṣāṃ ca yo nirodha evaṃvādī mahā­śramaṇaḥ* (Sykes (1856) and Skilling (2003)) “All phenomena that arise from causes, The [Tathāgata](#tathāgata) has taught their cause, And that which is their cessation; Thus has proclaimed the Great [Renunciant](#renunciant). [src](https://read.84000.co/translation/toh212.html#UT22084-062-012-section-1) ## dependent arising with twelve parts *rten cing ’brel par ’byung ba yan lag bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśāṅga­pratītya­samutpāda*, See “dependent arising.” These are the twelve causal links that perpetuate life in cyclic existence, starting with ignorance and ending with death. ## dependent nature *gzhan gyi dbang gi ngo bo*, Skt. *paratantrasvabhāva*, One of the three natures. Also rendered here as “other-powered.” ## dependent origination *rten cing ’brel par ’byung ba*, Skt. *pratītya­samutpāda*, The principle of dependent origination asserts that nothing exists independently of other factors, the reason for this being that things and events come into existence only by dependence on the aggregation of causes and conditions. In general, the processes of cyclic existence, through which the external world and the beings within it revolve in a continuous cycle of suffering, propelled by the propensities of past actions and their interaction with afflicted mental states, originate dependent on the sequential unfolding of twelve links, commencing from ignorance and ending with birth, aging and death. It is only through deliberate reversal of these twelve links that one can succeed in bringing the whole cycle to an end. The twelve links are enumerated many times in the text, starting at . See also “twelve links of dependent origination.” ## deposits *gzhag pa*, A skill taught to [brahmin](#brahmin)s and kings that may relate to finance or grammar. ## Descendant of Bharadvāja *bha ra dwa’ dza dang rus gcig pa*, Skt. *bha ra dwa’ dza dang rus gcig pa*, Name of a brahmin, a former incarnation of Śāriputra in a story the Buddha tells. ## descendant of Manu *shed las skyes*, Skt. *manuja*, Manu being the archetypal human, the progenitor of mankind, in the Mahā­bhārata, the Purāṇas, and other Indian texts, “descendant of Manu” is a synonym of “human being” or mankind in general. See also “child of Manu.” ## Descending Stream A pond in one of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s parks. ## description *brjod pa*, Skt. *pra­vyāhāra*, Also translated here as “statement.” ## Deserving of Fear *’jigs su rung ba*, Skt. *’jigs su rung ba*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Deshek Phakmo Drup Pakmodrupa Dorjé Gyalpo (1110–70) was one of the three foremost students of Gampopa and the founder of the Pakdru Kagyü school. His younger brother was Kathokpa Dampa Deshek. ## designation A word that is used to refer to something else, a name, or a term. ## designation for something *chos su btags pa*, Skt. *dharmaprajñapti*, See and also “something that is a designation.” ## Desirable *’dod pa*, Skt. *’dod pa*, Desirable (worth having or wanting), also the name of an emanated forest created upon the shoulders of Airāvaṇa. ## desire *’dod chags*, Skt. *rāga*, First of the five fetters associated with the inferior. Also one of the three poisons (dug gsum) along with hatred and delusion which perpetuate the sufferings of saṃsāra. ## desire catchers *’dod len*, Skt. *’dod len*, One of the four parasites that are said to be inside the birth canals of women. ## desire, form, and formless realms *’dod pa dang gzugs dang gzugs med pa*, The three realms of saṃsāra. ## desire realm *’dod pa’i khams*, Skt. *kāmadhātu*, In Buddhist cosmology, our sphere of existence where beings are driven primarily by the urge for sense gratification and attachment to material substance. It is one of the three basic divisions of the realms of existence that constitute saṃsāra. The other two are the form realm and the formless realm. See Gethin 1998, 116–18. ## Desired by Gods *lha ’dod*, Skt. *lha ’dod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anunnata (771 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Desired Wind *’dod pa’i klung*, Skt. *’dod pa’i klung*, A city in the asura realm called Moon Garland. ## Desireless Eyes *chags pa med pa’i mig*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Desireless Victory Banner *chags med rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *chags med rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## destined for the ultimate *yang dag pa nyid du nges pa*, Skt. *samyaktvaniyata*, This generally describes one who has reached the noble path, either in Disciple Vehicle or Mahāyāna practice (see Lamotte, p. 115, n. 65). ## destiny *’gro ba*, Skt. *gati*, Any of the five or six types of rebirth. ## destiny for the ultimate *nges pa la zhugs pa*, Skt. *niyāmāvakrānti*, This is the stage attained by followers of the Hinayāna wherein they become determined for the attainment of liberation (nirvāṇa, i.e., the ultimate for them) in such a way as never to regress from their goals, and by bodhisattvas when they attain the holy path of insight. ## Destroyer of All Fear and Anxiety *’jigs pa dang bag tsha ba thams cad rnam par ’jig par mdzad pa*, Skt. *’jigs pa dang bag tsha ba thams cad rnam par ’jig par mdzad pa*, A buddha. ## Destroyer of Anger *khro ’joms*, Skt. *khro ’joms*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jitaśatru (828 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Destroyer of Attacks *rgol ba rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *rgol ba rnam par ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## Destroyer of Doubt *yid gnyis ’joms*, Skt. *yid gnyis ’joms*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vairocana (21 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Destroyer of Nonvirtue *sdig bcom*, Skt. *sdig bcom*, A householder bodhisattva. ## destroyer of the entourage of Māra *bdud kyi ’khor ’jig par byed pa*, Skt. *māra­maṇḍala­vidhvaṃsanakaro*, The forty-eighth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Destroyer of the Māras *bdud rnams rnam par ’jig pa*, Skt. *bdud rnams rnam par ’jig pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigata­mohārtha­cintin. ## Destroyer of the Views of Māra *bdud kyi lta ba yang dag par ’joms pa*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Destroyer-of-Saṃsāra *'khor ba 'jig*, the [Buddha](#buddha) [Krakucchanda](#krakucchanda), the first of the thousand [Buddha](#buddha)s of the [Good Kalpa](#good-kalpa). ## Destroying All Māras The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## destructible aggregation *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, The Tibetan is literally “the destructible aggregation,” and the Sanskrit is “the existing body.” It implies the view that identifies the existence of a self in relation to the skandhas. Thhe term is also translated here as “destructible accumulation.” ## destructible collection *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, The destructible collection refers to the five aggregates. The erroneous view of the destructible collection refers to the view which takes the five aggregates as the basis as of an existent self and the reality of notions of “I” and “mine.” ## destruction of ignorance with respect to all phenomena *chos thams cad mi shes pa ’jig pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­jñāna­vidhvaṃsano*, The eighth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Detached *chags med*, Skt. *chags med*, Detached (separated; free from attachment), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Priya­cakṣurvaktra. ## Detached Abiding *chags pa med par gnas pa*, Skt. *chags pa med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gagana. ## Detached Mind *ma chags sems*, Skt. *ma chags sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa. ## Detached Relinquishment of Concepts *chags med rtog spong*, Skt. *chags med rtog spong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## detailed and thorough knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, See “four detailed and thorough knowledges.” ## determination *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, The Sanskrit term vīrya may be understood as “energy” or “vigor.” In Buddhist contexts the term implies having enthusiasm toward a virtuous endeavor, which includes taking joy in such virtuous endeavor, and it is considered an antidote to laziness. It is included in many different lists of positive attributes, and later in the Mahāyāna context it is included as the forth of the six perfections (ṣaṭpāramitā). ## Determination to be free *nges 'byung*, Skt. *nihsaraṇa* defined as "the mind that wishes to achieve [liberation](#liberation) from [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra)." This term is often translated as "renunciation." ## determine *so sor brtag*, Skt. *praty­avekṣate*, Also translated here as “investigate.” ## Determined Effort *spro ba brtan pa*, Skt. *spro ba brtan pa*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## determined mind *mos pa’i yid*, Skt. *mos pa’i yid*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Determiner of Things *dngos por nges par ’dzin pa*, Skt. *dngos por nges par ’dzin pa*, A king. ## devī *lha mo*, Skt. *devī*, A female being in the paradises from the base of Mount Sumeru upward. Also can refer to a female deity or goddess in the human world. See also “deva.” ## Devī Mahākālī *lha mo nag mo chen mo*, Skt. *devī mahākālī*, Also known as Śrīdevī Mahākālī. A wrathful Dharma protector who is often portrayed together with her servant Rematī. At times she is conflated with Rematī, so that the two appear to be identical. In the Tibetan tradition, she is better known under her Tibetan name, Palden Lhamo (dpal ldan lha mo). She is most often portrayed riding on a donkey and adorned with various wrathful ornaments and hand implements. ## deva *lha*, Skt. *deva*, One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, specifically engendered and dominated by exaltation, indulgence, and pride. According to Buddhist cosmology, the gods are said to exist in many levels of celestial or divine realms, higher than that of the human realm, within in the desire realm, in the form realm, and in the formless realm. ## deva graha A type of “possessor,” or demon. ## deva possessing a physical body *gzugs yod pa’i lha*, Skt. *rūpāvacaradeva*, Term for a deva belonging to the realm of form, which is the second of the three realms of existence according to Buddhist cosmology, rebirth in which is achieved through mastering meditative techniques known as the four dhyānas or meditative absorptions; this realm has seventeen subdivisions. The beings reborn here possess ethereal physical bodies and experience only three senses: sight, hearing, and touch. Attachment to material objects is in general less than in the desire realm (Skt. kāmadhātu). ## deva without a physical body *gzugs med pa’i lha*, Skt. *ārūpyāvacara­deva*, A deva or god in the formless realm. ## deva world A heaven or paradise, the highest of the five or six realms of existence. See also “deva.” ## Devaḍaha *lha mthong*, Skt. *devaḍaha*, A Śākya village once ruled by Śākya Suprabuddha. ## Devacandra *de ba tsan dra*, Skt. *devacandra*, A Tibetan translator and senior editor who was active in the early ninth century. Apart from the Nandikasūtra, he edited at least six other works in the Kangyur, such as the Mahā­pari­nirvāṇa­mahāyāna­sūtra (Toh 120) and the Avadānaśataka (Toh 343). ## Devacitri Skt. *devacitri*, One of the kings of the asuras. ## Devadṛśa *lhas bltas*, Skt. *devadṛśa*, A city ruled by King Suprabuddha. ## Devadatta *lhas byin*, a cousin of the [Buddha](#buddha), whose jealousy prevented him from deriving any benefit from the teachings. ## Devala *lha ’dzin*, Skt. *devala*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Devamakuṭa *lha yi cod pan*, Skt. *devamakuṭa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Devamitrā *lha bshos ma*, Skt. *devamitrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Devamukuṭa A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Deva­mukuṭa *lha’i cod pan*, Skt. *deva­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Devapāla *de ba phA la*, Skt. *devapāla*, The Indian king who established Vikramaśīla. ## Devaprabha *lha’i ’od*, Skt. *devaprabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## devaputra A term that is essentially synonymous with deva, “god.” See the entry for “god.” ## Devaputra Maheśvara *lha’i bu dbang phyug chen po*, Skt. *devaputra maheśvara*, A chief god who abides in the pure heavens. In Buddhism, Maheśvara is typically portrayed as mounted on a white bull, showing his close association with the Hindu god Śiva. ## Devaśrī *lha’i dpal*, Skt. *devaśrī*, “Divine Splendor.” The name of a past kalpa. BHS: Devaśiri. ## Devaraśmi *lha’i ’od*, Skt. *devaraśmi*, The 677th buddha in the first list, 676th in the second list, and 668th in the third list. ## Deva­śrī­garbha *lha yi dpal gyi mchog*, Skt. *deva­śrī­garbha*, The names of two buddhas in the distant past. One may have been Devaśrīvara, where the last part of the compound was translated into mchog. BHS: Devaśirigarbha. ## devarṣi *lha’i drang srong*, Skt. *devarṣi*, A class of beings. ## Devarāja *lha rgyal*, Skt. *devarāja*, The 701st buddha in the first list, 700th in the second list, and 690th in the third list. ## Devaruta *lha yi sgra*, Skt. *devaruta*, The 860th buddha in the first list, 859th in the second list, and 849th in the third list. ## devas *lha*, Skt. *deva*, See “gods.” ## devas belonging to the retinue of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris kyi lha rnams*, Skt. *cāturmahārājika*, Devas belonging to the realm of the four guardian kings at the base of Mount Meru, each the guardian of his direction: Vaiśravaṇa in the north, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Virūḍhaka in the south. ## Devasarma *lha rtse ba*, Skt. *devasarma*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Devasoma *lha’i zla ba*, Skt. *devasoma*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Devasopānāyā *lha’i them skas*, Skt. *devasopānāyā*, The realm where Devadatta will attain buddhahood. ## Devasūrya *lha’i nyi ma*, Skt. *devasūrya*, The 658th buddha in the first list, 657th in the second list, and 649th in the third list. ## Devatā *lha mo ma*, Skt. *devatā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Devatī *lha mo ’dra*, Skt. *devatī*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Devaśuddha *dag pa’i lha*, Skt. *devaśuddha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fifty-second) when he becomes a buddha. ## development stage *skyed pa’i rim pa*, Skt. *utpattikrama*, The first of the two stages of tantric practice focused on the visualized development of the tantric maṇḍala and its deities and the recitation of mantra. ## Devendra *lha’i dbang po*, Skt. *devendra*, Another name for Śakra, or Indra, literally “Lord of Devas.” ## Devendracūḍa *lha dbang gtsug phud*, Skt. *devendracūḍa*, A buddha in the distant past in chapter 36, and another buddha in the distant past in chapter 41. ## Devendragarbha *lha dbang snying po*, Skt. *devendragarbha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Devendrarāja *lha’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *devendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Deveśvara *lha dbang*, Skt. *deveśvara*, The 717th buddha in the first list, 716th in the second list, and 706th in the third list. ## Devāṅgana A king. ## deviant views *sdig pa can gyi lta ba*, Skt. *pāpadarśana*, One of seven grounds for suspension from the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) community. ## devil’s horsewhip *shing a pa marga*, Skt. *apāmārga*, Achyrantes aspera. ## Devīkoṭa *de bI ko Ta*, Skt. *devīkoṭa*, One of the four auxiliary pīṭhas. ## Devoid of Any Suffering and Harm *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad yongs su spangs*, Skt. *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad yongs su spangs*, A buddha realm. ## devoid of darkness *rab rib med pa*, Skt. *vitimirāpagata*, The 74th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## devoid of letters *yi ge dang bral ba*, Skt. *akṣarāpagata*, The 68th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Devoid of Sorrow *mya ngan med pa*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa*, (1) Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Created with Joy. (2) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Leader of Heroes. ## Devoid of the Sound of Concentration *bsam gtan sgra’i bya bas dben pa*, Skt. *bsam gtan sgra’i bya bas dben pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## devoid of vocalic syllables *sgra dbyangs kyi yi ge dang bral ba*, Skt. *nirakṣaramukti*, The 94th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Devāvataraṇa *lha ’ongs pa*, Skt. *devāvataraṇa*, The Sanskrit compound means “descent from the realm of the devas” and refers to the Buddha’s return to earth from the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, where he had taught the Abhidharma to his mother during a monsoon retreat. Here it is a toponym for the city or country of Sāṃkāśya, where this event is said to have taken place (see Edgerton, BHSD, s.v. “Sāṃkāśya”). ## Devāvatāra *lha las babs*, Skt. *devāvatāra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Dexterous Being *rtsal bdag*, Skt. *rtsal bdag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Dṛḍhā *sra ba*, Skt. *dṛḍhā*, Another name for Sthāvarā, the goddess of the earth. ## Dṛḍha *brtan pa*, Skt. *dṛḍha*, The 807th buddha in the first list, 806th in the second list, and 795th in the third list. ## Dṛḍhabala *stobs brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhabala*, A king in the time of Buddha Ghoṣadatta. Also the father of the rebirth of King Śirībala in the time of Buddha Narendraghoṣa. ## Dṛḍhadhanu *nor brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhadhanu*, A king, one of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Dṛḍhadharma *chos brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhadharma*, The 323rd buddha in the first list, 322nd in the second list, and 317th in the third list. ## Dhaṇiṣṭhā *mon gre*, Skt. *dhaṇiṣṭhā*, A lunar mansion in the north. ## dhak *pa lA sha*, Skt. *palāśa*, Butea monosperma, Butea frondosa. ## dhak tree Butea monosperma. ## Dṛḍhakrama *brtan gshegs*, Skt. *dṛḍhakrama*, The 59th buddha in the first list, 59th in the second list, and 60th in the third list. ## Dṛḍhamatī *brtan pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *dṛḍhamatī*, An eminent daughter in Dhanyākara. ## Dṛḍhamati *brtan pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *dṛḍhamati*, A great bodhisattva and interlocutor in several long passages of this sūtra. Also called as Dṛḍhamati­kumāra­bhūta. Dṛḍhamati is the main interlocutor in the Śūraṃgamasamādhisūtra, Toh 132. ## Dṛḍhamati­kumāra­bhūta *brtan pa’i blo gros gzhon nur gyur ba*, Skt. *dṛḍhamati­kumāra­bhūta*, Another name for the great bodhisattva Dṛḍhamati. ## Dhana *nor can*, Skt. *dhana*, Another name of King North Pañcāla. ## Dhanadā *nor sbyin ma*, Skt. *dhanadā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Dhanada *dha na dA*, Skt. *dhanada*, “Wealth giver,” an epithet of Kubera. ## Dhan­ada *nor sbyin*, Skt. *dhan­ada*, A ruler of the demigods. ## Dhanandadā *nor sbyin ma*, Skt. *dhanandadā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Dhanapara *nor gzhan po*, Skt. *dhanapara*, A yakṣa general. ## Dhanapati *nor gyi bdag po*, Skt. *dhanapati*, A king in another world in the distant past. ## Dhanapāla *nor skyong*, Skt. *dhanapāla*, An elephant. ## Dhanapālaka *nor skyong*, Skt. *dhanapālaka*, An elephant who was sent to kill the Buddha. ## Dhanaśrī *nor dpal*, Skt. *dhanaśrī*, The realized one who the prince Śrīgupta will become. The name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, and elsewhere as a bodhisattva. ## Dhanasaṃmata *nor ldan*, Skt. *dhanasaṃmata*, A king at the time of the Buddha Ratnaśikhin. ## Dhanavatī *nor ldan ma*, Skt. *dhanavatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Dhaneśvara *nor gyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *dhaneśvara*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Dhaniṣṭhā *mon gru*, Skt. *dhaniṣṭhā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Beta Delphini in the occidental tradition. ## Dhanika *nor can*, Skt. *dhanika*, A certain householder in Rājagṛha during the time of the Buddha, he was father of Sudarśana. ## Dhanārṇava Skt. *dhanārṇava*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## dhanuṣkārikā An unidentified tree. ## Dhanurdharā *gzhu ’dzin ma*, Skt. *dhanurdharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Dhanus *gzhu*, Skt. *dhanus*, Sagittarius (zodiac sign and constellation); also the name of an ancient king. ## Dhanvantari The god of medicine from the Indian Ayurvedic tradition. ## Dhanyā *dpal yon can*, Skt. *dhanyā*, A great yakṣī. ## Dhanyākara *skyid pa’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *dhanyākara*, In this ninth-century Tibetan translation, Dhanyākara is translated as “Source of Happiness.” More common is the translation ’bras spung, meaning “Rice Heap.” The famous Gelugpa monastery Drepung takes its name from this city, which was the capital of the kingdom of the Satavahana dynasty that ruled South India from the first to third century ce. Known primarily as Dhānyakaṭaka, the present remains are in the village of Dharaṇikoṭa, a few miles from the site of the great Amarāvatī stupa, in Andhra Pradesh on the southeastern coast of India. Before 1953 this was in the state of Madras. ## Dṛḍhaprabha *’od brtan pa*, Skt. *dṛḍhaprabha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Dhara *spu gri*, Skt. *dhara*, The Maitraka dynasty that started from Dharasena I. ## Dharaṇī *sa*, Skt. *dharaṇī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Dṛḍhaśūra *dpa’ brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhaśūra*, The name of all the buddhas who had been followers of King Mahābala in a previous lifetime. ## dharaṇa *srang*, Skt. *dharaṇa*, Approximately ten ounces. One dharaṇa could be equivalent to between 3 and 5 grams, which could be from 50 to 70 grains, but that seems too small in relation to its usage in this sūtra. In one example of measurement used specifically for gold, a dharaṇa is equivalent to ten pala, or 40 suverna, or 640 māśa, or 3200 kṛṣṇala (black gañja seed), in which case the dharaṇa would be even smaller, equivalent to 1.5 grains. As there was no equivalent to dharaṇa in Tibetan, it was translated as srang, which in the Mahāvyutpatti is said to equal one pala, both being close to an ounce when used generally. ## Dharaṇīdhara A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in several related texts, including the Rāṣṭrapāla­pari­pṛcchā and Saddharma­puṇḍarīka. This correspondence is also attested in this sūtra, where at one point the term is used by an earth-dwelling deity to refer to the Buddha Śākyamuni while he is still a bodhisattva in his last life. The term means “earth bearer,” and has a broad usage in Indian literature. It has been used to refer to the king, a deity like Viṣṇu or Śiva, a mountain, the tortoise supporting the earth, and so forth. ## Dharaṇī­dhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *dharaṇī­dhara*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Dharaṇīṃdhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *dharaṇīṃdhara*, One of “the sixteen excellent men,” present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## Dharaṇidatta *sas byin*, Skt. *dharaṇidatta*, One of only eight bodhisattvas in the past or future who equal the Buddha Śākyamuni’s generosity in his previous lives. ## Dharaṇidhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *dharaṇidhara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Dharaṇiṃdhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *dharaṇiṃdhara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Dharaṇi­teja­śrī *sa yi gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *dharaṇi­teja­śrī*, The fifty-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharaṇi­teja­śirī. ## Dharaṇi­tejas *gzungs kyi ’od*, Skt. *dharaṇi­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharaṇīmudra *gzungs kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *dharaṇīmudra*, A bodhisattva who praises the brahmin Samudrareṇu but is not mentioned elsewhere in the sūtra. ## Dharananda *dzin dga’*, Skt. *dharananda*, A yakṣa general in the north. ## Dharaṇīndharābhyudgata­rāja *gzungs ’dzin mgon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharaṇīndharābhyudgata­rāja*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Dharaṇī­nirghoṣa­svara *sa’i dbyangs kyi sgra*, Skt. *dharaṇī­nirghoṣa­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Dharaṇī­nirnāda­ghoṣa *sa sgra’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dharaṇī­nirnāda­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Dṛḍha­śūraraṇasena­praharaṇa­rāja *dpa’ brtan pa’i sde mtshon cha’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dṛḍha­śūraraṇasena­praharaṇa­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Dharaṇī­śrī­parvata­tejas *sa’i dpal ri bo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *dharaṇī­śrī­parvata­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharasena Skt. *dharasena*, The ruler of Magadha identified as Dharasena IV. ## Dharaṇīśvara *sa yi dbang phyug*, Skt. *dharaṇīśvara*, The 196th buddha in the first list, 195th in the second list, and 195th in the third list. ## Dharaṇīśvararāja A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Lalitavistara. ## Dharaṇīśvara­rāja *gzung kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *dharaṇīśvara­rāja*, One of the bodhisattvas attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Dharaṇāvatī *sa can*, Skt. *dharaṇāvatī*, An eastern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Dharma *chos*. This term has a number of different meanings. In its widest sense it [means](#means) all that can be known. In this text the term Dharma is used exclusively to indicate the teaching of the [Buddha](#buddha). It has two aspects: the Dharma of transmission (*lung gi chos*), namely the teachings which are actually given, and the Dharma of realization (*rtogs pa'i chos*), or the states of [wisdom](#wisdom), etc., which are attained through the application of the teachings. It is often referred to as the "Sublime Dharma" because it liberates beings from suffering. *Dharma* or *chos* can also simply mean "phenomena." When it has this meaning it has been translated as such. See also Buddhist Atomism ## Dharma Abode of the King of Deer *ri dags kyi rgyal po’i chos kyi khang pa*, Setting of this discourse. Eṇeya (sometimes Aiṇeya; Tib. ri dags kyi rgyal po) is the mythical king of ungulates, usually depicted as an antelope. ## Dharma Acumen *chos spobs*, Skt. *chos spobs*, Son of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Dharma Adherence *chos gnas*, Skt. *chos gnas*, Mother of the buddha Amitalocana. ## Dharma and Vinaya *chos ’dul ba*, Skt. *dharmavinaya*, An early term used to denote the Buddha’s teaching. “Dharma” refers to the sūtras and “Vinaya” to the rules of discipline. ## Dharma Array *chos kyi bkod pa*, Skt. *chos kyi bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Anantavikrāmin. ## Dharma Ascertainment *chos la rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *chos la rnam par nges pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ugrasena. ## Dharma Banner *chos kyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *chos kyi rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Adbhutayaśas. ## Dharma body *chos kyi sku*, Skt. *dharma­kāya*, Distinct from the rūpakāya or “form body” of a buddha. In origin it was a term for the presence of the Dharma, which would continue after the Buddha’s passing. It also came to refer to someone who was an embodiment of the Dharma, and also the eternal, imperceptible realization of a buddha, and therefore became synonymous with the true nature. In the context of the teaching of the three kāyas of a buddha, only the term dharmakāya (chos kyi sku), rather than dharmaśarīra, (chos kyi lus) was used. ## dharma cakra *chos kyi ’khor lo*, Skt. *dharmacakra*, The name of the energy center (cakra) in the heart. ## dharma constituent *chos kyi khams*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents, referring to mental phenomena. ## Dharma Deity *chos kyi lha*, Skt. *chos kyi lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Toṣaṇa (452 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Discernment *chos kyi dbye*, Skt. *dharma­vivecana*, A Buddhist hermitage, or monastery, located in the Magadha kingdom. ## Dharma discourse *chos kyi rnam grangs*, Skt. *dharmaparyāya*, The word paryāya regularly has the sense of “method,” “procedure,” “approach,” but here it is simply “Dharma teaching,” “Dharma discourse,” or more literally, “approach to the Dharma.” The Chinese fa men (lit. “door to the Dharma”) conveys the sense of “access/approach” and by extension, “teaching.” The Tibetan rnam grangs easily misleads people into thinking that this has something to do with “enumeration.” ## Dharma Display *chos kyis rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *chos kyis rnam par rol pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānābhibhū. ## Dharma Divinity *chos kyi lha*, Skt. *chos kyi lha*, Father of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Dharma Endowed *chos ldan*, Skt. *chos ldan*, One of the eight yakṣa generals. ## Dharma Excellence *chos bzang*, Skt. *chos bzang*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jaya. ## Dharma eye *chos kyi mig*, Skt. *dharmacakṣus*, One of the “five eyes,” representing superior insights of the buddhas and bodhisattvas. The five eyes consist of five different faculties of vision: the physical eye (Skt. māṃsacakṣus), the divine eye (Skt. divyacakṣus), the wisdom eye (Skt. prajñācakṣus), the Dharma eye (Skt. dharmacakṣus), and the Buddha eye (Skt. buddhacakṣus). ## Dharma Fame *chos grags*, Skt. *chos grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mokṣatejas. ## Dharma Flower *chos kyi me tog*, Skt. *chos kyi me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇatejoraśmi (758 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Gift *chos sbyin*, Skt. *chos sbyin*, Attendant of the buddha Vijitāvin. ## Dharma Glory *chos dpal*, Skt. *chos dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Aṅgaja. ## Dharma God *chos lha*, Skt. *chos lha*, Father of the buddha Śāntimati. ## Dharma Illumination *chos snang byed*, Skt. *chos snang byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Meghadhvaja. ## Dharma Intelligence *chos kyi blo gros*, Skt. *chos kyi blo gros*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Caraṇaprasanna (865 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Intelligence of the Mind of Excellent Thoughts *legs par bsams pa sems pa chos kyi blo gros ma*, Skt. *legs par bsams pa sems pa chos kyi blo gros ma*, Mother of the buddha Dharmadatta. ## Dharma Joy *chos dga’*, Skt. *chos dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa. ## Dharma king *chos kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *dharmarāja*, A king who rules his kingdom righteously and in accordance with the Dharma. ## Dharma Lamp *chos kyi sgron*, Skt. *chos kyi sgron*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Harṣadatta (152 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Leader *chos gtso*, Skt. *chos gtso*, Attendant of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Dharma Light *chos kyi ’od*, Skt. *chos kyi ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratimaṇḍita­locana (170 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Master *chos kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *chos kyi dbang phyug*, Mother of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Dharma Master Surrounded by Clouds *sprin gyi nye ’khor chos la dbang ba*, Skt. *sprin gyi nye ’khor chos la dbang ba*, A nāga who visits Saṅkāśa Mountain. ## Dharma Melody *chos dbyangs*, Skt. *chos dbyangs*, Attendant of the buddha Satyarāśi. ## Dharma Meteor *chos kyi skar mda’*, Skt. *chos kyi skar mda’*, Father of the buddha Deśāmūḍha. ## Dharma method *chos kyi tshul*, Skt. *dharmanetrī*, The Skt. term, which means “way,” “method,” or “system,” could be interpreted as that which is “conducive” to the Dharma, which “leads” to the Dharma or which “guides” in accordance with the principles of the Dharma. In the Ratnaketudhāraṇī, it variously refers to individual dhāraṇīs, the sections that deal with these dhāraṇīs, or the entire text of the Ratnaketudhāraṇī. ## Dharma Mind *chos sems*, Skt. *chos sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnavyūha. ## Dharma Miracle *chos kyi cho ’phrul*, Skt. *chos kyi cho ’phrul*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Merukūṭa. ## Dharma Mode *chos kyi ’gros*, Skt. *chos kyi ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jaya. ## Dharma Mountain *chos brtsegs*, Skt. *chos brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Marudyaśas. ## Dharma of non-apprehension *dmigs su med pa’i chos*, Skt. *anupalambha­dharma*, A teaching on the state of realization in which a practitioner no longer perceives reified entities. ## Dharma of the nonexistence of defining characteristics *mtshan nyid med pa’i chos*, Skt. *alakṣaṇadharma*, Mahāvyutpatti 353. ## Dharma Offering *chos byin*, Skt. *chos byin*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Dharma Parasol *chos kyi gdugs*, Skt. *chos kyi gdugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Saṃjaya (502 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Perception *chos mthong*, Skt. *chos mthong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pratimaṇḍita­locana. ## Dharma Power *chos stobs*, Skt. *chos stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kusuma. ## Dharma preacher *chos smra ba*, Skt. *dharmabhāṇaka*, A term for those who teach the Buddhist Dharma. ## Dharma Proclamation *chos yang dag par sdud pa*, Skt. *dharmasaṃgīti*, A secret palace in Sukhāvatī. ## Dharma protector *chos skyong*, Skt. *dharmapāla*. The Dharma protectors protect the teaching from being diluted and its transmission from being disturbed or distorted. [Protectors](#protectors) are sometimes [emanation](#emanation)s of [Buddhas](#buddha) or [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva), and sometimes spirits, [gods](#gods) or [demons](#demon). who have been subjugated by a great spiritual master and bound under oath. ## Dharma realm *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, A synonym for emptiness or the ultimate nature of reality. The term is interpreted variously and can be translated according to context as “Dharma realm,” “Dharma element,” “the realm of phenomena,” or “the element of phenomena.” ## Dharma reciter *chos smra ba*, Skt. *dharmabhāṇaka*, Special groups of monks in early Indian Buddhism who learned different collections of the Basket of the Sūtras (Sūtrapiṭaka) by heart and thus secured its (accurate) transmission. ## Dharma robe In common parlance, this denotes the patched, yellow upper robe worn by renunciants. ## Dharma Seat *chos kyi stan*, Skt. *chos kyi stan*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in the region called Relinquishing the Vase. ## Dharma Sengé A monk at the monastery of Latö Olgö who produced copies of the Vinaya. ## Dharma Speaker *chos sgrogs*, Skt. *chos sgrogs*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Dharma Splendor *chos kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *chos kyi gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samṛddha (468 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dharma Strength *chos stobs*, Skt. *chos stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇya. ## Dharma Supremacy *chos kyi mchog ma*, Skt. *chos kyi mchog ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṃgava. ## dharma teacher *chos smra ba*, Skt. *dharmabhāṇaka*, A teacher or reciter of scriptures. In early Buddhism a section of the saṅgha would consist of bhāṇakas, who, particularly before the teachings were written down and were only transmitted orally, were a key factor in their preservation. Various groups of dharmabhāṇakas specialized in memorizing and reciting certain sections of the Buddhist canon. ## Dharma Teaching *chos kyi bstan pa*, Skt. *chos kyi bstan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmacandra. ## Dharma Teachings *chos sde*, Skt. *chos sde*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Dharma Treasury *chos kyi mdzod*, Skt. *chos kyi mdzod*, Attendant of the buddha Anihata. ## Dharma View *chos kyis blta*, Skt. *chos kyis blta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samantadarśin. ## Dharma wheel *chos kyi ’khor lo*, Skt. *dharmacakra*, When a buddha gives his first teaching he “sets in motion the Wheel of Dharma,” just like a monarch with exceptional merit sets in motion a magical wheel that easily subdues all his enemies. ## Dharma Wish *chos ’dod*, Skt. *chos ’dod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhahanu. ## Dharmabala *chos kyi stobs*, Skt. *dharmabala*, The 797th buddha in the first list, 796th in the second list, and 786th in the third list. ## Dharma­bala­śūla­dhvaja *chos kyi stobs kyi dpa’ ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dharma­bala­śūla­dhvaja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­bala­prabha *chos stobs ’od*, Skt. *dharma­bala­prabha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­bala­śrī­kūṭa *chos kyi stobs kyi dpal brtsegs pa*, Skt. *dharma­bala­śrī­kūṭa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmabhadra *chos bzangs*, Skt. *dharmabhadra*, King Vīradatta’s garden. ## dharmabhāṇaka *chos smra ba*, Skt. *dharmabhāṇaka*, Someone who recites the Dharma teachings, either from a text or from memory. In early Buddhism, in particular before the teachings were written down and were transmitted solely orally, a section of the saṅgha would be bhāṇakas, who were the key factor in the preservation of the teachings. Various groups of bhāṇakas specialized in memorizing and reciting a certain set of sūtras or vinaya. Even when the teachings existed in writing, a reciter of Dharma teachings was of great importance within a society that was predominantly illiterate. ## Dharma­bhāskara­śrī­megha *chos kyi nyi ma dpal gyi sprin*, Skt. *dharma­bhāskara­śrī­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmacakrā *chos kyi ’khor lo ma*, Skt. *dharmacakrā*, A goddess in the maṇḍala of Heruka. ## Dharma­cakra­candrodgata­śrī *chos kyi ’khor lo zla bas ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­candrodgata­śrī*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­cakra­jvalana­tejas *chos kyi ’khor lo rab tu ’bar ba’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­jvalana­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­cakra­nirghoṣa­gagana­megha­pradīpa­rāja *chos kyi ’khor lo’i sgra nam mkha’i sprin gyi sgron ma rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­nirghoṣa­gagana­megha­pradīpa­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. In verse he is called Saddharma­ghoṣāmbara­dīpa­rāja. ## Dharma­cakra­nirmāṇa­prabhā *chos kyi ’khor los sprul pa’i ’od*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­nirmāṇa­prabhā*, A bhikṣuṇī in another world in the distant past. A previous life of the night goddess Sarva­nagara­rakṣā­saṃbhava­tejaḥ­śrī. ## Dharma­cakra­nirmāṇa­samanta­pratibhāsa­nirghoṣa *chos kyi ’khor lo sprul pa kun tu snang ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­nirmāṇa­samanta­pratibhāsa­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­cakra­prabha­nirghoṣa *chos kyi ’khor lo’i ’od kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­prabha­nirghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­cakra­prabha­nirghoṣa­rāja *chos kyi ’khor lo’i ’od rab tu bsgrags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­prabha­nirghoṣa­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharmacandra *chos kyi zla ba*, Skt. *dharmacandra*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-eighth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Dharma­candra­prabhu­rāja *’od rgyal chos kyi zla*, Skt. *dharma­candra­prabhu­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­candra­samanta­jñānāvabhāsa­rāja *chos kyi ’khor lo’i ye shes kun tu snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­candra­samanta­jñānāvabhāsa­rāja*, A buddha in a southwestern realm. ## Dharmacchattra *chos gdugs*, Skt. *dharmacchattra*, The 617th buddha in the first list, 616th in the second list, and 609th in the third list. ## Dharmachanda *chos ’dod*, Skt. *dharmachanda*, A prince. ## Dharmacinti A young bodhisattva who vows to become Vajrapāṇi in later lives. The name is attested in the Sanskrit fragments of this sūtra, but is also attested as the name for a king in the Lalitavistara. ## dharma-constituent *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu*, Dharma-dhātu is a synonym for emptiness or the ultimate nature of phenomena (dharmatā). This term is interpreted variously‍—given the many connotations of dharma/chos—as the sphere, element, or nature of phenomena, suchness, or truth. In this text it is used with this general, Mahāyāna sense, not to be confused with dharma constituent (Tib. chos kyi khams), also called in Sanskrit dharma­dhātu, which is one of the eighteen constituents. See also “dharma constituent.” ## Dharmacārin A bodhisatva in the distant part, a hundred years after the final nirvāṇa of the Buddha Padmottara. He is given the same name in his next rebirth. ## Dharmadā *chos sbyin ma*, Skt. *dharmadā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dharmadatta *chos sbyin*, Skt. *dharmadatta*, The 693rd buddha in the first list, 692nd in the second list, and 683rd in the third list. ## Dharmadeva *chos lha*, Skt. *dharmadeva*, A great bodhisattva. ## Dharma­dhana­śikharābha­skandha *chos kyi dbyig ri bo snang ba’i phung po*, Skt. *dharma­dhana­śikharābha­skandha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmadhara *chos ’dzin*, Skt. *dharmadhara*, One of the four kings of the kinnaras. He is present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## dharmadhātu Interpreted variously‍—given the many connotations of both dharma and dhātu‍‍—as the realm, element, or nature of phenomena, reality, or truth. Generally taken to denote the entirety of phenomena and particularly their nature as a synonym of other terms designating the ultimate. In Tibetan, instances of the Sanskrit dharmadhātu with this range of meanings (rendered chos kyi dbyings) are distinguished from instances of the same Sanskrit term with its rather different meaning related to mental perception in the context of the twelve sense sources and eighteen elements (rendered chos kyi khams). ## Dharmadhātu Melody *chos kyi dbyings kyi sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *chos kyi dbyings kyi sgra dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Dharma­dhātu­diksamavasaraṇa­garbha *chos kyi phyogs su yang dag par gzhol ba’i snying po*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­diksamavasaraṇa­garbha*, A kūṭāgāra that miraculously appears in a lotus, within which is the Buddha’s mother. ## Dharma­dhātu­gagana­pūrṇa­ratna­śikhara­śrī­pradīpa *chos kyi dbyings nam mkha’ mdzod spus yongs su rgyas pa’i rtse mo dpal gyi sgron ma*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­gagana­pūrṇa­ratna­śikhara­śrī­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­gagana­pratibhāsa­megha *chos kyi dbyings nam mkha’i gzugs brnyan gyi sprin*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­gagana­pratibhāsa­megha*, An ocean of world realms in the eastern direction. ## Dharma­dhātu­gagana­śrī­vairocana *chos kyi dbyings nam mkha’i dpal rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­gagana­śrī­vairocana*, A buddha in a northern buddha realm. ## Dharma­dhātu­jñāna­pradīpa *chos kyi dbyings kyi ye shes sgron ma*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­jñāna­pradīpa*, A buddha in a western realm. ## Dharma­dhātu­kusuma *chos dbyings me tog*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­kusuma*, The twentieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­nagarābha­jñāna­pradīpa­rāja *chos kyi dbyings kyi grong khyer ye shes kyi ’od kyis rab tu snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­nagarābha­jñāna­pradīpa­rāja*, The last of a series of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. The form of his name in prose. In verse he is called Dharma­megha­nagarābha­pradīpa­rāja. ## Dharma­dhātu­naya­jñāna­gati *chos dbyings tshul gyi ye shes stabs*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­naya­jñāna­gati*, The eighty-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­nayāvabhāsa­buddhi *chos kyi dbyings su snang ba’i blo*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­nayāvabhāsa­buddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## dharma­dhātu­nirgata *chos kyi dbyings las nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­nirgata*, Lit. “come forth from the dharma-constituent.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## dharma­dhātu­niyata *chos kyi dbyings su nges pa*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­niyata*, Lit. “certainty in the dharma-constituent.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Dharma­dhātu­padma *chos dbyings pad+mo*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­padma*, The thirtieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharma­dhātu­padumo. ## Dharma­dhātu­prabhava­sarva­ratna­maṇi­śākhā­pralamba *chos kyi dbyings las byung ba’i rin po che thams cad kyi yal ga dang lhun du ldan pa*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­prabhava­sarva­ratna­maṇi­śākhā­pralamba*, A bodhi tree in the distant past, the name of which means “Having Trunk and Branches of All Jewels That Appear in the Realm of Phenomena.” ## Dharma­dhātu­praṇidhi­sunirmita­candra­rāja *chos kyi dbyings su smon lam rab tu ’phrul ba’i zla ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­praṇidhi­sunirmita­candra­rāja*, A bodhisattva from a northeastern realm. Also known as Dharma­dhātu­sunirmita­praṇidhi­candra. ## Dharma­dhātu­praṇidhi­tala­nirbheda *chos kyi dbyings kyi smon lam gyi gzhi rab tu rtogs pa*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­praṇidhi­tala­nirbheda*, A bodhisattva from a realm in the downward direction. ## Dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa *chos nyid gzugs brnyan*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa­maṇi­mukuṭa *chos kyi dbyings snang ba’i blo gros cod pan*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa­maṇi­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa­śri *chos kyi dbyings ni gzugs brnyan dpal*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa­śri*, The sixty-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa­śiri. ## Dharma­dhātu­siṃha­prabha *chos kyi dbyings kyi seng ge’i ’od*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­siṃha­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­dhātu­sunirmita­praṇidhi­candra *chos kyi dbyings su shin tu ’phrul ba’i smon lam zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­sunirmita­praṇidhi­candra*, A bodhisattva from a northeastern realm. Also known as Dharma­dhātu­praṇidhi­sunirmita­candra­rāja. ## Dharma­dhātu­svara­ghoṣa *chos dbyings gsung dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­svara­ghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­svara­ketu *chos dbyings dbyangs kyi dpal*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­svara­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­viṣaya­mati­candra *chos kyi dbyings kyi yul gyi blo gros zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­viṣaya­mati­candra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­dhātu­vidyotita­raśmi *’od zer chos kyi dbyings su snang ba*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­vidyotita­raśmi*, A buddha in a realm in the downward direction. ## Dharma­dhātvarcirvairocana­saṃbhava­mati *chos kyi dbyings ’od ’phro zhing rnam par snang bar byung ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *dharma­dhātvarcirvairocana­saṃbhava­mati*, A bodhisattva in a realm in the downward direction. ## Dharmadhvaja *chos kyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dharmadhvaja*, Dharmadhvaja (Dharma Banner) is a buddha who inhabits a buddhafield. This buddhafield is specifically said to be Virajā (Dustless) in Toh 44-37 and Toh 104. ## Dharmadinnā *chos byin ma*, Skt. *dharmadinnā*, Daughter of King Prasenajit’s minister Dinna, betrothed to Viśākha. She achieved the state of a non-returner and displayed miracles at her wedding, receiving permission from her betrothed and his family to forgo marriage and go forth. Quite beautiful, as a novice she was threatened by lustful would-be suitors. Her predicament led to the Buddha permitting full ordination of nuns by message. ## Dharma-door *chos kyi sgo*, Skt. *dharmamukha*, Certain teachings are called “Dharma-doors” (or “doors of the Dharma”), as they provide access to the practice of the Dharma. ## Dharmadīpa *chos kyi sgron ma*, Skt. *dharmadīpa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Dharma­druma­parvata­tejas *chos kyi sdong po ri bo gzi brjid*, Skt. *dharma­druma­parvata­tejas*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in a past kalpa. ## Dharma-eye *chos kyi mig*, Skt. *dharmacakṣu*, One of the “five eyes,” representing superior insights of the buddhas and bodhisattvas. The five eyes consist of five different faculties of vision: the physical eye (māṃsa­cakṣu), the divine eye (dīvya­cakṣu), the wisdom eye (prajñā­cakṣu), the Dharma-eye (dharma­cakṣu), and the Buddha-eye (buddha­cakṣu). ## dharmagaṇḍī *chos kyi gaN dI*, Skt. *dharmagaṇḍī*, A gong, or a wooden block or beam, sounded to call the community together for a teaching or other assembly. ## Dharma­gagana­kānta­siṃha­prabha *chos kyi nam mkha’ la seng ge’i ’od shin tu mdzes pa*, Skt. *dharma­gagana­kānta­siṃha­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­gaganābhyudgata­rāja *chos kyi nam mkha’ mngon ’phags rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­gaganābhyudgata­rāja*, A buddha of the distant past. ## Dharma­gaganābhyudgata­śrī­rāja *chos kyi nam mkha’ la dpal shin tu ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­gaganābhyudgata­śrī­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­śikhara­dhvaja­megha *chos kyi ri bo rgyal mtshan sprin*, Skt. *dharma­śikhara­dhvaja­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­jāla­vibuddha­śrī­candra *chos kyi dra ba rnam par sangs rgyas pa’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­jāla­vibuddha­śrī­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­jñāna­saṃbhava­samanta­pratibhāsa­garbha *chos kyi ye shes yang dag par ’byung*, Skt. *dharma­jñāna­saṃbhava­samanta­pratibhāsa­garbha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­jñānāsaṅga­viraja­ketu­rāja *chos kyi ye shes mtha’ yas pa chags pa med cing rdul dang bral ba’i rgyal po’i tog*, Skt. *dharma­jñānāsaṅga­viraja­ketu­rāja*, A buddha who gave teachings to the buddha Śakyāmuni in one of his previous lives. ## Dharma­jvalanārciḥ­sāgara­ghoṣa *chos ’bar ba’i ’od ’phro rgya mtsho’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­jvalanārciḥ­sāgara­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmakūṭa *chos brtsegs*, Skt. *dharmakūṭa*, The 633rd buddha in the first list, 632nd in the second list, and 625th in the third list. ## Dharmaketu *chos kyi tog*, Skt. *dharmaketu*, Name of a buddha in the past, mentioned also as the name of a thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. (It is possible these refer to the same buddha.) ## Dharmakāma *chos ’dod*, Skt. *dharmakāma*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha, and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Dharmakośa *chos mdzod*, Skt. *dharmakośa*, The 541st buddha in the first list, 541st in the second list, and 534th in the third list. ## Dharma­kārisāla­rāja *chos byed dang sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­kārisāla­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Dharmakīrti The name of a Buddhist scholar active in the seventh century ce who is famous for his commentaries on the Buddhist epistemological (pramāṇa) works of Dignāga. Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra mentions that someone named Dharmakīrti and his six close disciples will attain siddhi. ## Dharma­kusuma­ketu­dhvaja­megha *chos kyi me tog dpal gyi rgyal mtshan gyi sprin*, Skt. *dharma­kusuma­ketu­dhvaja­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmakāya *chos sku*, lit. [Dharma](#dharma) Body. The [emptiness](#emptiness) aspect of Buddhahood. It can be translated as body of truth, absolute dimension. ## Dharma­maṇḍala­paṭala­megha *chos kyi dkyil ’khor na bun sprin*, Skt. *dharma­maṇḍala­paṭala­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­maṇḍala­prabhāsa *chos kyi dkyil ’khor snang ba*, Skt. *dharma­maṇḍala­prabhāsa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­maṇḍala­śrī­śikharābha­prabha *chos kyi dkyil ’khor dpal gyi ri bo snang ba’i ’od*, Skt. *dharma­maṇḍala­śrī­śikharābha­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­maṇḍala­vibuddha­śrī­candra *chos kyi dkyil ’khor rnam par sangs rgyas pa’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­maṇḍala­vibuddha­śrī­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­maṇḍalāvabhāsa­prabha­cūḍa *chos kyi dkyil ’khor gyi ’od rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *dharma­maṇḍalāvabhāsa­prabha­cūḍa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. See . ## Dharmamati *chos dpal blo*, Skt. *dharmamati*, The eighty-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. The syllable dpal appears to actually belong to the previous name in the list of buddhas, Smṛti­ketu­rāja­śri. ## Dharma­mati *chos kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dharma­mati*, A great bodhisattva. ## Dharma­mati­candrā *chos kyi blo gros zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­mati­candrā*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmameghā *chos kyi sprin*, Skt. *dharmameghā*, Lit. “Cloud of Dharma.” The tenth level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Dharmamegha *chos kyi sprin*, Skt. *dharmamegha*, Lit. “Cloud of Dharma.” ## Dharma­megha­dhvaja­pradīpa *chos kyi sprin gyi rgyal mtshan sgron ma*, Skt. *dharma­megha­dhvaja­pradīpa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­megha­nagarābha­pradīpa­rāja *chos sprin grong khyer ’od snang rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­megha­nagarābha­pradīpa­rāja*, The last in a series of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. The form of his name in verse. In prose he is called Dharma­dhātu­nagarābha­jñāna­pradīpa­rāja. ## Dharma­megha­nirghoṣa­rāja *chos kyi sprin sgra’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­megha­nirghoṣa­rāja*, A buddha in a past world in the eastern direction. ## Dharma­megha­nirghoṣeśvarasaumya *chos sprin sgra dbyangs dbang phyug zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­megha­nirghoṣeśvarasaumya*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Dharma­megha­vighuṣṭa­kīrti­rāja *chos kyi sprin snyan pa rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *dharma­megha­vighuṣṭa­kīrti­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­meghodgata­prabhā *chos kyi sprin shin tu sdug pa’i ’od*, Skt. *dharma­meghodgata­prabhā*, The bodhimaṇḍa of the Buddha Sūrya­gātra­pravara in another world in the distant past, as given in the prose passages, where it is also called Dharmodgata­prabhāsa. In verse it is called Sudharma­megha­prabhā. ## Dharmamitra *chos kyi bshes gnyen*, Skt. *dharmamitra*, Ninth-century Indian author. ## Dharmamudrāgarbha *chos kyi phyag rgya’i snying po*, Skt. *dharma­mudrā­garbha*, A bodhisattva. ## Dharma­nagara­prabha­śrī *chos kyi grong khyer rab tu snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dharma­nagara­prabha­śrī*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­naya­gambhīra­śrī­candra *chos kyi tshul zab mo dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *dharma­naya­gambhīra­śrī­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­nārāyaṇa­ketu *chos mthu bo che’i dpal*, Skt. *dharma­nārāyaṇa­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­padma­phulla­gātra *sku chos kyi pad+mo’i me tog shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *dharma­padma­phulla­gātra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­padma­praphullita­śrī­megha *chos kyi pad+mo rab tu rgyas pa’i dpal gyi sprin*, Skt. *dharma­padma­praphullita­śrī­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­padma­śrī­kuśalā *chos kyi pad mo dpal gyi dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *dharma­padma­śrī­kuśalā*, A body goddess. ## Dharma­padma­vairocana­vibuddha­ketu *chos kyi pad+mo rnam par snang bas rnam par sangs rgyas pa’i dpal*, Skt. *dharma­padma­vairocana­vibuddha­ketu*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­paryeṣaṇakāma *chos yongs su tshol ’dod pa*, Skt. *dharma­paryeṣaṇakāma*, A bodhisattva. ## Dharmapāla *chos skyong*, Skt. *dharmapāla*, A Licchavī youth. (Toh 555: chos skyabs) ## Dharmaprabha (the bodhisattva) *chos kyi ’od*, Skt. *dharmaprabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Dharmaprabha (the buddha) *chos kyi ’od*, Skt. *dharmaprabha*, The name of the thirty-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Dharmaprabhāsa *chos kyi ’od*, Skt. *dharmaprabhāsa*, The 199th buddha in the first list, 198th in the second list, and 198th in the third list. ## Dharma­pradīpacchatra *chos sgron gdugs*, Skt. *dharma­pradīpacchatra*, A buddha who is not listed in the first or second list but is 979th in the third list. ## Dharma­pradīpa­megha­śrī *pad ma’i sgron ma sprin gyi dpal*, Skt. *dharma­pradīpa­megha­śrī*, A realm in the distant past. BHS: Dharma­pradīpa­megha­śiri. ## Dharma­pradīpa­śrī *chos kyi sgron ma*, Skt. *dharma­pradīpa­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharma­pradīpa­śiri. ## Dharma­pradīpa­vikrama­jñāna­siṃha *chos kyi sgron ma ye shes kyi rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *dharma­pradīpa­vikrama­jñāna­siṃha*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## Dharma­pradīpākṣa *chos sgron spyan*, Skt. *dharma­pradīpākṣa*, The 993rd buddha in the first list, 992nd in the second list, and 984th in the third list. ## Dharmaśrī *chos kyi dpal*, Skt. *dharmaśrī*, A bodhisattva present with the Buddha at Śrāvastī, and also the name of a buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharmaśiri. ## Dharma­raśmi­prajvalitagātra *chos kyi ’od zer rab tu rgyas pa’i sku*, Skt. *dharma­raśmi­prajvalitagātra*, Dharma­raśmi­prajvalitagātra (Body of Blazing Dharma Light) is a buddha who inhabits the buddhafield Duratikramā. ## Dharmarati *chos dags*, Skt. *dharmarati*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Dharma­ratna­kusuma­śrī­megha *chos rin po che’i me tog dpal gyi sprin*, Skt. *dharma­ratna­kusuma­śrī­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmaśrībhadra The Indian scholar who assisted with the translation of The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā and other works into Tibetan. He lived sometime during the late tenth century to the middle of the eleventh century. ## Dharmarāja *chos kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *dharmarāja*, Literally “Dharma King” In this text the term is used as an epithet for Yama, the Lord of Death, who judges the dead and rules over the hells. ## Dharmarāja Yama *chos kyi rgyal po gshin rje*, Skt. *dharmarāja yama*, The Lord of Death in both Buddhist and Hindu traditions, Yama is said to uphold the Dharma by reviewing the karma of the dead and thereby determining their next rebirth. ## Dharma­rāja­bhavana­pratibhāsa *chos kyi rgyal po’i pho brang rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *dharma­rāja­bhavana­pratibhāsa*, A bodhimaṇḍa in another world in the distant past. ## Dharmarājaśrī *chos kyi rgyal po’i dpal*, Skt. *dharmarājaśrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Dharmaśrīmitra *d+harma shrI mi tra*, Skt. *dharmaśrīmitra*, An Indian paṇḍita active in the eleventh century. ## Dharmaśrīprabha *dharma shrI pra bha*, Skt. *dharmaśrīprabha*, Indian scholar who assisted with the translation of sūtras into Tibetan. ## Dharmaruci *chos sred*, Skt. *dharmaruci*, One of the four gods of the Bodhi tree. ## dharmas on the side of awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, See “thirty-seven dharmas on the side of awakening.” ## dharma­samudgata­pūrṇa *chos kyis ’phags shing rdzogs pa*, Skt. *dharma­samudgata­pūrṇa*, Lit. “ennobled by dharmas completed.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Dharma­samudgata­rāja­vimala *chos yang dag ’phags rgyal po dri med*, Skt. *dharma­samudgata­rāja­vimala*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Dharma­samudra *chos kyi rgya mtsho*, Skt. *dharma­samudra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­samudra­garbha *chos rgya mtsho’i snying po*, Skt. *dharma­samudra­garbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Dharma­samudra­garjana *chos rab rgya mtsho sgrog pa*, Skt. *dharma­samudra­garjana*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­samudra­mati­jñāna­śri *chos kyi rgya mtsho blo gros ye shes dpal*, Skt. *dharma­samudra­mati­jñāna­śri*, The ninetieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharma­samudra­mati­jñāna­śiri. ## Dharma­samudra­prabha­garjita­rāja *chos kyi rgya mtsho ’od dbyangs rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­samudra­prabha­garjita­rāja*, The first of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. The form of his name as given in verse. In prose he is called Sarva­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­prabha­rāja. ## Dharma­samudra­saṃbhava­ruta *chos kyi rgya mtsho yongs byung sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­samudra­saṃbhava­ruta*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­samudra­vega­śrī­rāja *chos kyi rgya mtsho shugs drag dpal gyi rgyal*, Skt. *dharma­samudra­vega­śrī­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­sāgara­nigarjita­ghoṣa *chos rgya mtsho’i ’brug sgra sgrog pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­sāgara­nigarjita­ghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­sāgara­nirdeśa­ghoṣa *chos rgya mtsho shin tu bstan pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dharma­sāgara­nirdeśa­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­mati *chos kyi rgya mtsho dbyangs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­mati*, The fifty-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Dharma­sāgara­nirnāda­nirghoṣa *chos rgya mtsho’i nga ro rab tu sgrog pa’i ’od*, Skt. *dharma­sāgara­nirnāda­nirghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­sāgara­padma *chos rgya mtsho’i pad mo*, Skt. *dharma­sāgara­padma*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma­sūrya­megha­pradīpa *chos kyi nyi ma’i sprin rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *dharma­sūrya­megha­pradīpa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharma­sūrya­tejas *chos kyi nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *dharma­sūrya­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Dharmasumanāvarṣin *chos kyi sna ma’i me tog char ’bebs*, Skt. *dharma­sumanāvarṣin*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Dharmatā *chos nyid*, "the void nature." DICT. ## Dharma-teaching monk *chos smra ba’i dge slong*, Skt. *dharmabhāṇaka-bhikṣu*, A teacher or reciter of scriptures. In early Buddhism a section of the saṅgha would consist of bhāṇakas, who, particularly before the teachings were written down and were only transmitted orally, were a key factor in their preservation. Various groups of dharmabhāṇakas specialized in memorizing and reciting certain sections of the Buddhist canon. ## Dharmatāśīla Eighth- to ninth-century Tibetan monk, preceptor, and translator. ## Dharma­vaśavartīśvara­rāja *chos kyi dbang phyug rnam sgrogs*, Skt. *dharma­vaśavartīśvara­rāja*, The buddha whom the sixth son of King Araṇemin is prophesied to become. ## Dharmaveśapradīpa *chos kyi shugs kyi sgron ma*, Skt. *dharma­veśapradīpa*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## Dharmavikrāmin *chos kyi mthu rtsal*, Skt. *dharmavikrāmin*, The 642nd buddha in the first list, 641st in the second list, and 633rd in the third list. ## Dharmavikurvaṇarāja *chos rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­vikurvaṇa­rāja*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Dharma­vikurvita­vega­dhvaja­śrī *chos rnam par ’phrul pa’i shugs kyi rgyal mtshan dpal*, Skt. *dharma­vikurvita­vega­dhvaja­śrī*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## Dharma­vimāna­nirghoṣa­rāja *chos kyi gzhal med khang gi dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *dharma­vimāna­nirghoṣa­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharma-Vinaya *chos ’dul ba*, Skt. *dharma-vinaya*, The name for the canon of monastic discipline recorded in the Tripiṭaka, of the vows and commitments enshrined therein, and of the practice of that discipline. ## Dharmayaśas *rgyal po chos grags*, Skt. *dharmayaśas*, A king, the father of Bakula. ## Dharmāditya­jñāna­maṇḍala­pradīpa *chos kyi nyi ma’i dkyil ’khor ye shes kyi sgron ma*, Skt. *dharmāditya­jñāna­maṇḍala­pradīpa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmendrarāja *chos kyi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharmendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present with the Buddha at Śrāvastī (translated as chos kyi dbang po’i rgyal po), and also the name of two buddhas in the distant past (translated as chos dbang rgyal po). ## Dharmeśvara *chos kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *dharmeśvara*, The 106th buddha in the first list, 106th in the second list, and 107th in the third list. ## Dharmeśvara­rāja *chos kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po*, Skt. *dharmeśvara­rāja*, The name of a bodhisattva. One of the more prominent interlocutors in The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata, he is instrumental in instigating the Buddha’s discourse. ## Dharmeśvaravinardi *chos kyi dbang phyug rnam sgrogs*, Skt. *dharmeśvaravinardi*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Dharmākara *dharmA ka ra*, Skt. *dharmākara*, Butön includes the Kashmiri [preceptor](#preceptor) Dharmākara in his list of ninety-three [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita)s invited to Tibet to assist in the translation of the Buddhist scriptures. Tāranātha dates Dharmākara to the rule of *Vanapāla, son of Dharmapāla. With [Paltsek](#paltsek), he translated two of Kalyāṇamitra’s works on [Vinaya](#vinaya), the Vinayapraśnakārikā (’dul ba dri ba’i tshig le’ur byas pa, Toh 4134, Degé Tengyur, vol. SU, folios 70.b.3–74.b.5) and the Vinayapraśnaṭīkā (’dul ba dri ba rgya cher ’grel pa, Toh 4135, Degé Tengyur, vol. SU, folios 74.b.5–132.a.2). ## Dharmoccaya *chos kyis mtho ba*, Skt. *dharmoccaya*, A palace in the Heaven of Joy, where the Bodhisattva taught the Dharma to gods. ## Dharmodgata *chos 'phags*, "Sublime [Dharma](#dharma)," [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) from whom Sadaprarudita received the teachings on transcendent [wisdom](#wisdom). ## Dharmodgata­garbha *chos ’phags kyi snying po*, Skt. *dharmodgata­garbha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dharmodgata­kīrti *chos kyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *dharmodgata­kīrti*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharmodgata­nabheśvara *chos kyis ’phags pa’i nam mkha’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *dharmodgata­nabheśvara*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharmodgata­prabhāsa *chos kyis ’phags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *dharmodgata­prabhāsa*, The bodhimaṇḍa of the Buddha Sūrya­gātra­pravara in another world in the distant past, as given in the prose passages, where it is also called Dharma­meghodgata­prabhā. In verse it is called Sudharma­megha­prabhā. ## Dharmolkā­jvalana­śrī­candra *chos kyi sgron ma rab tu ’bar ba’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *dharmolkā­jvalana­śrī­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmolkā­ratna­vitāna­ghoṣa *chos kyi sgron ma rin chen bla re’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dharmolkā­ratna­vitāna­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmottara A bodhisatva in the distant past. ## Dharmāralli *chos kyi ra li*, Skt. *dharmāralli*, The deity Aralli when he is associated with the origination of phenomena. ## Dharmārciṣmattejorāja *chos kyi ’od ’phro ba dang ldan pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dharmārciṣmattejorāja*, A bodhisattva in a southeastern realm. ## Dharmārci­megha­nagara *chos ’od sprin gyi grong khyer dpal*, Skt. *dharmārci­megha­nagara*, A world realm in the distant past in the form given in verse. In prose it is called Dharmārci­nagara­meghā. ## Dharmārci­meru­śikha­rābha *chos ’od ri bo spo mthon*, Skt. *dharmārci­meru­śikha­rābha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Dharmārci­nagara­meghā *chos kyi ’od ’phro ba’i grong khyer dpal gyi sprin*, Skt. *dharmārci­nagara­meghā*, A world realm in the distant past. In verse it is called Dharmārci­megha­nagara. ## Dharmārciḥ­parvata­ketu­rāja *chos kyi ’od ’phro ri bo dpal gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *dharmārciḥ­parvata­ketu­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dharmārci­parvata­śrī *chos kyi ’od ’phro ri bo dpal*, Skt. *dharmārci­parvata­śrī*, The seventeenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Dharmārci­parvata­śirī. ## Dharmāvabhāsa­svara *chos snang ba’i sgra*, Skt. *dharmāvabhāsa­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Āṣādhas *chu smad*, Skt. *āṣādhas*, A constellation in the west, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Dṛḍhasaṃdhi *tshigs brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhasaṃdhi*, The 43rd buddha in the first list, 43rd in the second list, and 44th in the third list. ## Dṛḍhasaṅgha *dge ’dun brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhasaṅgha*, The 409th buddha in the first list, 408th in the second list, and 402nd in the third list. ## Dṛḍhasvara *brtan pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dṛḍhasvara*, The 998th buddha in the first list, 997th in the second list, and 988th in the third list. ## Dhaumrāyaṇa One of the sublineages connected with the Māṇḍavya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Dhavalā *dkar mo*, Skt. *dhavalā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the great dūtīs. ## Dhavalatittarī *sreg ba dkar po ma*, Skt. *dhavalatittarī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Dṛḍhavikrama *mthu rtsal brtan po*, Skt. *dṛḍhavikrama*, The 859th buddha in the first list, 858th in the second list, and 848th in the third list. ## Dṛḍhavrata *brtul zhugs brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhavrata*, The 451st buddha in the first list, 450th in the second list, and 444th in the third list. ## Dṛḍhavīrya *brtson ’grus brtan*, Skt. *dṛḍhavīrya*, The 133rd buddha in the first list, 133rd in the second list, and 133rd in the third list. ## Dṛḍhavīryatā *snums*, Skt. *dṛḍhavīryatā*, A constellation in the west, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Dṛḍhādhyāśaya *lhag pa’i bsam pa brtan pa*, Skt. *dṛḍhādhyāśaya*, The central figure of the Episode of Dṛḍhādhyāśaya (Dṛḍhādhyāśaya­parivarta). A bodhisattva monk who is primed for a teaching on nonduality and subsequently receives a prophecy for full enlightenment. See note 1. ## Dhenateya Skt. *dhenateya*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Dhiriko *dhi ri ko*, Skt. *dhiriko*, A mountain in the eastern sea beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Dhūmā *du ba ma*, Skt. *dhūmā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Dhūma *dud pa*, Skt. *dhūma*, One of the grahas. ## Dhūmaketu *du ba’i tog*, Skt. *dhūmaketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dhīmat *blo dang ldan pa*, Skt. *dhīmat*, “Intelligent One,” an epithet of Mañjuśrī (the masculine form of the name would be Dhīmān). ## Dhūmāntikā Skt. *dhūmāntikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Dhūmra *dud ldan*, Skt. *dhūmra*, One of the grahas. ## Dhānyakaṭaka *’bras phung*, Skt. *dhānyakaṭaka*, Name of an important Buddhist site in Andhra, near Amarāvatī. ## Dhānyapura *’bras kyi grong khyer*, Skt. *dhānyapura*, A city. ## Dhānyāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Vāsiṣṭha lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Dhūpā *spos*, Skt. *dhūpā*, The offering goddess of incense. ## Dhūpamukhī Skt. *dhūpamukhī*, “Incense Mouth.” One of the eight nāga queens. ## Dhāraṇī *gzungs*, [mantra](#mantra) blessed by a [Buddha](#buddha) or [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) which has the power to help beings. There are many in the [sūtras](#sūtra), often quite long. ## Īṣādhāra *gshol mda’ ’dzin*, Skt. *īṣādhāra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## dhāraṇī gateway *gzungs kyi sgo*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmukha*, As a magical formula, a dhāraṇī constitutes a gateway to the infinite qualities of awakening, the awakened state itself, and the various forms of buddha activity. Also rendered here as “dhāraṇī door.” See also “dhāraṇī.” ## dhāraṇī gateways *gzungs kyi sgo*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmukha*, As a magical formula, a dhāraṇī constitutes a gateway to the infinite qualities of awakening, the awakened state itself, and the various forms of buddha activity. See also “dhāraṇī.” ## dhāraṇī intelligence *gzungs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmati*, The 101st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## dhāraṇī mantra *gzungs kyi sngags*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmantra*, A term for a magical spell or formula. ## Dhāraṇa *’dzin pa*, Skt. *dhāraṇa*, The name of an eon in the distant past where most of the events in The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra take place. ## Dhāraṇamati *gzungs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dhāraṇamati*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Dhāraṇīgarbha *sa’i snying po*, Skt. *dhāraṇīgarbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## dhāraṇīmati *gzungs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmati*, Lit. “dhāraṇī wisdom.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Dhāraṇī­mati *gzungs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­mati*, Lit. “Intelligence of Dhāraṇī.” ## ādhāramudrā *phyag rgya yongs su ’dzin pa*, Skt. *ādhāramudrā*, Lit. “fully held seal.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Dhāraṇī­mukha­sarva­jagat­praṇidhi­saṃdhāraṇa­garbha *gzungs kyi snying po yon tan gyi ’gro ba thams cad kyi smon lam yang dag par ’dzin pa’i snying po*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­mukha­sarva­jagat­praṇidhi­saṃdhāraṇa­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Dhāraṇī­saṃpraharṣaṇa­vikopita *gzungs kyis yang dag par rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­saṃpraharṣaṇavikopita*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Prasphulitakusuma­vairocana to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## dhāraṇī-seal *gzungs kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmudrā*, This is another term used for dhāraṇī that is meant to convey, among other meanings, the idea that a dhāraṇī seals or stamps upon the reciter or the targeted phenomenon the nature that it embodies. ## Dhāraṇī­śvara­rāja *gzungs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­śvara­rāja*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “King Among Lords of Dhāraṇīs.” ## Dhāraṇīśvararāja *gzungs kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­śvara­rāja*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja *gzungs kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po*, Skt. *dhāraṇīśvara­rāja*, The name of a Bodhisattva. The principal interlocutor of The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata, where he also gives a discourse of his own. ## Dhārma­vikurvaṇa­dhvaja­vega­śrī *chos kyi cho ’phrul rgyal mtshan shugs kyi dpal*, Skt. *dhārma­vikurvaṇa­dhvaja­vega­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Dhārmika *chos ldan*, Skt. *dhārmika*, The 666th buddha in the first list, 665th in the second list, and 657th in the third list. ## Dhruva *brtan*, Skt. *dhruva*, The king identified with Dhruvasena II of the Maitraka dynasty. ## Dhruvasena Skt. *dhruvasena*, The ruler of Magadha identified as Dhruvasena III. ## Dhṛtā *srung ma*, Skt. *dhṛtā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dhṛta A yakṣa. ## Dhṛtamatitejas *mos pa’i blo gros mnga’ ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *dhṛtamatitejas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Dhūtarajas *rdul rnam par bstsal ba*, Skt. *dhūtarajas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Dhṛtarāṣṭrā *yul ’khor srung ba ma*, Skt. *dhṛtarāṣṭrā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dhṛtarāṣṭra In this sūtra, a wheel-turning king in the past whose thousand sons vow to become the buddhas of this fortunate eon; also in this sūtra, used once seemingly to refer to the blind king in the Mahābhārata epic. Finally, although not used in this sūtra, the name of one of the Four Great Kings, the one who presides over the eastern quarter and rules over the gandharvas. ## Dhītika *blo ldan*, Skt. *dhītika*, Fifth in the apostolic succession that carried on the Buddha’s teachings after his parinirvāṇa. ## Dhṛtimati *mos pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *dhṛtimati*, “Steadfast Mind.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Dhṛtimān *mos ldan*, Skt. *dhṛtimān*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Dhṛtiparipūrṇa *mos pa rdzogs pa*, Skt. *dhṛtiparipūrṇa*, A bodhisattva in the distant future. ## Dhṛtisena *brtan pa’i sde*, Skt. *dhṛtisena*, A great bodhisattva and householder. ## Dhṛtivati *brtan ldan*, Skt. *dhṛtivati*, A town. ## Dhātrī *ma ma*, Skt. *dhātrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## dhātu *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, Often translated “element,” commonly in the context of the eighteen elements of sensory experience (the six sense faculties, their six respective objects, and the six sensory consciousnesses), although the term has a wide range of other meanings. Along with skandha and āyatana, one of the three major categories in the taxonomy of phenomena in the sūtra literature. ## dhātu (eighteen) *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, The six sensory objects, six sensory faculties, and six consciousnesses. ## Dhudhurī *spyod ngan ma*, Skt. *dhudhurī*, ‟Impetuous One,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Dhundhumāra *dhun du ma ra*, Skt. *dhundhumāra*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## dhutaguṇa *spyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhutaguṇa*, An optional set of practices that monastics can adopt in order to cultivate greater detachment. The list of practices varies in different sources. Common is a set of thirteen practices, which consist of (1) wearing patched robes made from discarded cloth rather than from cloth donated by laypeople, (2) wearing only three robes, (3) going for alms, (4) not omitting any house while on the alms round, rather than begging only at those houses known to provide good food, (5) eating only what can be eaten in one sitting, (6) eating only food received in the alms bowl, rather than more elaborate meals presented to the saṅgha, (7) refusing more food after indicating one has eaten enough, (8) dwelling in the forest, (9) dwelling at the root of a tree, (10) dwelling in the open air using only a tent made from one’s robes as shelter, (11) dwelling in a charnel ground, (12) being satisfied with whatever dwelling one has; and (13) sleeping in a sitting position, without ever lying down. ## Dhvaja *rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dhvaja*, One of the grahas. ## Dhvajaketu *rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *dhvajaketu*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector; in this text a guardian of the eastern direction. ## Dhvajarāja *rdo rje rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dhvajarāja*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Dhvajasaṃgraha *rgyal mtshan bsdus pa*, Skt. *dhvajasaṃgraha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Dhvajavatī *rgyal mtshan ldan pa*, Skt. *dhvajavatī*, One of the four goddesses who attended and kept guard over Prince Siddhārtha while he was in the womb of his mother. ## Dhvajāgra­keyūrā *rgyal mtshan mchog gi dpung rgyan ma*, Skt. *dhvajāgra­keyūrā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## dhvajāgra­keyūra *rgyal mtshan gyi rtse mo’i dpung rgyan*, Skt. *dhvajāgra­keyūra*, Lit. “trophy atop the victory banner.” Name of a meditative stabilization. (dpung rgyan renders keyūra. Khri pa has thog, perhaps for ketu. ## Dhvajāgrapradīpa *rgyal mtshan gyi rtse mo’i sgron ma*, Skt. *dhvajāgrapradīpa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Dhvajāgravatī *rgyal mtshan gyi dam pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *dhvajāgravatī*, A royal city in the distant past. ## Dhvajāgrākeyūra *mtha’ yas mu ma mchis pa dag*, Skt. *Dhvajāgrākeyūra*, A buddha realm that Prince Amigha makes an aspiration to enter. ## dhyāna Specific states of meditative stability related to the form and formless realms. Remaining in these meditative states can cause one to be reborn into these realms, and the states themselves also seem to have a spatial correlation to the form and formless realms. In this way there are eight progressive dhyānas: the first four correspond to the form realm and the latter correspond to the formless realms. ## Dhyānadrāhyāyaṇīya The name of a family lineage. ## Dhyānaga *bsam gtan ’gro*, Skt. *dhyānaga*, One of the rāśis. ## Dhyānarata *bsam gtan dgyes*, Skt. *dhyānarata*, The 274th buddha in the first list, 273rd in the second list, and 273rd in the third list. ## Dhyāyanandi *bsam bya dga’*, Skt. *dhyāyanandi*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dhyāyika *bsam byed*, Skt. *dhyāyika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dhyāyinī *sgom pa mo*, Skt. *dhyāyinī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Diśabheda­jñāna­prabha­ketu­mati *tha dad phyogs mkhyen ye shes blo gros*, Skt. *diśabheda­jñāna­prabha­ketu­mati*, The sixty-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Diśadeśā­mukha­jaga *phyogs yul ’gro ba mngon sum*, Skt. *diśadeśā­mukha­jaga*, The hundred-and-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## diamond *rdo rje*, Skt. *vajra*, Also translated here as “vajra” and “thunderbolt.” ## diamond-like samādhi *rdo rje lta bu’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *vajropama­samādhi*, A very high level of samādhi obtained during the last stages of the Buddhist path. ## Diśasaṃbhava *phyogs su yongs byung*, Skt. *diśasaṃbhava*, The thirteenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## ādibuddha *dang po’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *ādibuddha*, “Original” or “primordial” buddha, the personification of innate enlightenment. See Buswell and Lopez 2014, p. 17. ## dice player Someone who plays a game of dice. ## dichiliocosm *stong gnyis pa ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *dvisāhasra­lokadhātu*, A “twice thousandfold universe,” i.e., a millionfold universe, sometimes called a “second-order midsized-chiliocosm” (dvitīya­madhyama­sāhasra­loka­dhātu), consisting of a thousand chiliocosms (q.v.). ## Difficult to Bear *bzod dka’*, Skt. *bzod dka’*, A buddha. ## Difficult to Conquer The name of the fifth bodhisattva ground. ## Difficult to Conquer King of Radiance *rgyal bar dka’ ba’i ’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *durjayaprabharāja*, The name of an eon. ## Difficult to Follow *bsten dka’*, Buddha that uttered The Four Stanzas and dwells in the northeastern direction. See . ## Difficult to Master *shin tu sbyang dka’*, Skt. *sudurjayā*, The fifth bodhisattva bhūmi. ## diffusion of light rays *’od zer rab tu ’gyed pa*, Skt. *raśmipramukta*, The 14th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## digit of the moon *cha*, Skt. *kalā*, Digit of the moon refers to the light of a lightning. ## Digvairocana­mukuṭa *phyogs rnam par snang ba’i cod pan*, Skt. *digvairocana­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## digvilokita *phyogs la rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *digvilokita*, Lit. “seeing the directions.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Diśikā *sdo phod ma*, Skt. *diśikā*, A female slave of King Ikṣuvāku. ## diligence The fourth of the six perfections. Can also be translated as perseverance, effort, or vigor. A state of mind characterized by joyful persistence when engaging in any virtuous behavior of body, speech, or mind ## Diligence Attainer *brtson ’grus thob*, Skt. *brtson ’grus thob*, Attendant of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Diligence Gift *brtson ’grus byin*, Skt. *brtson ’grus byin*, Attendant of the buddha Ratna. ## diligent *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, Also translated here as “vigor.” ## Diligent Aspiration *brtson ’grus mos*, Skt. *brtson ’grus mos*, A bodhisattva-monk who was a previous incarnation of the Buddha. ## Diligent Intelligence *brtson ’grus blo gros*, Skt. *brtson ’grus blo gros*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Diligent Strength *stobs brtson*, Skt. *stobs brtson*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## dill *shu ti*, Skt. *śatapuṣpa*, Lit. “having one hundred flowers,” Monier-Williams notes this term is used in the Āyurvedic work Suśrutasaṃhitā to denote the plant Anethum sowa, also known as dill. ## Dilīpa *di lI pa*, Skt. *dilīpa*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Diśāmpati *phyogs dag*, Skt. *diśāmpati*, A nāga king. ## Dinadzya Temple *gtsug lag khang di na dzya*, Skt. *gtsug lag khang di na dzya*, A temple in Khotan. ## Dinaka *sbyin par byed pa*, Skt. *dinaka*, An ascetic statesman. ## Dinakara *nyin byed*, Skt. *dinakara*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## dinar *dong tse*, Skt. *dīnāra*, A gold coin of considerable value. ## Dinna *byin pa*, Skt. *dinna*, One of King Prasenajit’s two chief ministers in Śrāvastī. ## Diśāṃpati *phyogs kyi bdag po*, Skt. *diśāṃpati*, A certain king of the city of Pāṁśula who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. His son was Reṇu. ## direct encounter with the buddhas of the present *da ltar gyi sangs rgyas mngon sum du bzhugs pa*, Skt. *pratyutpannabuddhasaṃmukhāvasthita*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## direct words *drang tshig*, Skt. *vyaktapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## Directed Mind *phyogs sems ma*, Skt. *phyogs sems ma*, Mother of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Direction *phyogs*, Skt. *phyogs*, Direction (the course along which something moves or faces), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Directions see [ten directions](#ten-directions). ## Ādirājya *dang po’i rgyal srid*, Skt. *ādirājya*, A place in Śūrasena. ## disagreeable to the entire world *’jig rten thams cad dang mi ’thun pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­vipratyanīka*, The Buddha seems to have been well aware of the outcry some of his central teachings would provoke. In several discourses, he warns that whole world would be averse to (Skt. sarva­loka­vipratyanīka, Tib. ’jig rten thams cad dang mi ’thun pa) teachings such as no-self, emptiness, and dependent origination because they contradict some of the most deeply held assumptions people have about themselves and the world. ## discarded rags *phyag dar*, Skt. *saṃkāra*, An acceptable type of clothing for a Buddhist monk, as detailed in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section). ## Discarding the Wilderness *tshal ’dor*, Skt. *tshal ’dor*, Son of the buddha Aśokarāṣṭra. ## Discerned Through Discernment *rnam par ’byed pas rnam par phye ba*, Skt. *rnam par ’byed pas rnam par phye ba*, A buddha. ## discerning *nges par rtog pa*, Skt. *nirūpaṇā*, Mahāvyutpatti 7450. ## Discerning All Qualities *yon tan thams cad rnam par ’byed pa*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad rnam par ’byed pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Discerning Collocations *bsdu ba rnam ’byed*, Skt. *bsdu ba rnam ’byed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharma­pradīpacchatra (979 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## discerning knowledge *tha dad pa yang dag par shes pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvidā*, These are of four kinds and are also found in the Pali tradition and in the Mahāvastu of the Mahāsaṅghikas. They are listed in this sūtra as the discerning knowledge of phenomena, the discerning knowledge of meaning, the discerning knowledge of definitions, and the discerning knowledge of eloquence. ## Discerning Mind *rnam par ’byed blo*, Skt. *rnam par ’byed blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhavapuṣpa (972 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Discerning the Meaning *don dpyod*, Skt. *don dpyod*, Father of the buddha Pūjya. ## Discerning Vision *nges par brtags te blta ba*, Skt. *nges par brtags te blta ba*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## discernment *shes rab*, Skt. *prajñā*, In general, this is the mental factor of discerning the specific qualities of a given object and whether it should be accepted or rejected. As the sixth of the six perfections, also sometimes translated as wisdom or insight, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality. ## discernments *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Correct and unhindered discernment that is traditionally of four types: (1) discernment of phenomena (dharma); (2) discernment of meaning (artha); (3) discernment of linguistic analysis (nirukti); and (4) discernment in confident eloquence (pratibhāna). ## disciple *nyan thos*, Skt. *śrāvaka*, The Sanskrit term [śrāvaka](#śrāvaka), and the Tibetan nyan thos, both derived from the verb “to hear,” are usually defined as “those who hear the teaching from the [Buddha](#buddha) and make it heard to others.” Primarily this refers to those disciples of the [Buddha](#buddha) who aspire to attain the state of an [arhat](#arhat) seeking their own [liberation](#liberation) and [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa). They are the practitioners of the first turning of the [wheel](#wheel) of the [Dharma](#dharma) on the four noble truths, who realize the suffering inherent in [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) and focus on understanding that there is no independent self. By conquering afflicted mental states (kleśa), they liberate themselves, attaining first the stage of stream enterers at the [path of seeing](#path-of-seeing), followed by the stage of once-returners who will be reborn only one more time, and then the stage of non-returners who will no longer be reborn into the desire [realm](#realm). The final goal is to become an [arhat](#arhat). These four stages are also known as the “four results of spiritual practice.” ## disciplinary act *nan tur gyi las*, Skt. *praṇidhikarman*, A formal [act](#act) of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) requiring a [act whose fourth member is a motion](#act-whose-fourth-member-is-a-motion), meted out to a wayward monk or monks. There are five types: [act](#act)s of censure, chastening, expulsion, reconciliation, and suspension. ## discipline *tshul khrims*, Skt. *śīla*, Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. One of the six perfections of the bodhisattva. Also rendered here as “ethical rules” and “ethical discipline.” See also Alexander Csoma de Kőrös Translation Group, trans., The Dedication Fulfilling All Aspirations (Toh 285), note 6. ## Discipline of Liberation *thar pa’i brtul zhugs*, Skt. *thar pa’i brtul zhugs*, Mother of the buddha Matimat. ## Disciplined Charioteer of Beings A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## disciplines of mendicancy *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, Ascetic practices that are optional for monks and nuns or undertaken only for a defined time period. They are traditionally listed as being twelve in number: (1) wearing rags (pāṃśukūlika, phyag dar khrod pa), (2) (in the form of only) three religious robes (traicīvarika, chos gos gsum), (3) (coarse in texture as) garments of felt (nāma[n]tika, ’phyings pa pa), (4) eating by alms (paiṇḍapātika, bsod snyoms pa), (5) having a single mat to sit on (aikāsanika, stan gcig pa), (6) not eating after noon (khalu paścād bhaktika, zas phyis mi len pa), (7) living alone in the forest (āraṇyaka, dgon pa pa), (8) living at the base of a tree (vṛkṣamūlika, shing drungs pa), (9) living in the open (ābhyavakāśika, bla gab med pa), (10) frequenting cemeteries (śmāśānika, dur khrod pa), (11) sleeping sitting up (naiṣadika, cog bu pa), and (12) accepting whatever seating position is offered (yāthāsaṃstarika, gzhi ji bzhin pa); this last of the twelve is sometimes interpreted as not omitting any house on the almsround, i.e. regardless of any reception expected. Mahāvyutpatti, 1127-39. ## discourse *mdo sde*, Skt. *sūtra*, Usually refers to a discourse by the Buddha, sometimes to just a few sentences by the Buddha, or sometimes, when not referring to the words of the Buddha, any concise doctrinal statement. ## discourses *mdo’i sde*, Skt. *sūtravarga*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## Discovering and Attaining Calm Abiding *zhi gnas rnyed cing thob pa*, Skt. *zhi gnas rnyed cing thob pa*, Father of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## discriminating *bye brag ’byed pa*, Skt. *nitīraṇa*, Also rendered here as “distinguishing.” ## Discriminating Intellect *shin tu rnam par phye ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par phye ba’i blo gros*, One of the bodhisattvas who received from the Buddha a prophecy of his future awakening. ## discriminating knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, See “four types of discriminating knowledge.” ## discrimination *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Four specific types of discernment. The four ways in which a bodhisattva knows distinct features, characteristics, and states of phenomena: (1) discrimination of dharma (dharmapratisaṃvid, chos so so yang dag rig pa); (2) discrimination of things (arthapratisaṃvid, so so yang dag rig pa); (3) discrimination of expression (niruktipratisaṃvid, nges tshig so so yang dag rig pa); (4) discrimination of eloquence (pratibhāna pratisaṃvid, spobs pa so so yang dag rig pa) (Rigzin 288, with slight adjustments to terminology in translation). ## discriminations *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, The discrimination of dharma, the discrimination of things, the discrimination of expression, and the discrimination of eloquence. ## discriminative awareness *shes rab*, Skt. *prajñā*, Also translated here as “wisdom.” See glossary entry. ## discursive elaboration *spros pa*, Skt. *prapañca*, Also called “constructs,” “mental constructs,” “mental fabrication,” or “proliferations.” ## discursive thought *rtog pa*, Skt. *kalpanā*, The ordinary activity of the mental consciousness, also translated as conceptual thought. ## Disengaged from All Phenomena *chos thams cad dben par gnas pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad dben par gnas pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Disentangled Mode *’gros mi ’khyil*, Skt. *’gros mi ’khyil*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajrasaṃhata. ## disillusionment *yid ’byung ba*, Skt. *nirvid*, A sense of disenchantment and weariness with the world that is preliminary to seeking nirvāṇa. The Pali term is nibbidā. This can also carry a sense of disgust and revulsion or indifference towards the world of material things and sense pleasures. Connected with the term skyo ba (“dissatisfaction”). ## disintegration *rnam par ’thor ba*, Skt. *rnam par ’thor ba*, See . ## disk *dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *maṇḍala*, Also rendered in this sūtra as “maṇḍala.” ## disorder of vital energies *rlung*, Skt. *prāṇa*, Lit. “wind,” one of the four elements that constitute all matter, including the physical body, and one of the three primary humors (doṣas) in the Āyuvedic medical traditions. ## Dispeller of All Flaws *skyon rnams rab tu sel*, Skt. *skyon rnams rab tu sel*, Birthplace of the buddha Adoṣa. ## Dispeller of All Suffering *mya ngan thams cad sel mdzad*, Skt. *mya ngan thams cad sel mdzad*, A buddha. ## Dispeller of All the Darkness of Anguish *mya ngan gyi mun pa thams cad rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *mya ngan gyi mun pa thams cad rnam par sel ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Dispeller of Attacks *rgol ba bsal*, Skt. *rgol ba bsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Dispeller of Defilements *nyon mongs bsal*, Skt. *nyon mongs bsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa. ## Dispeller of Doubt *yid gnyis sel mdzad*, Skt. *yid gnyis sel mdzad*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vimatijaha (226 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Dispeller of Dullness *gti mug sel*, Skt. *gti mug sel*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Dispeller of Existence *srid pa sel*, Skt. *srid pa sel*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnaprabha. ## Dispeller of Flaws *skyon sel pa*, Skt. *skyon sel pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sujāta. ## Dispeller of Pain *mya ngan sel*, Skt. *mya ngan sel*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kusumanetra. ## Dispeller of Sadness *skyo med ’gyur bar mdzad*, Skt. *skyo med ’gyur bar mdzad*, A buddha. ## Dispeller of Suffering *sdug bsngal sel*, Skt. *sdug bsngal sel*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Satyakathin. ## Dispeller of the Affliction’s Disease *nyon mongs pa’i nad rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *kleśa­vyādhi­viṣkhambin*, A bodhisattva. ## Dispeller of the Darkness of Suffering *mya ngan mun pa sel ba*, Skt. *mya ngan mun pa sel ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Priyaṅgama (929 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## dispelling doubt *nem nur rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *vimativikiraṇa*, A meditative stability. ## dispelling of doubt *nem nur rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *vimativikiraṇa*, The 86th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## dispelling of the army of the four māras *bdud bzhi’i dpung sel ba*, Skt. *caturmāra­bala­vikiraṇa*, One of the meditative stabilities. ## Dispelling Suffering and Attaining Undauntedness *mya ngan sel ba bag tsha ba med pa thob pa*, Skt. *mya ngan sel ba bag tsha ba med pa thob pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## dispelling the army of the four māras *bdud bzhi’i dpung sel ba*, Skt. *caturmāra­bala­vikiraṇa*, A meditative stability. ## dispelling the defects of corporeality *lus kyi skyon yang dag par sel ba*, Skt. *kāya­kali­saṃpramathana*, A meditative stability. ## dispelling the defects of speech *ngag gi skyon yang dag par sel ba*, A meditative stability. ## dispelling the defects of the mind *yid kyi skyon yang dag par sel ba*, A meditative stability. ## Dispelling the Mass of Dense Darkness *mun pa dang mun nag gi tshogs bcom*, A world system in the southern direction, presently the realm of the buddha named King Who Is Superior Due to Freedom from Fear and Timidity in Any Activity Since First Generating the Mind of Awakening. ## Dispelling the Misery of Corporeality *lus kyi yang dag par sel ba*, Skt. *kāya­kali­saṃ­pra­mathana*, Name of the 109th meditative stability. ## dispersal *rnam par ’thor ba*, Skt. *vikiraṇa*, The 65th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Dispersal of All Bases of Rebirth [through Realization] *srid pa’i ’dam bu thams cad phung po med par rnam par ’thor ba*, Skt. *sarva­bhava­tala­vikiraṇa*, Name of the eighty-sixth meditative stability. ## Display of All Clouds *sprin kun du ston*, Skt. *sprin kun du ston*, A tathāgata. ## Display of Gems *rin po che sna tshogs bkod pa*, Skt. *nānā­ratna­vyūha*, A palace where Prince Siddhārtha stayed. ## Display of Incense *spos brtsegs*, Skt. *spos brtsegs*, A buddha realm. ## Display of Merit *bsod nams rnam ’phrul*, Skt. *bsod nams rnam ’phrul*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnatejas. ## display of the emanation of the buddha domain exactly as it is *sangs rgyas kyi yul rnam par sprul pa ji lta ba bzhin du yang dag par ston pa*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi yul rnam par sprul pa ji lta ba bzhin du yang dag par ston pa*, The name of a tathāgata absorption. ## display of the nonconceptuality of all phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par mi rtog pa bstan pa*, A meditative stability. ## display of the strength of bodhisattvas *chang chub sems dpa’i stobs nye bar ston pa*, Skt. *chang chub sems dpa’i stobs nye bar ston pa*, The name of a light. ## Displayer of All Forms of Acumen *spobs pa thams cad ston pa*, Skt. *spobs pa thams cad ston pa*, Mother of the buddha Jñānin. ## Displaying All Colors *kha dog thams cad ston pa*, Skt. *kha dog thams cad ston pa*, A nāga king. ## Displaying an Array of a Hundred Thousand Qualities *yon tan ’bum phrag bkod par snang ba*, Skt. *yon tan ’bum phrag bkod par snang ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Sulocana. ## Displaying Leonine Power *seng ge’i rtsal gyis bsgyings pa*, Skt. *seng ge’i rtsal gyis bsgyings pa*, A buddha from the south. ## Displaying Unperturbed Discipline in All Conduct *spyod lam thams cad kyis ’dul ba mi ’khrugs pa kun tu ston pa*, Skt. *spyod lam thams cad kyis ’dul ba mi ’khrugs pa kun tu ston pa*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## displays all forms *gzugs thams cad kun tu ston pa*, Skt. *gzugs thams cad kun tu ston pa*, An absorption. ## disposition of renunciation *rab tu byang ba’i dbyings*, Skt. *prahāṇadhātu*, See also . ## dissatisfaction *skyo ba*, Skt. *udvega*, A sense of distress or anxiety that gives rise to disillusionment and weariness with the world. Connected with the term yid ’byung ba (“disillusionment”). ## Dissimilar Eyes *mig mi ’thun pa*, Skt. *mig mi ’thun pa*, Son of the buddha Siṃhacandra. ## dissipation *rims ldang dub pa*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Dissolution (process of) *thim rim*, a succession of phenomena which occur at the moment of death: the dissolution of the elements, and the three experiences called [clarity, increase and attainment](#clarity-increase-and-attainment). ## distilling grain A grain used to make a mash for distilling alcohol. ## distilling root A root used to make a mash for distilling alcohol. ## distinct attributes of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *āveṇikabuddhadharma*, See “eighteen distinct attributes of a buddha.” ## Distinct Fame *grags pa ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *grags pa ma ’dres pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhapārśva. ## distinct qualities of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *āveṇika­buddha­dharma*, There are eighteen such qualities unique to a buddha, which consist of ten powers, four fearlessnesses, three mindfulnesses, and great compassion. ## distinct qualities of the buddhas *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *aveṇika­buddha­dharma*, See “eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas.” ## Distinctive Attainment *khyad par thob*, Skt. *khyad par thob*, Mother of the buddha Anuddhata. ## distinctly ascertaining the meanings *don rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *arthaviniścaya*, The Nibandhana commentary explains the term arthaviniścaya twice. It first states, “ ‘Distinctly ascertaining the meanings’ means classifying/analyzing the dharmas” (arthānāṁ viniścayo dharmāṇāṁ pravicayaḥ, Samtani 1971, p. 73). This interpretation equates arthaviniścaya with the key term dharma­pravicaya (“classifying the dharmas”), a synonym of “higher cognition” (prajñā), “special insight” (vipaśyanā), and, importantly, abhidharma. The second explanation is slightly more elaborate: “For sentient beings, by listening to this, there is an ascertainment of the meaning/purpose in manifold ways; thus, this is a name wherein the meaning corresponds” (arthasya vividhākāreṇa niścayo bhavaty etat-śravaṇāt sattvānām ity anugatārthā saṁjñā, Samtani 1971, p. 83). Samtani (1971, p. 57ff.) argues against taking the word artha to here signify “meaning(s),” and suggests instead that it should be understood as “topic,” “subject matter,” or “category”; thus, while Ferrari’s previous rendering would translate into English as “the determination of the meaning” (“la determinazione del significato,” Ferrari 1944, p. 588) and match our own preference, his own translation of arthaviniścaya is “compendium of categories” (Samtani 2002, p. 3). Bhikkhu Ānandajoti prefers “analysis of the topics” (Ānandajoti 2016, front cover), which also matches Norman’s preference (“analysis of the (Buddhist) topics,” Norman 1973, p. 677). While we do not think that translating as either “category” or “topic” is, per se, wrong (for, one could say, the two senses of artha as “topic” and artha as “meaning” are somewhat overlapping), the arguments offered by Samtani do not entirely convince us. One of his arguments is that dharma = “category,” and therefore, since the commentary tells us that artha = dharma, it follows that artha is a category; here our difficulty is with the premise, since we believe that here dharma means “entity” rather “category,” and indeed dharmas as entities are meanings/referents as opposed to words (śabda). Another argument adduced by Samtani is based on his interpretation of a quote from Yaśomitra, where artha is equated with viṣaya, which in turn Samtani explains as “subject matter.” However, we think that the context of that passage (Wogihara 1989, p. 23) rather strongly suggests that it is not explaining the word artha as meaning “subject matter” but rather as “object,” i.e., viṣaya as “domain,” here in the sense of the domain of sensory activity of one of the five sense faculties. Yaśomitra is here explaining the term artha appearing in the expression “objects of the sense faculties” (indriyārthāḥ, Abhidharma­kośa­kārikā 1.9). Furthermore, we are not entirely sure that the sense of artha in the two explanations offered by the Nibandhana is exactly the same; we think that in the second explanation it is quite possible that artha (in the singular, unlike in the first interpretation) also, or maybe even primarily, carries the sense of “purpose” or “goal” (one could say “what is meaningful,” with a bit of a stretch). It is also quite likely that different nuances of the sense of artha are implied in the commentary, which is a virtue rather than a defect in Sanskrit writing (as we understand it). We opted for “meaning” for the following reasons: it has a somewhat more vague/less specified feel (to us; “ascertaining the topics” could well mean ascertaining which topics are there (rather than, in fact, ascertaining their meanings); and, also taking into account other passages where the term arthaviniścaya occurs, we think it desirable to retain at least a suggestion of the opposition between “word” versus “meaning” (śabda vs. artha), which is of crucial importance in the Buddhist tradition (“relying on the meaning rather than on the words” is one of the four reliances (pratiśaraṇa); “relying on the topics” or “on the categories” may not sound too far from “relying on the words,” let alone be its opposite. Thus, “meaning/meaningful/purpose/what has purpose” is the range of meanings that we primarily read in the artha appearing in the expression arthaviniścaya. The following passages use the term arthaviniścaya in contexts that are different from our sūtra, and thus we do not claim that any of them, or even all of them taken together, should lead to a conclusive ascertainment of the meaning of artha. However, we think they may clarify our purpose in using “meaning”: “The awareness of all sounds of speech; the awareness of the etymological explanations; the awareness of the distinct ascertainment of the meaning/what is meaningful/what is of benefit; the avoidance of what is not of benefit/what is meaningless” (sarva­ruta­jñānaṃ | nirukti­vyavasthāna­jñānaṃ | artha­viniścaya­jñānaṃ | anartha­vivarjanaṁ, Samādhi­rāja­sūtra 37.27; Dutt 1941, p. 18). “He sets aside the incoherent meaning/unconnected purpose; he is very certain in respect to the distinct ascertainment of the meanings/purposes” (asaṃsaktam artham uddharati suviniścito bhavati artha­viniścaye, Śayanāsana­vastu, Gnoli 1978b, p. 45). “This is a negation of the word-meaning; the real thing is not set aside. In this way, the distinct ascertainment of the meaning should also be understood in respect to other sentences” (śabdārtha­pratiṣedho 'yaṃ na vastu vinivāryate | evam anyeṣv api jñeyo vākyeṣv artha­viniścayaḥ, Prajñā­pāramitā­piṇḍārthaḥ of Dignāga, Tucci 1947, p. 58; Tucci here translates artha­viniścayaḥ as “determination of the things,” p. 65). “What is the distinct ascertainment of the meaning? It is where there is a distinct ascertainment in respect to six meanings. Which six meanings? The meaning of own-being, the meaning of cause, the meaning of result, the meaning of karma, the meaning of yoga, and the meaning of occurrence” (artha­viniścayaḥ katamaḥ| yatra ṣaḍ­arthān ārabhya viniścayo bhavati || katame ṣaḍ arthāḥ | svabhāvārthaḥ hetvarthaḥ phalārthaḥ karmārthaḥ yogārthaḥ vṛttyarthaś ca, Abhidharma­samuccaya, Hayashima 2003, p. 858). ## Distinguished *khyad par ’phags pa*, Skt. *khyad par ’phags pa*, Distinguished (eminent; standing out), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anuddhata. ## distinguished by the unconditioned *’dus ma byas kyis rab tu phye ba*, Skt. *asaṃskṛta­prabhāvita*, This phrase occurs throughout a number of Perfection of Wisdom discourses and several other sūtras (Apple 2014). See, for example, the Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā §7 (Harrison 2006, p. 145). ## Distinguished in Many Colorful Ways *bkra ba sna tshogs kyis phye ba*, Skt. *nānā­bhakta­vicitrā*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Distinguished Intelligence *blo gros khyad par*, Skt. *blo gros khyad par*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmavāsa (422 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Distinguished Mind *khyad par sems*, Skt. *khyad par sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhavāntadarśin (128 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Distinguished Supreme Melody *dbyangs mchog khyad par ’phags pa*, Skt. *dbyangs mchog khyad par ’phags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mokṣadhvaja. ## Distinguished World *’jig rten khyad par ’phags*, Skt. *’jig rten khyad par ’phags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anuddhata. ## distinguishing *bye brag ’byed pa*, Skt. *nitīraṇa*, Also rendered here as “discriminating.” ## Distinguishing, clear decision and self-liberation *shan 'byed*, *la bzla*, *rand grol*, three essential points in the Trekchö meditation. Usually they are explained only during the transmission of [Great Perfection](#great-perfection) teachings by a qualified [Lama](#lama). ## distinguishing mark *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, A mark or feature of an object which serves as the basis for its being generically named and thus conceptually categorized. A distinguishing mark is usually imagined rather than being a real attribute of the object, and perception that operates by identifying distinguishing marks is therefore what defines coarse conceptuality. In some contexts (particularly with respect to meditative concentration practices), nimitta can be translated as “mental image.” Also translated in this text as “sign.” ## distinguishing the terms associated with all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi tshig rab tu ’byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­pada­prabheda*, The 66th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## distorting influences *dri ma*, Skt. *mala*, Lit. “smell,” “scent,” “stain.” ## Distractor *g.yeng byed*, Skt. *g.yeng byed*, Distractor (one who diverts attention), also the name of a “ruler of the world” who belongs to the class of the māras. ## distress *nyon mongs*, Skt. *nyon mongs*, Here in Transformation of Karma Tibetan nyon mongs pa is an old Tibetan expression for sdug bsngal ba (see Rnam rgyal tshe ring 2001, s.v. nyon mongs pa) and is used in the senses of to afflict, distress, to cause someone (mental) pain or suffering; distressing; (living in) distress (n.). ## Distributed Wisdom *ye shes rnam par ’thor*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par ’thor*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## district town A town situated in the foothills at the entrance of a valley, where it functions as the district headquarters of the surrounding villages. ## disturbances In different sūtras, the term rnyog pa refers to different sets of problems that beset those on the path. A possible referent here is the set of four (“four kinds of stain”) found in Cultivating Trust in the Great Vehicle (Toh 144, ) namely, anger (khong khro), lack of trust (yid mi ches), hatred (sdang ba), and doubt (the tshom). ## Disturber of Thorns *tsher ma dkrugs pa*, Skt. *tsher ma dkrugs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍita (779 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## disturbing emotion *nyon mongs*, Skt. *kleśa*, See “affliction.” ## Diti The name of a muhūrta. ## Āditya *nyi ma*, Skt. *āditya*, In the Vedas, the name originally meant “child of Aditi” so that in some texts it refers to a group of deities. However, in the Kāraṇḍavyūha it has the later meaning of being synonymous with Surya, the deity of the sun. It was translated into Tibetan simply as the common word for sun. ## Āditya­garbha­prabha­megha­rāja *nyi ma’i snying po ’od sprin rgyal po*, Skt. *āditya­garbha­prabha­megha­rāja*, “The King of Clouds of the Light of the Essence of the Sun.” The name of the precious jewel of a cakravartin in the distant past. ## Ādityaprabhāva *nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *ādityaprabhāva*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ādityarāja *nyi ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ādityarāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Āditya­saṃbhava *nyi ma’i ’byung*, Skt. *āditya­saṃbhava*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Ādityasomā *nyi zla*, Skt. *ādityasomā*, The eastern realm where the sixth son of King Araṇemin will become a buddha. ## Āditya­tejas *nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *āditya­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Divaṃkara *lha byed*, Skt. *divaṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Divasacarā *nyin mo rgyu*, Skt. *divasacarā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Divaukasa *lha gnas*, Skt. *divaukasa*, A yakṣa, attendant of King Māndhātṛ. ## diver *rkyal chen*, Skt. *kaivarta*, A member of an oceangoing ship’s crew whose job was to dive for pearls. Can also mean “fisherman.” ## Diverse *sna tshogs can*, Skt. *sna tshogs can*, Diverse (showing much variety), also the name of the son of the buddha Śāntimati. ## Diverse Beauty *sna tshogs mdzes*, Skt. *sna tshogs mdzes*, Birthplace of the buddha Atula­pratibhāna­rāja. ## Diverse Flowers *me tog sna tshogs*, Skt. *me tog sna tshogs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prasanna (946 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Diverse Force *sna tshogs sde*, Skt. *sna tshogs sde*, A great bodhisattva. ## Diverse Forces *sna tshogs sde*, Skt. *sna tshogs sde*, Son of the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa. ## Diverse Intelligence *blo gros sna tshogs*, Skt. *blo gros sna tshogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vilocana. ## Diverse Light *sna tshogs ’od*, Skt. *sna tshogs ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Meruprabha (873 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Diverse Melody *sna tshogs dbyangs*, Skt. *sna tshogs dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṣatriya (653 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Diverse Mind *sna tshogs sems*, Skt. *sna tshogs sems*, Son of the buddha Yaśoratna. ## Diverse Movements *rnam pa du mar ’gro ba*, Skt. *rnam pa du mar ’gro ba*, A forest in Continuous Movement. ## Diverse Regent *rgyal tshab sna tshogs*, Skt. *rgyal tshab sna tshogs*, A buddha realm. ## Diverse Ripening *rnam smin sna tshogs*, Skt. *rnam smin sna tshogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sāra. ## Diverse Teaching *sna tshogs gsung ba*, Skt. *sna tshogs gsung ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharaṇīśvara (195 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Diversely Abiding Truth *bden pa ci yi gnas pa*, Skt. *bden pa ci yi gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmacandra. ## Diversity *sna tshogs*, Skt. *sna tshogs*, Diversity (the state of being varied), also the name of (1) a realm of the ever-infatuated gods. (2) A river in Dwelling on Summits. ## Divideva *’dod pa’i lha*, Skt. *divideva*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Divine *lha*, Skt. *lha*, Divine (of or relating to a god; heavenly), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Ratnapradatta. ## Divine Action *lha byed*, Skt. *lha byed*, Son of the buddha Akṣobhya. ## Divine Aggregates *lha’i phung po*, Skt. *lha’i phung po*, The bodhisattva who resides at a place called Stūpa. ## divine ambrosia *lha’i bdud rtsi*, Skt. *devāmṛta*, A divine nectar, panacea against death. ## Divine Array *lha’i bkod pa*, Skt. *lha’i bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnavyūha. ## Divine Awakening *lha’i byang chub*, Skt. *lha’i byang chub*, Attendant of the buddha Varabodhigati. ## Divine Banner *lha yi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *lha yi rgyal mtshan*, Mother of the buddha Ṛṣiprasanna. ## Divine Beauty *lha mdzes*, Skt. *lha mdzes*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prāmodyarāja. ## divine being In Sanskrit and Pali, devatā is an abstract noun referring to divine beings, “the state of being a deity.” Any being who is worshiped or to whom offerings are made may be called a devatā. Therefore, the term can encompass not only the gods (deva) of the higher heavenly realms (devaloka), but also any earthly forces, spirits, animals, or any beings, including religious mendicants, who are the objects of worship. Often it refers simply to the gods (Skt. deva, Tib. lha) of the higher realms. ## Divine Birth *lhas btsa’*, Skt. *lhas btsa’*, Nāga King Sāgara in a previous life as a universal monarch in the world to the east called Pure View. ## Divine Bliss *lha bde*, Skt. *lha bde*, Father of the buddha Dīptatejas. ## Divine Body *lha lus*, Skt. *lha lus*, Father of the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa. ## Divine Brahmā *tshangs lha*, Skt. *tshangs lha*, Father of the buddha Anupamaśrī. ## Divine Clarity *lha gsal*, Skt. *lha gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sumedhas (346 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Crown *lha’i cod pan*, Skt. *lha’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Divine Dharma *lha chos*, Skt. *lha chos*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Divine Endowment *lha ldan*, Skt. *lha ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Vimalarāja. ## Divine Excellence *lha bzang*, Skt. *lha bzang*, A bodhisattva who appears in The Teaching by the Child Inconceivable Radiance. ## divine eye One of the six superknowledges and the second of the five eyes. This is the supernormal ability to see to an unlimited distance, observe events on other worlds, see through mountains, and so forth. The five eyes are five superior levels of vision experienced by realized beings, the other four being the physical eye (māṃsacakṣus), the wisdom eye (prajñācakṣus), the Dharma eye (dharmacakṣus), and the buddha eye (buddhacakṣus). ## divine eyesight Superhuman eyesight, one of the five or six supernormal faculties possessed by the gods, as well as by buddhas and some advanced disciples, bodhisattvas, and other superhuman beings. ## Divine Faith *lha dad*, Skt. *lha dad*, Birthplace of the buddha Marutpūjita. ## Divine Fame *lha grags*, Skt. *lha grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Druma. ## Divine Flower *lha yi me tog*, Skt. *lha yi me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vighuṣṭaśabda (504 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Friend *bshes gnyen lha*, Skt. *bshes gnyen lha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Divine Gift *lha sbyin*, Skt. *lha sbyin*, Attendant of the buddha Satyaketu. ## divine hearing *lha’i rna ba*, Skt. *divyaśrotra*, Clairaudience, i.e., the sublime ability to understand all languages and listen to them whether they are nearby or far away. This is the second of the six (or sometimes five) superknowledges (ṣaḍabhijñā). ## Divine Horse Master *rta dbang lha*, Skt. *rta dbang lha*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmadeva. ## Divine Human *lha mi*, Skt. *lha mi*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## Divine Illumination *snang bar byed pa’i lha*, Skt. *snang bar byed pa’i lha*, Birthplace of the buddha Candrānana. ## Divine Intelligence *lha yi blo gros*, Skt. *lha yi blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Lokapriya. ## Divine Joy *lha dga’*, Skt. *lha dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Asaṅgakīrti (621 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine King *lha’i rgyal po*, Skt. *lha’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnacūḍa. ## Divine King of Brahmā’s Splendor *tshangs pa’i dpal lha’i rgyal po*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dpal lha’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Divine Lady *lha yi dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *lha yi dbang phyug ma*, Mother of the buddha Parvatendra. ## Divine Lamp *lha’i sgron ma*, Skt. *lha’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigataśoka. ## Divine Land *lha’i yul ’khor*, Skt. *lha’i yul ’khor*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇendradeva. ## Divine Leader *skye dbang lha*, Skt. *skye dbang lha*, Son of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Divine Light *lha’i ’od*, Skt. *lha’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vāsava. ## Divine Light Rays *lha’i ’od zer*, Skt. *lha’i ’od zer*, Mother of the buddha Amohavihārin. ## Divine Lord *lha bdag*, Skt. *lha bdag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmā. ## Divine Lotus *lha yi pad ma*, Skt. *lha yi pad ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pūrṇacandra (505 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## divine maiden *lha’i bu mo*, Skt. *apsarā*, Female divine being. The Sanskrit literally means “going in the waters or between the waters of the clouds.” ## Divine Manifestation *lhas sprul pa*, Skt. *lhas sprul pa*, A world system. ## Divine Melody *lha yi dbyangs*, Skt. *lha yi dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇarāśi (751 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Messenger *lha’i pho nya*, Skt. *lha’i pho nya*, Birthplace of the buddha Adbhutayaśas. ## Divine Mind *lha sems*, Skt. *lha sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sarvatejas. ## Divine Miracle *lha yi rdzu ’phrul*, Skt. *lha yi rdzu ’phrul*, Father of the buddha Guṇarāśi. ## Divine Moon *lha yi zla ba*, Skt. *lha yi zla ba*, Mother of the buddha Marudadhipa. ## Divine Mound *lha brtsegs*, Skt. *lha brtsegs*, Birthplace of the buddha Abhyudgata. ## divine māra *lha’i bdud*, Skt. *devamāra*, One of four māras or demonic forces that hinder progress on the path. ## Divine Nectar *lha’i bdud rtsi*, Skt. *lha’i bdud rtsi*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candraprabha. ## Divine Parasol *lha yi gdugs*, Skt. *lha yi gdugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānasūrya (256 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Perception *lha’i tshul gyis lta ba*, Skt. *lha’i tshul gyis lta ba*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## divine priest *mdun na ’don*, Skt. *purohita*, A traditional Vedic priest. ## Divine Purity *phyogs lha*, Skt. *phyogs lha*, Mother of the buddha Lokottara. ## Divine Radiance *lha yi ’od zer*, Skt. *lha yi ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāraśmi (371 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Rāhu *sgra gcan lha*, Skt. *sgra gcan lha*, Father of the buddha Duṣpradharṣa. ## Divine Ruler *lha yi bdag po*, Skt. *lha yi bdag po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Uttīrṇaśoka (926 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Sage *drang srong lha*, Skt. *drang srong lha*, Father of the buddha Asthita. ## divine sight *lha’i mig*, Skt. *divyacakṣus*, Clairvoyance, i.e., the ability to see all forms whether they are near or far, subtle or gross; also the ability to see the births and deaths of sentient beings. This is the first of the six (or sometimes five) superknowledges (ṣaḍabhijñā). ## Divine Son A title used for the emperors of the Tibetan imperial period. ## divine sons of Māra’s family *bdud kyi ris kyi lha’i bu*, Skt. *devaputra-māra*, Devaputra-māra is one of the four forms of Māra and refers to the god of the sensuous realm, the personification of desire and temptation, who attempted to prevent the Buddha from attaining liberation. Here it refers to the deities ruled over by Māra in his realm. ## Divine Splendor *lha’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *lha’i gzi brjid*, Father of the buddha Vimalaprabha. ## Divine Stūpa *lha yi mchod rten*, Skt. *lha yi mchod rten*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthitamitra (414 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Divine Sun *lha’i nyi ma*, Skt. *lha’i nyi ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vyūharāja. ## Divine Trees *lha shing gi nags*, Skt. *lha shing gi nags*, A forest on Forest Garlands. ## Divine Truth *bdud rtsi’i grags*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i grags*, Son of the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka. ## divine voice of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmasvaratā*, Twenty-fifth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Divine Wisdom *lha’i ye shes*, Skt. *lha’i ye shes*, Son of the buddha Prāṇītajñāna. ## Divine Wish *lha ’dod*, Skt. *lha ’dod*, Father of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Divine Worship *lha mchod ma*, Skt. *lha mchod ma*, Mother of the buddha Ratnābhacandra. ## Divine Worthy One *dgra bcom lha*, Skt. *dgra bcom lha*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūkṣmabuddhi. ## Divine Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs lha*, Skt. *brtul zhugs lha*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sukhita. ## divine youth *gzhon nu*, Skt. *kumāra*, See “kumāra.” ## divinely mandated Here the “divine mandate” or “mandate of heaven” (天命) refers to the political and religious concept used in China to characterize the divine right to rule of emperors. ## Divinity *lha*, Skt. *lha*, Divinity (a god or divine nature), also the name of a son of the buddha Suśītala. ## divisive speech *phra ma*, Skt. *paiśunyavāda*, The fifth of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## divisive talk *phra ma*, Skt. *piśuna*, The second among the four verbal misdeeds. ## Divākara *nyin mdzad*, Skt. *divākara*, A buddha. ## Divākaramukhī Skt. *divākaramukhī*, ‟Sun Faced,” one of the six kinnara queens. ## Divyā *rtse ba ma*, Skt. *divyā*, “Divine”; one of the subtle channels in the body. ## Divya *lha*, Skt. *divya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Divyamauli *lha’i cod pan*, Skt. *divyamauli*, Name of a bodhisattva. Main interlocutor of the king of the kinnaras in the sūtra The Questions of the Kinnara King Druma. ## Dākṣāyaṇī *shes nyen can gyi bu mo*, Skt. *dākṣāyaṇī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Dāmacitra *chun po sna tshogs*, Skt. *dāmacitra*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Dāmaka *phreng ba can*, Skt. *dāmaka*, A member of the audience in this sūtra. ## Dānaśīla *dA na shI la*, Skt. *dānaśīla*, An Indian preceptor from Kashmir who was resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. He translated many texts in the Kangyur in collaboration with Yeshé Dé. ## Dānaprabha *sbyin ’od*, Skt. *dānaprabha*, The 340th buddha in the first list, 339th in the second list, and 334th in the third list. ## dānava *gsod ’phrog*, Skt. *dānava*, A class of beings, literally, in Sanskrit, “the sons of Danu.” They are enemies of the devas and often associated with the asuras. Under the leadership of Bali, they took over the world, creating a golden age, until they were tricked by Viṣṇu in the form of a brahmin dwarf. A version of that legend is described in a prominent passage in the Kāraṇḍa­vyūha Sūtra ( The Basket’s Display , Toh 116), the principal Avalokiteśvara sūtra. ## Dānavendrāntaś­cara *lha ma yin gyi dbang po’i nang spyod*, Skt. *dānavendrāntaś­cara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Dānta *dul ba*, Skt. *dānta*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## do not consider *yang dag par rjes su mi mthong ba*, Skt. *na sam­anu­paśyati*, Also translated here as “disregard.” ## do not degenerate in their liberation, nor do they degenerate in their seeing the wisdom of liberation *rnam par grol ba yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’o/ /rnam par grol ba’i ye shes gzigs pa yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’o/*, Skt. *nāsti vimuktihāniḥ nāsti vimukti­jñāna­darśanahāniḥ*, Twelfth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not degenerate in their liberation, nor in their perception of liberating gnosis *rnam par grol ba nyams pa med pa’am rnam par grol ba’i ye shes mthong ba nyams pa med pa*, Skt. *nāsti vi­mukti­hāniḥ nāsti vi­mukti­jñāna­darśana­hāniḥ*, Twelfth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not degenerate in their meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti samādhihāniḥ*, Tenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not degenerate in their perseverance *brtson ’grus yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti viryahāniḥ*, Eighth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not degenerate in their recollection *dgongs pa yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti smṛtihāniḥ*, Ninth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not degenerate in their resolution *mos pa yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti cchandahāniḥ*, Seventh of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not degenerate in their wisdom *shes rab yongs su nyams pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti prajñāhāniḥ*, Eleventh of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## do not forsake their spiritual mentors *dge ba’i bshes gnyen yongs su mi gtang ba*, In this sūtra, the third of the ten factors that lead to awakening. ## doctrinal sūtra *chos kyi rnam grangs*, Skt. *dharma­paryāya*, Also translated here as “scriptural categories.” ## doctrinal synopsis *chos kyi rnam grangs*, Skt. *dharmaparyāya*, Here referring to the dhāraṇī enshrined in a stūpa, the term is understood to refer to a condensed digest of the Buddha’s doctrine. ## Doer of Good *bzang byed ma*, Skt. *bzang byed ma*, Mother of the buddha Vigata­mohārtha­cintin. ## does not diminish, nor does it increase *’bri ba ma yin/ ’phel ba ma yin*, Skt. *anūnatvāpūrṇatva*, Also translated as “non-decrease and non-increase.” See . ## does what needs to be done *bya ba byed pa*, Skt. *kārākāra*, A meditative stability. ## Dohā a song in which a [siddha](#siddha) (for example, [Saraha](#saraha) or [Virūpa](#virūpa)) expresses his or her realization. ## Doing Good *bzang po byed*, Skt. *bzang po byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Subhadra. ## Dokham Eastern Tibet. ## domain of Māra *bdud kyi ris*, Skt. *mārakāya*, The gods ruled over by Māra. ## domain of the Lord of Death *gshin rje’i yul*, Skt. *yamaloka*, See “world of the Lord of Death.” ## domain of truth *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, The expanse of phenomena, the sphere of ultimate reality. ## domains of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhibhvāyatana*, See Buswell & Lopez 2014, p. 2. ## domains of totality *zad par gyi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, This term corresponds to the kasiṇa of the Pāli tradition, a visualization object is used as a support for the totality of the meditator’s attention. ## Domicile of Ghosts *’byung po’i khyim*, Name of place in the Adumā region. ## Dominant Movement *dregs ’gro*, Skt. *dregs ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Caitraka. ## Done with Certainty *nges pas byas*, Skt. *nges pas byas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suyajña. ## Dong The people of the Apo Dong clan are said to have originated from Minyak (mi nyag), an ancient empire known to the Mongols as Tangut and to the Chinese as Xixia. According to The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet, they are known for possessing great might and hence for being rulers. Their element is earth, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the deer. ## Donkey Grove *bong bu’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *bong bu’i kun dga’ ra ba*, A monastery visited by the monk Lotus Color during his trip to Mathurā. ## Donkey-Riding Great Revatī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Donkey’s Bray *bod skad can*, Skt. *bod skad can*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## donned the great cuirass A common epithet of bodhisattvas; the cuirasses are various qualities they have acquired. ## Donning Courage *spa gos*, Skt. *spa gos*, Attendant of the buddha Vidvat. ## Donning the Armor *go bgos*, Skt. *go bgos*, Son of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## Donning the Armor of Firm Diligence *brtson ’grus brtan po’i go bgos pa*, Skt. *brtson ’grus brtan po’i go bgos pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gautama. ## doob grass *dUr ba*, Skt. *dūrvā*, Cynodon dactylon. ## door guardians *sgo skyong*, Skt. *dvārapāla*, The deities who are visualized standing in and thus guarding the doors of a given maṇḍala. ## door of the Dharma *chos kyi sgo*, Skt. *dharmamukha*, See “Dharma-door.” ## door to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣamukha*, There are three doors to liberation: emptiness, featurelessness, and aspirationlessness. ## doorkeeper The Sanskrit dauvārika is also the name of a people mentioned in the Mahābhārata (II 52,18). ## doors of liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣamukha*, A set of three points associated with the nature of reality that when contemplated and integrated lead to liberation. The three are emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness. ## doors to liberation *rnam par thar pa*, Skt. *vimokṣa*, There are three doors to liberation: emptiness, the absence of characteristics, and the absence of aspiration. ## Doorway *sgo ldan*, Skt. *sgo ldan*, Doorway (an entrance fitted with a door), also the name of a buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Supreme Wisdom attains buddhahood as the tathāgata Supreme Sun of Bliss. ## doorways to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣamukha*, Emptiness, absence of attributes, and absence of aspiration. ## Dorjé Drak *rdo rje grags*, The accomplished translator and tantric master Ra Lotsāwa Dorjé Drakpa (rwa lo tsA ba rdo rje grags pa, c. 1016–1128) who is credited with having established the dmar nag ’jigs gsum “The three [cycles] of red [Yamāri], black [Yamāri], and [Vajra-]Terrifier,” and particularly the third, in Tibet. Ralo, as he is often called, was notorious as a tantric sorcerer who used black magic and his yogic powers attained through Vajrabhairava practice to overcome and even kill some of his opponents. His biography, written by his grandnephew Ra Yeshé Sengé (rwa ye shes seng ge), flourished c. 1150 ce), is translated in Cuevas 2015. The colophon of The Tantra of Black Yamāri dates that he was the editor who last revised the translation from Sanskrit. ## Dorjé Lhundrup One of the three sons of the fourth Degé king. ## Dotö The region of Dotö, or “upper Do” usually refers to the Kham (khams) region of eastern Tibet. ## Double Pleasure *gnyis shing rtse ba*, Skt. *gnyis shing rtse ba*, The city of the asura king Kaṇṭhamāla. ## double vajra *sna tshogs rdo rje*, Skt. *viśvavajra*, Two crossed vajras. ## doubt *the tshom*, Skt. *vicikitsā*, Fifth of the five obscurations; second of the three fetters; and fifth of the five fetters associated with the lower realms. ## Doubt Dispeller *the tshom sel*, Skt. *the tshom sel*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyatejas. ## doubtless entry to the correct understanding *so so yang dag par rig pa nges pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvinniścayāvatārā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Downfall *ltung ba*, "a fault due to the [transgression](#transgression) of a rule (monastic or other)." DICT. ## downy datura *dhu tu ra*, Skt. *dhustura*, Datura metel. ## downy jasmine *kun da*, Skt. *kunda*, Jasminum multiflorum according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Dīpā *mar me*, Skt. *dīpā*, The offering goddess of light or lamps. ## Dīpa *mar me*, Skt. *dīpa*, King who reigned in the palace Dīpavatī, during the time of Buddha Dīpaṃkara, two incalculable eons before Buddha Śākyamuni’s day. ## Dīpahasta A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. The name is a reconstructed guess based on the next name in the passage which is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. Could be Dīpapāṇi, too. ## Dīpaṁkara *mar me mdzad*, Skt. *dīpaṁkara*, A thus-gone one of a previous eon who is famous for having issued the prophecy of Śākyamuni’s awakening as a Buddha. ## Dīpaṃkara [Atiśa's](#atīśa) ordination name. ## Dīpaṅkara *mar me mdzad pa*, Skt. *dīpaṅkara*, Dīpaṅkara is a buddha of the past said to have lived one hundred thousand years before Śākyamuni. In depictions of the buddhas of the three times, he represents the buddha of the past, while Śākyamuni represents the present, and Maitreya represents the future. ## Dīpaṃkara Śrījñāna The Indian master Atiśa Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna (982–1054) is renowned in the history of Tibetan Buddhism for coming to Tibet and revitalizing Buddhism there during the middle of the eleventh century. Also known as Atiśa. ## Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna *dI paM ka ra shrI dz+nyA na*, Skt. *dīpaṅkara­śrījñāna*, A famous Bengali Buddhist tantric master and scholar who visited Tibet from 1042–54. He is also known as Atīśa. His disciples established the Kadampa (bka’ gdams pa) tradition whose teachings were later absorbed into main schools of Tibetan Buddhism, such as the Geluk and the Kagyü schools. ## Dīpapati *mar me’i bdag po*, Skt. *dīpapati*, The brahmin attendant of King Jitaśatru who gave him half his kingdom. During the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara. ## Dīpaprabha *mar me mdzad*, Skt. *dīpaprabha*, A previous buddha in the distant past. ## Dīpaśrī *mar me’i dpal*, Skt. *dīpaśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Dīpavatī *mar me ldan*, Skt. *dīpavatī*, The name of the capital city of Dīpaṃkara (Edgerton 265.1); the name of the royal palace of King Dīpa, who ruled the land of Dīpaṃkara during Buddha Dīpaṃkara’s time. ## Dīpinī *mar me ma*, Skt. *dīpinī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering; one of the four guardian goddesses who can be indicated to a fellow practitioner by her pledge sign. ## Dīpta *snang ba*, Skt. *dīpta*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Dīptaprabha *’od ’bar*, Skt. *dīptaprabha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Dīptatejas *gzi brjid ’bar*, Skt. *dīptatejas*, The 886th buddha in the first list, 885th in the second list, and 876th in the third list. ## Dīptavīrya *brtson ’grus ’bar ba*, Skt. *dīptavīrya*, A buddha in a world called Astounding Sight and an eon in the past called Flower Origin. ## Dra The people of the Sekhyung Dra clan are said to have originated from Shangshung (zhang zhung), an ancient kingdom corresponding roughly to the province of greater Ngari that was later absorbed by the Tibetan empire. According to The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet, they are known for being astute and hence rich and prosperous. Their element is iron, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the mare. ## śūdra The fourth and lowest caste in the brahmanical system of laws and customs concerning castes and stages of life (varṇāśrama­dharma). ## Dūraṃgamā *ring du song ba*, Skt. *dūraṃgamā*, Lit. “Far Reaching.” The seventh level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Dūraṅgama *ring du song ba*, Skt. *dūraṅgama*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dragon Voice *’brug sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *’brug sgra sgrogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kṣemapriya. ## Dragon’s Roar Resounding *’brug sgra bsgrags*, Skt. *’brug sgra bsgrags*, A tathāgata. ## Drakpa Gyaltsen The fourth ruler of the Zhalu myriarchy in Tsang. One of the titles he bore was sku zhang (literally “maternal uncle”), which was given to the nobles of Zhalu to indicate that they gave their daughters in marriage to important Sakya hierarchs. Together with his son, Kunga Döndrup (kun dga’ don grub), Drakpa Gyaltsen was an important patron of Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub, 1290–1364) during the latter’s abbacy of Zhalu monastery. The exact dates for Drakpa Gyaltsen are unknown, but he must have lived during the thirteenth–fourteenth centuries ce. See Skilling 1993, pp. 84–86. ## Dramiḍa *’gro lding ba*, Skt. *dramiḍa*, Another name for the Dravidian, non-Aryan people and language(s) of South India and northern Sri Lanka. Dramiḍa (actually spelled drāmiḍa in the Sanskrit of the quote from this text in the Śikṣāsamuccaya) is the origin of the word Tamil; other Dravidian languages are Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada. ## Draped in Light Rays *’od zer gyi phreng ba can*, Skt. *’od zer gyi phreng ba can*, A mountain in the eastern sea beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Draped with Golden Nets *gser gyi dra bas kun du khebs pa*, Skt. *gser gyi dra bas kun du khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Draped with Jewel Nets *rin chen dra bas khebs*, Skt. *rin chen dra bas khebs*, A buddha realm. ## Draped with Jewels *nor bu’i phyang*, Skt. *maṇicīra*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Draped with Lotus Nets *pad ma’i dra bas kun du khebs*, Skt. *pad ma’i dra bas kun du khebs*, A buddha realm. ## Draped with Nets of Gold *ser gyi dra bas kun tu khebs*, Skt. *ser gyi dra bas kun tu khebs*, A buddha realm. ## Dūrasthita *ring ba la gnas pa*, Skt. *dūrasthita*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Draviḍa *dra byi la*, Skt. *dramiḍa*, Draviḍa was the name for the region in the south of India where the Dravidian languages were spoken, including Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Tamil. The Dravidians were the indigenous population of India before the arrival of people who spoke Indo-European languages, specifically early forms of Sanskrit. ## Draviṇa *nor ldan*, Skt. *draviṇa*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Dravidian *’gro lding ba*, Skt. *drāmiḍa*, Draviḍa was the name for the region in the south of India where the Dravidian languages were spoken, including Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, and Tamil. The Dravidians were the indigenous population of India before the arrival of people who spoke Indo-European languages, specifically early forms of Sanskrit. ## Dravidian mantra *’gro lding ba’i gsang sngags kyi gzhi*, Skt. *drāmiḍamantrapada*, Literally, “Dravidian mantra words.” The Bodhisattvabhūmi defines Dravidian mantras as strings of syllables with no specific semantic domain. The fact that these mantras are specifically identified as “Dravidian” (Skt. drāmiḍa; Tib. ’gro lding) points to their origin among the speakers of Dravidian languages in South India. ## Dravya *nor*, Skt. *dravya*, Another name for Dravya Mallaputra, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Dravya Mallaputra *gyad bu nor*, Skt. *dravya mallaputra*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Dreadful *’jigs su rung ba*, Dreadful (causing great fear or dread), also the name of an evil butcher. ## dreadlocked ascetic *ral pa can*, Skt. *jaṭī*, A religious sect of men distinguished by their long, clotted hair, to which the Buddha’s disciple Venerable Uruvilvā Kāśyapa had belonged. The Buddha ordained a thousand of them in Uruvilvā. ## dreadlocked fire-worshipper *me ba ral pa can*, Skt. *jaṭila*, The name by which the Jaṭila [ascetic](#ascetic) order is known in the [Vinaya](#vinaya). Jaṭila were early converts of the [Buddha](#buddha). Many were said to have converted en masse after the [Buddha](#buddha) delivered the “Fire Sermon” (Pali Ādittapariyāya Sutta) to [Kāśyapa](#kāśyapa) and his followers at [Uruvilvā](#uruvilvā). See the Saṅghabhedavastu (Tib. dge ’dun dbyen gyi gzhi) for the Mūlasarvāstivādin account of their conversion. ## Dream Obstructor *rmi lam mthong ba’i gegs*, Skt. *rmi lam mthong ba’i gegs*, A rākṣasī on Sumeru Rival. ## Dīrgha *ring po*, Skt. *dīrgha*, A yakṣa general in the eastern direction and a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Dīrghaśakti *lcags mdung ring po*, Skt. *dīrghaśakti*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Dīrgha­bāhu­garvita *lag rings kyis bsgyings*, Skt. *dīrgha­bāhu­garvita*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Dīrghakātyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Dīrghanakha *sen rings*, Skt. *dīrghanakha*, “He Who Has Long Fingernails,” [Koṣṭhila](#koṣṭhila)’s name after he joined an order of wandering [ascetic](#ascetic)s to continue his studies of Lokāyata philosophy. He later joined the Buddhist order and was known as [Koṣṭhila](#koṣṭhila) again. ## Dīrghapuccha *mjug ring*, Skt. *dīrghapuccha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Drichu The Drichu is one of the four great rivers of Eastern Tibet. It is known further downstream as the Yangtze (Ch. Chang Jiang, “Long River”), and is famed as the longest river in Asia. It flows in a southerly direction a little to the west of Degé, which is situated on one of its tributaries. These upper reaches of the Yangtze are known in Chinese by the name Jinsha Jiang (“Golden Sand River”). ## Drier of Craving *sred pa rnam par skems pa*, Skt. *sred pa rnam par skems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Somacchattra. ## Drigung Drigung is an area outside of Lhasa home to Drigung Thil monastery, the seat of the Drigung Kagyü lineage. ## Drika A charnel ground in Kashmir. ## Dārika The name of a yogin. ## Drikung Kyobpa *'bri gung skyob pa* (1143 - 1217), the founder of Drikung Monastery and of the Drikung [Kagyu](#kagyupa) school. ## drinking alcohol that leads to intoxication Fifth of the negative actions to be renounced under the five precepts. The Pali majja and Sanskrit madya simply mean “intoxicating [beverage].” The Tibetan chang likewise refers generally to all alcoholic drinks (fermented and distilled). The entire phrase could be interpreted as a “drinking binge” or “carousal.” In ancient South Asia, a fermented alcoholic drink called surā was known and produced for centuries. Surā was mostly made from grain, but other alcoholic drinks were made using fruit and honey (see McHugh 2021). ## Dripping Cloud *sprin ’dzag*, Skt. *sprin ’dzag*, A tathāgata. ## driving away *skrod pa*, Skt. *uccāṭana*, A type of magical activity aiming to render a person homeless, or drive away non-human beings. ## Drāmiḍī *’gro lding ma*, Skt. *drāmiḍī*, A being in this sūtra. ## Droṇā *bre bo ma*, Skt. *droṇā*, One of eight children, a daughter, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## droṇa *sgrom*, Skt. *droṇa*, A measure of capacity or volume, and sometimes of weight, roughly equivalent to 5 liters or 9.5 kilograms. It can also be used to denote a vessel or container of that capacity, hence the Tibetan translation here sgrom, “box” or “chest,” which is a little misleading in the passage in this text. ## droṇapuṣpaka *dro na puSh+Ta*, Skt. *droṇapuṣpaka*, Leucas cephalotes. ## Drogön Chögyal Phakpa Also known as Phakpa Lodro Gyaltsen (1235–80), he was the Imperial Preceptor in the court of Kublai Khan. He was also the nephew of Sakya Paṇḍita and is remembered as one of the five patriarchs of the Sakya lineage. ## Droṇi Skt. *droṇi*, Name of a country. ## Drokmi *’brog mi shakya ye shes*, Skt. *’brog mi shakya ye shes*, Drokmi Śākya Yeshé, the great eleventh century translator from Lhatsé in Western Tsang. ## Drokmi Śākya Yeshé *’brog mi shAkya ye shes*, Skt. *’brog mi shAkya ye shes*, 992 or 993 to 1043 or 1072; Tibetan translator (of an early phase of the later translation period) and important figure in the Lamdré (lam ’bras) lineage. ## Drom A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Drom Tönpa *'brom ston pa*, also called *'brom ston rgyal ba'i 'byung gnas* (1005 - 1064), [Atīśa's](#atīśa) principal Tibetan [disciple](#disciple), one of the first teachers of the [Kadampa](#kadampa) school and founder of Radreng (*rva sgreng*) Monastery (often pronounced "Reting"). ## Droṇodana *bre bo zas*, Skt. *droṇodana*, One of eight children, a son, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## drop *thig le*, Skt. *bindu*, A drop (as of liquids); a “drop” of concentrated energy in the channels of the subtle body. ## Drop Forest *thig le’i nags*, Skt. *thig le’i nags*, A forest on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Kanakamuni. ## drop of filth *dri yi thig le*, A term for the forehead mark worn by the protector deity Mahākāla. ## Drop of Intelligence *thigs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *thigs pa’i blo gros*, A king. ## Dropping Dead Like Moths *phye ma leb ltar rab tu lhung ba*, Skt. *pataṅga­prapatana­sama*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Droshin The twenty-second of the twenty-seven constellations, or nakṣatras, in Vedic astrology. Here it corresponds to the seventh month of the Tibetan calendar. ## Dru The people of the Athang Dru clan are said to have originated from Sumpa (sum pa), an ancient land that corresponds roughly to the province of Amdo that was later absorbed by the Tibetan empire. According to The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet, they are known for being people of action and hence fierce toward their enemies. Their element is water, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the yak. ## Drugu *gru gu*, Skt. *gru gu*, Drugu is the name of an ancient people living in north west Tibet. ## Druk Pema Karpo *'brug [padma](#padma) dkar po* (16th century), the 3rd Drukchen Rinpoche, great master and writer of the Drukpa [Kagyu](#kagyupa) school and founder of Sangak Choling Monastery. ## Dāruka *shing pa*, Skt. *dāruka*, A yakṣa general. ## Dārukapura *shing gi grong khyer*, Skt. *dārukapura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Dārukarṇin *shing gi rna rgyan can*, Skt. *dārukarṇin*, Another name of Bhavila, a half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## drum *rnga*, Skt. *bherī*, As specified in the Sanskrit, a conical or bowl-shaped kettledrum, with an upper surface that is beaten with sticks. The Tibetan and Chinese are not specific about the kind of drum it is. ## Druma *ljon pa*, Skt. *druma*, The kinnara king Druma is a well-known figure in canonical Buddhist literature, where he frequently appears, mostly in minor roles. For example, King Druma appears in The White Lotus of the Good Dharma (Toh 113), where he is one of the four kinnara kings attending the Buddha’s teaching. He is also included in The King of Samādhis Sūtra (Toh 127), where he arrives with his queens to make an offering of his music to the Buddha. He is also a bodhisattva who teaches and displays a profound understanding of the doctrine of emptiness in The Questions of the Kinnara King Druma (Toh 157), where his future awakening is also prophesied by the Buddha. (His name has been translated into Tibetan both as “sdong po” and “ljon pa.”) ## Druma­meru­śrī *sdong po ri bo’i dpal*, Skt. *druma­meru­śrī*, A royal capital in another world in the distant past. ## Druma­parvata *shing gi ri bo*, Skt. *druma­parvata*, The fiftieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Druma­parvata­tejas *shing gi ri bo gzi brjid*, Skt. *druma­parvata­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Druma­rāja *shing rgyal*, Skt. *druma­rāja*, In chapter 36 the name of a buddha in the distant past (shing rgyal). In chapter 44 the name of one of the future buddhas in this kalpa (shing gi rgyal po). ## Druma­rāja­vivardhita­śrī *shing gi rgyal po ltar skyes pa’i dpal*, Skt. *druma­rāja­vivardhita­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Drumbeat *rnga sgra*, Skt. *rnga sgra*, Drumbeat (a stroke or sound of a drum), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## Drumbeat Melody *rnga’i sgra’i dbyangs can*, Skt. *rnga’i sgra’i dbyangs can*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Drumbeats *rnga sgra ’byin pa’i sgra*, Skt. *rnga sgra ’byin pa’i sgra*, Drumbeats (repeated strokes or sounds of a drum), also the name of a forest on Encircled by White Clouds. ## Drumendra *ljon shing dbang*, Skt. *drumendra*, The 751st buddha in the first list, 750th in the second list, and 740th in the third list. ## drumstick tree *sho bha dzna*, Skt. *śaubhāñjana*, Moringa oleifera. ## Drumāvatī *sdong po ldan pa*, Skt. *drumāvatī*, A royal capital in another world in the distant past. ## Drunk on Wine *rgun chang myos*, Skt. *rgun chang myos*, Mother of the buddha Apagatakleśa. ## Drunk on Winter Wine *rgun chang myos gnas*, Skt. *rgun chang myos gnas*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Drupwang Jangchup Lingpa A prominent Nyingma lama active in the fourteenth century. ## dūrvā grass *dUr ba*, Skt. *dūrvā*, Cynodon dactylon. A species of grass. Commonly known as Bermuda grass or Dhub grass. ## Drāṣṭāva *lda ba srung*, Skt. *drāṣṭāva*, A brahmin who asks King Ambara, a previous life of Śākyamuni, for his eyes. ## Drāviḍa *dra bi DA*, Skt. *drāviḍa*, The region inhabited by peoples who speak Tamil, Telugu, Kanarese, Malayalam, and Tulu. ## dry ginger *sga*, Skt. *śuṇṭhī*, Zingiber officinale. ## dry rashes *g.ya'*, Skt. *kaṇḍū*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## dūtī *pho nya mo*, Skt. *dūtī*, A class of nonhuman female beings (masc. dūta); the name literally means “messenger,” which implies that these beings can be employed as messengers through magical rites. ## dūta *pho nya*, Skt. *dūta*, A class of nonhuman beings; the name literally means “messenger,” which could imply that these beings can be employed as messengers through magical rites. ## Dātrī *sbyin pa ma*, Skt. *dātrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Duṣṭī *gdug pa can*, Skt. *duṣṭī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Duṣṭa *zin pa*, Skt. *duṣṭa*, A lord of beings. ## dual expression *gnyis brjod pa*, Skt. *dvir­udāhāra*, See . ## Dualistic *gnyis 'dzin*, lit. grasping at or apprehending two. The concept of "I" and "other." ## dualistic image *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, The mental object or image in an act of perception, an act that involves the creation of a false duality between the perceiver and what is perceived. It can be connected with the false perception of a self and combated by the application of the idea of nonself. ## Duṣṭasarpa *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *duṣṭasarpa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Duścintita­cintin *nyes par bsam pa sems pa*, Skt. *duścintita­cintin*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Duck Lake *kA dam+ba’i chu*, Skt. *kA dam+ba’i chu*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Duck Stream *kA raN+Da ba’i klung*, Skt. *kA raN+Da ba’i klung*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Duṃdubhisvara­nirghoṣa Skt. *duṃdubhisvara­nirghoṣa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## due to pass away *’chi ’pho’i chos*, Skt. *cyavanadharman*, The Sanskrit cyavana can also have the specific connotation of “dropping” to a lower state of rebirth upon passing away. ## dugūla *du gu la'i ras*, Skt. *daukūlaka*, Also spelled dukula and dugulla, this has been identified differently over the centuries as a kind of bark-fiber cloth, woven [silk](#silk), [linen](#linen), and cloth made from cotton grown in Ganda. It is considered an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Duṣṭi *ma rungs pa*, Skt. *duṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## Duḥkha *sdug bsngal*, Skt. *duḥkha*, One of the rāśis. ## Duḥkhaśāmikā Skt. *duḥkhaśāmikā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Duḥkhāntā *nyam thag sdug bsngal ma*, Skt. *duḥkhāntā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Duḥkhānta *sdug bsngal mthar byed*, Skt. *duḥkhānta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Duḥkhāntakarī *sdug bsngal mthar byed ma*, Skt. *duḥkhāntakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## dukūla *du gu la*, Skt. *dukūla*, A kind of very fine textile fabric. ## Dukura *mtsho dbus*, Skt. *dukura*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## dullness and sleep *rmugs gnyid*, Skt. *styānaniddha*, Third of the five obscurations. ## dullness and sleepiness *rmugs gnyid*, Skt. *styāna­niddha*, Third of the five obscurations. ## Ādumā *yul a du ma*, Skt. *ādumā*, A village. ## Dundubhi *rnga bo che*, Skt. *dundubhi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas. ## Dundubhi­megha­svara *sprin gyi rnga sgra*, Skt. *dundubhi­megha­svara*, The 758th buddha in the first list, 757th in the second list, and 747th in the third list. ## Dundubhisvara *rnga dbyangs*, Skt. *dundubhisvara*, A bodhisattva who only appears in Mahāyāna sūtras. It is also a name for various buddhas, including an alternative name for Buddha Amoghasiddhi. Incorrectly translated as mngon par ’byung dka’ ## Dundubhīśvara *rnga chen dbang phyug*, Skt. *dundubhīśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dunhuang *tun hong*, Skt. *tun hong*, Site of the Magao Caves in Gansu Province, China. ## duplicitous *tha dad du gnas pa*, Skt. *nānāsaṃvāsika*, The quality of someone who has done something to be removed from a monastery or harbored intentions that contradict the [Dharma](#dharma). ## Duṣpradharṣa *gdul dka’*, Skt. *duṣpradharṣa*, The 38th buddha in the first list, 38th in the second list, and 39th in the third list. ## Duḥprasaha *bzod par dka’ ba*, Skt. *duḥprasaha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight tathāgatas; one of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Duṣprasaha *bzod par dka’ ba*, Skt. *duṣprasaha*, Foretold as the son of a future King Mahendrasena of Kauśāmbī. Not to be confused with Mahendrasena of Videha in the Buddha’s time. ## Duḥprasāha *bzod dka’*, Skt. *duḥprasāha*, Buddha of the universe Marīci, located sixty-one universes away; mentioned also in other Mahāyāna sūtras, with the interesting coincidence that his teaching ceased at the moment Śākyamuni began teaching at Benares. ## Durabhisambhava *’byung dka’*, Skt. *durabhi­saṃbhava*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “Difficult in Occurring.” ## Duratikramā *’da’ bar dka’ ba*, Skt. *duratikramā*, Duratikramā (Difficult to Transcend) is a buddhafield inhabited by the buddha Dharma­raśmi­prajvalitagātra. ## Duraṇya *rtsod med*, Skt. *duraṇya*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Durdhana *nor ngan*, Skt. *durdhana*, One of the Buddha Śākyamuni’s previous lives as a cakravartin. ## Durdharā *dug ma*, Skt. *durdharā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Durdharṣa *thub dka’*, Skt. *durdharṣa*, One of the bodhisattvas in the Buddha’s retinue; also one of the māras. ## Durdāntā The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## Durgā *rdzong*, Skt. *durgā*, A popular goddesses in the non-Buddhist pantheon. She is associated with overcoming demons and evil forces through wrathful methods. This activity is alluded to in her name, which means “fortress” or “citadel.” ## Durga *bgrod dka’ ba*, Skt. *durga*, A land in the south of India. ## Durāgata *nyes ’ongs pa*, Skt. *durāgata*, The name of Svāgata, a disciple of the Buddha, before he meets the Buddha. ## Durgharṣa *gdul bar dka’ ba*, Skt. *durgharṣa*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Durjaya *rgyal bar dka’*, Skt. *durjaya*, The 211th buddha in the first list, 210th in the second list, and 210th in the third list. ## Durāla *ring ba’i don*, Skt. *durāla*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Durālabha *rnyed par dka’ ba*, Skt. *durālabha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Durmati *blo gros ngan pa*, Skt. *durmati*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Prince Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Durmukha *bzhin ngan*, Skt. *durmukha*, A ṛṣi. ## Durvāsa *dkar bar gnas*, Skt. *durvāsa*, Ancient Indian sage, known primarily for tales of his short temper and the curses he inflicted, hence the meaning of his name: “difficult to live with.” ## Duryodhana Duryodhana is one of the main antagonists in the Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata. ## Duryodhana­vīrya­vega­rāja *brtson ’grus kyi shugs thub par dka’ ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *duryodhana­vīrya­vega­rāja*, A bodhisattva from a southern realm. ## dust *phye ma*, Skt. *phye ma*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Dust Mountain *rdul gyi ri*, Skt. *rdul gyi ri*, A mountain in Godānīya. ## Dvaipāyana The name of a sage who was born on a small island (dvīpa) in the Ganges River and who became known as Vyāsa, the one who received and compiled the Vedas and the Purāṇas from Brahmā. According to Aśvaghoṣa’s Vajrasūcī (v. 23), he was born from a woman of the fishermen caste (Kaivarta). ## Śādvalā *gsing ma*, Skt. *śādvalā*, A village or town. ## dvandva Skt. *dvandva*, Type of Sanskrit compound. ## Dvādaśa *bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśa*, The Gupta emperor Dvādaśāditya (early eighth century). ## Dvādaśabhuja *phyag bcu gnyid pa*, Skt. *dvādaśabhuja*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Dveṣa *zhe sdang*, Skt. *dveṣa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Dveṣa Yamāri *zhe sdang gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *dveṣayamāri*, “Hatred Yamāri,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Yamāri Dveṣavajra. ## Dveṣavajra *zhe sdang rdo rje*, Skt. *dveṣavajra*, The deity personifying the true nature of the faculty of hearing. ## Dveṣāvatī *skyon bral ma*, Skt. *doṣāvatī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Dvāparayuga *cha gnyis ldan*, Skt. *dvāparayuga*, The third in the cycle of four eons. ## Dvārakā *sgo can*, Skt. *dvārakā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Dvāraka *sgo ba*, Skt. *dvāraka*, A yakṣa general. ## Dvārapāli *sgo drung*, Skt. *dvārapāli*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Dvāra­svara­prabhūta­kośa *chos kyi sgo’i dbyangs mang po’i mdzod*, Skt. *dvāra­svara­prabhūta­kośa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Dvāravatī *sgo dang ldan pa*, Skt. *dvāravatī*, A city in South India. ## Dvāravāsinī *sgor gnas ma*, Skt. *dvāravāsinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## dwarf morning glory *biSh+Nu krAn+ta*, Skt. *viṣṇukrāntā*, Evolvulus alsinoides. ## dwell in bliss in this life *tshe ’di la bde bar gnas pa*, Skt. *dṛṣṭa­dharma­sukha­vihāra*, Refers to blissful meditative practices achieved in this life as a result of advanced progress on the path in mainstream forms of Buddhism. This phrase occurs throughout the Śrāvakabhūmi (D folios 25.a, 70.b, 74.b, and 152.a). It is synonymous with mthong ba’i chos la bde bar gnas pa (Skt. dṛṣta­dharma­sukha­vihāra, “abiding in bliss in the present life”), a term applied to certain types of arhats. Cf. Apple 2013. ## dwell in seclusion and abandon worldly distractions *dgon par bsten cing ’du ’dzi spang ba*, In this sūtra, the fourth of the ten factors that lead to awakening. In Sanskrit, araṇya refers to “forest” or “wilderness,” as environments suitable for the practice of meditation. The Tibetan term dgon pa, while retaining the core meaning of “remote place,” has also come to be the main word used for “monastery.” ## Dweller of Nairañjana *nai ra ny+dza na ra gnas pa*, Skt. *nairañjana­vasinī*, Goddess of the Nairañjana River, near which the Buddha practiced asceticism and later attained enlightenment. ## dwelling *gnas khang*, Skt. *vihāra*, In Skt. also layana, the common name for a monk’s residence. In this translation, we distinguish between “residence” (Tib. gnas mal; Skt. śayanāsana) and “dwelling” (Tib. gnas khang; Skt. layana). Here, “residence” includes the residence’s furnishings, i.e. its “bedding and seating” (also Tib. gnas mal; Skt. śayanāsana). Rendered by Yijing as 房 (Taishō 1041). ## Dwelling by the Pārijāta Tree *yongs ’du na gnas pa*, Skt. *pāriyātraka­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling Free from Dullness or Stains within the Home of Faith in Meditation *sgom pa la dad pa’i khyim gti mug med cing sgrib pa med par gnas pa*, Skt. *sgom pa la dad pa’i khyim gti mug med cing sgrib pa med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānin. ## Dwelling in Beautiful Melody *dbyangs snyan gnas*, Skt. *dbyangs snyan gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimoharāja. ## Dwelling in Beauty *rnam mdzes na gnas pa*, Skt. *vaibhrāja­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in Enjoyment *dga’ byed gnas pa*, Skt. *nandana­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in Essence of Jewels *nor bu’i snying po na gnas pa*, Skt. *maṇi­garbhā­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in Excellent View *legs mthong na gnas pa*, Skt. *sudarśana­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in Forests *shing gseb na gnas pa*, Skt. *koṭaranivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in Immutable Perception *mthong ba g.yo ba med par gnas*, Skt. *mthong ba g.yo ba med par gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Cāritratīrtha. ## Dwelling in Liberation *rnam par grol bar gnas*, Skt. *rnam par grol bar gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pratibhāna­cakṣus. ## Dwelling in Luminosity *gsal bar gnas*, Skt. *gsal bar gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sughoṣa. ## Dwelling in One Direction *phyogs gcig na gnas pa*, Skt. *prastha­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in Sudharma *chos bzang na gnas pa*, Skt. *sudharma­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in the Environment *’khor yug la gnas pa*, Skt. *’khor yug la gnas pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## dwelling in the forest *dgon pa la gnas pa*, Skt. *araṇyavāsa*, An ideal lifestyle for a practitioner is described as dwelling in a place suitably removed from the social world of the town so as to best enable spiritual practice. In some contexts the term can also be understood on a more inward level as remaining free from distraction and other disturbing states of mind. ## Dwelling in the Lofty *mtho ba na gnas pa*, Skt. *tuṅganivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling in the Serenity Mode of Virtuous Mind *dge ba’i sems la rab tu zhi ba’i ’gros la gnas pa*, Skt. *dge ba’i sems la rab tu zhi ba’i ’gros la gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## dwelling in the wilderness *dgon pa la gnas pa*, Skt. *araṇyavāsa*, An ideal lifestyle for a practitioner, described as dwelling in a place suitably removed from the social world of the town as to enable spiritual practice. See also . ## Dwelling in Various Chariots *shing rta sna tshogs na gnas pa*, Skt. *caitra­ratha­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling on Forest Riverbanks *tshang tshing gi ’gram na gnas pa*, Skt. *kuñjara­taṭa­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling on Mixed Riverbanks *’dres pa’i ’gram na gnas pa*, Skt. *āmiśra­taṭa­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling on Summits *ri rtse na gnas pa*, Skt. *śikhara­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Dwelling on the Disk *’khor na gnas pa*, Skt. *maṇḍala­nivāsinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## dwelling place *gnas pa*, Skt. *vihāra*, See . ## Dwelling within the Full Gathering of Qualities *yon tan gyi tshogs thams cad rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan gyi tshogs thams cad rab tu gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimoharāja. ## Dyota *’od ldan*, Skt. *dyota*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dyotīrasa *skar ma la dga’ ba*, Skt. *dyotīrasa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dyūtajaya *rgyan po pa rgyal ba po*, Skt. *dyūtajaya*, “Winner at Dice,” a previous life of Prince Puṇyabala and the Buddha himself. Also called King Jaya. ## Dyuti *’od*, Skt. *dyuti*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Dyutimat *snang ldan*, Skt. *dyutimat*, The 416th buddha in the first list, 415th in the second list, and 409th in the third list. ## Dyutimati *snang ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *dyutimati*, The guardian deity of the Buddha’s monastery in Veṇuvana. ## Dyutindharā *’od ’chang*, Skt. *dyutindharā*, A tree deity. ## Dyutindhara *’od ’dzin*, Skt. *dyutindhara*, A mountain king. ## Dyutivatī *’od ldan ma*, Skt. *dyutivatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Śeṣa Skt. *śeṣa*, One of the eight great nāga kings. ## Eager to Leave *’gro ’dod*, Skt. *’gro ’dod*, One of the eight nāga ladies. ## ear consciousness constituent *rna ba’i rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *karṇavijñānadhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents. ## Ear Flower *rna ba’i me tog*, Skt. *rna ba’i me tog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Early Rite *sngon gyi [cho](#cho) ga*, Skt. *purākalpa*, The early ordination rite, later adapted to include stricter criteria for admission and introduce the intermediate step, between joining the order and ordination, of induction into the novitiate. ## early spread of Buddhism *bstan pa snga dar*, The period from the seventh to the ninth century when the Buddhist teachings first spread throughout Tibet. ## earned thanks to the sweat of one’s brow *rdul cing dri ma chags chags*, Skt. *svedamalāvakṣipta*, Lit. “produced as one sweats and becomes dirty.” ## Earnest *sgam po*, Skt. *sgam po*, Earnest (serious and sincere in intention), also the name of a certain king during the time of Buddha Prabhāvan who ordered the torture and slaughter of five hundred arhats, precipitating his rebirth in the Hell of Ceaseless Agony. Also his name in a previous birth as a certain king. ## Earnest Awakening *byang chub drang po*, Skt. *byang chub drang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Laḍitagāmin. ## Earring Adorned *rna ’phyang rna cha gdub kor can*, Skt. *rna ’phyang rna cha gdub kor can*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## ears of equal size *snyan mnyam pa*, Skt. *samakarṇa*, Sixty-ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## earshot An ancient unit of measuring distance. Approximately two and a quarter English miles (if taken as a quarter of a yojana), but calculated differently in various systems. The Tibetan literally means “earshot.” ## Earth *sa*, Skt. *vasundharā*, Earth (Tib. sa, Skt. bhūmi) is the Indian goddess representing Mother Earth. She goes by various other names including Vasundharā (“holder of the riches”). ## earth boa *sbrul gdong gnyis pa*, Skt. *dvimukhāhi*, “Two-faced snake.” ## Earth Deity *sa’i lha*, Skt. *sa’i lha*, A buddha who lives in the direction below in a buddha realm called Earth Melody. ## earth embracing *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *sa ’dzin*, An absorption. ## Earth Garland *sa steng phreng ba can*, Skt. *sa steng phreng ba can*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Earth Gift *sa sbyin*, Skt. *sa sbyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śrīdeva. ## Earth Holder *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *sa ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tīrthakara. ## Earth Holding King *sa ’dzin rgyal po*, Skt. *sa ’dzin rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sugandha. ## earth lord *sa bdag*, Skt. *bhūpati*, Soil-dwelling, non-human spirits who dominate certain locales (hills, mountains, certain regions). They are said to cause problems such as diseases and natural disasters, etc., when disturbed and irritated by human activities, such as the pollution of their environs, etc. ## earth lords Soil-dwelling, non-human spirits who dominate certain locales (hills, mountains, certain regions). They are said to cause problems such as diseases and natural disasters, etc., when disturbed and irritated by human activities, such as the pollution of their environs, etc. ## Earth Melody *sa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sa’i dbyangs*, The buddha realm of Earth Deity. ## Earth Mountain *sa ri*, Skt. *sa ri*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimala. ## Earth Pacifier *sa steng zhi byed*, Skt. *sa steng zhi byed*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Earth Quaker *sa sgul*, Skt. *sa sgul*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Earth Supporter *sa ’dzin*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Earth Vase *sa’i bum pa*, Skt. *sa’i bum pa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## earthen cave *sa phug*, Skt. *bhūmigrahā, bhūmiguhā*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Earth-Protector *sa ’tsho*, Skt. *sa ’tsho*, A yakṣa. See also . ## ease *shin tu spyangs pa*, Skt. *praśrabdhi*, Fifth among the branches of perfect awakening (Skt. sambodhyaṅga); a condition of calm, clarity, and composure in mind and body that serves as an antidote to negativity and confers a mental and physical capacity that facilitates meditation and virtuous action. ## Easy Flow *’bab bde*, Skt. *’bab bde*, A lotus pool in Lateral. ## eat their daily meal in a single sitting *stan gcig pa*, Skt. *ekāśanika*, Fifth of the twelve ascetic virtues. ## Eaten by Iron Jackals *lcags kyi ce spyang gi zas*, Skt. *ayaḥśivāhāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## eaters *za bar byed*, Skt. *za bar byed*, The parasites that are said to live in the ears of women. ## eating of the moon *zla ba bza’ ba*, Skt. *candrabhakṣaṇa*, In the Tantra of Back Yamāri, the fourth in a series of four initiations. ## Ecstatic World *’jig rten shin tu dga’*, Skt. *’jig rten shin tu dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Dānaprabha. ## Ecumenical (movement) *ris med*, lit. without partiality. Spiritual movement made famous by the great [lama](#lama) Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo as well as Jamgön Kontrul Lodrö Thayé, [Lama](#lama) Mipham, Chogyur Lingpa and [Patrul Rinpoche](#patrul-rinpoche). It is characterized by an attitude of respect for all the teachings and schools of Buddhism. ## edible things *bca’ bar bya ba*, Skt. *khādanīya*, The Sanskrit khādanīya is especially used for hard or raw foods. ## Effects of actions *las rgyu 'bras*, Skt. *phala*. See [karma](#karma). ## effigy *gzugs brnyan*, Skt. *puttalikā*, An effigy used in sympathetic magic. ## effort *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, The fourth of the six perfections, it is also among the seven branches of enlightenment, the five abilities, the four bases of magical power, and the five powers. Also translated here as “diligence.” ## Egg of Brahmā *tshangs sgo nga*, Skt. *brahmāṇḍā*, Traditional Brahmanical term for the created universe. ## Egg-Born Infatuation *myos pa sgo nga las skyes pa*, Skt. *myos pa sgo nga las skyes pa*, A forest on Tamer of Deer Enemies. ## egg-of-Brahmā *tshangs pa’i sgo nga*, Skt. *brahmāṇḍa*, Metaphor, from the Purāṇas, for the world or universe. ## Ego-clinging see [clinging](#clinging). ## egoistic views *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, This consists of twenty varieties of false notion, consisting basically of regarding the temporally impermanent and ultimately insubstantial as “I” or “mine.” The five compulsive aggregates are paired with the self, giving the twenty false notions. For example, the first four false notions are that (1) matter is the self, which is like its owner (rūpaṃ ātmā svāmivat); (2) the self possesses matter, like its ornament (rūpavañ ātmā alaņkāravat); (3) matter belongs to the self, like a slave (ātmīyaṃ rūpaṃ bhṛtyavat); and (4) the self dwells in matter as in a vessel (rūpe ātmā bhajanavat). The other four compulsive aggregates are paired with the self in the same four ways, giving sixteen more false notions concerning sensation, intellect, motivation, and consciousness, hypostatizing an impossible relationship with a nonexistent, permanent, substantial self. ## Egolessness *bdag med*, Skt. *anātman*, *nairātmya*, absence of independent or intrinsic existence, either of oneself (*gang zag gi bdag med*) or of external phenomena (*chos kyi bdag med*). ## eight aspects of liberation *rnam par thar pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭavimokṣa*, A series of progressively more subtle states of meditative realization or attainment. There are several presentations of these found in the canonical literature. One of the most common is as follows: (1) One observes form while the mind dwells at the level of the form realm. (2) One observes form externally while discerning formlessness internally. (3) One dwells in the direct experience of the body’s pleasant aspect. (4) One dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite space by transcending all conceptions of matter, resistance, and diversity. (5) Transcending the sphere of infinite space, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of infinite consciousness. (6) Transcending the sphere of infinite consciousness, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of nothing whatsoever. (7) Transcending the sphere of nothing whatsoever, one dwells in the realization of the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception. (8) Transcending the sphere of neither perception and nonperception, one dwells in the realization of the cessation of conception and feeling. ## eight aspects of the noble path *’phags lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭaṅga­mārga*, Eight factors whereby the training on the path of cultivation takes place. ## eight aspects of the path *lam yan lag brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgamārga*, See “eightfold path of the noble ones.” ## Eight auspicious signs *bkra shis rtags brgyad*, eight symbols (corresponding to the different parts of the [Buddha's](#buddha) body): eternal knot, lotus, canopy, conch, [wheel](#wheel), banner, vase, and golden fish. ## eight auspicious symbols The eight auspicious symbols are the precious parasol, the auspicious golden fish, the wish-fulfilling treasure vase, the exquisite lotus blossom, the conch shell of renown, the glorious endless knot, the ever-flying banner of victory, and the all-powerful wheel. ## eight branches *yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅga*, This can refer either to what is also known as the eightfold path (’phags lam yan lag brgyad): (1) right view, (2) right intention, (3) right speech, (4) right action, (5) right livelihood, (6) effort, (7) mindfulness, and (8) meditative concentration. Or to what is also known as the eight precepts (bsnyen gnas yan lag brgyad): (1) abstaining from killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual misconduct, (4) lying, (5) intoxication, (6) eating after noon, (7) dancing and singing, and (8) lying on an elevated bed. ## eight branches of the path *lam gyi yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgamārga*, Right [view](#view), right [thought](#thought), right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right [concentration](#concentration). ## eight branches of the path of the noble ones *’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad pa*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, Correct view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and absorption. These eight are part of the thirty-seven factors of awakening. ## eight branches of Āyurveda *tshe’i rig pa yan lag brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgāyurveda*, The eight branches are: 1) śalya (surgery), 2) śālākya (treatment of diseases of the head and neck), 3) agada (treatment of poisoning), 4) kumāra bharaṇa (pediatrics), 5) kāya cikitsā (treatment of internal diseases), 6) bhūta kriyā (treatment of diseases caused by spirits), 7) vāji karaṇa (aphrodisiacs), and 8) rasāyana (rejuvenation). ## eight classes A set of eight types of supernatural beings. The list varies from text to text, but almost always includes devas, yakṣas, nāgas, gandharvas, and asuras among the eight. This text lists them as devas, nāgas, gandharvas, yakṣas, asuras, kumbhāṇḍas, garuḍas, and kinnaras. ## eight classes of beings A set of non-human beings that varies, but often includes devas, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, and mahoragas. ## eight classes of divine and demonic beings The eight classes of divine and demonic beings can vary across sources. It would appear that this set of eight beings is a Tibetan convention as there is no known Sanskrit equivalent for the term for this set as a whole, or an established Indic taxonomy based on eight types of such beings. ## eight classes of nonhuman beings *sde brgyad po*, Skt. *sde brgyad po*, Gods, nāgas, yakṣas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, and mahoragas. ## Eight Close Sons of the Buddha *nye ba’i sras chen brgyad*, The eight bodhisattvas Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, Vajrapāṇi, Kṣitigarbha, Ākāśagarbha, Sarva­nivaraṇa­viṣkambhin, Maitreya, and Samantabhadra. ## Eight consciousnesses Eye Consciousness, Ear Consciousness, Nose Consciousness, Tongue Consciousness, Body Consciousness, Mental Consciousness, Deluded [awareness](#awareness), "Storehouse" or "repository" Consciousness. From [wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses). ## eight dangers *’jigs pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭamahābhaya*, Listed in Tārā Who Protects from the Eight Dangers as lions, elephants, fire, snakes, robbers, waters, infectious diseases, and demons. A more common enumeration gives “imprisonment” rather than “infectious diseases.” ## eight deliverances *rnam par thar pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭavimokṣa*, The eight deliverances are explained in – on khri brgyad – . ## eight disadvantageous states *mi khom brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭākṣaṇa*, Being reborn in hell, or as a preta, an animal, or a long-lived deity (of the formless realms), or being a human in a time without a Buddha’s teaching, in a land without the teaching, with a defective mind, or without faith. ## eight domains of mastery “Eight domains of mastery over the senses” is a classic formula describing the process of stabilizing the mind through meditation. They are divided by form (attractive, unattractive, limited, and unlimited) and color (blue, yellow, red, and white). ## eight emancipations *rnam par thar pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭavimokṣa*, The emancipation of form observing form, the emancipation of the formless observing form, the emancipation of observing beauty, the emancipation of infinite space, the emancipation of infinite consciousness, the emancipation of nothing whatsoever, the emancipation of neither the presence nor the absence of perception, and the emancipation of cessation. ## eight errors *log pa nyid brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭami­thyātva*, The eight errors are the opposite of the eightfold path: wrong view, wrong thought, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, and wrong meditation. ## eight fears *’jigs pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭabhaya*, Fear of lions, elephants, fire, snakes, drowning, bondage, thieves, and demons. ## eight further attributes to be avoided *yang chos brgyad yongs su spang bar bya*, Skt. *yang chos brgyad yongs su spang bar bya*, The eight further attributes to be avoided on the fifth level. These are to avoid (1) the paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions (mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam rnams yongs su spang bar bya ba); (2) exalted pride (adhimāna, lhag pa’i nga rgyal), (3) boasting (stambha, khengs pa); (4) distorted views (viparyāsāḥ, phyin ci log rnams), (5) doubt (vicikitsā, the tshom), and (6–8) tolerance of desire, hatred, and delusion (rāgadveśa­mohādhivāsanāḥ, ’dod chags dang zhe sdang dang gti mug nyam rang su gzhag pa). ## eight gaṇas *tshogs brgyad*, In The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati this term signifies a group of eight beings that are emanated in the initial phase of the generation stage yoga before being gathered and subsumed into the syllable hūṁ and manifesting Gaṇapati. ## eight goddesses that grant protection from the eight dangers *’jigs pa brgyad las bsrung ba’i lha mo brgyad*, Skt. *’jigs pa brgyad las bsrung ba’i lha mo brgyad*, Eight manifestations of the female buddha Tārā who grant protection from the eight fears, which are commonly enumerated as the fear of lions, elephants, fire, snakes, water, imprisonment, thieves, and cannibals. ## eight great bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa' chen po brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­mahā­bodhisattva*, The list of the eight may vary according to the source, but it usually includes Mañjuśrī, Avalokiteśvara, Vajrapāṇi, Maitreya, Kṣitigarbha, Ākāśagarbha, Sarva­nivaraṇa­viṣkambhin, and Samantabhadra. ## eight great celestial bodies *gza’ chen po rgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭāmahāgraha*, Literally the “great seizers,” there are traditionally nine: the sun, moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the eclipse (rahu), and comets/meteors (ketu). All are believed to exert influence on the world according to Indic astrological lore. When listed as eight, it is not certain which is excluded. ## Eight Great Charnel-grounds *dur khrod chen po brgyad*, places of frightening aspect where [ḍākas](#ḍāka) and [ḍākinīs](#ḍākinī) meet. Internally they correspond to the [eight consciousnesses](#eight-consciousnesses) (*rnam shes brgyad*). ## Eight Great Close Sons *nye ba'i sras chen brgyad*, the main [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) in the retinue of [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni): [Mañjuśrī](#mañjuśrī), [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara), [Vajrapāṇi](#vajrapāṇi), [Maitreya](#maitreya), Ksitigarbha, [Sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin](#sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin), and [Samantabhadra](#samantabhadra). Each fulfills a particular role to help beings. Symbolically they represent the pure state of the [eight consciousnesses](#eight-consciousnesses). ## eight great dangers *’jigs pa chen po brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭamahābhaya*, The danger from or fear of (1) drowning, (2) thieves, (3) lions, (4) snakes, (5) fire, (6) threatening spirits, (7) imprisonment, and (8) elephants. ## eight great fears *’jigs pa chen po brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭamahābhaya*, The eight are the fear of (1) drowning, (2) thieves, (3) lions, (4) snakes, (5) fire, (6) demons, (7) imprisonment, and (8) elephants. They are also sometimes referred to as the eight unbearable (dāruṇa, mi bzad pa) fears. ## eight great hells *dmyal ba chen po brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭamahāniraya*, The eight great hells are another way of referring to the eight hot hells: the reviving hell (sañjīva, yang sos), the black line hell (kālasūtra, thig nag), the crushing hell (saṃghāta, bsdus ’joms), the howling hell (raurava, ngu ’bod), the great howling hell (mahāraurava, ngu ’bod chen po), the hell of heat (tāpana, tsha ba), the hell of extreme heat (p ratāpana, rab tu tsha ba), and the hell of ultimate torment (avīci, mnar med pa). ## eight great nāgas *klu chen po brgyad po*, Skt. *aṣṭamahānāga*, This list of eight nāgas is probably unique to this sūtra. They are Tawny, Scent, Watery, Wrathful, Staircase to Heaven, Staircase to a Vase, Nearby Nāga, and Oḍasuta. ## eight great siddhis A loosely standardized schema for organizing some of the most important supernatural powers that one gains through the performance of rites associated with a particular deity or set of deities. The list of eight great siddhis in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra consists of the sword (ral gri, khaḍga), collyrium (mig sman, añjana), pill (ril bu, guṭika), and swift feet (rkang mgyogs, pāduka) siddhis, rendering medicines effective (grub pa’i sman, siddhauṣadhi) and competence in the recitation of mantras (sngags rnams la nges pa, mantrārṇave nirṇaya), and the mercury (dngul chu, rasa) and alchemy (bcud len, rasāyana) siddhis. ## eight great yakṣīs *gnod sbyin ma chen mo brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭamahāyakṣī*, This list of eight yakṣa ladies is probably unique to this sūtra. They are Aśiḍi, Many Sons, Hanging Down, Fully Hanging, Terrible, Fierce Lady, Small Club Holder, and Sky Dweller. ## Eight Holy Beings *skyes bu dam pa brgyad po*, Skt. *skyes bu dam pa brgyad po*, Listed in the audience of bodhisattvas present in the retinue attending Śākyamuni. Their identity is unknown. ## eight inopportune states *mi khom brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭākṣaṇa*, A set of circumstances that do not provide the freedom to practice the Buddhist path: being born in the realms of (1) the hells, (2) pretas, (3) animals, or (4) long-lived gods; in the human realm among (5) barbarians or (6) people with wrong views, (7) in places where the Buddhist teachings do not exist or, where they do exist, (8) without adequate faculties to understand those teachings. ## eight kinds of misdeeds *log pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭamithyātva*, These consist of the opposites of the eight branches of the eightfold path: wrong view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and absorption. ## eight kinds of mistakes Wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, and wrong concentration. ## eight kinds of realized individuals *gang zag brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­pudgalin*, See . ## eight liberations *rnam par thar pa brgyad*, Skt. *vimokṣa*, The first consists of the seeing of form by one who has form; the second consists of the seeing of external form by one with the concept of internal formlessness; the third consists of the physical realization of pleasant liberation and its successful consolidation; the fourth consists of the full entrance to the infinity of space through transcending all conceptions of matter, and the subsequent decline of conceptions of resistance and discredit of conceptions of diversity; the fifth consists of full entrance into the infinity of consciousness, having transcended the infinity of space; the sixth consists of the full entrance into the sphere of nothingness, having transcended the sphere of the infinity of conscious­ness; the seventh consists of the full entrance into the sphere of neither conscious­ness nor un­conscious­ness, having transcended the sphere of nothingness; the eighth consists of the perfect cessation of suffering, having transcended the sphere of neither conscious­ness nor un­conscious­ness. Thus the first three liberations form specific links to the ordinary perceptual world; the fourth to seventh are equivalent to the four absorptions; and the eighth represents the highest attainment. ## eight limbs of the noble path *’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, The eight limbs of the noble path: right view, thinking, speech, conduct, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and meditative absorption. ## eight metals The eight metals are gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, brass, iron, and steel. ## eight mistaken dharmas *log pa’i chos brgyad*, Skt. *mithyādharma*, Possibly, this is identical to the eight worldly dharmas: hoping for happiness, fame, praise, and gain, and fearing suffering, slander, blame, and loss. ## eight mistaken kinds of engagement See “eight kinds of mistakes.” ## eight mundane concerns *’jig rten gyi chos brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­loka­dharma*, Hoping for happiness, fame, praise and gain and fearing suffering, insignificance, blame and loss. ## eight nāga ladies *klu mo brgyad po*, Skt. *aṣṭamahānāgī*, This list of eight nāga ladies may be unique to this sūtra. They are Darkness, Eager to Leave, Seer, Cool, Load Carrying, Speech Strewing, Universal Army, and Gandharva Lady. ## eight nāgas Refers to an ornament of Mahākāla in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## eight notions of saintly beings *skyes bu chen po’i rnam par rtog pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­mahā­puruṣa­vitarka*, As enumerated in in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā, Toh 3807 (Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.40.b-41.a) they comprise: (1) the notion when one reflects on the ability to dispel all the suffering of all beings (nam zhig sems can thams cad kyi sdug bsngal thams cad sel nus snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (2) the notion when one reflects on the ability of beings afflicted by poverty to secure great endowments (nam zhig dbul bas sdug bsngal ba’i sems can rnams ’byor pa chen po la ’jog nus snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (3) the notion when one reflects on the ability to engage in acts of benefit for beings through one’s body of flesh and blood (nam zhig sha khrag dang bcas pa’i lus kyis sems can rnams kyi don byed nus snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (4) the notion when one reflects exclusively on acts of benefit for beings, even though they remain for a long time as denizens of the hells (sems can dmyal ba na yun ring por gnas pas kyang / nam zhig sems can rnams la phan pa byed pa ’ba’ zhig tu ’gyur snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (5) the notion when one reflects that the hopes of all worlds might be seen to be perfected through mundane and supramundane endowments (nam zhig ’jig rten dang / ’jig rten las ’das pa’i ’byor bas ’jig rten thams cad kyi re ba yongs su rdzogs pa mthong bar ’gyur snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (6) the notion when one reflects that oneself might become a buddha and then genuinely deliver all beings from all the sufferings of cyclic existence (nam zhig bdag sangs rgyas su gyur nas sems can thams cad ’khor ba’i sdug bsngal thams cad las yang dag par ’byin par ’gyur snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (7) the notion when one reflects that one should not resort over successive lives to births that are disadvantageous to all beings, thoughts that do not engage in the benefit of beings, conduct that [solely] concerns the common savor of ultimate reality, words that do not bring happiness to all beings, livelihoods that do not benefit others, bodies that cannot benefit others, minds that are unclear about benefiting others, wealth that does not benefit beings, authority that does not act for the sake of living beings, or delight in harming others (sems can thams cad la phan ’dogs pa med pa’i skye ba dang / sems can gyi don du sbyor ba med pa’i sems dang / don dam pa’i ro gcig pu la spyod pa dang / skye bo thams cad sim par byed pa ma yin pa’i tshig dang // gzhan la mi phan pa’i ’tsho ba dang / gzhan la phan pa byed mi nus pa’i lus dang / gzhan la phan ’dogs pa la mi gsal ba’i blo dang / sems can la phan par mi spyod pa’i nor dang / ’gro ba rnams kyi don spyod pa med pa’i dbang phyug dang / gzhan la gnod pa byed pa’i dga’ bar tshe rabs tshe rabs su ma gyur cig snyam du rnam par rtog pa), and (8) the notion when one wishes that all the negative deeds of all living creatures should ripen in oneself and that all the fruits of one’s own positive actions should ripen in all beings (srog chags thams cad kyi sdig pa’i las thams cad kyi ’bras bu bdag la smin la/ bdag gis legs par spyad pa’i ’bras bu thams cad sems can thams cad la smin par gyur cig snam du rnam par rtog pa). ## Eight offering goddesses *mchod pa'i lha mo brgyad*: the Lady of Beauty (*sgeg mo ma*, Skt. *Lāsyā*), the Lady of Garlands (*phreng ba ma*, Skt. *Māla*), the Lady of Song (*glu ma*, Skt. *Gītā*), the Lady of Dance (*gar ma*, Skt. *Nṛtyā*), the Lady of Flowers (*me tog ma*, Skt. *Puṣpā*), the Lady of Incense (*bdug spos ma*, Skt. *Dhūpā*), the Lady of Lamps (*snang gsal ma*, Skt. *Ālokā*) and the Lady of Perfume (*dri chab ma*, Skt. *Gandhā*). In the [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala) of the peaceful [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya) deities, they are also the [consort](#consort)s of the eight [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) (see [Eight Great Close Sons](#eight-great-close-sons), and symbolize, respectively, the pure state of the four objects of the sense organs (form, smell, sound and taste) and of the four aspects of [thought](#thought)s (past, present, future and of undetermined time). ## Eight ordinary concerns *'jig rten [cho](#cho)s brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭalokadharmāḥ*, the normal preoccupations of unrealized people without a clear spiritual perspective. They are: gain and loss, pleasure and pain, praise and criticism, fame and infamy. ## eight perils *’jigs pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa bhayāni*, Lions, elephants, fire, snakes, thieves, rivers, imprisonment, and demons. ## Eight perverse acts *log pa rgyad*, i| criticizing good, ii| praising evil, iii| interrupting the accumulation of [merit](#merit) of a virtuous person, iv| disturbing the minds of those who have devotion, v| giving up one's spiritual master, vi| giving up one's [deity](#deity), vii| giving up one's [vajra brothers and sisters](#vajra-brothers-and-sisters), viii| desecrating a [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala). ## eight perverse paths *log pa brgyad*, Skt. *mithyātva*, These consist of the exact opposites of the eight branches of the eightfold noble path (aṣṭāṅgikamārga). ## eight poṣadha vows *yan lag brgyad pa’i gso sbyong*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgika­poṣadha*, To refrain from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual misconduct, (4) lying or divisive speech, (5) intoxication, (6) eating at inappropriate times, (7) entertainment such as singing, dancing, seeing shows, and beautifying oneself with adornments or cosmetics, and (8) using a high bed. See introduction (). ## eight precepts *khrims brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅga-samanvāgataṃ poṣadham*, A fortnightly (on the new and full moon–day, respectively) observance for Buddhist lay people. For one day, one vows not to kill, steal, engage in sexual activity, lie, use intoxicants, eat after noon, wear ornaments or take part in entertainment, and sleep on high beds. (More standard terms are Skt. aṣṭāṅga-samanvāgataṃ upavāsam; Tib. bsnyen gnas yan lag brgyad.) ## eight precepts including the five requisites *yan lag lnga’i khrims brgyad*, Skt. *yan lag lnga’i khrims brgyad*, A reference to the practice of a lay disciple (Skt. upāsaka) who ordinarily observes the five precepts, taking all eight vows for the fortnightly fast (Skt. upavāsa). ## eight qualities (of water) *yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *yan lag brgyad*, Eight qualities of water: sweet, cool, pleasant, light, clear, pure, not harmful to the throat, and beneficial for the stomach. ## eight right modes *yang dag pa nyid brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭau samyaktvāni*, The eight right modes are right view, right thought, right speech, right actions, right livelihood, right effort, right recollection, and right samādhi. ## eight sages *thub pa brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭamuni*, This is most likely a reference to the eight buddhas mentioned in the Kriyātantras, such as the Mañjuśrī­mūla­kalpa (4.77). They are Ratnaśikhin, Saṃkusumitarājendra, Śālendrarāja, Sunetra, Duḥprasaha, Vairocana, Bhaiṣajyavaidūryarāja, and Rājendra. ## eight sense fields of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭābhi­bhvāyatana*, These refer to the miraculous perceptual transformation that ensues when one: (1) regards lesser external forms; (2) regards greater external forms; (3) regards blue external forms; (4) regards yellow external forms; (5) regards red external forms; (6) regards white external forms; (7) abides in the sense field of infinite space; (8) abides in the sense field of infinite consciousness. For a complete explanation, see . ## eight siddhis See “eight great siddhis.” ## eight states lacking leisure *mi khom pa brgyad po*, Skt. *mi khom pa brgyad po*, The eight unfavorable conditions that pose obstacles to the practice of Dharma and attaining the state of awakening. ## eight stations of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭābhibhāvāyatana*, Refers to the miraculous perceptual transformation that ensues when one (1) regards lesser external forms, (2) regards greater external forms, (3) regards blue shapes, (4) regards yellow shapes, (5) regards red shapes, (6) regards white shapes, (7) abides in the station of endless space, and (8) abides in the station of endless consciousness. ## eight supreme flavors *ro mchog brgyad*, The eight supreme flavors are bitter (Tib. kha, Skt. tikta), sour (skyur, āmla), astringent (bska ba, kaṣāya), sweet (mngar, madhura), spicy (tsha, kaṭuka), and salty (lan tshwa, lavaṇa), juicy (bzhun), and exceedingly savory (bro mchog che ba). The first six on this list constitute a known list of “flavors” or “tastes” that are common to the Āyurvedic and Tibetan medical systems. The Tibetan terms for the last two members of the list are obscure and only tentatively translated here. ## eight topics *dngos po brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa padārtha*, The eight topics are (1) knowing everything (sarvajñāna), (2) knowledge of the paths (mārgajñāna), (3) knowledge of the basis (vastujñāna), (4) complete training in all aspects (sarvākārābhisaṁbodha), (5) peak application (mūrdhaprayoga), (6) sequential application (anupūrva­prayoga), (7) instantaneous application (kṣaṇikaprayoga), and (8) the resultant dharmakāya (phalam dharmakāya). ## eight types of examination *rtag pa rnam pa brgyad*, Skt. *rtag pa rnam pa brgyad*, The (1) examination of cloth, (2) examination of jewels, (3) examination of gems, (4) examination of incense, (5) examination of medicine, (6) examination of elephants, (7) examination of horses, and (8) examination of arms and armor. ## eight types of persons *skyes bu gang zag ya brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­puruṣa­pudgala*, See “four pairs of persons.” ## eight unfavorable conditions *mi khom pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭāskṣaṇā*, The eight unfavorable conditions for Buddhist practice, which are well known in the context of the preliminary practices (sngon ’gro), comprise birth among the denizens of the hells, as anguished spirits, animals, long-lived gods, frontier tribesmen beyond the pale of cilvization, those whose sense faculties are incomplete, and those who maintain wrong views. See Padmakara Translation Group (1994): 20–21. ## eight unfavorable existences *mi khom pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭākṣaṇa*, Being reborn in hell, as a preta, as an animal, or as a long-lived deity (of the formless realms); or being a human in a time without a Buddha’s teaching, in a land without the teaching, with a defective mind, or without faith. ## eight unfavorable states *mi khom pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭākṣaṇa*, A set of circumstances that do not provide the freedom to practice the Buddhist path: being born in the realms of (1) the hells, (2) pretas, (3) animals, and (4) long-lived gods; in the human realm among (5) barbarians or (6) people with wrong views and (7) in places where the Buddhist teachings do not exist; and (8) without adequate faculties to understand the teachings where they do exist. ## eight unfree states *mi khom pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭākṣaṇa*, A set of circumstances that do not provide the freedom to practice the Buddhist path: being born in the realms of (1) the hells, (2) pretas, (3) animals, and (4) long-lived gods; in the human realm among (5) barbarians or (6) people with wrong views and (7) in places where the Buddhist teachings do not exist; and (8) without adequate faculties to understand the teachings where they do exist. ## eight vasus *nor lha brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭavasu*, A class of eight gods who are personifications of natural phenomena. ## eight vidyādharas *rig pa ’dzin pa brgyad*, A set of eight vidyādharas mentioned in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. The identities of these eight vidyādharas are not specified. ## eight vows *bslab pa’i gnas brgyad*, Skt. *bslab pa’i gnas brgyad*, The eight vows taken by a layperson for just one day, usually a full-moon or new-moon day, to abstain from killing, stealing, sexual activity, lying, intoxicants, using high or luxurious seats, singing or dancing, and wearing adornments or perfumes. ## eight ways great persons think *skyes bu chen po’i rnam par rtog pa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­mahā­puruṣa­vitarka*, As enumerated in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā, Toh 3807 (Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.40.b-41.a) they comprise (1) the notion when one reflects on the ability to dispel all the suffering of all beings (nam zhig sems can thams cad kyi sdug bsngal thams cad sel nus snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (2) the notion when one reflects on the ability to secure great endowments for beings afflicted by poverty (nam zhig dbul bas sdug bsngal ba’i sems can rnams ’byor pa chen po la ’jog nus snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (3) the notion when one reflects on the ability to engage in acts of benefit for beings through one’s body of flesh and blood (nam zhig sha khrag dang bcas pa’i lus kyis sems can rnams kyi don byed nus snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (4) the notion when one reflects on acts exclusively for the benefit for beings, even though they remain for a long time as denizens of the hells (sems can dmyal ba na yun ring por gnas pas kyang / nam zhig sems can rnams la phan pa byed pa ’ba’ zhig tu ’gyur snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (5) the notion when one reflects that the hopes of all worlds might be seen to be perfected through mundane and supramundane endowments (nam zhig ’jig rten dang / ’jig rten las ’das pa’i ’byor bas ’jig rten thams cad kyi re ba yongs su rdzogs pa mthong bar ’gyur snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (6) the notion when one reflects that one might become a buddha and then genuinely deliver all beings from all the sufferings of saṃsāra (nam zhig bdag sangs rgyas su gyur nas sems can thams cad ’khor ba’i sdug bsngal thams cad las yang dag par ’byin par ’gyur snyam du rnam par rtog pa); (7) the notion when one reflects that one should not resort over successive lives to births that are disadvantageous to all beings, thoughts that do not engage in the benefit of beings, conduct that concerns the sole savor of ultimate reality, words that do not bring happiness to all beings, livelihoods that do not benefit others, bodies that cannot benefit others, minds that are unclear about benefiting others, wealth that does not benefit beings, authority that does not act for the sake of living beings, or delight in harming others (sems can thams cad la phan ’dogs pa med pa’i skye ba dang / sems can gyi don dulha’i mig sbyor ba med pa’i sems dang / don dam pa’i ro gcig pu la spyod pa dang / skye bo thams cad sim par byed pa ma yin pa’i tshig dang // gzhan la mi phan pa’i ’tsho ba dang / gzhan la phan pa byed mi nus pa’i lus dang / gzhan la phan ’dogs pa la mi gsal ba’i blo dang / sems can la phan par mi spyod pa’i nor dang / ’gro ba rnams kyi don spyod pa med pa’i dbang phyug dang / gzhan la gnod pa byed pa’i dga’ bar tshe rabs tshe rabs su ma gyur cig snyam du rnam par rtog pa); and (8) the notion when one wishes that all the negative deeds of all living creatures should ripen in oneself and that all the fruits of one’s own positive actions should ripen in all beings (srog chags thams cad kyi sdig pa’i las thams cad kyi ’bras bu bdag la smin la/ bdag gis legs par spyad pa’i ’bras bu thams cad sems can thams cad la smin par gyur cig snyam du rnam par rtog pa). ## eight worldly concerns *rlung brgyad*, Skt. *rlung brgyad*, The Tibetan rlung brgyad (“eight winds”) translates literally the Chinese 八風 (bafeng), which is a Chinese Buddhist term for the eight “winds” or influences that stimulate affliction. These are commonly known as the eight worldly concerns or dharmas (’jig rten gyi chos brgyad, aṣṭa­loka­dharma) consisting of: hoping for happiness, fame, praise and gain; and fearing suffering, insignificance, blame and loss. ## eight worldly dharmas *’jig rten gyi chos brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­loka­dharma*, The eight “worldly dharmas” (lokadharmāḥ) are the conditions that operate like laws of nature (dharma) ruling an ordinary person’s life (loka). They are explained at () as “attaining, fame, pleasure, and praise, which give rise to mental attachment in an ordinary person; and the four of not attaining, infamy, blame, and pain, which give rise to depression.” ## eight wrong modes *log pa nyid brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­mithyātvāni*, The eight wrong modes are wrong view, wrong thought, wrong speech, wrong actions, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong recollection, and wrong samādhi. ## eight yakṣa generals *gnod sbyin gyi sde dpon brgyad po*, Skt. *aṣṭa­yakṣa­senāpati*, Lists of the generals of the yakṣas are frequent in Buddhist scripture. They can variously consist in five, eight, twelve, or twenty-eight yakṣas. The list of names given here appears to be unique to this sūtra. They are Siṅgala, Dharma Protector, Successful, Victorious, Bull Ear, Jewel Ear, Dharma Endowed, and Uplifted by Dharma. ## eight yoginīs The opening chapter of Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra lists the eight yoginīs as Caṇḍeśvarī, Carcikā, Kālikā, Kulikeśvarī, Khaṇḍaruhī, Dantotkaṭī, Pracālī, and Maheśvarī. ## eight-branched purification vow *gso sbyong yan lag brgyad po*, Skt. *aṣṭāṇga­samanvāgatam upavāsam*, The eight-branched purification vow, which may be taken as a temporary or a lifelong commitment, consists first of the five precepts—refraining from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual misconduct, (4) lying, and (5) consuming intoxicants—plus three further ones, namely refraining from (6) resting on a high or luxurious bed, (7) wearing ornaments, makeup or perfume, and (8) eating at improper times (after midday). ## eighteen aspects of emptiness *stong pa nyid bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­daśa­śūnyatā*, The eighteen aspects of emptiness, as listed in , comprise (1) emptiness of internal phenomena, (2) emptiness of external phenomena, (3) emptiness of both external and internal phenomena, (4) emptiness of emptiness, (5) emptiness of great extent, (6) emptiness of ultimate reality, (7) emptiness of conditioned phenomena, (8) emptiness of unconditioned phenomena, (9) emptiness of the unlimited, (10) emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end, (11) emptiness of non-dispersal, (12) emptiness of inherent existence, (13) emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics, (14) emptiness of all things, (15) emptiness of non-apprehension, (16) emptiness of non-entities, (17) emptiness of essential nature, and (18) emptiness of the essential nature of non-entities. See also . ## eighteen bases *khams bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśa­dhātu*, Eighteen collections of similar dharmas under which all coproduced and unproduced dharmas may be included: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and thought, plus their objects—visible forms, sounds, smells, flavors, tangibles, and dharmas—plus the consciousnesses corresponding to each of the first six. The eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and thought are the basis for the arising of consciousness, though here there is the technical sense of a prior moment in any of the six consciousnesses. The first five consciousnesses depend on the five sense faculties as their basis, while the basis for the thought consciousness can be any of the six consciousnesses but not a sense faculty. Hence thought is classified among the dhātus (“elements”) in the section meant to offer a complete list of the possible bases of consciousness, i.e., what is most frequently listed as the second set of six elements. The term dhātu is explained as having the sense of an ore (gotra), like a mineral ore, hence a point of origin (ākara). The bases are the points of origin for the arising of similar dharmas. The Nibandhana commentary on Distinctly Ascertaining the Meanings explains that the order of enumeration of the eighteen bases can be explained in terms of the specific way in which different sense faculties operate within their domains or in terms of the placement (from higher to lower) of the eye faculty, the ear faculty, and so forth. The Abhidharmakośa explains that the teaching of the bases is for those who are of weaker abilities, since it is very detailed; it is for those who prefer special insight meditation (vipaśyanā), because it contains extensive analysis; and it counteracts a delusion of “self” that is evenly distributed between sentient and nonsentient elements, since the eighteen bases offer an analysis both of form and of mind and mental derivatives. ## eighteen constituents *khams bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśadhātu*, The eighteen constituents through which sensory experience is produced: the six sense faculties (indriya); the six corresponding sense objects (ālambana); and the six sensory consciousnesses (vijñāna). When grouped these are: the eye constituent, form constituent, and eye consciousness constituent; the ear constituent, sound constituent, and ear consciousness constituent; the nose constituent, smell constituent, and nose consciousness constituent; the tongue constituent, taste constituent, and tongue consciousness constituent; the body constituent, touch constituent, and body consciousness constituent; the thinking-mind constituent, dharma constituent, and thinking-mind consciousness constituent. See also “constituents.” ## eighteen dharmas exclusive to a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśāveṇika­buddha­dharma*, This refers to eighteen properties/qualities that are unique to buddhas, “property” being one of the possible meanings of the term dharma. ## eighteen discernments *yid kyi dpyod pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *yid kyi dpyod pa bco brgyad*, See . ## eighteen distinct attributes *chos ma ’dres pa bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśā­veṇika­dharma*, See “eighteen distinct attributes of a buddha.” ## eighteen distinct qualities *chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇika­dharma*, See “eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas.” ## eighteen distinct qualities of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇika­buddha­dharma*, There are eighteen such special qualities unique to a buddha. They are as follows: he never makes a mistake; he is never boisterous; he never forgets; his concentration never falters; he has no notion of distinctness; his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration; his motivation never falters; his endeavor never fails; his mindfulness never falters; he never abandons his concentration; his wisdom never decreases; his liberation never fails; all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; his knowledge and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance; his knowledge and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance; and his knowledge and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance. ## eighteen distinct qualities of the Buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma 'dres pa bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśāveṇika­buddha­dharma*, There are eighteen such special qualities unique to a buddha. They are as follows: he never makes a mistake; he is never boisterous; he never forgets; his concentration never falters; he has no notion of distinctness; his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration; his motivation never falters; his endeavor never fails; his mindfulness never falters; he never abandons his concentration; his wisdom never decreases; his liberation never fails; all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; his knowledge and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance; his knowledge and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance; and his knowledge and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance ## eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇika­buddha­dharma*, The detailed list of the eighteen qualities is found in . ## eighteen elements *khams bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśa­dhātu*, The objects, sense faculties, and forms of consciousness that are associated with form, sound, smell, taste, touch, and mental phenomena. See also “element.” ## eighteen emptinesses *stong pa nyid bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­daśa­śūnyatā*, The eighteen emptinesses are listed here as: (1) emptiness of internal phenomena, (2) emptiness of external phenomena, (3) emptiness of external and internal phenomena, (4) emptiness of emptiness, (5) emptiness of great extent, (6) emptiness of ultimate reality, (7) emptiness of conditioned phenomena, (8) emptiness of unconditioned phenomena, (9) emptiness of the unlimited, (10) emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end, (11) emptiness of nonexclusion, (12) emptiness of inherent nature, (13) emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics, (14) emptiness of all phenomena, (15) emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended, (16) emptiness of nonentities, (17) emptiness of essential nature, and (18) emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities. See also The Long Explanation (Toh 3808), –, for an explanation of each of the emptinesses. ## eighteen fields of knowledge *rig pa’i gnas bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśa­vidyāsthāna*, A traditional list that includes the great philosophical systems of India (Sāṅkhya, Yoga, etc.) as well as ordinary sciences and arts such as arithmetic, medicine, astrology, music, and archery. ## eighteen floods of unique qualities *yon tan gyi klung rang gi yon tan bco brgyad*, Skt. *yon tan gyi klung rang gi yon tan bco brgyad*, Eighteen special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by other beings. ## eighteen further things to be avoided *yang chos bcwo brgyad yongs su spang bar bya*, Skt. *yang chos bcwo brgyad yongs su spang bar bya*, The eighteen further attributes to be avoided on the fifth level. These are to avoid (1) the paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions (mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam rnams yongs su spang bar bya ba); (2) exalted pride (adhimāna, lhag pa’i nga rgyal), (3) boasting (stambha, khengs pa); (4) distorted views (viparyāsāḥ, phyin ci log rnams), (5) doubt (vicikitsā, the tshom), and (6–8) tolerance of desire, hatred, and delusion (rāgadveśa­mohādhivāsanāḥ, ’dod chags dang zhe sdang dang gti mug nyam rang su gzhag pa). ## eighteen great fields of knowledge *rig pa’i gnas bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśa­vidyā­sthāna*, The eighteen great fields of knowledge are listed in the Mahāvyutpatti as (1) music ( gandharva , rol mo), (2) love-making (vaiśika, ’khrig thabs), (3) sustenance (vārtā, ’tsho tshis), (4) arithmetic (sāṃkhyā, grangs can), (5) grammar (śabda, sgra), (6) medicine (cikitsita, gso dpyad), (7) behavior (nīti, chos lugs), (8) fine arts (śilpa, bzo), (9) archery (dhanurveda, ’phongs), (10) logic (hetu, gtan tshigs), (11) yoga (rnal ’byor), (12) study (śruti, thos pa), (13) recollection (sṃṛti, dran pa), (14) astronomy (jyotitiṣa, skar ma’i dpyad), (15) astrology (gaṇita, rtsis), (16) optical aberrations (māyā, mig ’phrul ’khor), (17) antiquity (purāṇa, sngon gyi rabs), and (18) history (itihāsaka, sngon byung ba). On all these and related matters, see Jamgon Kongtrul TOK Book 6, Pt.1: 311–315. ## eighteen qualities of the well-gone ones *bde gshegs rnams kyi btswa brgyad*, Skt. *bde gshegs rnams kyi btswa brgyad*, See “eighteen unique buddha qualities.” ## eighteen requisites of musical performance *rol mo’i bye brag bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭa­daśa­vādya­viśeṣa*, The eighteen requisites of musical performance, contained in the sixty-four crafts, are (1) the dancer (nartaka, gar mkhan); (2) the dance (nāṭya, bro); (3) kettledrum (bherī, rnga bo che); (4) clay drum (mṛdaṅga, rdza rnga); (5) tambour (muraja, rnga phran); (6) large kettledrum (dundubhi, rnga chen po); (7) small cymbal (paṇava, ’khar rnga); (8) single-string lute (tuṇava, pi vang rgyud gcig pa); (9) one-sided clay drum (eka­mukha­mṛdaṅga, rdza rnga kha gcig pa); (10) metal bell (illarī, lcags kyi sil khrol); (11) bell-metal cymbals (sampa, mkhar ba’i sil khrol); (12) three-string lute (ballarī, pi vang rgyud gsum pa); (13) mukunda drum (mukunda, rnga mukunda); (14) harmony of percussion and singing (gītopa­kṣipya­tūrya, sil snyan glu dbyangs dang bstun pa); (15) musical tempo (tālāvacara, pheg rdob); (16) instrumentation (vādyaśabda, rol mo’i sgra); (17) lute (vīṇā, pi vang); and (18) flute (veṇu, gling bu). On all these and related matters, see Jamgon Kongtrul TOK Book 6, Pt.1: 311–315. ## eighteen sciences *rig pa’i gnas bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭadaśavidyāsthāna*, (1) Music ( gandharva , rol mo), (2) amorous skills (vāiśakam, ’khrig ’thab), (3) housekeeping (vārttā, ’tsho chos/so tshis), (4) mathematics (sāṃkhyā, grang can), (5) grammar (śabdha, sgra), (6) medicine (cikitsa, gso ba), (7) religious tradition (dharmanītī, chos lugs), (8) painting and handicrafts (śilpa, bzo ba), (9) archery (dhanurveda, ’phong spyod), (10) logic (hetu, gtan tshig), (11) pharmacology (cikitsayoga, sman spyor), (12) self-discipline (svaśīla, rang gi bcas pa), (13) reflection on study (śrutismṛiti, thos pa dran pa), (14) astronomy (jyotiṣa, skar ma’i dpyad), (15) astrology (gaṇita, rtsis), (16) magic ( māyā , mig ’phrul), (17) history (purāṇam, sngon rabs), and (18) storytelling (itihāsakathā, sngon byung brjod pa) (Rigzin 395–6). ## eighteen sensory elements *khams bcwo brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭadaśadhātu*, The eighteen sensory elements, which appear in statements throughout the text either as just the name of the set or as a complete list, comprise: (1) the sensory element of the eyes, (2) the sensory element of sights, and (3) the sensory element of visual consciousness; (4) the sensory element of the ears, (5) the sensory element of sounds, and (6) the sensory element of auditory consciousness; (7) the sensory element of the nose, (8) the sensory element of odors, and (9) the sensory element of olfactory consciousness; (10) the sensory element of the tongue, (11) the sensory element of tastes, and (12) the sensory element of gustatory consciousness; (13) the sensory element of the body, (14) the sensory element of touch, and (15) the sensory element of tactile consciousness; and (16) the sensory element of the mental faculty, (17) the sensory element of mental phenomena, and (18) the sensory element of mental consciousness. ## eighteen special qualities of a bodhisattva *byang chub sems dpa’i chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇika­bodhi­sattva­dharma*, These consist of the bodhisattva’s natural (uninstructed) possession of generosity, morality, tolerance, effort, meditation, and wisdom; of his uniting all beings with the four means of unification, knowing the method of dedication (of virtue to enlightenment), exemplification, through skill in liberative art, of the positive results of the Mahāyāna, as suited to the (various) modes of behavior of all living beings, his not falling from the Mahāyāna, showing the entrances of saṃsāra and nirvāṇa, skill in the technique of reconciliation of dichotomies, impeccable progress in all his lives, guided by wisdom without any conditioned activities, possession of ultimate action of body, speech, and mind directed by the tenfold path of good action, nonabandonment of any of the realms of living beings, through his assumption of a body endowed with tolerance of every conceivable suffering, manifestation of that which delights all living beings, inexhaustible preservation of the mind of omniscience, as stable as the virtue-constituted tree of wish-fulfilling gems, (even) in the midst of the infantile (ordinary persons) and (narrow-minded) religious disciples, however trying they might be, and adamant irreversibility from demonstrating the quest of the Dharma of the Buddha, for the sake of the attainment of the miraculous consecration conferring the skill in liberative art that transmutes all things. (Mvy, nos. 787-804) ## eighteen special qualities of the Buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇika­buddha­dharma*, They are as follows: He never makes a mistake; he is never boisterous; he never forgets; his concentration never falters; he has no notion of diversity; his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration; his will never falters; his energy never fails; his mindfulness never falters; he never abandons his concentration; his wisdom never decreases; his liberation never fails; all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; his knowledge and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance; his knowledge and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance; and his knowledge and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance. ## eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo Eighteen groups enumerated in the Catalog, associated with the Go ancestral lineage. ## eighteen unique buddha qualities *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇikā­buddha­dharma*, Eighteen special features of a buddha’s physical state, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by ordinary beings. ## eighteen unique features of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśāveṇika­buddha­dharma*, They are as follows: (1) he never makes a mistake; (2) he is never boisterous; (3) he never forgets; (4) his concentration never falters; (5) he has no notion of distinctness; (6) his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration; (7) his motivation never falters; (8) his endeavor never fails; (9) his mindfulness never falters; (10) he never abandons his concentration; (11) his insight (prajñā) never decreases; (12) his liberation never fails; (13) all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom (jñāna); (14) all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; (15) all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom; (16) his wisdom (jñāna) and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance; (17) his wisdom and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance; and (18) his wisdom and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance. ## eighteen unique, immeasurable buddha qualities See “eighteen unique buddha qualities.” ## eighteen unique qualities *ma ’dres pa bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśāveṇika*, Eighteen special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by other beings. They are as follows: He never makes a mistake, he is never boisterous, he never forgets, his concentration never falters, he has no notion of distinctness, his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration, his will never falters, his energy never fails, his mindfulness never falters, he never abandons his concentration, his wisdom never decreases, his liberation never fails, all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, his knowledge and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance, his knowledge and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance, and his knowledge and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance. ## eighteen unique qualities of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭā­daśā­veṇika­buddha­dharma*, The eighteen characteristics of a fully realized being not shared by ordinary beings, namely that he never stumbles, never raises his voice, never loses mindfulness, and so forth. ## eighteen unique qualities of the buddhas These are eighteen unique qualities possessed by a buddha. They are “unique” in the sense that they are only possessed by buddhas and not by any other type of being. There are slight variations in the wording and order of the eighteen items found among various sources. For three canonical works that list the eighteen, see The Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Toh 11) at 2.8, The Jewel Cloud (Toh 231) at 1.249, and Distinctly Ascertaining the Meanings (Toh 317) at 1.96. ## eighteen unshared qualities *ma ’dres pa bcwa brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśāveṇika*, Eighteen special features of a buddha’s physical state, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by ordinary beings. ## eighteen unshared qualities of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyo chos ma ’dres pa bco brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭādaśāveṇikabuddhadharma*, The list of eighteen unshared qualities in the Ananta­mukhapariśo­dhana­nirdeśa varies slightly from other canonical lists. Elsewhere, the first quality is that the buddhas are “consistent in their actions.” The list in the Ananta­mukhapariśo­dhana­nirdeśa also includes an additional member at position thirteen: “their liberated wisdom vision never wanes.” The eighteen are generally given as: (1) their actions are consistent; (2) their speech is not jarring; (3) they are not forgetful; (4) their state of cessation is not a state of indifference; (5) their perception is not discursive; (6) their minds are always composed; (7) their diligence never wanes; (8) their recollection never wanes; (9) their effort never wanes; (10) their meditative absorption never wanes; (11) their insight never wanes; (12) their liberation never wanes; (13) their physical actions are guided by wisdom and are in alignment with wisdom; (14) their verbal actions are guided by wisdom and are in alignment with wisdom; (15) their mental actions are guided by wisdom and are in alignment with wisdom; (16) their wisdom vision is unobstructed and unaffected by the past; (17) their wisdom vision is unobstructed and unaffected by the future; and (18) their wisdom vision is unobstructed and unaffected by the present. ## eightfold abstinence *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i bsnyen gnas*, Skt. *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i bsnyen gnas*, Abstinence from killing, stealing, sexual intercourse, lying, drinking, adorning oneself with garlands and perfume and lying in a large bed, enjoying dance and music, and eating after noon. ## eightfold noble path *’phags pa’i lam gyi yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, These are right view (samyagdṛṣṭi), right consideration (samyak­saṃkalpa), right speech (samyakvāk), right terminal action (samyak­karmānta), right livelihood (samyagajiva), right effort (samyag­vyāyāma), right remembrance (samyak­smṛti), and right concentration (samyak­samādhi). They are variously defined in the different Buddhist schools. These eight form a part of the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment (see entry). ## eightfold observance *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i bsnyen gnas*, Skt. *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i bsnyen gnas*, To refrain from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual activity, (4) false speech, (5) intoxication, (6) singing, dancing, music, and beautifying oneself with adornments or cosmetics, (7) using a high or large bed, and (8) eating at improper times. Typically, this observance is maintained by lay people for twenty-four hours on new moon and full moon days, as well as other special days in the lunar calendar. ## eightfold path *’phags lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, The Buddhist path as presented in the Śrāvaka Vehicle: right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right samādhi. ## eightfold path of noble beings *’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, Right view, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and absorption. ## eightfold path of the noble ones *’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, Eight factors constituting the path of cultivation, namely: right view, right intention, right speech, right activity, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right absorption.. These are further explained in this text, see –. ## eightfold poṣadha *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i gso sbyin*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅika­poṣadha*, Also translated as “eightfold observance.” ## eightfold precepts *yan lag brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgaśīla*, Eight precepts observed by householders, particularly around certain ritual observances. ## eighth level *brgyad pa’i sa*, Skt. *aṣṭamakabhūmi*, Name of the third of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. See “ten levels.” ## eighth spiritual level *brgyad pa’i sa*, Skt. *aṣṭamakabhūmi*, This is an oblique reference to the stage of being eight steps away from becoming an arhat (Tib. dgra bcom pa). Specifically, this term refers to one who is on the cusp of becoming a stream enterer (Skt. śrotāpanna; Tib. rgyun du zhugs pa), and is the first and lowest stage in a list of eight stages or classes of a noble person (Skt. āryapudgala). The person at this lowest stage in the sequence is still on the path of seeing (Skt. darśanamārga; Tib. mthong lam), and then enters the path of cultivation (Skt. bhāvanāmārga; Tib. sgoms lam) upon attaining the next stage, that of a stream enterer (stage seven). From there they progress through the remaining stages of the hearer path, becoming in turn a once-returner (stages six and five), a non-returner (stages four and three), and an arhat (stages two and one). This same “eighth stage” also appears in set of ten stages (Skt. daśabhūmi; Tib. sa bcu) found in Mahāyāna sources, where it is the third step out of the ten. Not to be confused with the ten stages of the bodhisattva’s path, these ten stages mark the progress of one who sequentially follows the paths of a hearer, solitary buddha, and then bodhisattva on their way to complete buddhahood. In this set of ten stages a person “on the eighth stage” is similarly one who is on the cusp of becoming a stream enterer. ## eighth-lowest level *brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭamaka*, A person who is eight steps away in the arc of their development from becoming an arhat (Tib. dgra bcom pa). Specifically, this term refers to one who is on the cusp of becoming a stream-enterer (Skt. srotaāpanna; Tib. rgyun du zhugs pa), and is the first and lowest stage in a list of eight stages or classes of a noble person (Skt. āryapudgala). The person at this lowest stage in the sequence is still on the path of seeing (Skt. darśanamārga; Tib. mthong lam), and then enters the path of cultivation (Skt. bhāvanāmārga; Tib. sgoms lam) upon attaining the next stage, that of a stream-enterer (stage 7). From there they progress through the remaining stages of the śrāvaka path, becoming in turn a once-returner (stages six and five), a non-returner (stages four and three), and an arhat (stages two and one). This same “eighth stage” also appears in set of ten stages (Skt. daśabhūmi; Tib. sa bcu) found in Mahāyāna sources, where it is the third step out of the ten. Not to be confused with the ten stages of the bodhisattva’s path, these ten stages mark the progress of one who sequentially follows the paths of a śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and then bodhisattva on their way to complete buddhahood. In this set of ten stages a person “on the eighth stage” is similarly one who is on the cusp of becoming a stream-enterer. ## eighth-lowest stage *brgyad pa*, Skt. *aṣṭamaka*, A person who is eight steps away in the arc of their development from becoming an worthy one (Skt. arhat; Tib. dgra bcom pa). Specifically, this term refers to one who is on the cusp of becoming a stream-enterer (Skt. srotaāpanna; Tib. rgyun du zhugs pa), and is the first and lowest stage in a list of eight stages or classes of a noble person (Skt. āryapudgala). The person at this lowest stage in the sequence is still on the path of seeing (Skt. darśanamārga; Tib. mthong lam), and then enters the path of cultivation (Skt. bhāvanāmārga; Tib. sgoms lam) upon attaining the next stage, that of a stream-enterer (stage 7). From there they progress through the remaining stages of the hearer’s path, becoming in turn a once-returner (stages six and five), a non-returner (stages four and three), and an worthy one (stages two and one). This same “eighth stage” also appears in set of ten stages (Skt. daśabhūmi; Tib. sa bcu) found in Great Vehicle sources, where it is the third step out of the ten. Not to be confused with the ten stages of the bodhisattva’s path, these ten stages mark the progress of one who sequentially follows the paths of a hearer, solitary buddha, and then bodhisattva on their way to complete buddhahood. In this set of ten stages a person “on the eighth stage” is similarly one who is on the cusp of becoming a stream-enterer. ## Eightieth Million *bye brgyad pa*, Skt. *bye brgyad pa*, Son of the buddha Amitasvara. ## eighty excellent features *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *aśītyanuvyañjana*, A set of eighty bodily characteristics borne by buddhas and universal emperors. They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two major marks of a great being. These can be found listed, for example, in Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see Toh 9, Toh 10, Toh 11) or in The Play in Full (Toh 95, ) and many other sūtras. ## eighty excellent marks *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *anuvyañjana*, The eighty secondary physical characteristics of a buddha and of other great beings (mahāpuruṣa), which include such details as the redness of the fingernails and the blackness of the hair. Sometimes rendered as the “minor marks” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two major marks or signs of a great being. ## eighty excellent minor marks *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *aśītyanu­vyañjanāni*, A secondary series of identifying physical features of a great being. ## Eighty excellent signs *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *aśītyanuvyañjana*, A set of eighty bodily characteristics and insignia borne by both buddhas and universal emperors. They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two marks of a great being. ## eighty features *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *aśītyanuvyañjana*, A set of eighty bodily characteristics borne by buddhas and universal emperors. They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two major marks of a great being. These can be found listed, for example, in Prajñāpāramitā sūtras (see Toh 9, Toh 10, Toh 11) or in The Play in Full (Toh 95, 7.100) and many other sūtras. ## eighty minor marks *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *aśītyanuvyañjana*, Eighty of the hundred and twelve identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and universal monarchs, in addition to the so-called “thirty-two marks of a great being.” They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two marks. These can be found listed in . ## Eighty minor marks of perfection *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *aśītyanuvyañjana*, A set of eighty bodily characteristics and insignia borne by both buddhas and universal monarchs. For a comprehensive list of the eighty marks see Negi (3333). These are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the “thirty-two signs of great persons.” For a comprehensive list of the eighty and thirty-two marks see Berzin (2012). ## eighty minor signs *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *asītyānuvyañjana*, Eighty of the hundred and twelve identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and wheel-turning emperors, in addition to the so-called “thirty-two major marks of a great person.” They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two major marks. For their enumeration see the Twenty-Five Thousand, ; the Eighteen Thousand, ; or the Ten Thousand, . ## Eighty Siddhas 1| eighty (or eighty four) great [siddhas](#siddha) great [siddha](#siddha)s of ancient India whose lives have been recounted by Abhayadatta (see *[Buddha's](#buddha) Lions*, Emeryville, [Dharma](#dharma) Publishing, 1979). 2| the eighty siddhas of Yerpa in Tibet, [disciple](#disciple)s of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) who attained the [supreme accomplishment](#supreme-accomplishment). ## eighty sublime characteristics *dpe byad bzang po brgyad cu*, Skt. *caturaśītyanuvyañjana*, The eighty secondary physical characteristics of a buddha and of other great beings (mahāpuruṣa), they include such details as the redness of the fingernails and the blackness of the hair. They are considered “minor” in terms of being secondary to the thirty-two marks of a great being. ## Ekacchatra *gdugs dam pa*, Skt. *ekacchatra*, Name of a buddha in the northwestern direction, residing in the world system called Vaśībhūtā. ## Ekachattra *gdugs gcig pa*, Skt. *ekachattra*, Lit. “With a Single Umbrella.” A buddha in a world system called Vaśībhūtā, in the intermediate northwest direction. ## Ekadhāraka *rgyud gcig pa*, Skt. *ekadhāraka*, A mountain. ## Ekaśṛṅga *rwa gcig pa*, Skt. *ekaśṛṅga*, A ṛṣi who appears in the Nalinikā Jātaka. ## Ekajaṭā *ral pa gcig pa*, Skt. *ekajaṭā*, One of the deities in the maṇḍala of Avalokiteśvara-Amoghapāśa and in some of the maṇḍalas of Avalokiteśvara. ## Ekajaṭī *ral pa gcig pa*, Skt. *ekajaṭī*, See “Ekajaṭā.” ## Ekajatī A goddess. ## Ekakakṣa *tshang tshing gcig*, Skt. *ekakakṣa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ekaviḍapati *lan tshwa’i bdag po gcig pa*, Skt. *ekaviḍapati*, A mountain in a previous eon where, according to this sūtra, medical knowledge was revealed. ## ekavyūha *bkod pa gcig pa*, Skt. *ekavyūha*, Lit. “single array.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ekādaśā *cha med gcig*, Skt. *ekādaśā*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Ekāgramati *blo gros rtse gcig pa*, Skt. *ekāgramati*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## ekākāra *rnam pa gcig tu gyur pa*, Skt. *ekākāra*, Lit. “single aspect.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ekottara *gcig tu ’phags pa*, Skt. *ekottara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ekottarikāgama *lung gcig las ’phros pa*, Skt. *ekottarikāgama*, See . ## Ekārtha­darśin *don gcig tu ston pa*, Skt. *ekārtha­darśin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Elā *e la ma*, Skt. *elā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Ela *e la*, Skt. *ela*, A nāga king. ## elaborate teachings *shin tu rgyas pa’i sde*, Skt. *vaipulya*, One among the twelve sections of scripture. ## Elaparṇa *e la’i lo ma*, Skt. *elaparṇa*, A nāga king. ## Elapatra *e la’i ’dab ma*, Skt. *elapatra*, A nāga king who in the lifetime of the previous buddha had cut down a tree and had therefore been reborn as a nāga. Residing in Taxila, he is said to have miraculously extended himself to where the Buddha was present. This tale is found represented in ancient sculpture. ## Elarāvaṇa *e la’i rA ba Na*, Skt. *elarāvaṇa*, A nāga king. ## Elation *rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *rab tu dga’ ba*, Elation (great happiness or joy), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of Sublime Goodness. ## Elavarṇa *e la’i gdong*, Skt. *elavarṇa*, A nāga king. The Tibetan e la’i gdong seems to reflect elamukha rather than the attested elavarṇa. ## elder *gnas brtan*, Skt. *sthavira*, A monk who possesses the [qualities of stability and skill](#qualities-of-stability-and-skill). ## Elders *gnas brtan gyi sde*, Skt. *sthavira*, Elders (senior or venerable members of a community), also the name of one of the eighteen nikāya schools. ## elegant and beautiful limbs and appendages *yan lag dang nying lag spa bar mdzes pa*, Skt. *suvibhaktāṅga­pratyaṅgah*, Thirty-first of the eighty minor signs. ## elegant gait *mdzes par bzhud pa*, Skt. *cārugāmin*, Sixteenth of the eighty minor signs. ## element *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, Depending on the context, may translate either: (a) Skt. mahābhūta, Tib. ’byung ba chen po, the four “main” or “great” outer elements of earth, water, fire, air, and (when there is a fifth) space; or: (b) Skt. dhātu, Tib. khams, the “eighteen elements” introduce, in the context of the aggregates, elements, and sense-media, the same six pairs as the twelve sense-media, as elements of experience, adding a third member to each set: the element of consciousness (vijñāna), or sense. Hence the first pair gives the triad eye-element (caksur­dhātu), form-element (rūpadhātu), and eye-consciousness-element, or eye-sense-element (caksur­vijñāna­dhātu)—and so on with the other five, noting the last, mind-element (manodhātu), phenomena-element (dharma­dhātu), and mental-sense-element (mano­vijñāna­dhātu). ## element of the mental faculty *yid kyi khams*, Skt. *manodhātu*, Sixteenth of the eighteen elements (Tib. khams bco brgyad, Skt. aṣṭādaśadhātu). ## elements *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, One way of describing experience and the world in terms of eighteen elements: eye, form, and eye consciousness; ear, sound, and ear consciousness; nose, odor, and nose consciousness; tongue, taste, and tongue consciousness; body, touch, and body consciousness; mind, mental objects, and mind consciousness. These eighteen cognitive elements are listed in The Transcendent Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines, 1.16. ## Elephant *glang po*, Skt. *glang po*, Elephant (the large tusked mammal), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Elephant Character *glang po’i stabs*, Skt. *glang po’i stabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi (639 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## elephant chariot *glang po’i shing rta*, Skt. *glang po’i shing rta*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Elephant Extinction *glang po zad*, Skt. *glang po zad*, A nāga king. ## Elephant Gait *glang po’i ’gros*, Skt. *glang po’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitalocana. ## elephant gaze *glang po che’i lta stangs*, Skt. *nāgāvalokita*, When a buddha turns to look at someone or something, like an elephant he turns his whole body, not just his head. ## Elephant Heart *glang chen snying*, Skt. *hastīsāra*, In Rājagṛha, a certain elephant trainer for King Bimbisāra. His son was Citra Mounted on an Elephant. ## Elephant King *glang po’i dbang po*, Skt. *glang po’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Kṣemottamarāja. ## Elephant of Infinity *mtha’ yas glang po che*, Skt. *mtha’ yas glang po che*, A great bodhisattva. ## Elephant Power *glang po’i stobs*, Skt. *glang po’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vaidya. ## Elephant Ruler *glang chen dbang po*, Skt. *glang chen dbang po*, Father of the buddha Siṃhadaṃṣṭra. ## elephant tree *ka pi ta*, Skt. *kapittha*, Limonia acidissima according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Elephant Tree Caves *ka pi ta’i phug*, Skt. *ka pi ta’i phug*, Caves on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Kanakamuni. ## Elephant Trunk *glang po che’i lag*, Skt. *glang po che’i lag*, A monk. Interlocutor of the Buddha in the Questions of Pūrṇa sūtra. ## elephant wood-apple *ka pi t+tha*, Skt. *kapittha*, Limonia elephantianum (Correa), Feronia limonia (Linn). ## elephantiasis *rkang 'bam*, Skt. *ślīpadin*, A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## elephants of the quarters *phyogs kyi glang po*, Skt. *diggaja*, The eight elephants corresponding to the eight cardinal and ordinal directions and the eight world protectors. ## Elephant’s Trunk *glang chen sna*, Skt. *glang chen sna*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Elevated by Abiding in Aspiration *smon lam la rab tu gnas pas mngon par 'phags pa*, Skt. *smon lam la rab tu gnas pas mngon par 'phags pa*, The buddha realm of Fully Illuminated Oceanic King of Many Hundreds of Virtues. ## Elevated by Lotuses *pad mas ’phags pa*, Skt. *pad mas ’phags pa*, Name of a past buddha. ## elevated by phenomena *chos kyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *dharmodgata*, A meditative stability. ## Elevated by the Dharma *chos las mngon par ’phags pa*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Elevated Dharma *chos ’phags*, Skt. *chos ’phags*, A bodhisattva from King of Splendor’s buddha realm. ## elevated nails *sen mo mtho ba*, Skt. *tuṅganakha*, Third of the eighty minor signs. ## Elevated Sounds *sgra ’phang mthon po*, Skt. *sgra ’phang mthon po*, A forest on Flocking Peacocks. ## eleven aspects of knowledge *shes pa bcu gcig*, Skt. *ekādaśajñāna*, These, as listed in , are (1) knowledge of suffering, (2) knowledge of the origin of suffering, (3) knowledge of the cessation of suffering, (4) knowledge of the path, (5) knowledge of the extinction of contaminants, (6) knowledge that contaminants will not arise again, (7) knowledge of phenomena, (8) knowledge of phenomena that is subsequently realized, (9) knowledge of the relative, (10) knowledge that is masterful, and (11) knowledge that is semantic. ## Eleven Flames *me lce bcu gcig*, Skt. *ekādaśārcis*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## eleven knowledges *shes pa bcu gcig*, Skt. *ekādaśajñāna*, These, as listed in –, are (1) knowledge of suffering, (2) knowledge of the origin of suffering, (3) knowledge of the cessation of suffering, (4) knowledge of the path, (5) knowledge of the extinction of contaminants, (6) knowledge that contaminants will not arise again, (7) knowledge of phenomena, (8) knowledge of nonduality, (9) knowledge of the conventional, (10) knowledge of mastery, and (11) knowledge in accord with sound. ## eliminates the body *lus rnam par ’jig pa*, Skt. *lus rnam par ’jig pa*, An absorption. ## Eliminating Ailing Deer *sha ba na ’chang ba*, Skt. *sha ba na ’chang ba*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Eliminator of Enemy Attacks *phas kyi rgol ba tshar gcod pa*, Skt. *phas kyi rgol ba tshar gcod pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi. ## Eliminator of Poison A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Eliminator of Pride *nga rgyal bcad*, Skt. *nga rgyal bcad*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa. ## elixir *bdud rtsi*, Skt. *amṛta*, Refers to a nectar or ambrosia that prevents death or spiritual death (hence the Tibetan term means “crushes death”). The Sanskrit term literally means immortality. It is often used metaphorically to refer to the Dharma. ## eloquence *spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna*, The Tibetan, like the Sanskrit, literally means “confidence” or “courage” but in the Buddhist sūtras it refers specifically to inspired speech, to being perfectly eloquent in expressing the Dharma. ## eloquence and confidence The inspiration and courage to be able to teach the Dharma. Sometimes translated as “inspired speech.” ## Eloquence Regarding All Distinct Terminology *tshig gi rab tu tha dad pa thams cad la spobs pa*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## eloquent expression *legs par bshad pa*, Skt. *subhāṣita*, A well-crafted verse or teaching that elegantly and succinctly expresses key points of doctrine. In Indic literature broadly, poetic aphorisms that were often collected into anthologies. ## Eloquent Joy *spobs dga’*, Skt. *spobs dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Eloquent King of Qualities *yon tan gyi rgyal po spobs pa can*, Skt. *yon tan gyi rgyal po spobs pa can*, The buddha that the female bodhisattva Strīvivarta will one day become. ## Elāpatra *e la’i ’dab*, Skt. *elāpatra*, A nāga king. ## Elāpattra *e la’i ’dab ma*, Skt. *elāpattra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## elucidating the way of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi tshul la nges par ston pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad kyi tshul la nges par ston pa*, The name of a meditative absorption of the Buddha, described in detail in et seq., a teaching on which the bodhisattva Prāmodyarāja requests in The Good Eon. ## elucidation *gtan la dbab pa*, Skt. *upadeśa*, One of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra. More commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine. It means “the explanation of details in the teachings” and is synonymous with abhidharma. ## Emanated Śakra *sprul pa’i brgya byin*, Skt. *sprul pa’i brgya byin*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## emanated body *sprul pa’i sku*, Skt. *nirmāṇakāya*, The body of a buddha visible to ordinary sentient beings. ## Emanated Crest *rnam par sprul pa’i tog*, Skt. *rnam par sprul pa’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cūḍa. ## emanated incarnation *sprul pa*, Skt. *nirmāṇa*, This refers to the miraculous power of the Buddha and bodhisattvas of a certain stage to emanate apparently living beings in order to develop and teach living beings. This power reaches its culmination in the nirmāṇa­kayā, the “incarnation body,” which is one of the three bodies of buddhahood and includes all physical forms of all buddhas, including Śākyamuni, whose sole function as incarnations is the development and liberation of living beings. ## Emanated Light *rnam par ’phrul pa’i ’od*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa’i ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Emanating Light *’od btang ba*, Skt. *’od btang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Essence. ## emanation *sprul pa*, Skt. *pratāraṇā*, See “[shape shifter](#shape-shifter).” ## emanation body *sprul pa’i sku*, Skt. *nirmāṇakāya*, Manifestations of the Buddha, particularly as the principal buddha of an age, that are perceivable by ordinary beings. ## Emanation of a Hundred Light Rays *’od zer brgya ’phro ba can*, Skt. *’od zer brgya ’phro ba can*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Emanation of Light Rays *’od zer ’phro ba*, Skt. *’od zer ’phro ba*, A realm in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Emanation of the Dharma *chos sprul pa*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Emanations of Wisdom *ye shes rnam par sprul*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par sprul*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyadhvaja. ## Emanatress A goddess whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## emancipation *rnam par grol ba*, Skt. *vi­moca*, This denotes emancipation or withdrawal from worldly life. See . ## emancipation in the domain of all conduct *spyod pa thams cad kyi yul la nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *spyod pa thams cad kyi yul la nges par ’byung ba*, An absorption. ## embarrassment *khrel*, Skt. *apatrāpya*, One of the eleven virtuous mental factors (Tib. sems byung dge ba; Skt. kuśalacaitta), a subgroup of the mental states or factors associated with the mind (Skt. caitasika, caitta), according to the Abhidharma. According to Vasubandhu (in his Pañcaskandhaka), khrel (“embarrassment” or “shame”) is different from ngo tsha (“scruples,” “conscience”) in that it is independent from others’ judgment of one’s behavior, and solely internal, in that it contradicts one’s internalized values. See “guilty conscience.” ## Embers Within *nang na me mdag yod pa*, Skt. *antargataparpura*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## emblem *phyag mtshan*, Skt. *cihna*, The implements, weapons, insignia, etc., in the hands of a tantric deity. Some of the implements in the hands of deities are shared (such as different kinds of weapons, etc.) and some are characteristic attributes of certain deities—often having a symbolic function indicating the deity’s function or activity—and can help to identify them. ## emblic myrobalan Phyllanthus emblica. One of the three myrobalan fruits. ## embodied being *lus can*, Skt. *dehin*, Also rendered in this translation as “corporeal being,” and “living being.” ## Embodiment of the Natural State *ngang tshul kun du sdud*, Skt. *ngang tshul kun du sdud*, Birthplace of the buddha Deva. ## emerge *nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *niryāṇa*, Deliverance from cyclic existence. ## emergence of light rays *’od zer ’byung ba*, Skt. *raśminirhāro*, The fiftieth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Emergence of Sages *drang srong ’byung ba*, Skt. *drang srong ’byung ba*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## emergence of wisdom with respect to all phenomena *chos thams cad la ye shes ’byung ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāva­jñāna­nirgamo*, The third of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Emerging at the Summit of the Shadows *grib ma’i rtse la ’byung ba*, Skt. *grib ma’i rtse la ’byung ba*, A rākṣasī who lives in Black Waters ## emerging from the realm of phenomena *dbyings las byung ba*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­nirgato*, The thirty-first of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Emerging Land *yul ’khor ’byung*, Skt. *yul ’khor ’byung*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñārāṣṭra. ## Emerging Lotus Glory *pad ma dpal ’byung*, Skt. *pad ma dpal ’byung*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## emetic nut Randia dumetorum. ## Eminence Eminence (a position of distinction or superiority), also the ninth of the bodhisattva grounds, understood as ten in number. ## Emitter of a Thousand Light Rays *’od zer stong gi ’od ’phro*, Skt. *’od zer stong gi ’od ’phro*, A bodhisattva. ## Emitting the Light of Incense *spos kyi ’od zer rab tu gtong ba*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## emotionally afflicted person *nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *saṃkleśa*, See “afflictive emotions.” ## Emotions see [negative emotions](#negative-emotions). ## empathetic joy *dga’ ba*, Skt. *muditā*, Third of the four immeasurable aspirations. ## emperor *’khor los sgyur ba*, Skt. *cakravartin*, See “cakravartin.” ## emperor Mañjughoṣa “The emperor Mañjughoṣa” is a general epithet for the Manchu rulers of the Qing dynasty. See Yongzheng. ## Employing Gracefulness *stabs ’jog*, Skt. *stabs ’jog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Janendrakalpa (900 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## empower *byin gyis brlab*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhāna*, The term conveys the notions of transferring authority, power, or control to a person or object. The term can in some contexts be translated as “blessing.” ## empowered manifestation body *byin gyis brlabs pa’i lus*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhānakāya*, A body that a bodhisattva manifests for the sake of sentient beings. ## empowering authority A challenging term that derives from a Sanskrit verb that can mean to authorize or empower as well as to stand over, depend on, or serve as a basis for something. As a noun, it can refer to one’s determination or resolve that something be the case, and the object of one’s resolution. Its noun and verb forms are also used in this and other sūtras to convey a sense of extraordinary mastery and power, a kind of superhuman willpower to make things happen. ## Empowerment *dbang bskur*, Skt. *abhiṣeka*, lit. transfer of power. The authorization to hear, [study](#study) and practice the teachings of the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). This takes place in a ceremony which may be extremely elaborate or utterly simple. See [four empowerments](#four-empowerments). ## Emptiness *stong pa nyid*, Skt. *śūnyatā*, the absence of true existence in all phenomena. See [dependent arising](#dependent-arising). ## emptiness as a gateway to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo stong pa nyid*, Skt. *śūnyatā­vimokṣa­mukha*, First of the three gateways to liberation. ## emptiness endowed with all its finest aspects *rnam pa’i mchog thams cad dang ldan pa’i stong pa nyid*, Skt. *sarvākāravaropeta­śūnyatā*, A term which, in the commentaries of the third turning of the doctrinal wheel, is interpreted to mean that consummate buddha attributes are extraneously empty of all imaginary and dependent attributes. ## emptiness in all its finest aspects *rnam pa thams cad kyi mchog dang ldan pa’i stong pa nyid*, Skt. *sarvākāra­guṇopeta­śūnya­tā*, A term which, in the commentaries of the third turning of the doctrinal wheel, is interpreted to mean that consummate buddha attributes are extraneously empty of all imaginary and dependent attributes. (See also ). ## emptiness of a basic nature *rang bzhin gyi stong pa nyid*, Skt. *prakṛti­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of a nature from something else *gzhan gyi dngos po stong pa nyid*, Skt. *para­bhāva­śūnyatā*, See “emptiness.” ## emptiness of a nonexistent thing *dngos po med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *abhāva­śūnyatā*, One of the eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of all dharmas *chos thams cad stong pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of all phenomena *chos thams cad stong pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­śūnyatā*, The fourteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of all things *chos thams cad stong pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­śūnya­tā*, Fourteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities *dngos po med pa’i ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *abhāva­svabhāva­śūnyatā*, The eighteenth of the eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of an intrinsic nature *ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *svabhāva­śūnyatā*, One of the eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of both external and internal phenomena *phyi nang stong pa nyid*, Skt. *adhyātma­bahirdhā­śūnyatā*, Third of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of conditioned phenomena *’dus byas stong pa nyid*, Skt. *saṃskṛta­śūnyatā*, The seventh of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of emptiness *stong pa nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *śūnyatāśūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses ## emptiness of essential nature *ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *svabhāva­śūnyatā*, Seventeenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of external phenomena *phyi stong pa nyid*, Skt. *bahirdhā­śūnyatā*, Second of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of great extent *chen po stong pa nyid*, Skt. *mahāśūnyatā*, The fifth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness ## emptiness of inherent existence *rang bzhin stong pa nyid*, Skt. *prakṛtiśūnyatā*, The twelfth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of inherent nature *rang bzhin stong pa nyid*, Skt. *prakṛtiśūnyatā*, The twelfth of the eighteen emptinesses. See also “inherent nature.” ## emptiness of internal phenomena *nang stong pa nyid*, Skt. *adhyātma­śūnyatā*, First of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of intrinsic defining characteristics *rang gi mtshan nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *svalakṣaṇa­śūnyatā*, The thirteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of its own mark *rang gi mtshan nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *svalakṣaṇa­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of no beginning and no end *thog ma dang tha ma med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anavarāgra­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of nonapprehensibility *mi dmigs pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anupalambha­śūnyatā*, Fifteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of non-apprehension *mi dmigs pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *an­upa­lambha­śūnya­tā*, Fifteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of non-dispersal *dor ba med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *an­ava­kāra­śūnya­tā*, Eleventh of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of non-entities *dngos po med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *a­bhāva­śūnya­tā*, Sixteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of nonentities *dngos po med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *abhāvaśūnyatā*, Sixteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of nonexclusion *dor ba med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anavakāra­śūnyatā*, The eleventh of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of nonrepudiation *dor ba med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anavakāra­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of not apprehending *mi dmigs pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anupalambha­śūnyatā*, One of the eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of that which cannot be apprehended *mi dmigs pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anupalambha­śūnyatā*, Fifteenth of the eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of that which has neither beginning nor end *thog ma dang tha ma med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anavarāgra­śūnyatā*, Tenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of the compounded *’dus byas stong pa nyid*, Skt. *saṃskṛta­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of the essential nature of non-entities *dngos po med pa’i ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *a­bhāva­svabhāva­śūnya­tā*, Eighteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of the essential nature of nonentities *dngos po med pa’i ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *abhāva­svabhāva­śūnyatā*, The eighteenth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of the uncompounded *’dus ma byas stong pa nyid*, Skt. *asaṃskṛta­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of the unlimited *mtha’ las ’das pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *atyantaśūnyatā*, Ninth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness. ## emptiness of the unproduced *skye ba med pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *anutpāda­śūnyatā*, See “emptiness.” ## emptiness of ultimate reality *don dam pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *paramārtha­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness of unconditioned phenomena *’dus ma byas stong pa nyid*, Skt. *asaṃskṛta­śūnyatā*, The eighth of the eighteen aspects of emptiness ## emptiness of what transcends limits *mtha’ las ’das pa stong pa nyid*, Skt. *atyanta­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness that is the nonexistence of an intrinsic nature *dngos po med pa’i ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid*, Skt. *abhāva­svabhāva­śūnyatā*, One of the eighteen emptinesses. ## emptiness that transcends limits *mtha’ las ’das pa’i stong pa nyid*, Skt. *atyanta­śūnyatā*, See “emptiness.” ## emptinesses *stong pa nyid*, Skt. *śūnyatā*, This could refer to any of a number of enumerations of emptinesses. “Seven emptinesses,” “fourteen emptinesses,” and “eighteen emptinesses” are listed in this sūtra. ## empty *stong pa*, Skt. *śūnya*, Emptiness (stong pa nyid), signlessness (mtshan ma med pa), and wishlessness (smon pa med pa) are known as the “three doors to deliverance” (triṇi­vimokṣa­mukhāni) or the “three concentrations” (trayaḥ samādhyaḥ) and as a set appear in both mainstream Buddhist sūtras and Mahāyāna sūtras. See Conze 1962, pp. 59–69; Lamotte 1944, pp. 1213–15; and Deleanu 2000, pp. 74–78. ## empty, signless, and wishless *stong pa nyid dang mtshan ma med pa dang smon pa med pa*, Skt. *śūnya-animitta-apraṇihita*, The “three gateways to liberation”—absence of inherent existence, absence of mental constructs, and absence of hopes and fears. ## emulation *rjes su skyes pa*, Skt. *anu­jāta*, This term appears in reference to Su­bhūti who is considered to be an “emulator” of Lord Buddha, in the sense that he appears to imitate him. This is, of course, not to be understood in the sense of rivalry or competition. ## enacted *mngon par ’dus byas pa*, Skt. *abhisaṃskṛta*, See “enactment.” ## enactment *mngon par ’du bgyi ba*, Skt. *abhisaṃskāra*, Here, to practice an enactment means to get tied up in, or to settle down on, what is not ultimately real as real. ## enchanting *rmongs par bya ba*, Skt. *mohana*, A type of ritual action. ## Encircled by a Thousand Houses *mtha’ yang gang khang bu stong yod pa*, Skt. *mtha’ yang gang khang bu stong yod pa*, A summit in Ornament of the Mind. ## Encircled by Crystal *shel ’khor bar byed pa*, Skt. *shel ’khor bar byed pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Encircled by White Clouds *sprin dkar po rgyu ba*, Skt. *sprin dkar po rgyu ba*, A mountain in Kuru, the same as White Cloud Keeper. ## Encircling Pool *kun nas rdzing kun du bskor ba*, Skt. *kun nas rdzing kun du bskor ba*, A pool in Shaded by Garlands. ## Encompassing Son *tshib pa’i bu*, Skt. *tshib pa’i bu*, A nāga king. ## Encounter with Awakening *byang chub phrad*, Skt. *byang chub phrad*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prajñārāṣṭra. ## Endearing *rab sdug*, Skt. *rab sdug*, Endearing (inspiring affection), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Vratanidhi. ## Endearing Flower *me tog sdug*, Skt. *me tog sdug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Lokajyeṣṭha. ## Endearing Power *yid ’ong mthu rtsal*, Skt. *yid ’ong mthu rtsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ketudhvaja. ## Endless Agony *tshor ba mtha’ med*, Skt. *apāravedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Endless Colors A nāga king in the audience of this sūtra. ## endless consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas*, Skt. *vijñānānantya*, See “station of endless consciousness.” ## endless knot *dpal gyi be’u*, Skt. *śrīvatsa*, An auspicious sign found on the chest of the Buddha. In non-Buddhist traditions it is also found on the chest of certain deities, such as Viṣṇu. ## endless space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas*, Skt. *ākāśānantya*, See “station of endless space.” ## Endowed with a Buddha *sangs rgyas can*, Skt. *sangs rgyas can*, Birthplace of the buddha Subuddhi. ## endowed with a distinct forbearance *ma ’dres pa’i bzod pa dang ldan pa*, A meditative stability. ## Endowed with a Roaring Mind while Donning the Robes of Sacrifice *mchod sbyin go bgos nga ro’i blo can*, Skt. *mchod sbyin go bgos nga ro’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vidvat. ## Endowed with Acumen *spobs ldan ma*, Skt. *spobs ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Kusumadatta. ## Endowed with All Excellent Qualities *yon tan kun dang ldan*, Skt. *yon tan kun dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇatejoraśmi. ## endowed with all finest aspects *rnam pa’i mchog thams cad dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sarvākārāvatāra*, A meditative stability. See also and in the Twenty-Five Thousand, . ## Endowed with All Qualities *yon tan kun dang ldan*, Skt. *yon tan kun dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Viraja. ## Endowed with Beautiful Eyes *spyan mdzes ldan pa*, Skt. *spyan mdzes ldan pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Cāritraka (882 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Beauty *mdzes dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mdzes dang ldan pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ketuprabha (545 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Birth *skye ldan*, Skt. *skye ldan*, Son of the buddha Pūrṇacandra. ## Endowed with Bliss *bde ldan ma*, Skt. *bde ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Uttamadeva. ## Endowed with Brahmā *tshangs ldan*, Skt. *tshangs ldan*, A buddha realm. ## Endowed with Brightness *mdangs dang ldan*, Skt. *mdangs dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Satyabhāṇin. ## Endowed with Brilliant Light and Having a Melodious Voice A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Endowed with Campakas *tsam pa ka dang ldan*, Skt. *tsam pa ka dang ldan*, A buddha realm. ## Endowed with Certainty *nges ldan*, Skt. *nges ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Endowed with Clear Awakening *byang chub gsal ba can*, Skt. *byang chub gsal ba can*, Birthplace of the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka. ## Endowed with Clear Mind *blo gsal ldan*, Skt. *blo gsal ldan*, Mother of the buddha Bodhana. ## Endowed with Clouds *sprin ldan*, Skt. *sprin ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Amoghavikramin. ## Endowed with Conduct *spyod pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *spyod pa dang ldan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Caraṇaprasanna. ## Endowed with Cool Water *chu bsil ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *chu bsil ba dang ldan pa*, A lotus lake on Endowed with Lotuses. ## Endowed with Cows *ba lang can*, Skt. *ba lang can*, A river in Jambudvīpa. ## Endowed with Crown Ornaments *dbu rgyan ’dzin*, Skt. *dbu rgyan ’dzin*, An area in Kuru. ## Endowed with Delightful Melody *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs can*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs can*, Birthplace of the buddha Nandeśvara. ## Endowed with Dharma *chos can*, Skt. *chos can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samṛddha. ## endowed with dhāraṇīs *gzungs dang ldan pa*, A meditative stability. ## Endowed with Discernment *rnam par ’byed ldan*, Skt. *rnam par ’byed ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajrasaṃhata (738 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Discipline *tshul khrims dang ldan pa*, Skt. *tshul khrims dang ldan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Meruyaśas. ## Endowed with Divinity *lha ldan*, Skt. *lha ldan*, Son of the buddha Dharmacandra. ## Endowed with Elements *khams dang ldan pa*, Skt. *khams dang ldan pa*, An island beyond Videha. ## Endowed with Enjoyments *longs spyod ldan*, Skt. *longs spyod ldan*, A nāga realm. ## Endowed with Essence *snying po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *snying po dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Emanating Light. ## Endowed with Ethical Conduct *spyod pa can*, Skt. *spyod pa can*, Mother of the buddha Maṅgalin. ## Endowed with Everything *thams cad mngon par ’byor ba*, Skt. *thams cad mngon par ’byor ba*, The pleasure garden where Śakra’s elephant roams. ## Endowed with Excellence *bzang ldan*, Skt. *bzang ldan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Smṛtīndra. ## Endowed with Excellent Attainment *legs par thob pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *legs par thob pa dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sunlight. ## Endowed with Excellent Statements *legs par gsungs dang ldan*, Skt. *legs par gsungs dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## Endowed with Excellent Thought *yid ldan*, Skt. *yid ldan*, Mother of the buddha Prabhūta. ## Endowed with Extremely Delightful Words *shin tu snyan pa’i gtam dang ldan*, Skt. *shin tu snyan pa’i gtam dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Lokajyeṣṭha. ## Endowed with Extremely Powerful Merit *bsod nams shin tu rtsal dang ldan*, Skt. *bsod nams shin tu rtsal dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vikrāntagamin. ## Endowed with Eyes *mig ldan*, Skt. *mig ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Laḍitanetra. ## Endowed with Faith *dad ldan ma*, Skt. *dad ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## Endowed with Fame *grags pa can*, Skt. *grags pa can*, Birthplace of the buddha Vighuṣṭaśabda. ## Endowed with Fearless Wisdom *’jigs med ye shes ldan pa*, Skt. *’jigs med ye shes ldan pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānasāgara. ## Endowed with Fierce Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs drag ldan*, Skt. *brtul zhugs drag ldan*, Mother of the buddha Guṇaprabhāsa. ## Endowed with Flowers *me tog can*, Skt. *me tog can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Lion’s Roar. ## Endowed with Garlands of Light *ba lang gi ’od kyi phreng ba can*, Skt. *ba lang gi ’od kyi phreng ba can*, A nāga king. (Note that this translation is partly tentative, as the Tibetan ba lang, which ordinarily means “cow,” “bull,” or “elephant,” has not been rendered into English, as its meaning here is unclear.) ## Endowed with Glory *dpal ’dzin*, Skt. *dpal ’dzin*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Endowed with Gold *gser dang ldan*, Skt. *gser dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vajradhvaja. ## Endowed with Golden Light *gser gyi ’od can*, Skt. *gser gyi ’od can*, Birthplace of the buddha Kāñcanaprabha. ## Endowed with Great Ornament *rgyan chen po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rgyan chen po dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Light of Incense. ## Endowed with Honey *sbrang rtsi can*, Skt. *sbrang rtsi can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sovereign King of Nāgas. ## Endowed with Immaculate Light *dri ma med pa’i ’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i ’od dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Perfectly Pure Light. ## Endowed with Incense *spos ldan*, Skt. *spos ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇabāhu. ## Endowed with Incense Fragrance *spos kyi ngad ldan*, Skt. *spos kyi ngad ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samantadarśin (420 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Increasing Bliss *bde ba rab tu ’phel ba*, Skt. *bde ba rab tu ’phel ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Endowed with Insight *shes rab can*, Skt. *shes rab can*, Son of the buddha Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha. ## Endowed with Intelligence *blo gros ldan*, Skt. *blo gros ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharma­pradīpākṣa (984 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Islands The royal priest of King Ajātaśatru, a king at the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara. The name in the Tibetan, meaning Endowed with Islands, may be a conflation with the name of the city of Dīpaṅkara’s birth in earlier sources for the narrative related in The Prophecy of Dīpaṅkara (see –), for example, the city of Dvīpavatī in the Divyāvadāna and Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā. In other sources the father’s (or the priest’s or king’s) name is the graphically similar Dīpa (Lamp), Dīpavat (Endowed with Lamps), and so forth, which is reflected also in the name Arcimat (Shining). See, for example, Matsumura 2011b: 1140–43. ## Endowed with Jewel Flowers *rin chen me tog can*, Skt. *rin chen me tog can*, Mother of the buddha Vijita. ## Endowed with Jewel Garlands *rin po che’i phreng ba can*, Skt. *rin po che’i phreng ba can*, A nāga king. ## Endowed with Jewel Light *rin po che’i ’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i ’od dang ldan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Surāṣṭra. ## Endowed with Jewel Power *rin chen mthu rtsal*, Skt. *rin chen mthu rtsal*, Attendant of the buddha Acala. ## Endowed with Jewels *rin po che dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rin po che dang ldan pa*, (1) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sublime Jewel/Foremost Sublime Jewel. (2) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Overwhelming All with Precious Qualities. ## Endowed with Joy *dga’ ldan ma*, Skt. *dga’ ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Endowed with Knowledge *shes ldan*, Skt. *shes ldan*, Son of the buddha Anuttarajñānin. ## endowed with knowledge and conduct The Nibandhana explains this as a metaphor of the eye and the feet, which, operating together, allow one to move. Knowledge, interpreted as either “right view” or as “the training in wisdom,” is like the eye, while the other seven parts of the noble eightfold path, or the two other trainings in discipline and samādhi, function as the “feet.” This explanation is also found in the sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti, which further clarifies that zhabs is here simply the honorific term for “foot” (caraṇa ni rkang pa). ## endowed with knowledge and feet *rig pa dang zhabs su ldan pa*, Skt. *vidyācaraṇa­sampanna*, The Nibandhana explains this as a metaphor of the eye and the feet, which, operating together, allow one to move; knowledge, interpreted as either “right view” or as “the training in wisdom,” is like the eye, while the other seven parts of the noble eightfold path, or the two other trainings in discipline and samādhi, function as the “feet.” This explanation is also found in the sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti, which further clarifies that zhabs is here simply the honorific term for “foot” (caraṇa ni rkang pa). Thus, although it is not uncommon to translate caraṇa here with “conduct,” this loses the significance of the metaphor. ## Endowed with Śāla Fragrance *sA la’i dri ldan*, Skt. *sA la’i dri ldan*, Son of the buddha Dharmākara. ## Endowed with Śāla Trees *sA la can*, Skt. *sA la can*, Birthplace of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Endowed with Lakes *mtsho can*, Skt. *mtsho can*, A buddha realm. ## Endowed with Life Force *srog ldan*, Skt. *srog ldan*, Son of the buddha Śaśiketu. ## Endowed with Light *’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *’od dang ldan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūryaraśmi. ## Endowed with Lightning *glog ldan*, Skt. *glog ldan*, Son of the buddha Arthavādin. ## Endowed with Lotuses *pad mo can*, Skt. *pad mo can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Lotus Guru. ## Endowed with Love *byams ldan ma*, Skt. *byams ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Prahāṇakhila. ## Endowed with Lovely Limbs *yan lag sdug ldan pa*, Skt. *yan lag sdug ldan pa*, Attendant of the buddha Sahitaraśmi. ## Endowed with Lovely Melody *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs dang ldan*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Ghoṣasvara. ## Endowed with Loving Kindness *byams ldan*, Skt. *byams ldan*, Son of the buddha Saṃgīti. ## Endowed with Luminosity *gsal ldan ma*, Skt. *gsal ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Toṣitatejas. ## endowed with markings *mtshan dang ldan pa*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­tā*, Seventy-eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## Endowed with Mastery *dbang ldan*, Skt. *dbang ldan*, Son of the buddha Guṇendrakalpa. ## Endowed with Meaning *don ldan*, Skt. *don ldan*, Mother of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu. ## Endowed with Medicine *sman dang ldan*, Skt. *sman dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahauṣadhi. ## Endowed with Melody *dbyangs ldan*, Skt. *dbyangs ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa. ## Endowed with Merit *bsod nams ldan*, Skt. *bsod nams ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vaśavartirāja. ## Endowed with Meritorious Wealth *bsod nams ’byor ldan*, Skt. *bsod nams ’byor ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Anantayaśas. ## Endowed with Migration *’gro ba dang yang dag par ldan pa*, Skt. *’gro ba dang yang dag par ldan pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Endowed with Mindfulness *dran ldan*, Skt. *dran ldan*, Father of the buddha Askhalita­buddhi. ## Endowed with Miracles *’phrul can*, Skt. *’phrul can*, Son of the buddha Rāhugupta. ## Endowed with Moon *zla ba can*, Skt. *zla ba can*, (1) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Shining Like Gold. (2) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Guru of the Moon. (3) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Melody of a Lotus. ## Endowed with Moonlight *zla ba’i ’od ldan pa*, Skt. *zla ba’i ’od ldan pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tiṣya (370 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Nāga Light *klu yi ’od ldan*, Skt. *klu yi ’od ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaruta (466 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Endowed with Nāgas *klu dang ldan pa*, Skt. *klu dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Melody of Lions. ## Endowed with Peace *zhi ldan*, Skt. *zhi ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Hutārci. ## endowed with perfect knowledge and conduct This term also has the literal meaning of “endowed with knowledge and feet.” The Nibandhana explains this as a metaphor of the eye and the feet, which, operating together, allow one to move; knowledge, interpreted as either “right view” or as “the training in wisdom,” is like the eye, while the other seven parts of the noble eightfold path, or the two other trainings in discipline and samādhi, function as the “feet.” This explanation is also found in the sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti, which further clarifies that zhabs is here simply the honorific term for “foot” (caraNa ni rkang pa). ## Endowed with Perfection *rdzogs ldan*, Skt. *rdzogs ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāpraṇāda. ## Endowed with Power *stobs can*, Skt. *stobs can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pradīpa. ## Endowed with Powerful Joy *dga’ ba’i mthu rtsal can*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i mthu rtsal can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vikrāntagamin. ## endowed with practice *spyod pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *cāritravatī*, A meditative stability. ## Endowed with Produce *skyed par ldan*, Skt. *skyed par ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Sudarśana. ## Endowed with Qualities *yon tan can*, Skt. *yon tan can*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇadharma. ## Endowed with Radiant Light *’od ’phro’i ’od dang ldan*, Skt. *’od ’phro’i ’od dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Endowed with Realization *rtogs ldan*, Skt. *rtogs ldan*, Father of the buddha Pratibhānagaṇa. ## Endowed with Religious Conduct *spyod lam ldan*, Skt. *spyod lam ldan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vikrīḍitāvin. ## Endowed with Result *’bras bu dang ldan pa*, Skt. *’bras bu dang ldan pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Endowed with Riches *’byor ldan*, Skt. *’byor ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Nanda. ## Endowed with Riverbanks *gram can*, Skt. *gram can*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Endowed with Rivers *chu ldan*, Skt. *chu ldan*, A land in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Endowed with Sandalwood *tsan dan can*, Skt. *tsan dan can*, Birthplace of the buddha Sañjayin. ## Endowed with Splendid Light *gzi brjid ’od dang ldan*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’od dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Jyotiṣka ## Endowed with Splendid Qualities *yon tan gzi brjid ldan pa*, Skt. *yon tan gzi brjid ldan pa*, Mother of the buddha Guṇagaṇa. ## Endowed with Starlight *skar ’od can*, Skt. *skar ’od can*, Mother of the buddha Pūjya. ## Endowed with Sublime Happiness *dam pa’i dga’ ldan*, Skt. *dam pa’i dga’ ldan*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Sustenance. ## Endowed with Sun *nyi ma dang ldan pa*, Skt. *nyi ma dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Light of the Moon. ## Endowed with Supreme Intelligence *blo ldan mchog*, Skt. *blo ldan mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnāgni. ## Endowed with Supreme Offerings *mchod pa mchog dang ldan*, Skt. *mchod pa mchog dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Śreṣṭha. ## Endowed with Sustenance *’tsho ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *’tsho ba dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Endowed with Sublime Happiness. ## Endowed with Sweetness *mngar can*, Skt. *mngar can*, Attendant of the buddha Roca. ## Endowed with Teachers *slob dpon dang ldan pa*, Skt. *slob dpon dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Thus-Gone King, Guru of Immeasurably Many. ## Endowed with Ten *bcu ldan*, Skt. *bcu ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Sucīrṇabuddhi. ## Endowed with the Absence of Self *bdag med pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *bdag med pa dang ldan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## endowed with the branches of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag yod pa*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgavatī*, A meditative stability. ## Endowed with the Crest of Indra *dbang po’i tog dang ldan*, Skt. *dbang po’i tog dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Indra. ## endowed with the essence *snying po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *śāravatī*, The 106th meditative stability in chapter 6 and 108th in chapter 8. ## Endowed with the Essence of Vajra *rdo rje’i snying po can*, Skt. *rdo rje’i snying po can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one All-Conquering Vajra. ## Endowed with the Eye of Intelligence *blo gros mig ldan pa*, Skt. *blo gros mig ldan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnārci. ## endowed with the factors conducive to enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag yod pa*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgavatī*, The 81st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Endowed with the Force of Compassion *snying rje’i shugs can*, Skt. *snying rje’i shugs can*, Mother of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Endowed with the Gathering of Qualities *yon tan gyi tshogs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *yon tan gyi tshogs dang ldan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Endowed with the Glory of Sublime Evenness *mnyam pa dam pa’i dpal dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mnyam pa dam pa’i dpal dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sublime Elephant of Jewels. ## Endowed with the King of Stars *skar ma’i rgyal po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *skar ma’i rgyal po dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one King of Sāla. ## Endowed with the Light of Ethical Conduct *tshul khrims kyi ’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *tshul khrims kyi ’od dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Mount Sumeru. ## Endowed with the Light of Shooting Dharma Stars *chos kyi skar mda’ snang ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *chos kyi skar mda’ snang ba dang ldan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Endowed with the Mind of the Clear View *lta gsal blo can*, Skt. *lta gsal blo can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Aśoka. ## Endowed with the Mind That Crosses the Entire Ocean of Existence *srid pa’i rgya mtsho thams cad las rgal ba’i blo can*, Skt. *srid pa’i rgya mtsho thams cad las rgal ba’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śaśin. ## Endowed with the Mode *’gros ldan*, Skt. *’gros ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Endowed with the Moon of Glory *dpal gyi zla ba can*, Skt. *dpal gyi zla ba can*, Name of a thus-gone one. ## Endowed with the Nature of Meditation *bsgoms pa’i bdag nyid can*, Skt. *bsgoms pa’i bdag nyid can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anantayaśas. ## Endowed with the Playful Melody of the Flowers of Precious Wisdom *ye shes rin po che’i me tog rnam par rtse ba’i dbyangs can*, Skt. *ye shes rin po che’i me tog rnam par rtse ba’i dbyangs can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūrya. ## Endowed with the Power of Inspiration *mos pa’i stobs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mos pa’i stobs dang ldan pa*, A bodhisattva monk; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Endowed with the Qualities of Reflection *yon tan bsam pa can*, Skt. *yon tan bsam pa can*, Mother of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Endowed with the Songs of Cuckoo Birds *khu byug gis gang ba’i sgra dbyangs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *khu byug gis gang ba’i sgra dbyangs dang ldan pa*, A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Endowed with the Splendor of Supreme Gold *gser mchog gzi brjid ldan pa*, Skt. *gser mchog gzi brjid ldan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Endowed with the Supreme *mchog ldan ma*, Skt. *mchog ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## Endowed with the Ten Powers *mthu rtsal bcu ldan*, Skt. *mthu rtsal bcu ldan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Viniścitamati. ## Endowed with the Vanquisher of All Demons *bdud thams cad rab tu bcom pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *bdud thams cad rab tu bcom pa dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Possessor of Victory. ## Endowed with the Vast Display of the Precious Merits of Endless Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas pa’i rin po che’i bsod nams bkod pas rgya che ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas pa’i rin po che’i bsod nams bkod pas rgya che ba dang ldan pa*, A buddhafield in the eastern direction where the Tathāgata Immaculate Pure Precious Light, Sovereign of the Uninterrupted Luminous Display of Dharma Endowed with the Factors of Awakening resides. ## Endowed with True Words *bden tshig can*, Skt. *bden tshig can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anunnata. ## Endowed with Truth *bden pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *bden pa dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Great Qualities. ## Endowed with Unobscured Seeing *sgrib pa med par mthong ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sgrib pa med par mthong ba dang ldan pa*, Son of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Endowed with View *lta ba can*, Skt. *lta ba can*, Attendant of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Endowed with Virtue *dge dang ldan*, Skt. *dge dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhahanu. ## Endowed with Vision *mthong ldan*, Skt. *mthong ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Supārśva. ## Endowed with Wealth *’byor ldan*, Skt. *’byor ldan*, Father of the buddha Ojodhārin. ## Endowed with Wilderness *dgon pa can*, Skt. *dgon pa can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Lion’s Melody. ## Endowed with Wisdom *ye shes can*, Skt. *ye shes can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānasūrya. ## Endowed with Worship *mchod ldan*, Skt. *mchod ldan*, Son of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Endowment *’byor ba*, Skt. *’byor ba*, Endowment (a natural gift or a bestowed provision), also the name of a previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Endurance *mi mjed pa*, Skt. *sahaloka*, Endurance (the capacity to withstand hardship), also according to Abhidharma cosmology, the universe within which our world is located. ## endure *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, See “patience.” Also translated here as “acceptance” and “receptive to.” ## Enduring *mi mjed pa*, Skt. *sahaloka*, Enduring (lasting; bearing hardship patiently), also the name of the buddha realm of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enduring Array *bkod pa gnas*, Skt. *bkod pa gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ṛṣiprasanna. ## Enduring Fame *rnam par grags par gnas pa*, Skt. *rnam par grags par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Uccaratna. ## Enduring Fearlessness *mi skrag gnas*, Skt. *mi skrag gnas*, Attendant of the buddha Abhaya. ## Enduring Light *brtan par snang*, Skt. *brtan par snang*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## Enduring Mind of Intelligence *blo gnas blo gros*, Skt. *blo gnas blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Enduring Ruler *gnas pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *gnas pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Bhāgīratha. ## Enduring Splendor of the Immutable Mode *g.yo ba med pa’i ’gros kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *g.yo ba med pa’i ’gros kyi gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa. ## Enduring Wisdom *ye shes rab tu gnas*, Skt. *ye shes rab tu gnas*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānaruta. ## Enemy Defeater *dgra ’jom*, Skt. *dgra ’jom*, Birthplace of the buddha Nirbhaya. ## Enemy Subjugator *dgra thul*, Skt. *dgra thul*, Father of the buddha Guṇaprabhāsa. ## Enemy Tamer *dgra ’dul*, Skt. *dgra ’dul*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ugra. ## Energy *rlung*, Skt. *prāṇa*, *vāyu*, lit. [wind](#wind). Its characteristic is to be "light and mobile." The mind is described as riding on the *rlung* like a rider on a horse. Five different types of *rlung* regulate the functions of the body: i| the ascending energy (*gyen rgyu*), ii| the energy of evacuation (*thur sel*), iii| the fiery energy (me mnyam), iv| all-pervading energy (khyab byed) and v| the life-supporting energy (*srog 'dzin*). ## Energy Gift *rtsal sbyin*, Skt. *rtsal sbyin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sumanas (78 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## engage in the perception of gnosis which is unobstructed and unimpeded with respect to the future *ma ’ongs pa’i dus la ma chags ma thogs pa’i ye shes gzigs par ’jug go*, Skt. *an­āgate 'dhvany a­saṅgam a­prati­hataṃ jñānadarśanaṃ pravartate*, Seventeenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## engage in the perception of gnosis which is unobstructed and unimpeded with respect to the past *’das pa’i dus la ma chags ma thogs pa’i ye shes gzigs par ’jug go*, Skt. *atīte 'dhvany a­saṅ­gam a­prati­hataṃ jñāna­darśanaṃ pravartate*, Sixteeenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## engage in the perception of gnosis which is unobstructed and unimpeded with respect to the present *da ltar byung ba’i dus la ma chags ma thogs pa’i ye shes gzigs par ’jug go*, Skt. *pratyut­panne 'dhvany a­saṅgam a­prati­hataṃ jñāna­darśanaṃ pra­vartate*, Eighteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## engage in the perception of wisdom that is unobstructed and unimpeded with respect to the future *ma ’ongs pa’i dus la ma thogs ma chags pa’i ye shes gzigs pa ’jug*, Skt. *anāgate ’dhvany asaṅgam apratihataṃ jñānadarśanaṃ pravartate*, Seventeenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## engage in the perception of wisdom that is unobstructed and unimpeded with respect to the past *’das pa’i dus la ma thogs ma chags pa’i ye shes gzigs pa ’jug*, Skt. *atīte ’dhvany asaṅgam apratihataṃ jñānadarśanaṃ pravartate*, Sixteeenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## engage in the perception of wisdom that is unobstructed and unimpeded with respect to the present *da ltar byung ba’i dus la ma thogs ma chags pa’i ye shes gzigs pa ’jug*, Skt. *pratyutpanne ’dhvany asaṅgam apratihataṃ jñānadarśanaṃ pravartate*, Eighteenth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## engage with mental images *mtshan ma la spyod*, Skt. *nimitta­carati*, Also translated here as “engage with signs.” ## engage with signs *mtshan ma la spyod*, Skt. *nimitta­carati*, Also translated here as “engage with mental images.” ## Engaged Conduct *’jug pa’i spyod pa*, Skt. *’jug pa’i spyod pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Engaged in Inconceivable Liberation *rnam par thar pa bsam gyis mi khyab pa la yang dag par zhugs pa*, Skt. *rnam par thar pa bsam gyis mi khyab pa la yang dag par zhugs pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Engaged in the Profound *zab mor spyod pa*, Skt. *zab mor spyod pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Engagement Free from Delusion *’khrul pa med par sbyor ba*, Skt. *’khrul pa med par sbyor ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇasañcaya (766 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Engagement with a Retinue *’khor dang spyod pa*, Skt. *’khor dang spyod pa*, Alternative name for the realm of Retinue. ## Engagement without Difference *tha mi dad par yang dag zhugs*, Skt. *tha mi dad par yang dag zhugs*, A great bodhisattva. ## engages in all actions *spyod pa thams cad la ’jug pa*, Skt. *spyod pa thams cad la ’jug pa*, An absorption. ## Engaging in Clarification *kun du gsal bar spyod pa*, Skt. *āvartacarā*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## engaging in conduct *spyod pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *cāritravatī*, The 75th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## engaging in performance *bya ba byed pa*, Skt. *kārākāra*, The 54th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Engaging in Profound Conduct *zab mo tshul chen po la ’jug pa*, Skt. *zab mo tshul chen po la ’jug pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## engaging in remaining without an objective support *gnas dmigs su med pa la brtson pa*, Skt. *anilaniyata*, The 115th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Engaging in Supreme Generosity *mchog sbyin ’jug*, Skt. *mchog sbyin ’jug*, Mother of the buddha Vegajaha. ## engaging with certainty in lexical explanations *nges pa’i tshig la gdon mi za bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *nirukti­niyata­praveśa*, The 17th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## engaging with certainty in lexical explanations of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi nges pa’i tshig la gdon mi za bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirukti­niyata­praveśa*, A meditative stability. ## engaging with certainty in lexical explanations with respect to all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi nges pa’i tshig la gdon mi za bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirukti­niyata­praveśa*, A meditative stability. ## Engaging with Special Insight *lhag mthong spyad pa*, Skt. *lhag mthong spyad pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Engaging with the Languages of the World *’jig rten sgra la ’jug pa*, Skt. *’jig rten sgra la ’jug pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sudarśana. ## Engaging with the Objects of Worship *mchod gnas spyod*, Skt. *mchod gnas spyod*, Birthplace of the buddha Caitraka. ## Engaging Without Wavering and Without Settled Focus *g.yo ba med cing gnas pa med la dga’ ba*, Skt. *a­calāniketa­rati*, Name of the 107th meditative stability. ## Engendering the Strength of Mind *blo stobs bskyed*, Skt. *blo stobs bskyed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## enhancement rite A particular class of tantric ritual. ## enhancing rite *spogs pa’i cho ga*, This term refers to rites to enhance the performance of specific ritual action when the initial attempt has failed or when one has not received any clear sign that the ritual was successful. ## Eni *ai ni*, Skt. *ai ni*, Name of a nāga lady from a previous eon. ## Eni Forest *ai ni’i nags*, Skt. *ai ni’i nags*, A forest on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Enjoyed by Friends *grogs po’i longs spyod*, Skt. *grogs po’i longs spyod*, A land to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## Enjoyer of All *thams cad dga’*, Skt. *thams cad dga’*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Enjoyer of Garments *gos la dga’*, Skt. *gos la dga’*, Mother of the buddha Harivaktra. ## Enjoyer of Various Worlds *’jig rten sna tshogs la mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *’jig rten sna tshogs la mngon par dga’ ba*, Name of a king; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Enjoyer of Wealth *nor la dga’*, Skt. *nor la dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyarāśi. ## Enjoying Bliss *bde spyod*, Skt. *bde spyod*, The name of a royal family in the distant future. ## Enjoying Jewels *nor bu spyod*, Skt. *nor bu spyod*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enjoying the Emanations of Others *gzhan 'phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *Paranirmitavaśavartin*, the sixth and highest level of the [gods](#gods) of the World of Desire, in which the [gods](#gods) enjoy the things miraculously produced by other [gods](#gods). See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## Enjoying the Wind *rlung la spyod pa*, Skt. *rlung la spyod pa*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. Also known as Movement of Wind. ## Enjoying to Help *phan par dga’*, Skt. *phan par dga’*, Father of the buddha Raśmi. ## Enjoying White Lotuses *pad ma dkar spyod pa*, Skt. *pad ma dkar spyod pa*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Enjoyment *longs spyod du gyur ba*, Skt. *longs spyod du gyur ba*, Enjoyment (the state of taking pleasure in something), also (1) a lake on Equal Peaks (longs spyod du gyur ba), and (2) Dwelling in Enjoyment (dga’ ba). ## enjoyment body *longs spyod rdzogs pa’i sku*, Skt. *saṃbhogakāya*, The enjoyment body denotes the luminous, immaterial, and unimpeded reflection-like forms of enlightened mind, which become spontaneously present and naturally manifest to tenth level bodhisattvas. ## Enjoyment of Drinks *btung ba dga’ ba*, Skt. *btung ba dga’ ba*, A forest in Continuous Movement. ## Enjoyment of Scents *dri dga’*, Skt. *dri dga’*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## Enjoyment of Wish-fulfilling Trees *dpag bsam gyi shing la spyod pa*, Skt. *dpag bsam gyi shing la spyod pa*, A lake near Sudharma. ## Enjoys Māra’s Daughters *bdud kyi bu mo dga’ ba*, Skt. *bdud kyi bu mo dga’ ba*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enjoys Preparation *sta gon la dga’ ba*, Skt. *sta gon la dga’ ba*, A gandharva king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enjoys Seizing by Force *shugs kyis ’khyig par len pa la dga’ ba*, Skt. *shugs kyis ’khyig par len pa la dga’ ba*, A gandharva king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enjoys Subjugating the Clan of the Nāga King Vast Wealth *nor rgyas kyi bu’i rigs rab tu ’joms par dga’*, Skt. *nor rgyas kyi bu’i rigs rab tu ’joms par dga’*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enjoys the Stars *skar ma la dga’ ba*, Skt. *skar ma la dga’ ba*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Enjoys Utterly Defeating the Clan of the Nāga King Vast Wealth *nor rgyas kyi bu’i rigs gzhig par dga’ ba*, Skt. *nor rgyas kyi bu’i rigs gzhig par dga’ ba*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## enlightened attribute *yon tan*, Skt. *guṇa*, Enlightened attributes include specific qualities of buddha body, speech, and mind, such as the thirty-two major and eighty minor marks, the sixty intonations of Brahmā-like voice, and the attributes of compassion, omniscience, and power. ## enlightened conduct of bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa*, Skt. *bodhisattva­caryā*, Also translated here as “conduct of a bodhisattva.” ## enlightened heritage *rigs*, Skt. *kula*, In the context‌ of the present text, this term denotes the heritage or family of bodhisattvas following the Great Vehicle. When refering a son or daughter enlightened heritage, the expressions kula­putra (rigs kyi bu) and kula­duhitā (rigs kyi bu mo) are terms of endearment with which a teacher may address his or her own students. See the definition in Zhang Yisun et al (1975): 2686. In the context‌ of the present sūtra, these terms therefore denote a male or female follower of the Great Vehicle, distinct from the adherents of the lesser vehicles. This may be suggested in the translation “children of enlightened heritage,” which other interpretative renderings, such as “son of a noble family” or “son of a good family,” would lack. ## Enlightenment *byang chub*, Skt. *bodhi*, purification (*byang*) of all [obscurations](#obscurations) and realization (*chub*) of all qualities. ## Enlightenment Tree *byang chub kyi shing*, the tree under which [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) attained [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## enmity *’khon du ’dzin pa*, Skt. *upanāha*, As a technical term of Buddhist psychology, it is one of the twenty-four or twenty so-called secondary mental defilements/afflictions (upakleśa). It refers to the mental act of holding a lasting, persisting grudge, being vindictive, and so forth. ## Enraptured by and Attached to Song *glu’i sgra la shin tu dga’ zhing mngon par chags pa*, Skt. *saṃhṛṣṭa­gīta­dhvanyabhiratā*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Enraptured by Smell *dris dregs dga’*, Skt. *dris dregs dga’*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Enriched Existence *’byor par gnas*, Skt. *’byor par gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhāgīratha. ## enriching One of the four main ritual categories, this body of rites is to bring prosperity and health through the increase of favorable conditions ## ensuing weariness *’khrug pa*, Skt. *upāyāsa*, The Nibandhana explains this as “the fatigue that is preceded by grief and lamentation” (śoka­parideva­pūrvaka­śramaḥ, Samtani 1971, p. 102). ## entering *dbab pa*, Skt. *āveśana*, A power that advanced practitioners gain by reciting the six-syllable Mārīcī mantra. It is not clear whether this term refers to the ability to enter doors to the hidden chambers of deities and nonhuman beings, to entering the bodies of other beings, or to both. ## entering ascertainment by discriminating knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa rnam par nges pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *so so yang dag par rig pa rnam par nges pa la ’jug pa*, The name of a dhāraṇī. ## Entering from All Doors *sgo kun nas ’jug pa*, Skt. *sgo kun nas ’jug pa*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Skill of the Completely Victorious in Battle resides. ## Entering into Ganges Stainlessness *gang gA dri ma med par ’jug pa*, Skt. *gang gA dri ma med par ’jug pa*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## entering into names and signs *ming dang mtshan ma la ’jug pa*, A meditative stability. ## entering into the ascertainment of names *ming nges par ’jug pa*, Skt. *nāmani­yata­praveśa*, A meditative stability. ## Entering Profound Stainlessness *dri ma med pa zab mo la ’jug pa*, Skt. *dri ma med pa zab mo la ’jug pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## entering the gate of nonattachment *chags pa med pa’i sgo ’jug pa*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i sgo ’jug pa*, The name of a dhāraṇī. ## entering the stream *rgyun du zhugs pa*, Skt. *srota-āpatti*, The first level of realization that transforms an ordinary person into a “noble one,” someone who has directly seen the nature of reality and has a sufficiently stable level of realization to be already bound toward liberation from saṃsāra. ## enters into all aspects of qualities *yon tan gyi rnam pa thams cad la ’jug pa*, Skt. *yon tan gyi rnam pa thams cad la ’jug pa*, An absorption. ## enthralling *dbang du bsdu ba*, Skt. *vaśīkaraṇa*, One of the four primary categories of ritual activities, it involves summoning and controlling a desired target. Though the target is often a person, this category of rite also includes “magnetizing” (ākarṣaṇa; dgug pa) objects, wealth, and so forth. ## enthralling king *dbang gi rgyal po*, Skt. *vaśirāja*, A particular type of jewel with great magical powers. The name suggests the ability to enchant or enthrall, or to produce things at will. ## Enthralling Paramāśva *dbang gi rta mchog*, A form of the deity Hayagrīva. ## enthralling rite One of the four primary categories of ritual activities. It involves summoning and controlling a desired target. ## enthrallment *dbang ba*, Skt. *vaśya*, One of the four main types of enlightened activity. ## Enticer *sems ’gro ba*, Skt. *sems ’gro ba*, Enticer (one who attracts or tempts), also the name of a river on Saṅkāśa. ## Entirely Beneath the Earth *sa kun gyi ’og*, Skt. *sarvādhobhūmi*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## entity *dngos po*, Skt. *bhāva*, An existent thing or substantial existence in general. ## entrance to symbols and sounds *brda dang sgra la ’jug pa*, Skt. *saṃketa­ruta­praveśa*, The 93rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Entrances *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, These can be listed as twelve or as six entrances (sometimes also called sense sources, sense fields, bases of cognition, or simply āyatanas): In context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namely: (1–2) eye and form, (3–4) ear and sound, (5–6) nose and odor, (7–8) tongue and taste, (9–10) body and touch, and (11–12) mind and mental phenomena. (These are subsumed in the eighteen bases or elements, where to the twelve sense sources, the six consciousnesses are added.) In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned and they are the inner sense sources (similar to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## entry into abiding in the knowledge of all phenomena *chos thams cad shes par gnas pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­jñāna­mudra­praveśa*, A meditative stability. ## entry into designations *tshig bla dags la yang dag par ’jug pa*, Skt. *adhivacana­saṃpraveśa*, The 18th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Entry into Designations and Observation of Spatial Directions *tshig bla dags la ’jug cing phyogs la rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *adhi­vacana­saṃpra­veśadigvi­lokita*, Names of the seventeenth and eighteenth meditative stabilities. ## entry into knowledge of all phenomena *chos thams cad shes par gnas pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­jñāna­mudra­praveśa*, A meditative stability ## Entry into the Womb *snying por ’gro*, Skt. *snying por ’gro*, A nāga king. ## entry to the unobstructed gate *chags pa med pa’i sgor ’jug pa*, Skt. *asaṅgamukhapraveśā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## envied *’dod par bya ba*, Skt. *spṛhaṇīya*, In the sense of enviable. ## envy *phrag dog*, Skt. *īrṣyā*, One of one of twenty or twenty-four so-called secondary mental defilements/afflictions (Skt. upakleśa; Tibetan nye ba’i nyon mongs). ## Envy Vajrī *phrag dog rdo rje ma*, Skt. *īrṣyāvajrī*, Consort of Green ‌Acala. ## Śeḍoka *she Do ka*, Skt. *śeḍoka*, A monk of a previous buddha. If the Tibetan transliteration is correct, this name is probably not of Sanskrit origin. ## eon *bskal pa*, Skt. *kalpa*, According to the traditional Abhidharma understanding of cyclical time, a great eon (mahākalpa) is divided into eighty lesser or intervening eons. In the course of one great eon, the external universe and its sentient life takes form and later disappears. During the first twenty of the lesser eons, the universe is in the process of creation and expansion (vivartakalpa); during the next twenty it remains created; during the third twenty, it is in the process of destruction or contraction (samvartakalpa); and during the last quarter of the cycle, it remains in a state of destruction. For the different kinds of kalpas according to Abhidharma teachings, see the Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya (Toh 4090) on AK III.89d–93 (for English translation, see Pruden 1988–90, vol. 2, 475–81). The Good Eon referenced in this text is the name Buddhists give to our current eon and generally refers to any eon in which more than one buddha appear. ## eon conflagration *sreg pa’i bskal pa*, Skt. *kalpoddhāha*, This refers to the conflagration that is the twentieth of the twenty “sub-eons” making up the third (destruction eon) of the four subdivisions of a “great eon” (mahākalpa). The other three major divisions of a great eon are the eon of arising, of duration, and (after the eon of destruction) of voidness. ## eon of dissolution The third of four cyclic eons that make up a great eon, this is the cosmic period in which the universe undergoes its slow collapse into nothingness. ## eon of formation The first of four cyclic eons that make up a great eon, this is the cosmic period in which our universe is created following the eon of nothingness. ## eon of the universe’s dissolution *rnam par ’jig pa’i tshe*, Skt. *mahāsaṃvartakalpa*, Third of the four phases of the evolution (creation and destruction) of a universe according to Buddhist cosmology. ## epics The vast epic narratives of the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa, which are sometimes considered to be a fifth Veda in the brahmanical tradition. ## epidemic *yams kyi nad*, Skt. *īti*, An epidemic disease. ## Equal *mnyam pa*, Skt. *mnyam pa*, Equal (the same in quantity, value, or status), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Equal and Evenly Set Teeth White Like Silver, Conch Shells, the Moon, a White Lotus, and Milk *so mnyam zhing thags bzang la dkar ba dngul dang dung dang zla ba dang ku mud dang ’o ma ltar dkar ba*, Skt. *so mnyam zhing thags bzang la dkar ba dngul dang dung dang zla ba dang ku mud dang ’o ma ltar dkar ba*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Equal Intent in All Directions *phyogs mnyam dgongs pa*, Skt. *phyogs mnyam dgongs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahātejas (783 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Equal Life *tshe mnyam*, Skt. *tshe mnyam*, A world system. ## Equal Mind *sems mtshungs*, Skt. *sems mtshungs*, Mother of the buddha Kṣemottamarāja. ## Equal of the King of Mountains *ri dbang mtshungs*, Skt. *ri dbang mtshungs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Satyarāśi (622 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Equal of the Master of Humanity *skye dbang mtshungs*, Skt. *skye dbang mtshungs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati. ## Equal of the Ruler *skye dbang mtshungs*, Skt. *skye dbang mtshungs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vimalaprabha (477 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Equal Peaks *rwa mnyam pa*, Skt. *rwa mnyam pa*, A mountain in Kuru. ## Equal to a Divine Palace *lha yi gzhal med mtshungs pa*, Skt. *lha yi gzhal med mtshungs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Equal to the Earth *sa dang mnyam pa*, Skt. *sa dang mnyam pa*, A buddha. ## Equal to the Master of the Gathering *tshogs kyi dbang po dang mtshungs pa*, Skt. *tshogs kyi dbang po dang mtshungs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Sudatta. ## Equal to the Sky *nam mkha’ mtshungs*, Skt. *nam mkha’ mtshungs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nāgaruta (948 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## equal to the unequaled *mi mnyam pa dang mnyam pa*, Skt. *āgamasama*, An expression of ultimate excellence; also the name of the 83rd meditative stability. ## Equal to the Wind *rlung mtshungs pa*, Skt. *rlung mtshungs pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Equal Wisdom *blo mtshungs*, Skt. *blo mtshungs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anihatavrata. ## Equaling the Unequaled *mtshungs med mnyam*, Skt. *mtshungs med mnyam*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhagātra. ## Equality *Mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *samatā*. All things equally have the nature of [emptiness](#emptiness). ## Equally Seeing *mnyam par gzigs*, Skt. *samāvalokita*, A buddha. ## equanimity *btang snyoms*, Skt. *upekṣā*, The antidote to attachment and aversion; a mental state free from bias toward sentient beings and experiences. One of the thirty-seven dharmas on the side of awakening, one of the four practices of spiritual practitioners, and one of the four immeasurables (the others being loving-kindness or love, compassion, and sympathetic joy). ## Equanimous Mind *mnyam par sems*, Skt. *mnyam par sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maṇidharman. ## Equanimous Vision *snyoms par gzigs*, Skt. *snyoms par gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāmitra (869 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Equanimous Wisdom *blo mnyam*, Skt. *blo mnyam*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vasudeva. ## equipment of merit The progressive increase of virtuous karma. One of the two factors that come together in creating momentum toward a practitioner’s spiritual awakening, the other being the accumulation or equipment of wisdom. ## Equipoise *mnyam par bzhag*, Skt. *mnyam par bzhag*, Equipoise (balance or mental composure), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pratimaṇḍita­locana. ## equipped *ldan pa*, Skt. *[yukta?]*, One of several different epithets, as applied to authentic monks or practitioners, that are paired with “liberated” (mukta, grol ba). Others in this text are [having] “knowledge” and “coherent,” q.v.; see also . The Tibetan ldan pa in this context may be an alternative to rigs pa as a rendering of a single Sanskrit term in the source text, or a closely related term. The most literal meaning is “joined” or “connected,” but the specific sense is set out in –. ## eraṇḍa Ricinus communis. The castor oil plant. ## eradication of referents *dmigs pa gcod pa*, Skt. *ālambhanaccheda*, The 69th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Erudite Mountain of Wisdom *mkhas pa ye shes ri bo*, Skt. *mkhas pa ye shes ri bo*, A buddha. ## erysipelas *’brum bu me dbal*, Skt. *visarpa*, A bacterial infection of the skin, also called Ignis Sacer and St. Anthony’s Fire. The Tibetan means “fireflames.” Its worst form as described in the sūtra is “necrotizing fasciitis,” when the skin and flesh beneath blacken and die; it can lead quickly to death. ## Escape *nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *nges par ’byung ba*, Escape (the act of breaking free or getting away), also an alternate name for the monk Apprehending Origination who was in the lineage of Buddha Mahāvyūha and the name of the order founded by that monk after Mahāvyūha entered parinirvāṇa. ## escaping A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## esoteric language A term for the use of coded terminology in Buddhist tantric literature. ## Especially Noble *khyad par ’phags*, Skt. *khyad par ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Essence *thig le*, Skt. *bindu*, lit. drop. "Essence or seed of the great bliss; in the [channels](#channel) there are different kinds, pure or degenerate." DICT. The term *thig le* has a number of different meanings according to the context and type of practice. ## Essence Banner *snying po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *snying po’i rgyal mtshan*, Name of a buddha realm located in the western direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Essence Friend *bshes gnyen snying po*, Skt. *bshes gnyen snying po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amoghadarśin. ## essence mantra Literally “heart,” this term means the heart essence or the essence of the deity and can refer to its mantra, mudrā, or maṇḍala. Here, it refers to the mantra. ## Essence of a Hundred Golden Lights *gser brgya’i ’od kyi snying po*, A buddha. ## Essence of Acumen *spobs pa’i snying po*, Skt. *spobs pa’i snying po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Essence of Awakening *byang chub snying po*, Skt. *bodhimaṇḍa*, The place where the Buddha Śākyamuni achieved awakening and where countless other buddhas are said to have achieved awakening. This is understood to be located under the Bodhi tree in present-day Bodhgaya, India. maṇḍa) of awakening.--> ## Essence of Beings A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Essence of Bliss *sde ba’i snying po*, Skt. *sde ba’i snying po*, A buddha realm. ## Essence of Blooming Flowers *me tog rab tu rgyas pa’i snying po*, Skt. *me tog rab tu rgyas pa’i snying po*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## essence of Dharma *chos kyi snying po*, Skt. *dharmagarbha*, In this text, possibly the name of a place in Magadha, possibly a meditative stability on the essence of reality. ## Essence of Expertise *mkhas pa’i snying po*, Skt. *mkhas pa’i snying po*, Mother of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## Essence of Gentle Glory *’jam dpal snying po*, Skt. *’jam dpal snying po*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Essence of Glorious Qualities *yon tan dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *yon tan dpal gyi snying po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpadatta (429 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Essence of Glory *dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *dpal gyi snying po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sujāta (325 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Essence of Gnosis *ye shes snying po*, Skt. *ye shes snying po*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Essence of Goodness *legs pa’i snying po*, Skt. *legs pa’i snying po*, Father of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## Essence of Illumination *’od zer byed pa’i snying po*, Skt. *’od zer byed pa’i snying po*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Essence of Illustrious Precious Radiance *rin po che’i ’od dpal gyi snying po*, Name of the future buddha whom the goddess Ratnārcī is prophesied to become. ## Essence of Inexhaustible Intellect *blo gros mi zad pa’i snying po*, Skt. *blo gros mi zad pa’i snying po*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Essence of Jewels *nor bu’i snying po*, Skt. *nor bu’i snying po*, Refers to Dwelling in Essence of Jewels. ## Essence of Joy *dga’ ba’i snying po*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i snying po*, A gandharva king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Essence of Knowledge *mkhas pa’i snying po*, Skt. *mkhas pa’i snying po*, A bodhisattva. ## Essence of Lotus Radiance *pad+mo’i ’od kyi snying po*, A yakṣa. (Toh 555: pad ma ’od) ## Essence of Merit *bsod nams snying po*, Skt. *bsod nams snying po*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnakīrti. ## Essence of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i snying po*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i snying po*, Son of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Essence of Nirvāṇa *mya ngan ’das pa’i snying po*, Skt. *mya ngan ’das pa’i snying po*, Attendant of the buddha Sumitra. ## essence of phenomena *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, Defined in the commentary as the ultimate nature of phenomena, or the supreme among phenomena. Also defined as the essence of the Dharma. Literally “the element of phenomena, or the Dharma.” This term is also used to mean “the realm of phenomena,” meaning all phenomena. ## Essence of Qualities *yon tan snying po*, Skt. *yon tan snying po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Madhura­svara­rāja. ## Essence of Sentient Beings *sems can gyi snying po*, Skt. *sems can gyi snying po*, A buddha. ## Essence of Splendorous and Precious Qualities The name by which the bodhisattva Sumati will be known as a buddha in the future. ## Essence of Stainless Light *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Essence of Supreme Auspiciousness *bkra shis mchog gi snying po*, Skt. *uttama­maṅgala­garbha*, A Licchavī youth. ## Essence of the Glorious Blazing Jewel *rin chen ’bar ba dpal gyi snying po*, Name of the future buddha whom the goddess Wish-Fulfilling Radiating Light is prophesied to become. ## Essence of the Radiance of a Hundred Golden Lights *gser brgya’i ’od zer du snang ba’i snying po*, A buddha in the distant future who is Rūpyaprabha, the son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu in the time of Śākyamuni. (Toh 555: Suvarṇaketuprabha; gser tog ’od) ## Essence of the Sentient *sems can snying po*, Skt. *sems can snying po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāprabha. ## Essence of the Splendor of Overwhelming Sound *mngon par gnon pa’i sgra sgrogs gzi brjid snying po*, Skt. *mngon par gnon pa’i sgra sgrogs gzi brjid snying po*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## essence of the Tathāgata *de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po*, Skt. *tathāgata­garbha*, The innate potential for becoming a tathāgata that all beings possess. Also refers to a class of discourses that proclaim this teaching. ## Essence of Vaiḍūrya *bai dUrya’i snying po*, Skt. *bai dUrya’i snying po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Cave of Sandalwood Fragrance. Vaiḍūrya is a type of semi-precious stone, often identified as beryl. ## Essence of Wisdom *ye shes snying po*, Skt. *ye shes snying po*, Mother of the buddha Jñānaprāpta. ## Essence of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs snying po*, Skt. *brtul zhugs snying po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthitārtha­jñānin. ## essencelessness *ngo bo nyid med pa nyid*, Skt. *niḥsva­bhāvatā*, The three kinds of essencelessness are essencelessness regarding defining characteristics, essencelessness regarding arising, and essencelessness regarding the ultimate. ## essence-mantra *snying po*, Skt. *hṛdaya*, A short mantra. ## Essential *snying po can*, Skt. *snying po can*, Essential (fundamental or indispensable), also the name of the realm of the Buddha Heart of the Doctrine. ## Essential Meaning *don gyi snying po*, Skt. *don gyi snying po*, Son of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## essential nature *de kho na nyid*, Skt. *tattva*, The ultimate nature of things, the way things are in reality as opposed to the way they appear to beings who have not awakened. ## Essential nature, natural expression and compassion *ngo bo*, *rang bzhin*, *thugs rge*. [View](#view) of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection): the essential nature of the mind and all phenomena is [emptiness](#emptiness); the expression of that nature is clarity; its compassion is all-pervasive. ## established *rnam par bzhag pa*, Skt. *vyavasthā*, Also translated here as “posited” and “determination.” ## established instructions *gtan la phab pa bstan pa*, Skt. *upadeśa*, Eleventh of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## Established Mind *yid grub*, Skt. *yid grub*, A world system. ## Establishing the Sameness of All Letters *yi ge mnyam par ’god pa*, Skt. *samākṣarāva­tāra*, Name of the sixty-second meditative stability. ## establishing the sameness of letters *yi ge mnyam par ’god pa*, Skt. *samākṣarāvatāra*, The 67th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## establishment of dharmas *chos gnas pa nyid*, Skt. *dharmasthititā*, Like “dharma-constituent” (dharmadhātu) and “true nature of dharmas” (dharmatā), a name for the ultimate. ## Establishment of the Array *bkod pa bsgrub pa*, Skt. *vyatasta­sam­āpatti*, Name of the twenty-eighth meditative stability. ## Eternal Giver of Freedom from Fear *rtag tu rgyun mi ’chad par mi ’jigs pa sbyin pa*, Skt. *rtag tu rgyun mi ’chad par mi ’jigs pa sbyin pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Eternal King Finial of Jewels *rin chen tog rgyun mi ’chad pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rin chen tog rgyun mi ’chad pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## eternal lord *a nan+te shwa ra*, Skt. *ananteśvara*, Possibly the name functions merely as an epithet or is meant as a proper name, “Lord Ananta.” ## Eternalism *rtag par lta ba*, Skt. *ātmadṛṣṭi*, *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, the belief in an eternally existing entity, a soul for instance. Considered an extreme philosophical tendency. See [nihilism](#nihilism). ## eternalist view *rtag lta ’du shes*, Skt. *śāśvata­dṛṣṭi­saṃjñā*, The first of two extreme views that distort perception of reality. Eternalism is the view that there is a permanent, enduring self that continues to be reborn unchanged from one lifetime to the next. ## Eternally Decorated *rtag tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *rtag tu brgyan pa*, The buddha realm of King of All Śāla Trees. ## Eternally Glorious Meaning of the Precious Irreversible Wheel *phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo rin po che rtag tu don dpal*, Skt. *phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo rin po che rtag tu don dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Free of Impurity. ## Eternally Resounding Sound *rtag tu sgra sgrogs*, A buddha realm to the east, of the Buddha Resounding Glory. ## ethical conduct *tshul khrims*, Skt. *śīla*, In this sūtra, the ninth of the ten factors that lead to awakening. ## ethical discipline *tshul khrims*, Skt. *śīla*, The second of the six perfections (Skt. pāramitā). ## ethical discipline of habitual conduct *kun tu spyod pa’i tshul khrims*, Skt. *sam­udācāra­śīla*, The forms of discipline associated with body and speech, as opposed to mind. ## ethical narrations *gleng gzhi brjod pa’i sde*, Skt. *nidāna*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## Even and Smooth Surface *mnyam zhing ’jam pa’i ngos*, Skt. *mnyam zhing ’jam pa’i ngos*, An emanated city on the back of Airāvaṇa. ## Even Eyes *mig mtshungs*, Skt. *mig mtshungs*, Father of the buddha Netra. ## Even Land *yul ’khor snyoms*, Skt. *yul ’khor snyoms*, Attendant of the buddha Sārodgata. ## Even Limbs *yan lag mnyam pa*, Skt. *yan lag mnyam pa*, Attendant of the buddha Candra. ## Even Mind *blo snyoms*, Skt. *blo snyoms*, Attendant of the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa. ## Even Mode *’gros snyoms*, Skt. *’gros snyoms*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇagaṇa. ## Even Possession of Wisdom *blo ldan snyoms pa*, Skt. *blo ldan snyoms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suśītala. ## Even Toward All *skye bo kun snyoms*, Skt. *skye bo kun snyoms*, Brahmin who was reborn as Airāvaṇa. ## Even Waters *chu mnyam par gyur pa*, Skt. *chu mnyam par gyur pa*, An ocean between Godānīya and Videha. ## evenly shaped abdomen *phyal phyam mer ’dug pa*, Skt. *kṣāmodara*, Thirty-sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## Even-Minded *mnyam pa’i sems*, A bodhisattva. ## Evenness *so mnyam*, Skt. *so mnyam*, Evenness (the quality of being smooth, level, or balanced), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sumanas. ## Ever Excellent *kun tu bzang po*, Skt. *kun tu bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Samṛddhayaśas. ## Ever Faithful A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is unattested in Sanskrit but there is a possibility that it is something like Sadādhimukta, similar to Sadāprarudita, the name of a bodhisattva in the Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines. ## Ever Joyous *kun dga’ bo*, Skt. *kun dga’ bo*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānin. ## Ever Present *kun tu ’gro*, Skt. *kun tu ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## Ever Radiant *rtag tu snang ba*, A world system in the southeastern direction, presently the realm of the buddha named Glory of the Arising of the Irreversible Wheel Since First Generating the Mind of Awakening. ## Ever Stable Essence *snying po rtag tu brtan*, Skt. *snying po rtag tu brtan*, Birthplace of the buddha Candra. ## ever youthful *gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *kumārabhūta*, An epithet used for the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī. ## ever-ecstatic *rtag tu myos pa*, Skt. *sadāmatta*, A class of gods associated with the Four Great Kings. ## Ever-Golden Forest *kun nas gser gyi tshal*, Skt. *kun nas gser gyi tshal*, A forest in Special Joy. ## ever-infatuated gods *rtag tu myos lha*, Skt. *sadāmāda*, A class of gods associated with the Four Great Kings. ## Ever-Joyous *kun dga’*, Skt. *kun dga’*, A lotus pool in Lateral. ## Ever-Joyous One *kun dga’*, Skt. *kun dga’*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## everlasting *g.yung drung*, Skt. *svastika*, In this text, it is a description of the ultimate and quasi-synonymous with nirvāṇa. ## Everlasting Jewel *rin po che kun tu gnas pa*, Skt. *rin po che kun tu gnas pa*, A world system. ## Ever-Laughing and Joyful Lord A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is unattested in Sanskrit but it could be reconstructed into Sanskrit as Sadāhasitasuharṣiteśvara or something similar. ## Ever-Noble Crown *dus thams cad du mngon par ’phags pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *dus thams cad du mngon par ’phags pa’i cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## ever-present *kun ’gro*, Skt. *sarvasaha*, A class of asuras that live on the third level, Excellent Abode. ## Ever-Present Chariots *shing rta kun ’gro*, Skt. *shing rta kun ’gro*, A lake near Sudharma. ## Ever-Present Roar *kun du bltas pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *kun du bltas pa’i nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ever-Present Strength *kun tu ’gro ba’i stobs*, Skt. *kun tu ’gro ba’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśānta. ## Ever-Shining *rtag tu snang bar byas*, Skt. *rtag tu snang bar byas*, A world system. ## everyday fare *rtag res 'khor*, Skt. *naityaka*, An acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## evil actions that bring immediate karmic retribution *mtshams med pa’i sdig*, Skt. *pañcānantarīyāṇi (mvy. 2323)*, Sanskrit ānantarya is a short for pañcā­nantaryāṇi karmāṇi. These are five grave sins which, when committed, lead one to fall immediately, i.e., with no intermediate period, into the Avīci hell after death due to their severity. Usually five are enumerated: killing one’s mother, father, or an arhat; causing dissension in the order of monks (the saṅgha); and deliberately causing a tathāgata’s blood to flow. But the exact number of items varies in different lists from two or three to five (cf. BHSD, s.v. ānantarya). ## evil actions that bring immediate retribution *mtshams med pa’i las*, Skt. *ānantarya*, Sanskrit ānantarya here is a shorthand for pañcānantaryāṇi karmāṇi. These are five grave sins that lead one to fall immediately into the Avīci hell after death due to their severity: killing one’s mother, father, or an arhat; causing dissension in the saṅgha; and deliberately causing a Tathāgata’s blood to flow. But the exact number of items varies in different lists from two to three to five (see BHSD, s.v. “ānantarya”). ## evil destinies *ngan ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, The three lower realms of animals, pretas, and hell beings. Also translated as “sad destinies” and “miserable destinies.” ## Evil Mind *sdig pa’i yid*, Skt. *sdig pa’i yid*, Name of a demon who lived in the past. ## evil Māra *bdud sdig to can*, Skt. *māra pāpīyas*, A reference either to Māra himself, or sometimes (in the plural) to a group of his kind. ## Evil One Refers to Māra. ## evil state *ngan song*, Skt. *apāya*, A synonym of “unfortunate rebirth-destiny.” ## evil vomit *skyug nyes*, Skt. *duśchardita*, Vomit specifically caused through malevolent magic or influence. ## śevāla *se bA la*, Skt. *sevāla*, Blyxa octandra (?) ## Ewaṃ Chöden Ngor Ewaṃ Chöden is an important monastery near Shigatse in Tsang founded by Ngorchen Künga Sangpo in 1429, which became the center of the widely spread Ngor branch of the Sakya tradition. Though following the Sakya tradition, Ngor Ewaṃ Chöden retained administrative independence from Sakya monastery. ## exact knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, See “four kinds of exact knowledge.” ## exact knowledge of dharmas *chos so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *dharma­pratisaṃvid*, Second of the four kinds of exact knowledge. ## exact knowledge of eloquent expression *spobs pa so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna­pratisaṃvid*, Fourth of the four kinds of exact knowledge. Eloquent expression here, also translated in the text as “inspired eloquence,” is the means by which the teachings are expressed. ## exact knowledge of language and lexical explanations *nges pa’i tshig so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *nirukta­pratisaṃvid*, Third of the four kinds of exact knowledge. See also “lexical explanations.” ## exact knowledge of meanings *don so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *artha­pratisaṃvid*, First of the four kinds of exact knowledge. ## exaggerating pride *lhag pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *adhimāna*, One of the seven types of pride. The pride of thinking oneself equal to superiors and superior to equals. ## Exalted *mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *mngon par ’phags pa*, Exalted (raised to a high rank or held in high regard), also the name of the monk in the distant past who was the greatest in terms of insight under the Buddha called He Who Outshines All. ## Exalted by Love *byams pas ’phags pa*, Skt. *byams pas ’phags pa*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in Kamboja. ## Exalted Dharma *chos mngon par ’phags*, Skt. *chos mngon par ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Exalted Flower King of the Great Array *bkod pa mchog sgrub me tog mngon ’phags rgyal po*, A buddha who lives in the world system to the east known as Suffused with Qualities. ## Exalted King of Meditative Concentration Fearless and Free from Darkness *skrag med mun bral ting nge ’dzin mngon ’phags rgyal po*, A buddha at the zenith in the present. ## Exalted Light Rays *’od zer mtho*, A buddha. ## Exalted Lotus *pad ma mngon ’phags*, Skt. *pad ma mngon ’phags*, A shortened form of Exalted Lotus Beaming Light. ## Exalted Lotus Beaming Light *pad ma mngon ’phags ’od zer rol pa*, A buddha who lives in the world system known as Light Rays of the Exalted Moon. ## Exalted Noble Lord of the Pure Sky *nam mkha’ rnam dag mngon ’phags dpal gyi rgyal po*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## exalted on account of the ten powers Skt. *daśabalodgata*, A meditative stability. ## exalted realms *mtho ris*, Skt. *svarga*, The realms of higher rebirth comprising the different levels of the gods. In the canonical texts this term does not include the human realm. ## Exalted Renown *grags pa kun tu ’phags*, Skt. *grags pa kun tu ’phags*, Son of the buddha Pradānakīrti. ## Exalted Splendor *gzi brjid mngon ’phags*, Skt. *gzi brjid mngon ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Supuṣpa. ## exanthema *'brum phran*, Skt. *kiṭibha*, An illness such as measles or rubella, considered an impediment to ordination. ## Exceedingly Dark *shin tu gnag pa*, Skt. *shin tu gnag pa*, The name of a rākṣasī. ## Exceedingly Firm Power *shin tu brtan pa’i mthu rtul*, Skt. *shin tu brtan pa’i mthu rtul*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Exceedingly Victorious *shin tu rgyal*, Skt. *shin tu rgyal*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Exceedingly Widely Renowned Glory *shin tu yongs su bsgrags dpal*, Skt. *shin tu yongs su bsgrags dpal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Unsubdued by Others. ## Excellence *bzang po*, Skt. *bzang po*, Excellence (the quality of being outstanding), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Ratnākara. ## Excellence of Exquisite Intelligence *mchog tu bzang po’i blo gros bzang po*, Skt. *mchog tu bzang po’i blo gros bzang po*, A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## excellence of their peaceful conduct *bzod pa dang des pa chen po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mahākṣāntisauratyasamanvāgataḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 1115. ## Excellence of Universal Wealth *nor kun bzang po*, Skt. *nor kun bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Deveśvara. ## Excellent *bzang po*, Skt. *bzang po*, Excellent (extremely good; outstanding), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Laḍitagāmin. ## Excellent Abandonment *legs spong*, Skt. *legs spong*, Father of the buddha Dharmakośa. ## Excellent Abiding *legs par rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *legs par rab tu gnas pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇendradeva (608 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Abiding Intelligence *blo gros legs gnas*, Skt. *blo gros legs gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūryānana. ## Excellent Abode *gnas bzang po*, Skt. *sunābhā*, Third level of the asuras. ## Excellent Accomplishment *legs grub*, Skt. *legs grub*, Father of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Excellent Accumulation of Merit *bsod nams legs par bsags*, Skt. *bsod nams legs par bsags*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthita­vega­jñāna. ## Excellent Arising *legs ’byung*, Skt. *legs ’byung*, Son of the buddha Vipulabuddhi. ## Excellent Armies *sde dpung bzang po*, Skt. *sde dpung bzang po*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Excellent Armor *go cha bzang po*, Skt. *go cha bzang po*, A buddha. ## Excellent Arrival *legs ’ongs*, Skt. *legs ’ongs*, Son of the buddha Ratnayaśas. ## Excellent Assertion *bzang po bzhed*, Skt. *bzang po bzhed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhasvara (832 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Attention *legs par sems*, Skt. *legs par sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Excellent Auspiciousness *bkra shis dam pa*, Skt. *satmaṅgala*, A deva that does not appear in any other sūtra. Apart from the identification as a deva (天子 tianzi), the Chinese translation matches the name for Mañjuśrī. ## Excellent Awakening *legs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *legs pa’i byang chub*, Attendant of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Excellent Birth *legs skyes*, Skt. *legs skyes*, Attendant of the buddha Puṇyatejas. ## Excellent Body *sku bzangs*, Skt. *sku bzangs*, Father of the buddha Madhura­svara­rāja. ## Excellent Brahmā *tshangs bzangs*, Skt. *tshangs bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Maṇidharman. ## Excellent Brightness *mdangs bzangs*, Skt. *mdangs bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Puṇyadhvaja. ## Excellent Center *lte ba bzang po*, Skt. *lte ba bzang po*, Father of the buddha Asamabuddhi. ## Excellent Chariot *shing rta bzang po*, Skt. *shing rta bzang po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Excellent City of Royal Palaces *rgyal po’i pho brang grong khyer bzang po*, Skt. *rgyal po’i pho brang grong khyer bzang po*, Birthplace of the buddha Krakucchanda. ## Excellent Companion *grogs bzang*, Skt. *grogs bzang*, Father of the buddha Pratimaṇḍita­locana. ## Excellent Conduct *legs spyad*, Skt. *legs spyad*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇasañcaya. ## Excellent Contemplation *bsam pa legs par sems pa*, Skt. *bsam pa legs par sems pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Excellent Countenance *bzhin bzangs*, Skt. *bzhin bzangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇamālin. ## Excellent Crest *tog bzangs*, Skt. *tog bzangs*, Father of the buddha Candrapradīpa. ## Excellent Crossing *legs rgal*, Skt. *legs rgal*, Father of the buddha Tejasprabha. ## Excellent Cultivation of Merit *bsod nams legs par bsgoms*, Skt. *bsod nams legs par bsgoms*, Birthplace of the buddha Lokāntara. ## Excellent Dharma *chos bzang*, Skt. *sudharmā*, The name of the assembly hall of the gods located in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Excellent Discipline A bodhisattva and interlocuter in The Dharma Council. ## Excellent Divine Substance *lha rdzas bzang po*, Skt. *lha rdzas bzang po*, Father of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Excellent Divinity *lha bzang*, Skt. *lha bzang*, Father of the buddha Ananta­rati­kīrti. ## Excellent Doctor *sman pa bzang*, Skt. *sman pa bzang*, Father of the buddha Lokasundara. ## Excellent Dust *rdul bzangs*, Skt. *rdul bzangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## excellent ears and long earlobes *snyan legs shing snyan shal ring ba*, Skt. *pīnāyatakarṇa / pīnāyatabhuja*, Sixty-eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## Excellent Edge *so bzangs ma*, Skt. *so bzangs ma*, Mother of the buddha Maṇivajra. ## Excellent Elements *’byung ba bzang po*, Skt. *’byung ba bzang po*, The buddha realm of King of Thunderous Voice. ## Excellent Emanation *legs sprul*, Skt. *legs sprul*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhakrama. ## Excellent Endeavor *bzang brtsams*, Skt. *bzang brtsams*, A person who sacrificed his own body. ## Excellent Eon *bskal pa bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrakalpa*, Name of the present eon, in which the Buddha Śākyamuni and other buddhas appear. ## Excellent Eye *mig legs pa*, Skt. *mig legs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Deva. ## Excellent Eyes *mig bzangs*, Skt. *mig bzangs*, Name of a king, a previous incarnation of the Buddha. ## Excellent Faction *sde bzangs*, Skt. *sde bzangs*, Son of the buddha Jñānaruta. ## Excellent Faculties *dbang po bzang*, Skt. *dbang po bzang*, A bodhisattva. ## Excellent Fame *legs grags*, Skt. *legs grags*, Son of the buddha Vighuṣṭarāja. ## Excellent Field *zhing bzangs*, Skt. *zhing bzangs*, Father of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Excellent Flower *me tog bzang po*, Skt. *supuṣpa*, A merchant in the city of Vārāṇasī, in whose household appears the bodhisattva child Without Reference. ## Excellent Force *sde bzangs*, Skt. *sde bzangs*, Father of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Excellent Force of Perfection *phun sum tshogs par byed pa’i sde bzang po*, Skt. *phun sum tshogs par byed pa’i sde bzang po*, A ruler of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Excellent Forest *kun tu bzang po’i nags rnam*, Skt. *kun tu bzang po’i nags rnam*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Excellent Form *gzugs bzang*, Skt. *gzugs bzang*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Aṅgaja (90 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Fortune *skal bzang*, Skt. *skal bzang*, Son of the buddha Pūjya. ## Excellent Fragrance *spos bzangs*, Skt. *spos bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Parvatendra. ## Excellent Friend *bshes gnyen bzang po*, Skt. *bshes gnyen bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Prāmodyarāja. ## Excellent Gait *’gros stabs bzang po*, Skt. *’gros stabs bzang po*, Birthplace of the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi. ## Excellent Garland *phreng bzang*, Skt. *phreng bzang*, A god from whom Śakra heard the Dharma in a previous life. ## Excellent Gathering *tshogs bzang*, Skt. *tshogs bzang*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnāgni. ## Excellent Gift *legs byin*, Skt. *legs byin*, Attendant of the buddha Sundarapārśva. ## Excellent Gift of Worship *mchod sbyin bzang po*, Skt. *mchod sbyin bzang po*, Father of the buddha Anuttarajñānin. ## Excellent Glory *dpal bzang*, Skt. *dpal bzang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigatatamas. ## Excellent Glory Renowned for Virtue *dge bar grags pa dpal dam pa*, Skt. *dge bar grags pa dpal dam pa*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Nihilism Relinquished. ## Excellent God *bzang po’i lha*, Skt. *bzang po’i lha*, A buddha. ## Excellent Guidance *rab ’dren*, Skt. *rab ’dren*, A buddha realm. ## Excellent Hand *lag bzangs*, Skt. *lag bzangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇamālin. ## Excellent Hands *lag bzangs*, Skt. *subahu*, Father of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Excellent Heap *phung po bzang po*, Skt. *phung po bzang po*, Father of the buddha Ketuprabha. ## Excellent in All Regards *kun tu bzang po*, Skt. *kun tu bzang po*, Son of the buddha Laḍitakrama. ## Excellent Insight *shes rab bzang po*, Skt. *shes rab bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha. ## Excellent Intelligence *blo gros bzang*, Skt. *blo gros bzang*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhaketu (125 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Jewel *rin chen bzang po*, Skt. *rin chen bzang po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samṛddhajñāna. ## Excellent Joy *dga’ ba bzang po*, Skt. *dga’ ba bzang po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the second buddha Kusuma. ## Excellent King A bodhisattva who is one of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s sons in this sūtra and predicted to be the future buddha Kusumottama. ## Excellent Knower of Modesty *bzang po ngo tsha mkhyen pa*, Skt. *bzang po ngo tsha mkhyen pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nātha (576 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Knowledge *shes legs*, Skt. *shes legs*, Attendant of the buddha Mokṣadhvaja. ## Excellent Land *yul bzangs*, Skt. *yul bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Śāntārtha. ## Excellent Leader *legs gtso*, Skt. *legs gtso*, Attendant of the buddha Gandheśvara. ## Excellent Liberation *thar pa bzang po*, Skt. *thar pa bzang po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sārodgata (856 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Light *’od bzangs*, Skt. *’od bzangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anupamaśrī. ## Excellent Light of Qualities *yon tan ’od bzangs pa*, Skt. *yon tan ’od bzangs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Excellent Light Rays *’od zer bzang*, Skt. *’od zer bzang*, Father of the buddha Laḍitavikrama. ## Excellent Lotus *pad+ma dam pa*, A buddha. (Toh 555: Padmavijaya; rnam par rgyal ba’i pad ma) ## Excellent Luminous Qualities *yon tan ’od bzang*, Skt. *yon tan ’od bzang*, Mother of the buddha Guṇatejoraśmi. ## Excellent Mark *mtshan bzang*, Skt. *mtshan bzang*, Son of the buddha Viniścitamati. ## Excellent Meaning *don bzangs*, Skt. *don bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Satyacara. ## Excellent Medicine *sman pa bzang po*, Skt. *sman pa bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Puṇyapriya. ## Excellent Melody *dbyangs bzangs*, Skt. *dbyangs bzangs*, Father of the buddha Samadhyāyin. ## Excellent Melody of Dharma *chos ’dzin dbyangs bzangs*, Skt. *chos ’dzin dbyangs bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Excellent Merit *bsod nams bzang*, Skt. *bsod nams bzang*, Father of the buddha Surabhigandha. ## Excellent Mind *legs pa’i blo*, Skt. *legs pa’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sucittayaśas (408 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Mind of Intelligence *blo gros legs sems*, Skt. *blo gros legs sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Marudadhipa (937 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## excellent minor marks of the Tathāgata *de bzhin gshegs pa’i dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa’i dpe byad bzang po*, The eighty-minor marks that distinguish a buddha. ## Excellent Miraculous Ability *rdzu ’phrul bzang po*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Abhijñāketu. ## Excellent Modesty *khrel yod bzang po*, Skt. *khrel yod bzang po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Netra (470 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Moon *zla ba bzang po*, Skt. *zla ba bzang po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śreṣṭharūpa (563 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Peace *legs zhi*, Skt. *legs zhi*, Attendant of the buddha Praśāntamala. ## Excellent Peak *legs brtsegs*, Skt. *legs brtsegs*, Father of the buddha Guṇabala. ## Excellent Perception of the Array *bkod pa legs mthong*, Skt. *bkod pa legs mthong*, Mother of the buddha Devaruta. ## Excellent Pinnacle *shing thag bzang po*, Skt. *shing thag bzang po*, A buddha realm. ## Excellent Power *mthu rtsal bzang po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal bzang po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ojobala. ## Excellent Presence of Power *mthu rtsal legs par gnas pa*, Skt. *mthu rtsal legs par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## Excellent Protection *mgon bzangs*, Skt. *mgon bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Śrīprabha. ## Excellent Purity *gtsang ma bzang po*, Skt. *gtsang ma bzang po*, The name of the river Fine Blackness in a future eon. ## Excellent Radiance *’od zer bzang po*, Skt. *’od zer bzang po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhahasta (377 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Realization *legs rtogs*, Skt. *legs rtogs*, Father of the buddha Udāragarbha. ## Excellent Ruler *legs dbang*, Skt. *legs dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Excellent Sacrifice *legs pa’i mchod sbyin*, Skt. *legs pa’i mchod sbyin*, Attendant of the buddha Anuttarajñānin. ## Excellent Sandalwood *tsan dan bzang po*, Skt. *tsan dan bzang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokaprabha. ## Excellent Sharpness *so bzangs*, Skt. *so bzangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Excellent Sight *legs mthong*, Skt. *legs mthong*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amoghadarśin (61 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Speaker *legs par sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *legs par sgra sgrogs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sunetra (11) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Speech *legs par gsungs pa*, Skt. *legs par gsungs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Marutpūjita (791 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Splendor *gzi brjid bzang po*, Skt. *gzi brjid bzang po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vikrāntadeva. ## Excellent Splendor of Merit *bsod nams gzi brjid bzang*, Skt. *bsod nams gzi brjid bzang*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnaprabha. ## Excellent Staircase of Merit *bsod nams stegs bzang*, Skt. *bsod nams stegs bzang*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaketu (179 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Steps *stegs bzang*, Skt. *stegs bzang*, Father of the buddha Prajñāgati. ## Excellent Steps to Nirvāṇa *mya ngan ’das stegs bzang po*, Skt. *mya ngan ’das stegs bzang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Janendrarāja. ## Excellent Stūpa *mchod rten bzang po*, Skt. *mchod rten bzang po*, Birthplace of the buddha Suceṣṭa. ## Excellent Sun and Moon *zla nyi bzang*, Skt. *zla nyi bzang*, Mother of the buddha Ratnākara. ## Excellent Support *stegs ni bzang po*, Skt. *stegs ni bzang po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Cāritratīrtha (823 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Supremacy *bzang po’i mchog*, Skt. *bzang po’i mchog*, A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Excellent Supreme Hand *lag mchog bzang po*, Skt. *lag mchog bzang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Excellent Sustainer *bzang skyong*, Skt. *bzang skyong*, Father of the buddha Sudatta. ## Excellent Taste *ro bzang ba*, Skt. *ro bzang ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Excellent Teaching *bstan bzang ba*, The name of the householder Immersed in Joy when he becomes a buddha in the future. ## Excellent Treasury *mdzod bzang*, Skt. *mdzod bzang*, Father of the buddha Mahauṣadhi. ## Excellent Truth *bden legs*, Skt. *bden legs*, Attendant of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Excellent Victor *bzang po rgyal*, Skt. *bzang po rgyal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Excellent View *blta na sdug*, Skt. *blta na sdug*, A city in the realm Dwelling in Excellent View. ## Excellent Virtue *dge legs*, Skt. *dge legs*, Son of the buddha Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha. ## Excellent Vision *legs par gzigs*, Skt. *legs par gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūkṣmabuddhi (613 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Voice *legs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *legs pa’i dbyangs*, A queen of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Excellent Vows and Conduct *smon lam dang spyod pa phun sum tshogs pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Excellent Water *shis pa’i chu*, Skt. *shis pa’i chu*, (1) A river in the Swan Forest (shis pa’i chu). (2) A river in Godānīya (chu bzang). ## Excellent Wealth *legs ’byor*, Skt. *legs ’byor*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Excellent Weapon *mtshon cha bzang po*, Skt. *mtshon cha bzang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subhadra. ## Excellent Wisdom *blo bzangs ma*, Skt. *blo bzangs ma*, Mother of the buddha Vimalakīrti. ## Excellent Words *gsung rab*, Skt. *pravacana*, the words of the [Buddha](#buddha). ## Excellent Worship *legs mchod*, Skt. *legs mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhānumat. ## Excellent Worship of Splendor *gzi brjid legs mchod*, Skt. *gzi brjid legs mchod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Acala (835 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Excellent Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs bzang*, Skt. *brtul zhugs bzang*, Father of the buddha Śailendrarāja. ## Excellent Youth *na tshod bzang po*, Skt. *na tshod bzang po*, Attendant of the buddha Siṃhadaṃṣṭra. ## excellently well established *rab tu bde bar gnas pa*, A meditative stability. ## Exceptionally Beautiful *shin tu mdzes*, Skt. *shin tu mdzes*, Birthplace of the buddha Creator. ## Excertion in Wisdom *ye shes kyi spong ba*, Skt. *ye shes kyi spong ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthita­buddhi­rūpa. ## excessive pride *lhag pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *adhimāna*, The pride of overestimating one’s accomplishments. It is one of seven types of pride, which include (1) pride (Tib. nga rgyal; Skt. māna), (2) excessive pride (Tib. lhag pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. adhimāna), (3) outrageous pride (Tib. nga rgyal las kyang nga rgyal; Skt. mānātimāna), (4) egoistic pride (Tib. nga’o snyam pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. asmimāna), (5) blatant pride (Tib. mngon pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. abhimāna), (6) pride of feeling inferior (Tib. cung zad snyam pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. ūnamāna), and (7) unfounded pride (Tib. log pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. mithyāmāna). ## Excrement Swamp One of the abodes of hell beings. ## Excruciating Pain *tshor ba bdo ba*, Skt. *tīvravedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Excruciating Splitting and Cutting by Means of a Black Iron Thread *lcags nag po’i skud pas ’dral zhing gcud pa tsha ba*, Skt. *kālāyasa­sūtra­bhedanacchedana­kaṭuka*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## exemplary story A type of short narrative that exemplifies an idea or gives an example or standard for an action or form of behavior, either good or bad, often using metaphor or allegory to convey the meaning. ## exemplary tale *rtogs pa brjod pa*, Skt. *avadāna*, One of the twelve genres or types of teaching (dvādaśāṅga) given by the Buddha. The Sanskrit avadāna means “exceptional feat” or “illustrious deed.” However, in the context of the twelve types of teachings, it came to refer to the narrative accounts of such deeds. In the Yogācārabhūmi (Śbh I 230; Toh 4036, F.56.a), Asaṅga defines the term avadāna as “that which is illustrated with an example, an example by which the relevant meaning becomes completely clear” (yat sadṛṣṭāntakam udāhṛtam, yena dṛṣṭāntena yasya pra­kṛtasyārthasya vyavadānaṃ bhavati). This definition is echoed in the Abhi­dharma­samuccaya­bhāṣya (ed. Tatia, p. 96; Toh 4053, F.69.a) and Vasubandhu’s Gāthāsaṃ­graha­śāstrārtha (Toh 4103, F.228.a). ## exertion *yang dag pa’i spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, The four kinds of exertion, belonging to the thirty-seven aids to awakening, are the efforts to prevent the occurrence of unskillful states, to abandon unskillful states already arisen, to develop skillful states, and to sustain and increase skillful states already arisen. ## Exhaustion of Birth *skye ba zad*, Skt. *skye ba zad*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ugratejas. ## Exhaustion of phenomena in the real nature *chos nyid zad pa*, one of the [four visions](#four-visions) or experiences on the [path](#path) of Thogal. "All phenomena being purified in the [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala) of the sole great [essence](#essence), all things invented by the mind are exhausted in the real nature. Not even grasping to the real nature remains." DICT. ## existence *srid pa*, Skt. *bhava*, Here, srid pa denotes the whole of existence, i.e., the five rebirth-destinies or the three worlds—all the possible kinds and places of karmic rebirth. It is also the tenth of the twelve links of dependent origination (often translated as “becoming”). ## existence with desire *’dod pa’i srid pa*, Skt. *kāmabhava*, The lowest of the three planes of existence, where coarse desires for all the sense objects are present. ## existence with form *gzugs kyi srid pa*, Skt. *rūpabhava*, The middling type among the three planes of existence, where desire for coarse food or copulation is absent. ## existent thing *dngos po*, Skt. *bhāva*, Also rendered as “real thing,” “something that exists,” and “real basis.” ## expanded on account of being elevated by phenomena *chos kyi ’phags pas yongs su rgyas pa*, A meditative stability. ## Expanding Arm *rab tu ’phel ba’i dpung*, Skt. *rab tu ’phel ba’i dpung*, A thus-gone one of the past. ## Expanding Land *yul ’khor ’phel*, Skt. *yul ’khor ’phel*, Birthplace of the buddha Trailokyapūjya. ## Expanding Stainless Light *’od ’phro dri ma med pa*, Skt. *—*, A buddha of a past eon. ## Expanding Virtue Through Steady Progress *’gros brtan dge ba yangs*, Skt. *’gros brtan dge ba yangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vratasthita. ## Expanse *klong*, Skt. *klong*, Expanse (a wide, open area or extent), also the name of a virtuous nāga king. ## expanse of ambrosia *bdud rtsi’i dbyings*, Skt. *amṛtadhātu*, An epithet of perfect awakening. ## expanse of phenomena *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, Varyingly, “the sphere of phenomena,” “the base of phenomena,” “the ore of phenomena”—a synonym for the nature of things. ## expanse of reality The dharmadhātu refers to the ultimate nature of all phenomena, as emptiness. It is sometimes translated as the “realm of phenomena.” In this term, the multivalent Sanskrit term dhātu was translated into Tibetan with dbyings, meaning “space” or “expanse,” denoting the entirety of phenomena. ## Expanse of Wrath A wrathful deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. An alternative name may be “Great Glorious Expanse” (dpal chen dbyings). ## Expansive *rnam par rgyas pa*, Skt. *rnam par rgyas pa*, Expansive (covering a wide area; extensive), also the name of a lake in Constant Bliss. ## Expansive Fame *grags pa rgyas*, Skt. *grags pa rgyas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prabhūta (33 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Expansive Great Cloud *sprin chen bdal*, Skt. *sprin chen bdal*, A tathāgata. ## Expansive Land *yul ’khor gzhol*, Skt. *yul ’khor gzhol*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## expedient *rnam grangs*, Skt. *paryāya*, In the sūtra, paryāya is used to denote (1) an expedient or a trick in the context of illusions produced by a magician; (2) a method, an approach through which one can practice in accordance with a teaching; or (3) a scripture, a teaching regarding a specific aspect. ## Expedient meaning *drang don*, Skt. *neyārtha*. The expedient meaning refers to teachings intended to lead unrealized beings towards the truth of the [real meaning](#real-meaning). ## expelling A type of ritual activity that aims to drive someone out of an area, or to drive away non-human beings. ## expenditures *dbyung ba*, A skill taught to [brahmin](#brahmin)s and kings that may relate to finance or grammar. ## experiences *nye bar spyad pa*, Skt. *upabhoga*, One of the ten factors to be understood in the context of the expertise of the bodhisattva who is a regent. ## Experiences (meditative) *nyams*, experiences of [bliss](#bliss-experience), [clarity](#clarity-experience), and [non-thought](#non-thought-experience). One should not be attached to such experiences or confuse them with the final goal. ## experiencing delight and joy *rab tu dga’ zhing spro ba myong bar bya ba*, Skt. *pramodya­pratyanubhavatā*, Fourth of the eight attributes of the second level. ## Experiencing Wholesome Qualities *yon tan dkar po spyod pa*, Skt. *yon tan dkar po spyod pa*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## experiential domain *spyod yul*, Skt. *gocara*, Could also be translated as “sphere of experience” or “sphere of activity.” ## experiential sphere *spyod yul*, Skt. *gocara*, Literally, where cattle (Skt. go) range (Skt. cara), it refers to the mind’s sphere of operations, the cognitive domain. ## Expert *mkhas pa*, Skt. *mkhas pa*, Expert (one with great skill or knowledge), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaśrī. ## Expert about Cessation of What is Possible *gnas ’gog pa la mkhas pa*, Skt. *gnas ’gog pa la mkhas pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Expert Annihilation *chad pa thog tu phebs pa*, Skt. *chad pa thog tu phebs pa*, Name of a past king, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Expert in Remaining Detached *chags pa med par gnas pa la mkhas pa*, Skt. *chags pa med par gnas pa la mkhas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Indrama. ## Expert Intelligence *mkhas pa’i blo can*, Skt. *mkhas pa’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## Expert Melody *dbyangs mkhas*, Skt. *dbyangs mkhas*, Son of the buddha Abhaya. ## Expert Mind *mkhas blo*, Skt. *mkhas blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padmaskandha (559 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Expert on Experience and Shortcomings *ro myang ba dang nyes dmigs la mkhas pa*, Skt. *ro myang ba dang nyes dmigs la mkhas pa*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Expert Proclaimer *sgrogs mkhas*, Skt. *sgrogs mkhas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmavāsa. ## Expertise *’gros mkhas pa*, Skt. *’gros mkhas pa*, Expertise (expert skill or knowledge), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ugraprabha. ## Expertise Regarding the World *’jig rten mkhas*, Skt. *’jig rten mkhas*, Birthplace of the buddha Kuśalaprabha. ## explain patronage *yon bshad*, Skt. *dakṣiṇādeśa*, The monastic recipient of an act of generosity should dedicate the fruits of that generosity on behalf of the patron. Kalyāṇamitra explains that to “explain patronage” (yon bshad pa) means to explain the benefits of generosity after reciting the Three Implements (Kalyāṇamitra, F.312.a.5). ## exposition *gtan la bab par bstan pa*, Skt. *upadeśa*, As one of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma, it means the explanation of details in the teachings and is synonymous with Abhidharma. ## Expressed *brjod bya*, Skt. *brjod bya*, Expressed (conveyed in words or made known), also the name of a nāga king. ## Exquisite Appearance *gya nom snang*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, One of the five pure abodes. ## Exquisite Excellence *legs bzangs*, Skt. *legs bzangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## Exquisite Splendor *gzi bzangs*, Skt. *gzi bzangs*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhadharma. ## Exquisitely Joyful *yid ’ong dga’*, Skt. *yid ’ong dga’*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha King of the Summit of Power of the Victory Banner resides. ## extended discourse A genre of Buddhist literature, which may refer obliquely to the class of Mahāyāna sūtras. Some sūtras include it in the list of twelve types of Buddhist literature. In this sūtra, the Sanskrit manuscript refers to itself as a vaipulya in one of its chapter colophons. ## extensive *shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *vaipulya*, As an adjective for a sūtra it refers to one of the twelve classes of sūtra teaching, and refers to sūtras of great length. ## extensive explanation *rgyas bshad chen po*, Skt. *mahānirdeśa*, A commentary on the Mūlatantra. ## extensive sayings *shin tu rgyas pa’i sde*, Skt. *vaipulya*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## Extensive Scent of Flowers *me tog rgyas pa’i dris*, Skt. *me tog rgyas pa’i dris*, A buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Jyotīrasa attains buddhahood as the tathāgata Immaculate Fragrant Star of Bright Splendor. ## extensive summary *mdor bstan che*, Skt. *mahoddeśa*, A commentary on the Laghukālacakratantra. ## extensive teachings *shin tu rgyas pa’i sde*, Skt. *vaipulya*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## Extensive Virtue *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, third of three levels of the third dhyāna realm. ## Extensively Giving *rgya cher byin pa*, A king. ## Extent of Failed Power *kun tu nyams pa’i stobs kyi mtha’*, Skt. *kun tu nyams pa’i stobs kyi mtha’*, A city in Godānīya. ## External Shade *phyi rol gyi grib ma*, Skt. *phyi rol gyi grib ma*, A forest in Fine Complexion and Large Body. ## externally added *glo bur*, Skt. *āgantuka*, Also rendered in this translation as “adventitious.” ## extracting alcohol *chang ’gugs pa*, The name of a meditative absorption. ## Extracting the essences *bcud len*, a method which makes it possible to consume only certain substances and elements in minute quantities, without having to use ordinary food. ## extraction of semen *khu ba ’gugs pa*, The name of a meditative absorption. ## Extractor of Thorns *zug rngu ’byin pa*, Skt. *śalyahartā*, Name of a buddha. ## extraneous entity *gzhan gyi dngos po*, Skt. *parabhāva*, This term denotes “anything other than the unconditioned realm of phenomena” and so forth. Konow (1941), pp. 36–37, translates this term as “being-something-else.” Lamotte (op. cit. p. 1673) suggests “other existence.” ## Extraordinary Family *khyad par can gyi rigs*, Skt. *khyad par can gyi rigs*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Extraordinary Joy *khyad par dga’*, Skt. *khyad par dga’*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## extraordinary knowledge *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, Supernatural knowledge or powers, including the ability to remember past lives. ## Extraordinary Light *’od zer khyad par du ’phags pa*, Skt. *’od zer khyad par du ’phags pa*, Name of Heroic Strength when he becomes a buddha. ## extraordinary power A general term for an array of extraordinary or superhuman powers, the word for which derives from a verb meaning “to succeed” or “to flourish.” ## Extraordinary Sight *mnyam pa dang mi mnyam pa lta ba*, Skt. *mnyam pa dang mi mnyam pa lta ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Satyarāśi. ## Extraordinary Splendor *gzi brjid khyad par du ’phags pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid khyad par du ’phags pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahātejas. ## extrasensory cognition *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, The six modes of supernormal cognition or ability, namely, clairvoyance, clairaudience, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, the ability to perform miracles, and the knowledge of the destruction of all mental defilements. The first five are considered mundane or worldly and can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis as well as Buddhist arhats and bodhisattvas. The sixth is considered to be supramundane and can be attained only by Buddhist yogis. ## extrasensory power *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, The six extrasensory powers (miraculous ability, clairaudience, knowing beings’ minds, recollecting past lives, clairvoyance, and knowing the contaminants have ceased) are described fully in ---> and mentioned in a different order at . The five extrasensory powers are the first five of these, the sixth being the only one attainable only by Buddhist practitioners. ## extrasensory power realizing knowledge of divine clairaudience *lha’i rna ba shes pa mngon sum du bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *divya­śrotra­jñāna­sākṣāt­kriyā­jñānābhijñā*, Third of the six extrasensory powers. ## extrasensory power realizing knowledge of divine clairvoyance *lha’i mig shes pa mngon sum du bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *divya­cakṣur­jñāna­sākṣāt­kriyā­jñānābhijñā*, Second of the six extrasensory powers. ## extrasensory power realizing knowledge of [miraculous] activities *bya ba shes pa mngon sum du bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *ṛddhi­vidhi­jña­sākṣāt­kriyā­jñānābhi­jñā*, First of the six extrasensory powers. ## extrasensory power realizing knowledge of other minds *pha rol gyi sems shes pa mngon sum du bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *para­citta­jñāna­sākṣāt­kriyā­jñānābhi­jñā*, Fourth of the six extrasensory powers. ## extrasensory power realizing knowledge of the cessation of contaminants *zag pa zad pa shes pa mngon sum du bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *āsrava­kṣaya­jñāna­sākṣāt­kriyā­jñānābhi­jñā*, Sixth of the six extrasensory powers. ## extrasensory power realizing knowledge of the recollection of past lives *sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa shes pa mngon sum du bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *pūrva­nivāsānu­smṛti­jñāna­sākṣāt­kriyā­jñānābhi­jñā*, Fifth of the six extrasensory powers. ## extrasensory power through which divine clairaudience is realized *lha’i rna ba’i khams mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *divya­śrotra­jñānasākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, Second of the six extrasensory powers. See . ## extrasensory power through which divine clairvoyance is realized *lha’i mig mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *divyacakṣur abhijñā­sākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, Fifth of the six extrasensory powers. See . ## extrasensory power through which the cessation of contaminants is realized *zag pa zad pa mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *āsrava­kṣayābhijñā­sākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, Sixth of the six extrasensory powers. See –. ## extrasensory power through which the divine eye of clairvoyance is realized *lha’i mig mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *divyacakṣurabhijñā­sākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, Fifth of the six extrasensory powers. See . ## extrasensory power through which the facets of miraculous ability are realized *rdzu ’phrul gyi rnam pa mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *ṛddhi­vidhi­jñānasākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, First of the six extrasensory powers. See ## extrasensory power through which the minds and conduct of all beings are realized *sems can thams cad kyi sems dang spyod pa mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *sarva­sattvacittacāritra­jñānasākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, Third of the six extrasensory powers. See . ## extrasensory power through which the recollection of past lives is realized *sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa mngon du bya ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *pūrva­nivāsānusmṛti­sākṣātkriyā­[jñāna-]abhijñā*, Fourth of the six extrasensory powers. See . ## Extreme Beauty *shin tu mdzes*, Skt. *shin tu mdzes*, Mother of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Extreme Screams *sgra ’byin shin tu sgra ’byin*, Skt. *ninādātinināda*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Extremely Beautiful *shin tu mdzes ma*, Skt. *shin tu mdzes ma*, Mother of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## extremely broad collarbones *phrag so shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *citāntarāṃsatā*, Twentieth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Extremely Clear View *shin tu blta na gsal*, Skt. *shin tu blta na gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Jyeṣṭhavādin. ## extremely even teeth *tshems shin tu mnyam pa*, Skt. *samadantatā*, Twenty-eighth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Extremely Exalted *shin tu mtho*, Skt. *shin tu mtho*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## Extremely Famed *shin tu grags*, Skt. *shin tu grags*, Father of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Extremely Glorious *shin tu dpal ldan*, Skt. *shin tu dpal ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Ugradatta. ## Extremely Great *shin tu che ba*, Skt. *shin tu che ba*, A kumbhāṇḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Extremely Hard to Conquer *shin tu rgyal dka’*, Skt. *shin tu rgyal dka’*, Attendant of the buddha Mañjughoṣa. ## Extremely Hot Hell *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana*, One of the eight hot hells. ## extremely isolated *shin tu dben pa*, Skt. *atyanatayā viviktaḥ*, See also . ## Extremely Joyful *rab dga’*, A god of the Pure Abodes. ## extremely long [and slender] tongue *ljags shin du yangs pa*, Skt. *pṛthutanujihvatā*, Twenty-fourth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Extremely Noble Mind *shin tu ’phags sems*, Skt. *shin tu ’phags sems*, Attendant of the buddha Bhāgīrathi. ## Extremely Pure Intelligence *shin tu rnam dag blo gros*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Viśuddhaprajñā; shes rab rnam par dag pa) ## Extremely Radiant Array *shin tu ’od bkod*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: ’od rgyan chen po) ## Extremely Trained *shin tu rnam par bsgoms pa*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par bsgoms pa*, A buddha realm. ## Extremely Virtuous *shin tu dge*, Skt. *shin tu dge*, Attendant of the buddha Dharmamati. ## extremely well-shaped abdomen *phyal shin du ’phyang ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mṛṣṭakukṣi*, Thirty-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## extremely white teeth *tshems shin tu dkar ba*, Skt. *saśukladantatā*, Twenty-seventh of the thirty-two major marks. ## Eye *lta byed*, Skt. *lta byed*, Eye (the organ of sight), also the name of a son of the buddha Siṃhadaṃṣṭra. ## Eye Adornment *mig brgyan*, Skt. *mig brgyan*, Son of the buddha Vikrīḍita. ## eye consciousness constituent *mig gi rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *cakṣuvijñānadhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents. ## eye element *mig gi khams*, Skt. *cakṣurdhātu*, First of the eighteen elements (Tib. khams bco brgyad, Skt. aṣṭādaśadhātu). ## Eye Garland *mig gi phreng ba*, Skt. *mig gi phreng ba*, A mountain on Videha. ## Eye Gift *mig sbyin*, Skt. *mig sbyin*, Mother of the buddha Priya­cakṣurvaktra. ## Eye of Beauty *mig sdug*, Skt. *mig sdug*, Son of the buddha Anunnata. ## Eye of Compassion *snying rje’i mig*, Skt. *snying rje’i mig*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## eye of Dharma One of the “five eyes,” representing superior insights of the buddhas and bodhisattvas. The five eyes consist of five different faculties of vision: the physical eye (Skt. māṃsacakṣus), the divine eye (Skt. divyacakṣus), the wisdom eye (Skt. prajñācakṣus), the eye of Dharma (Skt. dharmacakṣus), and the Buddha eye (Skt. buddhacakṣus). ## eye of divine clairvoyance *lha’i mig*, Skt. *divyacakṣus*, Second of the five eyes. See . ## eye of flesh *sha’i mig*, Skt. *māṃsacakṣus*, One of the five “eyes” (pañcacakṣus) or higher perceptions of buddhas, it refers to the ability to see across great distances and through physical objects. ## Eye of Illumination *rnam par snang byed mig*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed mig*, Son of the buddha Avraṇa. ## Eye of Infinite Appearances *mtha’ yas snang ba’i spyan*, Skt. *mtha’ yas snang ba’i spyan*, A buddha. ## Eye of Joy *dga’ ba’i mig*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i mig*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nanda. ## Eye of Qualities *yon tan mig*, Skt. *yon tan mig*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Aśokarāṣṭra. ## eye of the buddhas *sangs rgyas kyi spyan*, Skt. *buddhacakṣuḥ*, Fifth of the five eyes. See . ## eye of the Dharma *chos kyi mig*, Skt. *dharmacakṣus*, Fourth of the five eyes. See -. ## eye of the doctrine *chos kyi mig*, Skt. *dharmacakṣus*, One of the five eyes: (1) the eye of flesh, (2) the eye of clairvoyance, (3) the eye of discernment, (4) the eye of the doctrine, and (5) the eye of the buddhas. ## eye of the sacred doctrine *chos kyi mig*, Skt. *dharma­cakṣuḥ*, Fourth of the five eyes. See . ## Eye of the Thus-Gone *de bzhin gshegs pa’i spyan*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa’i spyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Arhatkīrti. ## Eye of the World *’jig rten gyi mig*, Skt. *lokacakṣus*, A poetic metaphor for the sun, here used as an epithet of the Buddha. ## Eye of Virtue *dge ba’i mig*, Skt. *dge ba’i mig*, A buddha realm. ## eye of wisdom *shes rab kyi mig*, Skt. *prajñācakṣuḥ*, Third of the five eyes. See . ## Eye Possessor *mig ldan*, Skt. *mig ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Trailokyapūjya. ## Eye That Is Perfectly Pure *mig rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *mig rnam par dag pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## eyebrows with hairs of even length *smin ma’i spu mnyam pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *samaromabhrū*, Sixty-sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## eyelashes like those of a cow *ba’i rdzi ma lta bu*, Skt. *viśāla­gopakṣma­netratā*, Thirty-second of the thirty-two major marks. ## eyelashes that are dense *rdzi ma stug pa*, Skt. *citrapakṣmā*, Sixty-second of the eighty minor signs. ## eyes are wide *spyan yangs pa*, Skt. *viśāla­nayana­tā*, Fifty-third of the eighty minor marks. ## Eyes Beyond the World *mig ’jig rten las ’das pa*, Skt. *mig ’jig rten las ’das pa*, A land on the northern continent of Kuru. ## eyes like lotus petals, in which the light and dark parts are distinct‍ *spyan dkar nag ’byes shing pad mo’i ’dab ma ltar ’dug pa*, Skt. *sitāsita­kamala­śakala­nayana*, Sixty-third of the eighty minor signs. ## Eyes of Purity *rnam dag spyan*, Skt. *rnam dag spyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Adbhutayaśas (432 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Eyes of the Environment *nye ’khor gyi mig*, Skt. *nye ’khor gyi mig*, An ocean between Kuru and Godānīya. ## eyes that are long *spyan ring ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *viśālanetra*, Sixtieth of the eighty minor signs. ## eyes that are pure *spyan rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhanetra*, Sixty-first of the eighty minor signs. ## fabricated attempts *rtog pa’i nyer bsdogs*, Skt. **vyagra­sāmantaka*, See . ## fabricated preparations *rtog pa’i yo byad can*, Skt. **vyagra­pariṣkāra*, See . ## face down A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## face is adorned with a hair ringlet [between the eyebrows] *zhal mdzod spus brgyan pa*, Skt. *ūrṇāṅkhita­mukhatā*, Seventeenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## face is moonlike *zhal zla ba lta bu*, Skt. *candra­sadṛśa­mukha­tā*, Thirty-seventh of the eighty minor marks. ## face is without frowns of anger *zhal la khro gnyer gyi rim pa med pa*, Skt. *a­pari­mlāna­salāṭa­tā*, Thirty-ninth of the eighty minor marks. ## Face of Joy *dga’ ba’i bzhin*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i bzhin*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## face that appears like a form being reflected‍ *zhal gzugs kyi gzugs brnyan snang ba*, Skt. *bimba­pratibimba­darśana­vadana*, Forty-seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## face that is not too long *zhal ha cang yang mi ring ba*, Skt. *nātyāyata­vacana*, Forty-sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## Facing Directly *mngon du gyur pa*, Skt. *abhimukhī*, The sixth bodhisattva level. ## facing down *kha thur du lta ba*, Skt. *kha thur du lta ba*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its thirty-eighth week. ## Facing Flowers *me tog kun tu bltas*, Skt. *me tog kun tu bltas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Facing the World *’jig rten gzhol*, Skt. *’jig rten gzhol*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyadhvaja. ## factor *yan lag*, Skt. *aṅga*, A branch or limb; member; subdivision or supplement; factor or element. ## factor for enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs*, Skt. *bodhipakṣa*, One of the qualities necessary as a method to attain the enlightenment of a śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, or buddha. There are thirty-seven of these, consisting of (1–4) mindfulness of body, sensations, mind, and phenomena; (5–8) the intention to not do bad actions that have not been done, to give up bad actions that are being done, to do good actions that have not been done, and to increase the good actions that are being done; (9–12) the foundations for miraculous powers: intention, diligence, mind, and analysis; (13–17) the five powers: faith, diligence, mindfulness samādhi, and wisdom; (18–22) the five strengths: faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (23–29) the seven aspects of enlightenment: correct mindfulness, correct analysis of phenomena, correct diligence, correct attentiveness, correct samādhi, and correct equanimity; (30–37) and the noble eightfold path: right view, examination, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and samādhi. ## factors conducive to enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, See “thirty-seven factors conducive to enlightenment.“ ## factors for enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs*, Skt. *bodhipakṣa*, One of the qualities necessary as a method to attain the enlightenment of a śrāvaka, pratyeka­buddha, or buddha. There are thirty-seven of these: (1–4) mindfulness of body, sensations, mind, and phenomena; (5–8) the intention to not do bad actions that are not done, to give up bad actions that are being done, to do good actions that have not been done, and to increase the good actions that are being done; (9–12) the foundations for miraculous powers: intention, diligence, mind, and analysis; (13–17) five powers: faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (18–22) five strengths: faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (23–29) seven aspects of enlightenment: correct mindfulness, correct analysis of phenomena, correct diligence, correct attentiveness, correct samādhi, and correct equanimity; and (30–37) the eightfold noble path: right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and samādhi. ## factors of abandonment *spong ba’i ’du byed*, Skt. *prahāṇa­saṃskāra*, The Nibandhana explains that this refers to a standard list of eight assembled factors: zest (chanda), effort (vyāyāma), faith (śraddhā), mindfulness (smṛti), discerning awareness (saṁprajanya), intention (cetanā), and equanimity (upekṣā) (Samtani 1971, p. 221). ## factors of awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos*, Skt. *bodhipakṣadharma*, The qualities necessary as a method to attain the awakening of a hearer, solitary buddha, or buddha. There are thirty-seven of these: (1–4) the four applications of mindfulness: mindfulness of body, sensations, mind, and phenomena; (5–8) the four right abandonments: the intention to not do bad actions that are not done, to give up bad actions that are being done, to do good actions that have not been done, and increase the good actions that are being done; (9–12) the bases of miracles: intention, diligence, attention, and discernment; (13–17) five faculties: faith, diligence, mindfulness, absorption, and wisdom; (18–22) five strengths: an even stronger form of faith, diligence, mindfulness, absorption, and wisdom; (23–29) seven branches of awakening: correct mindfulness, correct discrimination of phenomena, correct diligence, correct joy, correct pliability, correct absorption, and correct equanimity; and (30–37) the eightfold noble path: right view, examination, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and absorption. ## factors of conditioned existence *srid pa’i yan lag*, Skt. *bhavāṅga*, The twelve factors or links of conditioned existence are: ignorance (avidyā), mental formations (saṃskāra), consciousness (vijñāna), mind and matter (nāmarūpa), the six sense organs (ṣaḍāyatana), contact (sparśa), sensation (vedanā), craving (tṛṣṇā), clinging (upādāna), becoming (bhava), birth (jāti), aging and dying (jarāmaraṇa). ## factors of enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣya­dharma*, A set of qualities necessary as a method to attain the enlightenment of a śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, or buddha. There are thirty-seven of these: (1–4) the four kinds of mindfulness: mindfulness of body, sensations, mind, and phenomena; (5–8) the four correct exertions: not to do bad actions that have not been done, to give up bad actions that are being done, to do good actions that have not been done, and to increase the good actions that are being done; (9–12) the foundations for miraculous powers: intention, diligence, mind, and analysis; (13–17) the five powers: faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (18–22) the five strengths: even stronger forms of faith, diligence, mindfulness, samādhi, and wisdom; (23–29) the seven limbs of enlightenment: correct mindfulness, correct wisdom of the analysis of phenomena, correct diligence, correct joy, correct serenity, correct samādhi, and correct equanimity; and (30–37) the eightfold noble path: right view, examination, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and samādhi. ## factors of the awakening In this text, this set of factors is said to include discipline, insight, absorption, liberation, the vision of liberated wisdom, the perfection of generosity, the perfection of discipline, the perfection of patience, the perfection of diligence, the perfection of concentration, and the perfection of insight. However, usually they are listed as seven, namely remembrance, discrimination between teachings, diligence, joy, pliancy or serenity, absorption, and equanimity; these form a part of the thirty-seven factors of awakening. ## factors pertaining to awakening The thirty-seven factors that are conducive to awakening: the four foundations of mindfulness (smṛtyupasthāna), the four right strivings (samyakpradhāna), the four bases of miraculous power (ṛddhipāda), the five spiritual faculties (indriya), the five strengths (bala), the seven factors of awakening (bodhyaṅga), and the noble eightfold path (āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga). ## factors that are in harmony with awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, The set of practices that lead to awakening, traditionally listed as thirty-seven. ## factors that take on negative states *gnas ngan len*, Skt. *dauṣṭhulya*, A term that includes all the many factors, whether associated with body, speech, or mind, that underlie present or future suffering, including karma and the afflictions, the various kinds of obscuration, and the aggregates themselves. Lists of varying numbers of factors can be found (e.g. of 24 in the Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya), but in this text the scope of the term is set out at -. ## faculties *dbang po*, Skt. *indriya*, These are spiritual capacities to be developed: faith, diligence, mindfulness, absorption, and insight. These are included in the thirty-seven factors of awakening. They are the same as the five powers at a lesser stage of development. ## faculties endowed with the knowledge of all phenomena *kun shes pa rig pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *ājñātāvīndriya*, Third of the three faculties. Elsewhere this is rendered as “faculty of knowing one has fully understood” (yongs su shes par rtogs pa’i dbang po). ## faculties endowed with the knowledge of all things *kun shes pa dang ldan pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *ā­jñātāvīndriya*, Third of the three faculties. ## faculties that acquire the knowledge of all phenomena *kun shes pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *ājñendriya*, Second of the three faculties. Elsewhere this is rendered as “faculty of fully understanding” (yongs su shes pa’i dbang po). ## faculties that acquire the knowledge of all things *kun shes pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *ā­jñendriya*, Second of the three faculties. ## faculties that will enable knowledge of all that is unknown *ma shes pa yongs su shes par bya ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *anājñātamā­jñāsyāmīndriya*, First of the three faculties. ## faculty *dbang po*, Skt. *indriya*, “Faculties” is a translation meant to represent the preferred etymologization of indriya in Buddhist texts as indanti, meaning “they have power,” which is also reflected in the Tibetan translation as dbang po. Different lists of indriyas exist within the Buddhist texts, their common trait being that they have “power” over a specific domain of activity. For example, the five sense faculties have causal power with respect to seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. ## Faculty Gift *dbang pos byin*, Skt. *dbang pos byin*, Father of the buddha Indrama. ## faculty of coming to fully understand what has not been fully understood *ma shes pa yongs su shes par bya ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *anājñātamā­jñāsyāmīndriya*, First of the three faculties. Elsewhere this is rendered as “faculty of coming to understand what one has not yet understood” (ma shes pa yongs su shes par bya ba’i dbang po). ## faculty of coming to fully understand what has not been understood *ma shes pa yongs su shes par bya ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *anājñātamā­jñāsyāmīndriya*, First of the three faculties. Elsewhere this is rendered as “faculty of coming to fully understand what has not been fully understood” (yongs su ma shes pa yongs su shes par bya ba’i dbang po). ## faculty of faith *dad pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *śraddhendriya*, First of the five faculties. ## Faculty of Joyous Diligence *brtson ’grus bde ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *brtson ’grus bde ba’i dbang po*, Attendant of the buddha Śrīgarbha. ## faculty of meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin gyi dbang po*, Skt. *samādhyindriya*, Fourth of the five faculties. ## faculty of mindfulness *dran pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *smṛtyindriya*, Third of the five faculties. ## faculty of perseverance *brtson ’grus kyi dbang po*, Skt. *vīryendriya*, Second of the five faculties. ## faculty of recollection *dran pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *smṛtyindriya*, Third of the five faculties. ## faculty of wisdom *shes rab kyi dbang po*, Skt. *prajñendriya*, Fifth of the five faculties. ## faith *dad pa*, Skt. *śraddhā*, Here “faith” is not used so much in the sense of “religious faith,” but rather as when one says, “I have faith in you” or “I have faith in your good qualities.” It is often explained as “a good disposition of the mind” (cetasaḥ prasādaḥ) toward something and is occasionally divided into three types: faith as the conviction that something exists, faith as the conviction that something has good qualities, and faith as the conviction that something with good qualities can be obtained. ## Faith in Awakening *byang chub dad*, Skt. *byang chub dad*, Mother of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Faith in Liberation *thar pa dad*, Skt. *thar pa dad*, Son of the buddha Prasannabuddhi. ## Faith in Merit *bsod nams la dad pa*, Skt. *bsod nams la dad pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dhyānarata. ## Faith in the Gods *lha la dad*, Skt. *lha la dad*, Son of the buddha Maruttejas. ## Faith of All Beings *’gro ba thams cad dad pa*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad dad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## Faith of the People *skye bo dad pa*, Skt. *skye bo dad pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prasanna (939 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## faith-followers *dad pa’i rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *śraddhānusārin*, Someone who follows his or her goal out of trust in someone else. According to the Mahāyāna, one of the seven types of noble beings (āryapudgala), and also one of the twenty types of members of the saṅgha (viṃśatiprabhedasaṃgha). ## faithful *dad pa*, The laity who make offerings to the ordained saṅgha. ## faithful one *dad pas rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *śraddhānusārin*, According to the Mahāyāna, one of the seven types of noble beings (āryapudgala), and also one of the twenty types of members of the saṅgha (viṃśatiprabhedasaṃgha). ## Faithful World *’jig rten dad*, Skt. *’jig rten dad*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagati. ## Faith-Instilling King *rgyal po dad par byed pa*, Skt. *rgyal po dad par byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rājan. ## Faithless *ma dad*, Skt. *ma dad*, Faithless (disloyal or without faith), also the name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## Falling Like Rain on High Mountains *ri brtsegs char ltar ’bab pa*, Skt. *girikūṭavarṣa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## false black pepper *byi tang ka*, Skt. *viḍaṅga*, Embelia ribes, or Embelia tsjeriam-cottam. ## false daisy *b+hr-ing ga rA dza*, Skt. *bhṛṅgarāja*, Eclipta prostrata. ## false imagination *rnam par rtog pa*, Skt. *vi­kalpa*, Also translated here as “conceptual notion.” ## false mental constructions Constructing the idea of an autonomous individual. ## false view *lta bar gyur pa*, Skt. *dṛṣṭi­kṛta*, Also translated here as “opinion.” ## false views about perishable composites *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *sat­kāya­dṛṣṭi*, First of the three fetters; also third of the five fetters associated with the lower realms, which concerns the superimposition of the notion of self upon the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## falsehood *brdzun du smra ba*, Skt. *mṛṣāvāda*, Fourth of the ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered here as “lying” and “telling of lies.” ## Fame *bsnyen par grags*, Skt. *bsnyen par grags*, Fame (the state of being widely known), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokaprabha. ## Fame and Beauty *grags mdzes*, Skt. *grags mdzes*, Son of the buddha Pārthiva. ## Fame Beyond Reproach *ma smad grags pa*, Skt. *ma smad grags pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāpriya. ## Fame Gift *grags byin*, Skt. *grags byin*, Attendant of the buddha Kṛtāntadarśin. ## Fame in the World *’jig rten rnam par grags*, Skt. *’jig rten rnam par grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Fame of All Qualities *yon tan thams cad grags*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad grags*, Father of the buddha Añjana. ## Fame of Excellent Mind *legs sems grags pa*, Skt. *legs sems grags pa*, Attendant of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Fame of Infinite Intelligence *blo gros mtha’ yas grags*, Skt. *blo gros mtha’ yas grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vardhana. ## Fame of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas grags*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas grags*, Father of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## Fame of the Nāga Master *klu dbang grags*, Skt. *klu dbang grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Marutskandha. ## Fame of the Worthy *dgra bcom grags pa*, Skt. *dgra bcom grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Supakṣa. ## Fame throughout the Directions *phyogs grags*, Skt. *phyogs grags*, Attendant of the buddha Vimuktaketu. ## Famed *rnam par grags*, Skt. *rnam par grags*, Famed (widely known; renowned), also the name of the father of the buddha Garjitasvara. ## Famed Abiding *kun nas gnas par grags pa*, Skt. *kun nas gnas par grags pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## Famed Array of the Ornaments of the Faculties *dbang po’i rgyan bkod pa rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyan bkod pa rnam par grags pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Indrama. ## Famed as Irreproachable *ma smad grags*, Skt. *ma smad grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnaprabhāsa. ## Famed Astrologer *skar mkhan grags pa*, Skt. *skar mkhan grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Famed Banner of Illumination *snang byed rgyal mtshan grags pa*, Skt. *snang byed rgyal mtshan grags pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Indrama. ## Famed by Gods *lha yis bsgrags*, Skt. *lha yis bsgrags*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahāpraṇāda. ## Famed Certainty *grags pa rnam par nges*, Skt. *grags pa rnam par nges*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Famed Chariot *grags pa’i shing rta*, Skt. *grags pa’i shing rta*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṅgala (96 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Famed Clarity *gsal bar grags*, Skt. *gsal bar grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Udgata (804 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Famed Divinity *rnam grags lha*, Skt. *rnam grags lha*, Birthplace of the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara. ## Famed Divinity and Liberation *lha grags thar pa*, Skt. *lha grags thar pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Famed Elixir *bdud rtsi grags*, Skt. *bdud rtsi grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Samantadarśin. ## Famed Emanations *grags pa rnam par sprul*, Skt. *grags pa rnam par sprul*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Aśokarāṣṭra. ## Famed Excellence *bzang po grags*, Skt. *bzang po grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## Famed Fearlessness *’jigs pa med par grags*, Skt. *’jigs pa med par grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Priya­cakṣurvaktra. ## Famed Flower Worship of Supreme Divinity *lha mchog me tog mchod grags*, Skt. *lha mchog me tog mchod grags*, Son of the buddha Vratasthita. ## Famed for Abiding in Diverse Joys *dga’ ba sna tshogs la gnas par grags pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba sna tshogs la gnas par grags pa*, Attendant of the buddha Padmahastin. ## Famed for Fearlessness *’jigs pa med par grags pa*, Skt. *’jigs pa med par grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## Famed for Illuminating the Ways of Taking Birth *skye ba’i tshul snang bar byed par grags pa*, Skt. *skye ba’i tshul snang bar byed par grags pa*, Son of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Famed for Invincibility *gzhan gyis mi thub par grags pa*, Skt. *gzhan gyis mi thub par grags pa*, Father of the buddha Baladatta. ## Famed for Profundity *zab par grags*, Skt. *zab par grags*, Father of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Famed for the Power of Wisdom *ye shes kyi stobs kyis rnam par bsgrags*, Skt. *ye shes kyi stobs kyis rnam par bsgrags*, A buddha. ## Famed for Unstoppable Understanding of the Ten Powers *stobs bcu la rtog cing mi tshugs par grags pa*, Skt. *stobs bcu la rtog cing mi tshugs par grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Uttīrṇapaṅka. ## Famed Freedom from Defilements *nyon mongs pa med par grags*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa med par grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dīptatejas. ## Famed Freedom from Suffering *mya ngan ’das pa grags*, Skt. *mya ngan ’das pa grags*, Son of the buddha Arhatkīrti. ## Famed Friend *gshes gnyen grags ldan*, Skt. *gshes gnyen grags ldan*, A great bodhisattva. ## Famed Gathering *grags pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *grags pa’i tshogs*, Mother of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Famed Giving as Wished *bsam sbyin grags pa*, Skt. *bsam sbyin grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cāritraka. ## Famed Great Sight *mthong chen grags*, Skt. *mthong chen grags*, Son of the buddha Mokṣavrata. ## Famed Illuminator *snang mdzad grags pa*, Skt. *snang mdzad grags pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ajitagaṇa (326 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Famed in All Worlds *’jig rten thams cad du grags pa*, Skt. *’jig rten thams cad du grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dīptatejas. ## Famed in Existence *srid par grags*, Skt. *srid par grags*, Mother of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Famed in the World *’jig rten snyan par grags*, Skt. *’jig rten snyan par grags*, Father of the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati. ## Famed Intelligence *blo gros grags*, Skt. *blo gros grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāyaśas (81 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Famed Jewel *rin chen rnam par grags*, Skt. *rin chen rnam par grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jagattoṣaṇa. ## Famed King *rnam par grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par grags pa’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Jyotiṣmat. ## Famed King of the Splendor of All Jewels *rin po che thams cad kyi gzi brjid rnam par grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rin po che thams cad kyi gzi brjid rnam par grags pa’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sulocana. ## Famed Land *yul grags*, Skt. *yul grags*, Attendant of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Famed Leader *kha lo sgyur bar grags pa*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur bar grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokapriya. ## Famed Light *grags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *grags pa’i ’od*, Father of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Famed Light of Aggregated Splendor *gzi brjid kyi phung po’i ’od rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid kyi phung po’i ’od rnam par grags pa*, Son of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## Famed Lion Intelligence *seng ge’i blo gros grags*, Skt. *seng ge’i blo gros grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśasta. ## Famed Luminous Crest of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen tog ’od grags*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen tog ’od grags*, Father of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Famed Meaning *grags don*, Skt. *grags don*, Father of the buddha Gambhīramati. ## Famed Merit *bsod nams grags pa*, Skt. *bsod nams grags pa*, Mother of the buddha Ṛddhiketu. ## Famed Nectar *bdud rtsi grags*, Skt. *bdud rtsi grags*, Mother of the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka. ## Famed Nāga *rnam par grags pa’i klu*, Skt. *rnam par grags pa’i klu*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vighuṣṭaśabda. ## Famed Offering *mchod grags*, Skt. *mchod grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vijitāvin. ## Famed Power *mthu rtsal grags pa*, Skt. *mthu rtsal grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānaśrī. ## Famed Purity *dag par grags*, Skt. *dag par grags*, Birthplace of the buddha Vighuṣṭarāja. ## Famed Qualities *yon tan grags pa*, Skt. *yon tan grags pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anilavegagāmin (407 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Famed Qualities and Renowned Acumen for Miraculous Display *yon tan kun tu grags shing rnam par ’phrul par grags pa’i spobs pa*, Skt. *yon tan kun tu grags shing rnam par ’phrul par grags pa’i spobs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## Famed Relinquishment *grags pa spong*, Skt. *grags pa spong*, Birthplace of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Famed Roar *grags ldan nga ro*, Skt. *grags ldan nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Sughoṣa. ## Famed Splendid Jewel *rin chen gzi brjid grags*, Skt. *rin chen gzi brjid grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśasta. ## Famed Splendor *gzi brjid grags*, Skt. *gzi brjid grags*, Birthplace of the buddha Roca. ## Famed Splendor of Joy *dga’ ba’i gzi brjid grags*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i gzi brjid grags*, Attendant of the buddha Praśasta. ## Famed Stūpa *mchod rten grags*, Skt. *mchod rten grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyapradīpa. ## Famed Strength *grags pa’i stobs*, Skt. *grags pa’i stobs*, Mother of the buddha Mahāpraṇāda. ## Famed Strength of Bliss *bde stobs grags*, Skt. *bde stobs grags*, Mother of the buddha Udadhi. ## Famed Superior Intention *legs bsams grags pa*, Skt. *legs bsams grags pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmamuni. ## Famed Teacher *ston pa grags*, Skt. *ston pa grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Āryastuta. ## Famed throughout the Land *yul du rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *yul du rnam par grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pūjya. ## Famed throughout the World *’jig rten rnam par grags*, Skt. *’jig rten rnam par grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arhadyaśas (332 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Famed Universal View *phyogs blta grags*, Skt. *phyogs blta grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Famed Wealth *nor grags*, Skt. *nor grags*, Father of the buddha Vighuṣṭaśabda. ## Famed Wisdom *ye shes rnam par grags*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par grags*, Birthplace of the buddha Suśītala. ## Famed Worship *grags pa mchod*, Skt. *grags pa mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmakīrti. ## Famed Worthy One *dgra bcom grags*, Skt. *dgra bcom grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāmitra. ## families of the six aggregates *phung po’i rigs*, Skt. *skandhakulāni*, Wisdom, sensation, consciousness, matter, karmic formations, and discrimination. ## family *rigs*, Skt. *kula*, Apart from its ordinary meaning as “family,” the term often refers to a tathāgata family (alternatively called a buddha family), reflecting the division of the Buddhist pantheon into families. In the Kriyātantras there are four main tathāgata families: the tathāgata, lotus, jewel, and vajra families. ## Family of Jewels *rin po che’i rigs*, Skt. *rin po che’i rigs*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one He Who Possesses a Body Adorned with All Jewels/He Who Possesses a Body Adorned, Exalted by All Jewels/Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Dharma. ## family of the Buddha *sangs rgyas kyi rigs*, Skt. *buddhakula*, Lit. “family” or “lineage of the Buddha.” One becomes a member on the first bodhisattva stage. In another sense, all living beings belong to this exalted family because all have the capacity to wake up to enlightenment, conceiving its spirit within themselves and thenceforward seeking its realization (see Chapter 7). ## family of the tathāgatas *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rigs*, Skt. *tathāgatagotra*, This term arises from a classification of beings into different groups (lineages) according to their destinies: disciple lineage, solitary buddha lineage, buddha lineage, etc. The Mādhyamika school, and the sūtras that are its foundation, maintains that all living beings belong to the buddha lineage, that Disciple Vehicle nirvāṇa is not a final destiny, and that arhats must eventually enter the Mahāyāna path. Mañjuśrī carries this idea to the extreme, finding the tathāgata lineage everywhere, in all mundane things. See , and Lamotte, Appendice, Note VII. ## family priest *mdun na ’don*, Skt. *purohita*, Typically a reference to a priest in the Vedic tradition. ## Famous *grags ldan*, Skt. *grags ldan*, Famous (well known), also the name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Pradīparāja resides. ## Famous and Melodious King of Medicine *sman mngon bsgrags dbyangs rgyal po*, Skt. *sman mngon bsgrags dbyangs rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Famous Melody of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbang pos bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbang pos bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Famous Moon *rnam par bsgrags pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *rnam par bsgrags pa’i zla ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Famous Sound *sgra rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *sgra rnam par grags pa*, A brahmin; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Far Reaching The seventh of the bodhisattva grounds, here understood as ten in number. ## Far Seeing *ring mthong*, Skt. *ring mthong*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## farewell offering *mchod yon*, Skt. *argha*, See “welcome offering.” ## fascicle A volume or chapter that is defined as three hundred stanzas according to The Two-Volume Lexicon. ## fast *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, A ritual observance involving fasting. ## fastened hair The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twelfth and thirteenth week. ## fat *tshil*, Skt. *vasā*, Fat of five kinds of animals, which is used as a medicine. ## fata morgana *dri za’i grong khyer*, Skt. *gandharvapura*, A particular kind of mirage in which buildings, mountains, and so on can appear in the sky above the horizon. In India, called the “city of gandharvas,” as it was believed to be a glimpse of the residences of these divine beings. ## fathom *’dom*, Skt. *vyāma*, The span between the tips of two arms extended to either side. ## Fathomless Flower *dpag med me tog*, Skt. *dpag med me tog*, A buddha. ## Fathomless Grasp *’dzin pa dpag med*, Skt. *’dzin pa dpag med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇimuktirāja. ## Fathomless Light *dpag med ’od*, Skt. *dpag med ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jagadmati. ## fatigue *ngal ba*, Skt. *klama*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## faultless *skyon med*, Skt. *acchidra*, Also translated here as “unimpaired.” ## faultlessly *mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *viśārada*, See “confidence.” ## faulty discipline *tshul khrims ’chal ba*, Skt. *duḥśīla*, Refers to transgressions of moral conduct as prescribed by Buddhist vows. ## favorable states *bzang ’gro*, Skt. *sadgati*, The higher states of rebirth including those of gods, asuras, and human beings. ## favored *yongs su zin pa*, Skt. *pari­gṛhīta*, Also translated here as “accepted.” ## fear *’jigs pa*, Skt. *bhaya*, The Tibetan ’jigs pa and the Sanskrit bhaya both carry the dual meaning of fear and peril. ## Fearless *bsnyengs dang bral*, Skt. *bsnyengs dang bral*, Fearless (without fear; brave), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sujāta (224 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fearless Attack *’jigs pa med par rgol ba*, Skt. *’jigs pa med par rgol ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pūrṇacandra. ## Fearless Child *’jigs pa med pa’i phrug gu*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i phrug gu*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Drumendra. ## Fearless Deity *’jigs med lha*, Skt. *’jigs med lha*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suvayas. ## Fearless Delight *bsnyengs med dgyes*, Skt. *bsnyengs med dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sughoṣa (735 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## fearless eloquence *mi ’jigs pas spobs pa*, Skt. *mi ’jigs pas spobs pa*, The name of a light. ## Fearless Friend *’jigs med bshes gnyen*, Skt. *’jigs med bshes gnyen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vibhaktatejas (478 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## fearless in four ways *mi 'jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturabhaya, caturvaiśāradya*, [Buddha](#buddha)s have no fear in proclaiming that they have achieved perfect buddhahood, exhausted [defilements](#defilements), teach the [path](#path) of renunciation, and teach precisely what constitutes an obstacle to that [path](#path) and realization. ## Fearless in Limitless Mastery of Eloquence *spobs pa mtha’ yas par bsgrub pa la ’jigs pa med pa*, Skt. *spobs pa mtha’ yas par bsgrub pa la ’jigs pa med pa*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Fearless Insight *’jigs pa med pa’i shes rab*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i shes rab*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Fearless Intent *dgongs pa bsnyengs med*, Skt. *dgongs pa bsnyengs med*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gambhīramati (784 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fearless Joy *bsnyengs med dgyes*, Skt. *bsnyengs med dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnacandra (271 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fearless Lord *’jigs med dbang po*, Skt. *’jigs med dbang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Fearless Meditator *’jigs med bsam gtan pa*, Skt. *’jigs med bsam gtan pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## Fearless Merit *’jigs pa med pa’i bsod nam*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i bsod nam*, Birthplace of the buddha Prasanna. ## Fearless Mind *’jigs med sems*, Skt. *’jigs med sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## Fearless Ornament King *spobs pa chen po’i rgyan gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *mahā­pratibhāna­vyūharāja*, A bodhisattva. ## fearless people *’jigs pa dang bral ba’i skye bu*, Skt. *’jigs pa dang bral ba’i skye bu*, Inhabitants of the Equal Peaks mountain in Kuru. ## Fearless Power *mthu rtsal ’jigs med*, Skt. *mthu rtsal ’jigs med*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Fearless Roar *bsnyengs med nga ro*, Skt. *bsnyengs med nga ro*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ūrṇāvat (279 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fearless Seeing *’jigs pa med par mthong*, Skt. *’jigs pa med par mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Prasanna. ## Fearless Splendor *’jigs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candrapradīpa. ## Fearless Strength *’jigs med stobs*, Skt. *’jigs med stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## Fearless toward All Phenomena *chos thams cad la bag tsha ba med par gnas pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad la bag tsha ba med par gnas pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Fearless Wisdom *’jigs pa med pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i ye shes*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyeṣṭhadatta. ## Fearless World *’jig rten ’jigs med*, Skt. *’jig rten ’jigs med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dānaprabha. ## fearlessness *mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *vaiśāradya*, The Buddha has four fearlessnesses, as do the bodhisattvas. The four fearlessnesses of the Buddha are: fearlessness regarding the realization of all things; fearlessness regarding knowledge of the exhaustion of all impurities; fearlessness of foresight through ascertainment of the persistence of obstructions; and fearlessness in the rightness of the path leading to the attainment of the supreme success. The fearlessnesses of the bodhisattva are: fearlessness in teaching the meaning he has understood from what he has learned and practiced; fearlessness resulting from the successful maintenance of purity in physical, verbal, and mental action—without relying on others’ kindness, being naturally flawless through his understanding of the absence of self; fearlessness resulting from freedom from obstruction in virtue, in teaching, and in delivering living beings, through the perfection of wisdom and liberative art and through not forgetting and constantly upholding the teachings; and fearlessness in the ambition to attain full mastery of omniscience—without any deterioration or deviation to other practices—and to accomplish all the aims of all living beings. ## Fearlessness Gift *mi ’jigs byin*, Skt. *mi ’jigs byin*, Mother of the buddha Sārathi. ## fearlessnesses *mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *vaiśāradya*, The fearlessnesses of a buddha are usually counted as four and refer to the four assurances proclaimed by buddhas: fearlessness in declaring that one has awakened, that one has ceased all illusions, that one has taught the obstacles to awakening, and that one has shown the way to liberation. ## Fearsome Screams *sgra ’jigs ston*, Skt. *Svapna­bhairava­darśana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Fearsome Waves *chu bo’i rlabs ’jigs pa*, Skt. *pratibhaya­taraṅgā*, A river in the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Feast offering *tshogs kyi 'khor lo*, Skt. *gaṇacakra*, a ritual in which one blesses, offers and consumes food and drink as [wisdom](#wisdom) [nectar](#nectar). ## feasts on the fifth, the eighth, the fourteenth, or the full moon *bcu bzhi ston, brgyad ston, lnga ston, nya ston*, Skt. *aṣṭamika, caturdaśika, pāñcadaśika, pāñcamika*, Feasts falling on these days of the lunar month are considered an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## feature *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, A polyvalent term, it generally refers to the characteristic features of an object or image. Nimitta can refer to features of an object that attract the mind’s attention, engage with it more deeply, and develop emotional responses to it. Such marks or features are often considered to be ultimately false and deceptive. In a more positive sense nimitta can refer to the focus of meditation practice. The term applies to both external objects and visualized images that are used to deepen meditative concentration and absorption. Also translated here as “sign” and “mark.” ## features (of a great being) *dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *anuvyañjana*, These characteristics of a supreme being are eighty in number and include such details as the redness of the fingernails and the blackness of the hair. ## features of a great muni *dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *anuvyañjana*, These characteristics of a supreme being are eighty in number and include such details as the redness of the fingernails and the blackness of the hair. ## Fed by Billowing Streams *rgyab nas klung kun du gang bar ’bab pa*, Skt. *rgyab nas klung kun du gang bar ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Feeble Fruit *bras bu nyam chung*, Skt. *bras bu nyam chung*, A nāga. ## feeling *tshor ba*, Skt. *vedanā*, The second of the five aggregates that constitute a living being (form, feeling, perception, formation, and consciousness). ## feelings *tshor ba*, Skt. *vedanā*, Second of the five aggregates; also seventh of the twelve links of dependent origination. Also translated here as “sensation.” ## feet are well positioned *zhabs shin tu gnas pa*, Skt. *supratiṣṭhita­pādatā*, Second of the thirty-two major marks. ## Feet Consecrated with Wheels *’khor lo rab gnas rkang pa*, Skt. *’khor lo rab gnas rkang pa*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## feet marked with the motif of the wheel *mu khyud khor yug dang ldan pa*, Skt. *cakrāṅkita­pāda­tā*, Second of the thirty-two major marks. ## fellow brahmacārin *tshangs pa mtshungs par spyod pa*, Skt. *sabrahmacārin*, Those who are engaged in the same celibate spiritual [path](#path) as the protagonist. ## fellow monk *lhan cig gnas pa*, Skt. *sārdhavihārin*, A junior monk who lives with and under the guidance of a senior monk. ## female attendants *slas*, Skt. *sahacāri*, Female attendants who normally assisted the wife of a wealthy householder. ## female blackbuck *e ne ya*, Skt. *aiṇeya*, Antilope cervicapra, also known as the Indian antelope. The male is called eṇa and the female eṇī. Aiṇeya therefore means “an attribute of the female black antelope.” ## Female Donkey *bong mo*, Skt. *bong mo*, A rākṣasī. ## female lay disciple An unordained female practitioner who observes the five precepts not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## female lay vow holder *dge bsnyen ma*, Skt. *upāsikā*, See “male lay vow holder.” ## female nāga *klu mo*, Skt. *nāgī*, A female of the class of serpentine spirit beings (Tib. klu Skt. nāga), who are often the target of rituals for bringing (or stopping) rain. ## female novice *dge tshul ma*, Skt. *śrāmaṇerī*, A female who has been inducted into the novitiate (Tib. dge tshul nyid du bsgrub). Female novices in the Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition take ten precepts. ## female preta *yi dags mo*, Skt. **pretikā*, The feminine form of preta. ## Female Spear Holder *mdung thogs ma*, Skt. *mdung thogs ma*, A Hindu goddess, unidentified. McCombs (p. 128) suggests that the Sanskrit name for this goddess might be Śūlinī (one of the names for Durgā) or Śaktidhārī. ## Female Trees *bu mo’i shing gis bskor ba*, Skt. *bu mo’i shing gis bskor ba*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Fence Ring *’khor lo khyud mo*, Skt. *’khor lo khyud mo*, A ring of mountains at the end of the sea. ## fenugreek *spri ka spo*, Skt. *spṛkkā*, Trigonella corniculata. The YJ transliteration points to the Sanskrit term spṛkkā, but the translated Chinese term refers to Medicago sativaor alfalfa. ## Festive Words *dus ston gyi tshigs*, Skt. *dus ston gyi tshigs*, A mountain in Moving in the Wink of an Eye. ## Fetching Water *chu len*, Skt. *chu len*, A land in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent. ## fetter *kun tu sbyor ba*, Skt. *saṃyojana*, A set of ten concepts and emotional reactions that perpetuate one’s continued rebirth in saṃsāra: false attribution of a self based in relation to the aggregates (satkāyadṛṣṭi; ’jig tshogs la lta ba), doubt (vicikitsā; the tshom), privileging rituals and observances (śīla­vrata­parāmarśa; tshul khrims dang brtul zhugs mchog tu ’dzin pa), craving sense pleasures (kāmarāga; ’dod pa la ’dod chags), malice (vyāpāda; gnod sems), craving rebirth in the realm of subtle form (rūparāga; gzugs la chags pa), craving rebirth in the realm of the immaterial (arūpyarāga; gzugs med pa’i ’dod chags), pride (māna; nga rgyal), mental agitation (auddhatya; rgod pa), and ignorance (avidyā; ma rig pa). ## fetters that are associated with living in the desire realm *’dod pa na spyod pa’i ’thun pa’i kun tu sbyor ba rnams*, See “five fetters that are associated with the lower realms.” ## fever *rims*, Skt. *jvara*, Apart from referring to fever itself, the term is also used as the name of the spirits that cause it. ## fevers which last a day *nyin gcig pa*, Skt. *ekāhika*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Few Karmic Imprints *bag chags chung ba*, Skt. *bag chags chung ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Nirjvara. ## field Literally, “a field” or “plot of arable land.” A term that comes to be used figuratively to refer to beings like the Buddha as a “field of merit,” that is, in the sense that offerings made to them bear great fruit. In what is a related use, the term also refers to domains of existence, such as those over which a buddha exerts authority. Both senses are used in this sūtra. ## field of action An individual’s sphere of activity and influence; literally, a pasture or place where cows roam. ## field of limitless consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vi­jñānānantyāyatana*, Name of the second of the four formless realms and of the second formless meditative absorption, so termed because in its preparatory phase limitless consciousness is the object of meditation. ## field of limitless space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, Name of the first of the four formless realms and of the first formless meditative absorption, so termed because in its preparatory phase limitless space is the object of meditation. ## Field of merit *tshogs zhing*, the focus, or object, of one's offering, devotion, prayer, [prostration](#prostration)s, etc., through which one can perform the necessary accumulations of [merit](#merit) and [wisdom](#wisdom). The term usually implies a visualized focus of practice such as the [refuge](#refuge) deities, the teacher in [Guru Yoga](#guru-yoga), etc. The fact that one's practice and [positive action](#positive-action)s are directed towards such an embodiment of the [Buddha](#buddha), [Dharma](#dharma) and [Saṅgha](#saṅgha) gives them a much greater ## field of neither perception nor non-perception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃ­jñānāsaṃ­jñāyatana*, Name of the fourth of the four formless realms and of the fourth formless meditative absorption, so termed because conceptions are weak in it, but not entirely absent. ## field of nothing whatsoever *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *a­kiñ­canyāyatana*, Name of the third of the four formless realms and of the third formless meditative absorption, so termed because in its preparatory phase absolute nothingness is the object of meditation. ## field of phenomena *chos dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, A synonym for ultimate reality; the dimension (dhātu) of all phenomena (dharma). While the Sanskrit term dhātu was regularly translated into Tibetan as khams (“field,” “element,” or “realm”), in this multivalent compound it was translated into Tibetan as dbyings, meaning “space,” thereby expressing the ultimate reality of all phenomena as boundless, immaterial, and nonconceptual. ## Fierce *gtum po*, Skt. *gtum po*, Fierce (violent or intensely aggressive), also the name of a nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Fierce Army *drag shul sde*, Skt. *drag shul sde*, Attendant of the buddha Siddhi. ## Fierce Blazing *drag shul ’bar*, Skt. *drag shul ’bar*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhu. ## Fierce Diligence *brtson drag po*, Skt. *brtson drag po*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Fierce Gift *drag shul byin*, Skt. *drag shul byin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmakīrti (333 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fierce Great Anger *tsaN+De mahA kro d+ha*, Skt. *caṇḍa­mahā­krodha*, This seems to be an epithet of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. ## Fierce Howling *ngu ’bod gtum po*, Skt. *mahāraurava*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Fierce Illumination *drag shul snang bar byed*, Skt. *drag shul snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Janendrarāja. ## Fierce Intelligence *blo gros drag shul*, Skt. *blo gros drag shul*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vimuktilābhin (601 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fierce Lady *gtum mo*, Skt. *gtum mo*, One of the eight great yakṣīs. ## Fierce Light *drag shul ’od*, Skt. *drag shul ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍhadharma. ## Fierce Lord *rje btsan*, Skt. *rje btsan*, Son of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## fierce mantra syllable *gsang sngags drag po’i yi ge*, A phrase describing the mantra syllable phaṭ in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## Fierce Mountain *drag shul brtsegs*, Skt. *drag shul brtsegs*, Father of the buddha Ugratejas. ## Fierce Power *mthu rtsal drag shul can*, Skt. *mthu rtsal drag shul can*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajrasena (467 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fierce Splendor *gzi brjid drag shul*, Skt. *gzi brjid drag shul*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sārathi (523 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fierce Strength *shugs drag*, Skt. *shugs drag*, A nāga king. ## Fierce Voice *drag shul skad ’byin pa*, Skt. *drag shul skad ’byin pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Garjitasvara. ## Fierce Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs drag*, Skt. *brtul zhugs drag*, Mother of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­raśmi. ## Fiercely Hot Hell Seventh of the eight hot hells. ## Fiercely Wrathful Ferocious One *gtum po drag tu khro ba*, Skt. *gtum po drag tu khro ba*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Fifth *lnga pa*, Skt. *lnga pa*, Fifth (the ordinal number after fourth), also the name of a son of the buddha Guṇottama. ## Fifth City *grong khyer lnga pa*, Skt. *grong khyer lnga pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Kanakamuni. ## fig flower *u dum bA ra*, Skt. *udumbara*, The mythological flower of the fig tree said to appear on rare occasions, such as the birth of a buddha. The actual fig tree flower is contained within the fruit. The flower also came to be portrayed as a kind of lotus. ## fig tree *blag sha*, Skt. *plakṣa*, According to Monier-Williams s.v. plakṣa: “Ficus infectoria (a large and beautiful tree with small white fruit).” A general name for the Ficus religiosa, the kind of tree under which the Buddha attained awakening. See also “Bodhi tree.” ## fig tree flower *u dum bA ra*, Skt. *udumbara*, The mythological flower of the fig tree, said to appear on rare occasions, such as the birth of a buddha. The actual fig tree flower is contained within the fruit. ## fig-tree flowers *u dum bA ra’i me tog*, Skt. *udumbarakusuma*, A simile for rarity, as fig trees do not have discernible blossoms. In Tibet the udumbara (Ficus glomerata), being unknown, became portrayed as a gigantic lotuslike flower. The Chinese adds the adjective “rare” and, like the Tibetan, simply transliterates udumbara. ## Filled with Great Clouds *sprin chen pos khebs pa*, Skt. *sprin chen pos khebs pa*, A tathāgata. ## Filled with Joy *dga’ bas tshim*, Skt. *dga’ bas tshim*, Birthplace of the buddha Anihatavrata. ## Filled with Masses of Eloquence *spobs pa brtsegs pa gang ba*, Skt. *spobs pa brtsegs pa gang ba*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Forcefully Proceeding from the Precious Lotus resides. ## Filled with Stakes *phur bus gang ba’i chu bo*, Skt. *phur bus gang ba’i chu bo*, A river in the Crushing Hell. ## Filled with Swans *ngang ngur gyis gang ba*, Skt. *ngang ngur gyis gang ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Filled with Turtles *rus sbal gyis gang ba*, Skt. *rus sbal gyis gang ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## final five hundred years *lnga brgya pa tha ma*, The final five hundred years that the Buddha’s teachings remain accessible in the world. ## final five-hundred-year period *lnga brgya dus kyi tha ma*, According to prophecy, the Buddha’s teachings will only remain for a certain amount of time in our world system before conditions deteriorate to such a degree that practicing the Dharma becomes impossible. The different phases of the predicted gradual decline and loss of the Dharma are usually given in 500-year increments. ## final half-millennium *lnga brgya pa tha ma*, Skt. *paścimāyāṃ pañcaśatyām*, The final five hundred years in the period of decrease during an intermediate eon, in which the five degenerations are at their peak and the Buddha’s teachings have nearly disappeared. ## final limit of reality *yang dag pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *bhūtakoṭi*, Also translated as “very limit of reality.” ## final nirvāṇa *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *pari­nirvāṇa*, Nirvāṇa, the state beyond sorrow, denotes the ultimate attainment of buddhahood, the permanent cessation of all suffering and the afflicted mental states which cause and perpetuate suffering, along with all misapprehension with regard to the nature of emptiness. As such, it is the antithesis of cyclic existence. Three types of nirvāṇa are identified: (1) the residual nirvāṇa where the person is still dependent on conditioned psycho-physical aggregates, (2) the non-residual nirvāṇa where the aggregates have also been consumed within emptiness, and (3) the non-abiding nirvāṇa transcending the extremes of phenomenal existence and quiescence. Final nirvāṇa implies the non-residual attainment. ## final period of five hundred years *lnga brgya’i tha ma*, Skt. *lnga brgya’i tha ma*, The final five hundred years in which the Buddha Śākyamuni’s teaching will be present in this world system. ## final reality *yang dag pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *bhūtakoṭi*, A synonym for ultimate reality. ## Final Vision *gzigs pa tha ma*, Skt. *gzigs pa tha ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhagati (426 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fine and Noble Mind *legs yid gzhungs*, Skt. *legs yid gzhungs*, Father of the buddha Kusumaparvata. ## Fine and Stainless Splendor That Outshines the Sun and the Moon *gzi brjid stug cing dri ma med la nyi zla zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid stug cing dri ma med la nyi zla zil gyis gnon pa*, A buddha of the present, formerly the bodhisattva Joyful King. ## Fine Beauty *sdug legs*, Skt. *sdug legs*, Attendant of the buddha Aśoka. ## Fine Blackness *nag po bzang*, Skt. *nag po bzang*, A river in the country of Benighted in the distant future. ## Fine Complexion and Large Body *lus kyi mdog bzang zhing che ba*, Skt. *prabalecchāchāyā­śarīra*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Fine Countenance *bzhin gtsang*, Skt. *bzhin gtsang*, Son of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Fine Excellence *legs bzang*, Skt. *legs bzang*, Father of the buddha Vigata­mohārtha­cintin. ## Fine Eye *mig legs*, Skt. *mig legs*, Attendant of the buddha Cārulocana. ## Fine Eyes *spyan bzangs*, Skt. *spyan bzangs*, A buddha. ## Fine Face *ngos bzangs*, Skt. *ngos bzangs*, Father of the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara. ## Fine Feast *’dron bzangs*, Skt. *’dron bzangs*, Father of the buddha Pramodyakīrti. ## Fine Form *gzugs bzang mo*, Skt. *gzugs bzang mo*, Mother of the buddha Nāganandin. ## Fine Incense *spos bzangs*, Skt. *spos bzangs*, Father of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Fine Jewel *nor bu bzang*, Skt. *nor bu bzang*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## fine Kāśī cotton *yul ka shi'i ras phran*, Skt. *kāśikasūkṣma*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Fine Mind *bzangs sems ma*, Skt. *bzangs sems ma*, Mother of the buddha Daśaraśmi. ## Fine Mountain *lhun bzang*, Skt. *lhun bzang*, Father of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Fine Petals *’dab bzangs*, Skt. *’dab bzangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmamati. ## Fine Sandalwood A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## fine-winged nāga graha *klu ’dab bzangs kyi gdon*, Skt. *nāga­suparṇī­graha*, The Sanskrit term suparṇī in nāga­suparṇī­graha, translated by the Tibetan term ’dab bzang, literally means “fine-winged” or “beautiful-leaved.” While this can be an epithet for the mythical garuḍa bird, here it seems to simply describe a general characteristic of the nāga. ## finger *sor*, Skt. *aṅgula*, A unit of measurement that is roughly equal to one inch. ## finger width A measure of length defined as being equal to seven grains of barley. ## fingerbreadth A unit of measurement based on the breadth of a finger. ## fingers and toes are compact *sor mo rgyas pa*, Skt. *citāṅguli­tā*, Ninth of the eighty minor marks. ## fingers and toes are tapering *sor mo rnams byin gyis phra ba*, Skt. *anu­pūrvāṅguli­tā*, Eleventh of the eighty minor marks. ## fingers that are long and webbed *sor mo ring zhing sor mo’i bar dra bas ’bral par*, Skt. *dīrghāṇguli­jālāvanaddha*, The Buddha is said to have long and webbed fingers and toes. This is one of the signs included in the thirty-two signs of a great being; sometimes “long” and “webbed” are listed as two separate signs. ## Fire *me*, Skt. *me*, Fire (the flame and heat of combustion), also the name of the thus-gone one of the world system Clear Light. ## Fire Garland *me phreng*, Skt. *me phreng*, Forest on the third asura level, Excellent Abode. ## Fire Gift *mes byin*, Skt. *mes byin*, Father of the buddha Kanakamuni. ## Fire Holder *me ’dzin*, Skt. *me ’dzin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Fire Light *me ’od*, Skt. *me ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍitāgragāmin (717 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## fire offering *sbyin sreg*, Skt. *homa*, The casting of a prescribed offering into a ritual fire. The practice of homa is first attested in pre-Buddhist Vedic literature and serves as a core, pervasive ritual paradigm in exoteric and esoteric rites in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions into modern times. In Buddhist esoteric rites, the ritual offerings are made repeatedly, with each throw accompanied by a single repetition of the respective mantra. ## fire pit A fire pit can take various shapes (square, circular, triangular, and so forth) and be of various sizes depending on the specific ritual one is performing. ## fire pūjā *sbyin sreg*, Skt. *homa*, The casting of a prescribed offering into a ritual fire. The practice of homa is first attested in pre-Buddhist Vedic literature and serves as a core, pervasive ritual paradigm in exoteric and esoteric rites in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions into modern times. In Buddhist esoteric rites, the ritual offerings are made repeatedly, with each throw accompanied by a single repetition of the respective mantra. ## fire rites *me’i las*, Skt. *agnikarma*, Likely a reference to the practice of homa or similar fire rites. Homa rites, which date to the early Vedic period of Indian civilization, are the central rite for many esoteric rituals, especially those involving spells. It involves casting specific offerings articles into the ritual while reciting a dhāraṇī, spell, or mantra. ## fire sacrifice *sbyin sreg*, In “The Chapter on Going Forth,” this is presumably a reference to Vedic sacrifices, which [brahmin](#brahmin)s offered to, and hence burned in, a sacred fire. ## fire that blazes from the vast ocean “Vast ocean” translates the Tibetan rgya mtsho’i klong, which in turn is attested as a translation of the Sanskrit vaḍabāmukha, “the mare’s mouth.” In Indic mythology, this is the name for an underwater cavity at the bottom of the sea that contains a fire known as vaḍabāgni (“the mare’s fire”). At some point, this fire will erupt and consume the entire world. ## Fire that Brings Forth a Torrent of Tears *mchi ma’i rgyun me lta bur mi chad pa*, Skt. *aśrupravāhāgni*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## fire that consumes the world *’jig pa’i dus kyi me*, See “fire that consumes the world at the end of an eon.” ## Firelight *me ’od*, Skt. *me ’od*, Firelight (light given off by a fire), also the name of the thus-gone one of the world system Luminous Golden Gem. ## Firm *brtan pa*, Skt. *brtan pa*, Firm (solid, steady, or resolute), also the name of an asura king. ## firm abode *shin tu gnas pa*, Skt. *supratiṣṭhita*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## Firm Certainty *nges pa brtan*, Skt. *nges pa brtan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Firm Courage *dpa’ brtan*, Skt. *dpa’ brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Firm Diligence *brtson ’grus brtan*, Skt. *brtson ’grus brtan*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāpriya. ## Firm Effort *brtson ’grus brtan*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Viryatapas; brtson ’grus dka’ thub) ## Firm Endeavor *brtson ’grus brtan*, Skt. *brtson ’grus brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maitreya. ## Firm King of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas rgyal po rab gnas*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas rgyal po rab gnas*, A buddha. ## Firm Mind *blo brtan*, Skt. *blo brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Meruprabha. ## firm resolution *mos pa*, Skt. *adhimokṣa*, In a general sense, the mental inclination or focus toward a virtuous object. The term is also classified as a mental factor (caitta), being categorized variably according to different Buddhist schools but generally indicating the mental ability to focus on one object without straying to another. The term is also commonly translated as “determination,” “interest,” or “zeal.” ## Firm Resolve *dam bcas brtan pa*, Skt. *dam bcas brtan pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama (848 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Firm Strength *mthu rtsal brtan po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal brtan po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vajrasaṃhata. ## first concentration *bsam gtan dang po*, Skt. *prathamadhyāna*, See “four meditative states.” ## first syllable of the Tathāgata’s name *de bzhin gshegs pa’i mtshan dang po*, A phrase describing a mantra syllable in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## first-hand experience *reg par spyod pa*, Skt. *reg par spyod pa*, See . ## first-week embryo *mar mer*, Skt. *kalala*, The Gaṇḍa­vyūha uses the same terminology as the Jain text Tandulaveyāliyua and differs from other sūtras. In the Nanda­garbhāvakranti­nirdeśa­sūtra , kalala is translated as mer mer po. In other texts the first stage is translated as nur nur po. ## Fish *nya*, Skt. *nya*, Fish (the aquatic animal), also the name of a land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Fish Attractor *nya dang kun tu ’brel pa*, Skt. *nya dang kun tu ’brel pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## fish faces *nya gdong po*, Skt. *nya gdong po*, A class of asuras. ## Fisherman *nya pa*, Skt. *nya pa*, Fisherman (a person who catches fish), also the name of a merchant who was Dravya Mallaputra in a former life. ## fits *brjed byed*, Skt. *apasmāra*, Epileptic or otherwise, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## five acquisitive aggregates *nye bar len pa’i phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañcopādāna­skandha*, A collective name for the five contaminated aggregates (sāsravaskandha, zag bcas kyi phung po): (1) physical forms, (2) feelings, (3) perceptions, (4) formative predispositions, and (5) consciousness. These “appropriated” aggregates (upadānaskandha, nye bar len pa’i phung po) emerge through the primary cause of past actions and afflicted mental states, and become the primary cause for subsequent actions and afflicted mental states. They are the bases upon which a nonexistent self is mistakenly projected. That is, they are the basis of “appropriation” (upādāna) insofar as all grasping arises on the basis of the aggregates. ## five acquisitive psycho-physical aggregates *nye bar len pa’i phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañcopadāna­skandha*, A collective name for the five impure psycho-physical aggregates: (1) physical forms, (2) feelings, (3) perceptions, (4) formative predispositions, and (5) consciousness. These “acquisitive” psycho-physical aggregates (upadānaskandha, nye bar len pa’i phung po) denote the contaminated aggregates (sāsravaskandha, zag bcas kyi phung po) which emerge through the primary cause of past actions and afflicted mental states, and become the primary cause for subsequent actions and afflictions. ## five actions entailing immediate retribution Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they are killing an arhat, killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, causing a schism in the monastic community, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata. ## five actions of immediate consequence Skt. *pañcānantarya*, The five extremely negative actions that, once those who have committed them die, result in immediate rebirth in the hells without the experience of the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating a schism in the Saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## five actions with immediate result upon death *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantaryakarman*, The five actions that lead to going instantly to hell upon death: killing one’s father; killing one’s mother; killing an arhat; splitting the saṅgha; and wounding a buddha so that he bleeds. ## five actions with immediate results *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya­karman*, The five actions with immediate results are: killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, killing an arhat, intentionally wounding a buddha, and creating a schism in the Saṅgha. ## five actions with immediate results at death *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, The five actions that lead to going instantly to hell on death are killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an arhat, splitting the saṅgha, and wounding a buddha so that he bleeds. ## five actions with immediate results on death *mtshams med lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, The five extremely negative actions which, once those who have committed them die, result in their going immediately to the hells without experiencing the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating schism in the Saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## five actions with immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Literally “without an interval,” meaning that the result of these actions is rebirth in hell at the very instant of death. The five are killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, killing an arhat, causing a schism in the saṅgha, or maliciously drawing blood from a buddha. ## five acts of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they include killing one’s mother, father, or an arhat, causing a dissention in the saṅgha, and causing the blood of a tathāgata to flow. The term is also written in this translation as the “five karmas of immediate retribution.” ## five acts with immediate consequence *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañca ānantarya*, Describing the result of committing one of five particularly heinous crimes: (1) killing one’s father, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) maliciously drawing blood from a buddha, and (5) causing a schism in the sangha. In this sūtra, Mañjuśrī describes a corresponding set of five acts with immediate consequences that bodhisattvas should, in fact, perform. ## five acts with immediate results *mtshams ma mchis pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; the five are murdering one’s father, murdering one’s mother, killing a worthy one, shedding the blood of a buddha, and creating a schism in the saṅgha. ## five acts with immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, The five extremely negative actions which, once those who have committed them die, result in the perpetrators going immediately to the hells without experiencing the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating schism in the saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## five aggregates *phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañcaskandha*, The five aggregates of form, sensation, ideation, formation, and consciousness. On the individual level, the five aggregates refer to the basis upon which the mistaken idea of a self is projected. They are referred to as the “bases for appropriation” (Skt. upādāna) insofar as all conceptual grasping arises based on these aggregates. ## five aggregates of clinging *nye bar len pa’i phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañcopādāna­skandha*, The five aggregates of form, feeling, notion, assembled factors, and consciousness. They are referred to as the bases for clinging insofar as all conceptual grasping arises based on these aggregates. ## five aggregates that are the bases for clinging The five aggregates (skandha) of form (rūpa), sensation (vedanā), perception (saṃjñā), karmic formations (saṃskāra), and consciousness (vijñāna). They are referred to as the “bases for clinging” (upādāna) insofar as all conceptual grasping arises on the basis of these aggregates. ## five ambrosias The five ambrosias are feces, urine, phlegm, semen, and menstrual blood. ## five appropriating aggregates *nye bar len pa’i phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañcopādāna­skandha*, This refers to the five aggregates as the bases upon which a nonexistent self is mistakenly projected. That is, they are the basis of “appropriation” (upādāna) insofar as all grasping arises on the basis of the aggregates. ## five ascetic companions *lnga sde bzang po*, Skt. *pañcakā bhadravargīyāḥ*, The five companions of Prince Siddhārtha during his period of ascetic practice. After his awakening, they became his first five disciples. Their names are Ājñāta­kauṇḍinya, Aśvajit, Bāṣpa, Mahānāma, and Bhadrika. ## five aspects of clarity *yan lag lnga pa*, Skt. *pañcāṅga*, Five aspects of clarity of melodious speech: it is intelligible and brings full comprehension, is worthy to listen to and without unpleasant intonations, has depth and resonance, is generous and pleasant to hear, and is unruffled. ## five attributes *yan lag lnga*, Skt. *pañcāṅga*, The five aspects of the clarity of melodious speech are as follows: it is intelligible and brings full comprehension, is worthy to listen to and without unpleasant intonations, has depth and resonance, is generous and pleasant to hear, and is unruffled. ## five bases for training *bslab pa’i gzhi lnga*, Skt. *pañcaśikṣāpada*, Refers to the five fundamental precepts of abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and consuming intoxicants. ## five bases of training *bslab pa’i gzhi lnga*, Skt. *pañcaśikṣāpada*, Abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxication. ## five basic precepts *bslab pa’i gzhi lnga po*, The five basic rules of conduct undertaken by lay Buddhist practitioners: abstaining from (1) killing, (2) taking what is not given (3) sexual misconduct, (4) false speech or lying, and (5) drinking intoxicants. ## five buddhas *sangs rgyas lnga*, Skt. *pañcabuddha*, The five, in the CMT system, are Akṣobhya (in the centre), Vairocana (in the east), Ratnasambhava (in the south), Amitābha (in the west), and Amoghasiddhi (in the north). ## Five clairvoyances 1. Divine hearing, 2. knowing others' [thought](#thought)s, 3. remembering past lives, 4. knowing the various rebirths of sentient beings—these fall into common [siddhis](#siddhi)—and 5. the knowledge of the exhaustion of contaminations, which only [arhat](#arhat)s and [buddha](#buddha)s can know. [src](https://www.lamayeshe.com/glossary/five-forms-clairvoyance) ## five classes of beings *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañca­gati*, These comprise gods and humans of the higher realms within cyclic existence, along with animals, starving spirits, and the hell dwellers, whose abodes are identified with the lower realms. It is also common to divide the god realm in two, the gods and the asuras, making up six realms or classes of beings (’gro ba drug, ṣaḍgati or rigs drug, ṣaṭkula). ## five classes of living beings *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcagati*, These comprise gods and humans of the higher realms within cyclic existence, along with animals, anguished spirits, and the denizens of the hells, whose abodes are identified with the lower realms. ## five classes of musical instruments *sil snyan yan lag lnga*, Skt. *sil snyan yan lag lnga*, A traditional Indian classification of musical instruments enumerates non-membranous percussion, membranous percussion, wind-blown, plucked string, and bowed string. ## five consecrations A term for the five consecrations that constitute the vase consecration in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## five cow products *ba yi rnam lnga*, Skt. *pañcagavya*, Dung (lci ba), urine (chu), milk (’o ma), curd (zho), and butter (mar). ## Five crimes which are almost as grave (as the fie crimes with immediate retribution) *nye ba'i mtshams med lnga*, 1. acting impurely with a female [Arhat](#arhat); 2. killing a [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva); 3. killing someone training towards the supreme level; 4. stealing the sustenance of the [Saṅgha](#saṅgha); 5. destroying a [stūpa](#stūpa). ## Five crimes with immediate retribution *mtshams meed lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantariya*, 1. killing one's father or 2. one's mother or 3. an [Arhat](#arhat); 4. creating a split in the [Saṅgha](#saṅgha); 5. malevolently causing a [Buddha](#buddha) to bleed. Someone who has committed one of these five actions takes rebirth in the [hell](#hell) of Ultimate Torment immediately after death, without going through the [intermediate state](#intermediate-state). ## five customary offerings *mchod pa rnam pa lnga*, Skt. *pancopacāra*, Perfumes, flowers, incense, lamps, and food. ## five deadly sins *mtshams med lnga*, Skt. *ānantarya*, Lit. “sins of immediate retribution [after death].” These five, all of which cause immediate rebirth in hell, are killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an arhat, breaking up the saṅgha, and causing, with evil intent, the Tathāgata to bleed. ## five deeds entailing immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they include killing one’s mother, one’s father, or an arhat, causing a schism in the saṅgha, and causing the blood of a thus-gone one to flow. ## five deeds of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. **pañcānantarya*, Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they are killing an arhat, killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, causing a schism in the monastic community, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata. ## Five deeds of immediate retribution. Five acts said to lead to immediate and unavoidable birth in the hell realms: killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an arhat, sowing discord within the saṅgha, and drawing the blood of a tathāgata with ill intent. ## five deeds with immediate consequences *mtshams med lnga po*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Five actions that bring immediate and severe consequences at death, so that the person who commits them will take rebirth in the lower realms directly after they die. The five are: patricide, matricide, killing an arhat, intentionally injuring a buddha, and causing a schism within the saṅgha. ## five degeneracies *snyigs ma lnga*, Skt. *pañcakaṣāya*, Five aspects of life that indicate the degenerate nature of a given age. They are the impurities of views, of afflictions, of sentient beings, of lifespan, and of time. ## Five degenerations *snyigs ma lnga*, they are the degeneration of 1. lifespan 2. [negative emotions](#negative-emotions) (the [five poisons](#five-poisons) increase) 3. beings (it is difficult to help them) 4. times (wars and famines proliferate) 5. [view](#view)s (false beliefs spread). ## five degrees of enlightenment *byang chub chen po rnam pa lnga*, Skt. *pañca­bodhi*, The term “five degrees of enlightenment” is interpreted by Vi­mukti­sena (Sparham (2006 I): 145) to denote the results, such as entering the stream, that are mentioned in the paragraph that immediately follows the appearance of this term, . See also the Extensive Exegesis of the Transcendent Perfection of Discriminative Awareness in One Hundred Thousand Lines, Twenty-five Thousand Lines, and Eighteen Thousand Lines (Śata­sahāsrikā­pañca­viṃśati­sāhasrikāṣṭā­daśa­sāhasrikā­prajnā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā, TPD 55: 1040). An alternative, though less likely, enumeration is given in A­saṅga’s Yogācāra­bhūmi, volume sha, 162a: (1) essence (ngo bo nyid), (2) power (mthu), (3) skillful means (thabs), (4) engagement (’jug pa), and (5) reversal (ldog pa). See Nordrang Orgyan (2003): 1158. ## five desire objects *’dod pa’i yon tan lnga*, Skt. *pañcakāmaguṇaḥ*, Visibles, sound, scent, taste, and tangibles. ## five destinies *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcagati*, A shorter form of the six classes of beings, these are: (1) hell beings, (2) anguished spirits, (3) animals, (4) human beings, and (5) gods. The fifth category is divided into gods and demigods when six realms are enumerated. ## five disciples This refers to the five disciples present at the Buddha’s first teaching: Kauṇḍinya, Bhadrika, Vāṣpa, Mahānāman, and Aśvajit. ## five disciplines Five moral rules or precepts, observed by all lay Buddhists, that through diligent cultivation will become one’s second nature. The core meaning of the Sanskrit śīla in nonreligious literature is “nature,” “character,” or “habit.” The five are refraining from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual misconduct, (4) speaking falsehood, and (5) consuming intoxicants (alcohol in particular). The five disciplines also form a subset of the ten kinds of ethical conduct (Skt. daśaśīla) that are followed by male and female Buddhist novices. The term is used synonymously with “the five precepts” in The Benefits of the Five Precepts. ## Five energies see [energy](#energy). ## five essences *snying po lnga*, Skt. *pañcasāra*, The identity of the five essences is uncertain; they are only a few mentions of the term in Kangyur, none of which identify what they are. According to most Tibetan dictionaries, such as the dung dkar tshig mdzod chen mo, they are honey (sbrang rtsi), raw sugar (bu ram), salt (tshwa), ghee (zhun mar), and sesame oil (til mar). Rotman notes that Ayurveda sources also list the five essences as “milk, sugar, honey, ghee, and long pepper (Piper longum).” See Rotman (2017), p. 543, n. 571. ## five excellent eyes *spyan lnga’i mig bzang po*, Skt. *spyan lnga’i mig bzang po*, The five kinds of eyes possessed by a thus-gone one: the eye of flesh, the divine eye, the eye of Dharma, the eye of insight, and the eye of a buddha. ## five existences *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañca­gati*, These comprise gods and humans of the higher realms within cyclic existence, along with animals, starving spirits, and the hell dwellers, whose abodes are identified with the lower realms. It is also common to divide the god realm in two, the gods and the asuras, making up six realms or classes of beings (’gro ba drug, ṣaḍgati or rigs drug, ṣaṭkula). ## five extraordinary abilities *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijñā*, Five extraordinary abilities that result from meditative concentration: divine sight, divine hearing, knowing others’ minds, recollecting past lives, and the ability to perform miracles. ## five extrasensory powers *mngon shes lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhi­jñā*, They comprise (1) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of [miraculous] activities, (2) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of divine clairvoyance, (3) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of divine clairaudience, (4) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of other minds, and (5) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of recollection of past lives. (See also notes and ). ## five eyes *mig lnga*, Skt. *pañcacakṣus*, Five different faculties of vision: the physical eye (Skt. māṃsacakṣus), the divine eye (divyacakṣus), the wisdom eye (prajñācakṣus), the Dharma eye (dharmacakṣus), and the Buddha eye (buddhacakṣus). ## five faculties The five faculties are (1) faith (Skt. śraddhā, Tib. dad pa), (2) diligence (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (3) mindfulness (smṛti, dran pa), (4) meditative stability (samādhi, ting nge ’dzin), and (5) wisdom (prajñā, shes rab). They are the same as the five powers but at a prior stage of development. The five faculties are included among the thirty-seven factors for awakening. ## five false imaginations *rnam par rtog pa lnga*, Skt. *pañca­vikalpa*, The five false imaginations are enumerated in The Extensive Exegesis of the Transcendent Perfection of Discriminative Awareness in One Hundred Thousand Lines, Twenty-five Thousand Lines, and Eighteen Thousand Lines (Śata­sahāsrikā­pañca­viṃśati­sāhasrikā-ṣṭādaśa­sāhasrikā­prajnā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭ­ṭīkā, KPD 55: 1217). Therein, the five false imaginations which may confront reversible bodhisattvas are (1) wondering whether they are engaged in the emptiness of the transcendent perfection of wisdom and the transcendent perfection of wisdom (ci shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i stong pa nyid/ shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa la spyod dam), (2) wondering whether they are exclusively engaged in something other than the transcendent perfection of wisdom (ci shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa las ’ba’ zhig spyod dam), (3) wondering whether they are engaged in the transcendent perfection of wisdom (’on te shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa la spyod dam), (4) wondering whether they are engaged in emptiness (’on te stong pa nyid spyod dam), or (5) wondering whether they are engaged in something other than emptiness (’on te stong pa nyid las gzhan pa zhig spyod dam). ## Five Families *rig lnga*, Skt. *pañcakula*, the [Buddha](#buddha), [Vajra](#vajra), Jewel, Lotus and Action families. The five [Buddha](#buddha) Families represent the real nature of all things. For example the Five [Conquerors](#conqueror) are the real nature of the five aggregates, their Five [Consorts](#consort) the real nature of the five elements, the [five wisdoms](#five-wisdoms) the real nature of the [five poisons](#five-poisons), and so on. ## Five Fences of Gold and Other Materials *gser la sogs pa’i lcags ri lngas bskor ba*, Skt. *gser la sogs pa’i lcags ri lngas bskor ba*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## five fetters associated with the higher realms *gong ma’i cha mthun gyi kun sbyor lnga*, Skt. *urdhva­bhāgiya­pañca­saṃyojana*, As described in , they comprise attachment to the world system of form, attachment to the world system of formlessness, fundamental ignorance, pride, and mental agitation. See also . ## five fetters associated with the inferior *dam pa ma yin pa’i cha can gyi kun tu sbyor ba lnga*, Skt. *adhara­bhāgīya­pañca­saṃyojana*, The five fetters associated with the inferior comprise desire, hatred, inertia due to wrong views, attachment to moral and ascetic supremacy, and doubt. ## five fetters associated with the lower realms *’og ma’i cha dang ’thun pa’i kun tu sbyor ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcāvara­bhāgīya­saṃ­joyana*, The five fetters associated with the lower realms comprise desire, hatred, inertia due to wrong views, attachment to moral and ascetic supremacy, and hesitation. See Zhang Yisun et al (1985): 2529. ## five fetters that accord with the lowest of the three realms *kun tu sbyor ba tha ma’i cha dang ’thun pa lnga*, Skt. *pañca āvarabhāgiya saṃyojanā*, Five fetters to be abandoned: the view of the transitory collection, viewing discipline as supreme, and harboring doubt, desire, and ill will. ## five fetters that are associated with the lower realms *tha ma’i cha dang ’thun pa’i kun tu sbyor ba lnga*, The five fetters associated with the lower realms comprise desire, hatred, inertia due to wrong views, attachment to moral and ascetic supremacy, and hesitation. ## five fetters that are associated with the upper realms *gong ma’i cha dang ’thun pa’i kun tu sbyor ba lnga*, The five fetters associated with the upper realms comprise attachment to the form realm, attachment to the formless realm, ignorance, pride, and mental agitation. ## five fields of knowledge *rig pa’i gnas lnga*, Skt. *pañcavidyāsthāna*, These are traditionally listed as the five main branches of knowledge: crafts, medicine, grammar, logic, and philosophy. ## Five Flowers *me tog lnga pa*, Skt. *me tog lnga pa*, A park in Born in a Tank. ## five forces *stobs lnga*, Skt. *pañcabalāni*, Differing only in intensity, the five forces are similar to the five faculties: (1) faith, (2) vigor, (3) mindfulness, (4) concentration (samādhi), and (5) wisdom (prajñā). ## five forms of life *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcagati*, These comprise the gods and humans in the higher realms within saṃsāra, plus the animals, ghosts, and denizens of hell in the lower realms. ## five forms of superknowledge *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijñā*, Presumably this list consists of the six forms of superknowledge without knowledge of the destruction of the defiled. ## five grains *’bru sna lnga*, Skt. *pañcadhānya*, The five types of grain are corn (dhānya), sesame (tila), mung beans (mudga), barley (yava), and white mustard (śvetasarṣapa) or māṣa beans (māṣa). ## five great fears *’jigs pa chen po lnga*, Skt. *pañcamahābhaya*, The five great fears are “the fear concerning livelihood, fear of disapproval, fear of death, fear of bad transmigrations, and fear that is timidity when addressing assemblies.” (Powers 1995, p. 316, n. 19). ## five great guhyakas *gsang ba chen po lnga*, Skt. *pañca­mahā­guhyaka*, It is not clear who these five are. The Ratna­ketu­dhāraṇī (Toh 138) mentions the “five yakṣa generals” and gives six names: Āṭavaka/Bhīṣaṇaka, Chinnasrotas, Jñānolka, Saṃjñika, and Tṛṣṇājaha. See The Ranaketu Dhāraṇī, 12.1. ## five great kings *rgyal po chen po lnga*, Skt. *rgyal po chen po lnga*, The five great deities of the Heaven of Joy. In the Tibetan translation, they are specified as kings. ## five heavenly musical instruments *lha rdzas kyi rnga skad yan lag lnga*, Skt. *lha rdzas kyi rnga skad yan lag lnga*, See “five types of musical instruments.” ## five heinous deeds *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantaryāṇi*, Five actions that bring immediate and severe consequences at death. The person who engages in them will experience a rebirth in the lower realms directly after death. The five are (1) killing one’s father, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) causing a schism in the saṅgha, and (5) with evil intention making a buddha bleed. ## five higher knowledges *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijñā*, Five supernatural faculties that result from meditative concentration: divine sight, divine hearing, knowing the minds of others, recollecting past lives, and the ability to perform miracles. ## five higher perceptions *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijña*, Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, and ability to perform miracles. See “six higher perceptions,” the same list with the addition of “ability to destroy mental defilements,” which can only be attained by Buddhist practitioners. ## five hindrances *sgrib pa lnga*, Skt. *pañca nīvaraṇāni*, Longing for desires (kāmacchanda), malice (vyāpāda), sloth and torpor (styānamiddha), excitement and remorse (auddhatya­kaukṛtya), and doubt (vicikitsā). ## Five Hundred Arhats "...the most loyal of the [Buddha](#buddha)’s [disciple](#disciple)s, who attended the religion’s first council at [Rājagṛha](#rājagṛha) (modern Rajgir) right after the [Buddha](#buddha)’s final [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa) to compile his teachings into scriptures." [src](https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/five-hundred-arhats-kawagoe-kita-in-temple-japan) See also, [The Five Hundred Arhats at Cleveland Art](https://www.clevelandart.org/art/1971.16) ## Five hundred thousand preliminaries *'bum lnga*, five traditional preliminary practices: [refuge](#refuge), bodhicitta, [vajrasattva](#vajrasattva), [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala) and [guru yoga](#guru-yoga), performed one hundred thousand times each. ## five impure foods *zas sna lnga*, Skt. *pañcāmiṣa*, The “five kinds of [impure] food” are described in the ṭīka (F.80.b.) as “meat, anything mixed with garlic, beer, fish, and so forth.” ## five impurities *snyigs ma lnga*, Skt. *pañcakaṣāya*, Five particular aspects of lifespan that indicate the degenerate nature of a given age. They are the impurities of views, of afflictions, of sentient beings, of life, and of time. ## five inexpiable acts Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages: killing a worthy one, killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, causing a schism in the saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata. ## five inexpiable crimes *mtshams ma mchis pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarīya*, The “five inexpiable crimes,” or “crimes with immediate retribution” because they result in immediate rebirth in the hells without any intermediate state, are regarded as the most severe and consequently the most difficult negative actions to overcome by reparation. They are matricide (ma gsod pa), killing an arhat (dgra bcom pa gsod pa), patricide (pha gsod pa), creating a schism in the monastic community (dge ’dun gyi dbyen byas pa), and intentionally wounding a buddha (de bzhin gshegs pa’i sku la ngan sems kyis khrag ’byin pa). ## five inexpiable sins *mtshams med pa lnga ba*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they are killing a worthy one, killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, causing a schism in the saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata. ## five karmas of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, See “five acts of immediate retribution.” ## five karmas that have immediate result at death *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantaryāṇi karmāṇi*, Literally, “without an interval,” meaning that the results of these actions is rebirth in hell at the very instant of death. The five are: killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, killing an arhat, dividing the saṅgha, or wounding a buddha so that he bleeds. ## five karmas with immediate result on death *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, These five are killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an arhat, wounding a buddha, and splitting a buddha’s saṅgha. They are literally called “without an interval” because they result in instantaneous rebirth in hell at the moment of death without passing through an intermediate state. ## five kinds of obscurations *sgrib pa rnam pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcanīvaraṇa*, Five impediments to meditation (bsam gtan, dhyāna): sensory desire (’dod pa la ’dun pa, kāmacchanda), ill will (gnod sems, vyāpāda), drowsiness and torpor (rmugs pa dang gnyid, styāna and middha), agitation and regret (rgod pa dang ’gyod pa, auddhatya and kaukṛtya), and doubt (the tshom, vicikitsā). ## five kinds of offerings *mchod pa rnam pa lnga*, Skt. *mchod pa rnam pa lnga*, Fragrances, flowers, incense, lamps, and food items. ## five kinds of perfect, pure vision These comprise (1) the eye of flesh, (2) the eye of divine clairvoyance, (3) the eye of wisdom, (4) the eye of the Dharma, and (5) the eye of the buddhas. ## Five kāyas *sku lnga*, Skt. *pañcakāya*, the [three kāyas](#three-kāyas) to which are added the Unchanging [Vajra](#vajra) [Kāya](#kāya) (*mi 'gyur rdo rje'i sku,* Skt. *vajrakāya*) and the [Kāya](#kāya) of Perfect [Enlightenment](#enlightenment) (*mngon par byang chub pa'i sku*, Skt. *abhisaṃbodhikāya*). The expression can also refer to the five [Buddha](#buddha) families: [body, speech, mind, qualities and activity](#body-speech-mind-qualities-and-activity). ## five limbs *yan lag lnga*, Skt. *pañcamaṇḍalaka*, The two arms, two legs, and head. ## five masteries *dbang po lnga*, Skt. *pañcendriya*, Faith, diligence, mindfulness, absorption, and insight as they manifest on the first two stages of the path of joining. ## five meats The specific types of meat included in this group can vary, and there are several ways that this term is rendered in both Tibetan and Sanskrit. A typical set is called gokudahana, a five-syllable acronym for the flesh of a cow (go), dog (kukkura), elephant (dantin), horse (haya), and human (nara). ## five misdeeds of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Acts for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages; they are (1) killing one’s master or father, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) maliciously drawing blood from a buddha, and (5) causing a schism in the saṅgha. ## five misdeeds with immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, The five most negative actions. Upon death, those who have committed one or more of these immediately proceed to the hells without first experiencing the intermediate state. They are (1) killing an arhat, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing one’s father, (4) creating a schism in the saṅgha, and (5) maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## five mudrās *phyag rgya lnga*, Skt. *pañcamudrā*, The five accoutrements worn by wrathful deities, associated with charnel grounds; they are the diadem (for some female deities this is the choker), the earrings, the necklace, the wrist bracelets and the waist chain. ## five mundane superknowledges *’jig rten pa’i mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañca­lokābhijñā*, There are five supernatural faculties resulting from meditative concentration and that can be attained by both Buddhist and non-Buddhist practitioners: divine sight, divine hearing, knowing others’ minds, recollecting past lives, and the ability to perform miracles. ## five nectars *bdud rtsi lnga*, Skt. *pañcāmṛta*, The five include feces, urine, phlegm, semen, and menstrual blood; they may be substituted by other five substances representing them, e.g., the five types of rice. ## five negative actions *sdig pa’i las lnga*, Skt. *pañca­pāpa­karma*, The five negative actions comprise killing, stealing, lying, sexual misconduct, and intoxication. A less likely interpretation would equate this enumeration with the sdig to las lnga, which are listed in Kalyāṇamitra’s Vinaya­vastu­ṭīkā (Toh 4113, ’dul ba, tsu, 196b) as slaying a brahman, slaying a cow, stealing gold, dallying with the wife of a spiritual teacher, and drinking alcohol. See Nordrang Orgyan (2008): 1112. ## five objects of sensual pleasures *’dod pa’i yon tan lnga*, Skt. *pañcakāmaguṇa*, These are the five (pleasant) objects of the senses, namely, forms (Sanskrit rūpa), sounds (Sanskrit śabda), smells (Sanskrit gandha), tastes (Sanskrit rasa), and tangibles (Sanskrit sparśa/spraṣṭavya). In some Buddhist texts, they can specifically designate the enjoyment of dance, song, (vocal?) music, instrumental music, and, literally, “women” or sexual partners (Skt. nāṭyaṃ gītaṃ vāditaṃ tūryaṃ striyaḥ). ## five obscurations *sgrib pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcanivaraṇa*, The five obscurations comprise: longing for sensual pleasure (kāmacchanda, ’dod la ’dun pa), harmful intention (vyāpāda, gnod sems), dullness and sleep (styānamiddha, rmugs gnyid), agitation and regret (auddhatya­kaukṛtya, rgod ’gyod), and doubt (vicikitsā, the tshom). They are listed at . See also Kimura IV: p. 182. ## five obstacles to rainfall *char pa’i bar chad byed pa lnga*, Skt. *char pa’i bar chad byed pa lnga*, Five conditions that prevent timely rainfall. In a discourse in Chinese translation, the Discourse on the Arising of Worlds (Qishi jing 起世經, Taishō 24, 1:349b1–c14), these are given as (1) The asura king Rāhula emerges from his palace, gathers the rain clouds in both hands, and hurls them into the ocean; (2) The power of the fire element increases, causing the rain clouds to dissipate; (3) The power of the wind element increases, blowing the rain clouds into the desert or the wilderness; (4) The spirits responsible for causing rainfall become derelict in their duties, and thus the rain clouds dissipate without releasing rain; (5) The majority of people in Jambudvīpa become mired in affliction and desire and engage in unethical conduct, so the heavens refuse to send down rain. ## five obstructions *sgrib pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcanivaraṇa*, Five impediments to meditation: sense desire (’dod pa la ’dun pa, kāmacchanda), ill will (gnod sems, vyāpāda), drowsiness and torpor (rmugs pa dang gnyid, styānamiddha), agitation and guilt (rgod pa dang ’gyod pa, auddhatya­kaukṛtya), and doubt (the tshom, vicikitsā). ## five offences with immediate consequences *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, Five actions that bring immediate and severe consequences at death. The person will experience a rebirth in the lower realms directly after death. The five are: patricide, matricide, killing an arhat, intentionally injuring a buddha, and causing a schism within the saṅgha. ## five offerings *mchod pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcopacāra*, Fragrances, flowers, incense, lamps, and food items. ## five parts of the body *yan lag lnga*, Skt. *pañcamaṇḍalaka*, Both arms, both legs, and head. ## Five paths *lam lnga*, Skt. *pañcamārga*, five successive stages in the [path](#path) to [enlightenment](#enlightenment): the [path](#path)s of accumulating, joining, seeing, meditation, and the [path](#path) beyond learning. ## Five perfections *phun sum tshogs pa lnga*, the perfect teacher, teaching, place, [disciple](#disciple)s and time. ## five points of the body *yan lag lnga*, Skt. *pañcāṅga*, The two arms, two legs, and the head. ## Five poisons *dug lnga*, the five [negative emotions](#negative-emotions): 1. bewilderment, *gti mug*, Skt. *moha* (AT: ignorance, confusion), 2. attachment, *'dod chags, rāga* (AT: desire), 3. aversion, *zhe sdang, dveṣa* (including hatred, anger, etc.), 4. jealousy, *phra dog, irsyā*, and 5. pride, *nga rgyal, māna*. ## five polluting degenerations *snyigs ma’i rnyog pa lnga*, Skt. *snyigs ma’i rnyog pa lnga*, Also known as “five contaminations or degenerations” (snyigs ma lnga, pañcakaṣāya). They are: (1) degeneration of lifespan, (2) degeneration of view or thoughts, (3) degeneration of the five afflictions, (4) degeneration of sentient beings, (5) degeneration of time. ## five powers The five powers are (1) faith (Skt. śraddhā, Tib. dad pa), (2) diligence (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (3) mindfulness (smṛti, dran pa), (4) meditative absorption (samādhi, ting nge ’dzin), and (5) wisdom (prajñā, shes rab). They are same as the five faculties but stronger and more developed. They are included among the thirty-seven factors for awakening. ## five precepts In The Benefits of the Five Precepts, bslab pa / śikṣā is used in its second main sense as it appears in the Vinaya (the first being “training”), namely, five kinds of right conduct that are observed by all lay Buddhists. They are refraining from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual misconduct, (4) speaking falsehoods or lying, and (5) consuming intoxicants (alcohol in particular). The term is here used synonymously with the “five disciplines.” ## five precious substances *rin po che sna lnga*, Skt. *pañcaratna*, The five are either gold, diamond, sapphire, ruby, and pearl or gold, silver, coral, pearl, and rāgapaṭṭa. ## five products of a cow *ba’i rnam pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcagavya*, Milk, curds, butter, urine and dung. ## five products of the cow *ba’i rnam lnga*, Skt. *pañcagavya*, Milk, curds, ghee, urine, and dung. ## five psycho-physical aggregates *phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañca­skandha*, The ordinary mind-body complex is termed the “five psycho-physical aggregates,” which comprise physical forms, feelings, perceptions, formative predispositions, and consciousness. For a detailed exposition of the five psycho-physical aggregates in accord with A­saṅga’s Abhi­dharma­samuccaya, see Jamgon Kongtrul, TOK Book 6, Pt. 2: 477–531. ## five pure eyes *spyan lnga*, Skt. *pañcacakṣus*, The five eyes consist of five faculties of pure vision acquired by buddhas and bodhisattvas: the physical eye, the divine eye, the wisdom eye, the Dharma eye, and the Buddha eye. ## five realms These comprise gods and humans of the higher realms within cyclic existence, along with animals, anguished spirits, and the denizens of the hells, whose abodes are identified with the lower realms. ## five realms of existence *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcagati*, These comprise the gods and humans of the higher realms within saṃsāra, plus the animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of hell of the lower realms. ## five rebirth-destinies *’gro ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcagati*, A shorter form of the six classes of beings, these are (1) hell beings, (2) pretas, (3) animals, (4) human beings, and (5) devas. The fifth category is divided into devas and demigods when six realms are enumerated. ## Five Royal Sūtras *rgyal po mdo lnga*, Skt. *rgyal po mdo lnga*, (1) Bhadra­caryā­praṇidhāna (bzang spyod smon lam, Toh 1095), for aspiration (smon lam), and described as vast (rgya chen); (2) Vajra­vidāraṇā­dhāraṇī (rdo rje rnam ’joms, Toh 750), for ablution (khrus); (3) Prajñā­pāramitā­hṛdaya (shes rab snying po, Toh 21 and 531), for the view (lta ba), and described as profound (zab mo); (4) Atyaya­jñāna (’da’ ka ye shes, Toh 122), for cultivation (sgom pa) and described as of definitive meaning (nges don); and (5) bya ba ltung bshags (part of Vinaya­viniścayopāli­paripṛcchā, Toh 68), for purification of karmic obscurations (las sgrib dag pa). ## Five samayas of relishing *dang du slang ba'i dam tshig lnga*, five secondary [samayas](#samaya) in the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). They are concerned with the enjoyment of the five meats and the five [nectar](#nectar)s, substances used by [tantric](#tantric) practitioners which are ordinarily considered impure or taboo. ## Five sciences *rig gnas lnga*, Skt. *pañcavidyā*, the five branches of learning that a [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita) must master: 1. the making of things (*gzo rig gnas, śilpāvidyā*), 2. the repairing of things (includes medicine; *gso ba'i rig gnas, cikitsāvidyā*), 3. philology (*sgra' rigs gnas, śabdavidyā*), 4. logic (*gtan tshigs kyi rig gnas, hetuvidyā*) and 5. philosophy (*nang don rig gnas, adhyātmavidyā*). ## five secondary acts with immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga dang de dang nye ba lnga*, Skt. *pañcopānantarīya*, A subsidiary set of actions that bring immediate and severe consequences at death, such that the person who commits them will take rebirth in the lower realms directly after they die. These five are damaging a caitya, killing a bodhisattva, violating a woman who has exhausted her afflictions, killing a novice student, and stealing from the saṅgha. ## five secondary deeds with immediate consequences *mtshams med nye lnga*, Skt. *pañcopānantarīya*, A subsidiary set of actions that bring immediate and severe consequences at death, so that the person who commits them will take rebirth in the lower realms directly after they die. These five are: damaging a caitya, killing a bodhisattva, violating a nun or woman who has exhausted her afflictions, killing a novice student, and stealing from the saṅgha. ## five sense pleasures *’dod pa’i yon tan lnga*, Skt. *pañcakāmaguṇa*, The five sense pleasures are pleasing visual objects, sounds, fragrances, tastes, and tactile sensations. ## Five Sets of One Hundred Thousand *’bum sde lnga*, Skt. *’bum sde lnga*, (1) The long Prajñā­pāramitā (Toh 8), which contains 100,000 ślokas; (2) the Mahā­pari­nirvāṇa (Toh 119–120), which contains 100,000 testaments given by the Buddha at the time of his pari­nirvāṇa; (3) the Ratna­kūṭa (Toh 45–93), which contains 100,000 distinct names of the Buddha; (4) the Avataṃsaka (Toh 44), which contains 100,000 aspirations; and (5) the Laṅkāvatāra (Toh 107–108), which contains 100,000 discourses that are ways of subjugating the rākṣasas. These five sets of 100,000 features are also said to correspond to the Buddha’s body, speech, mind, qualities, and activities, respectively. ## five sins of immediate retribution *mtshams med pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcānantarya*, These are killing one’s mother, father, or an arhat; drawing blood from a thus-gone one; or causing a schism in the saṅgha. ## five skandhas Form, feeling, perception, mental conditioning, and consciousness. At the level of an individual person, the five skandhas refer to the basis upon which the mistaken idea of a self is projected. They are referred to as the “bases for appropriation” (Skt. upādāna) or the “five skandhas of grasping” insofar as all conceptual grasping arises based on these aggregates. ## five skandhas of grasping See “five skandhas.” ## five sorts of sense object *’dod pa’i yon tan lnga*, Skt. *pañca kāmaguṇāḥ*, Desirable objects of the five senses: form, sound, smell, taste, and touch. ## five spiritual faculties *dbang po lnga*, Skt. *indriya*, These are called “faculties” (indriya) by analogy, as they are considered as capacities to be developed: the spiritual faculties for faith (śraddhā), effort (vīrya), mindfulness (smṛti), concentration (samādhi), and wisdom (prajña). These are included in the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment. ## five states of existence *lnga’i ’gro ba*, Skt. *pañcagati*, A shorter form of the six classes of beings, these are (1) hell beings, (2) pretas, (3) animals, (4) human beings, and (5) gods. The fifth category is divided into gods and asuras when six realms are enumerated. ## five states of rebirth These comprise the gods and humans in the higher realms of saṃsāra, and the animals, pretas, and hell beings in the lower realms. ## Five strengths *stobs lnga*, Skt. *pañca­bala*, Similar to the five faculties but at a further stage of development and thus cannot be shaken by adverse conditions, these are: faith (śraddhā), diligence (vīrya), mindfulness (smṛti), absorption (samādhi), and insight (prajña). ## five substances from a cow *ba’i rnam lnga*, Skt. *pañcagavya*, Milk, yogurt, clarified butter, cow urine, and cow dung. ## five supercognitions *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijñā*, These are (1) clairvoyance (divya­cakṣurabhijñā, lha’i mig gi mngon par shes pa), (2) clairaudience (divya­śrotrābhijñā, lha’i rna ba’i mngon par shes pa), (3) knowledge of others’ minds (paracittajñāna, pha rol gyi sems shes pa’i mngon par shes pa), (4) retrocognition (pūrvanivāsānu­smṛtijñāna, sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa’i mngon par shes pa), and (5) knowledge of magical feats (ṛddhividhi­jñāna, rdzu ’phrul gyi bya ba shes pa’i mngon par shes pa). ## five superior abilities The five supernatural abilities attained through realization and yogic accomplishment: divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the thoughts of others, clear experiential recollection of previous states of existence, and the realization of magical methods. ## five superknowledges *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijñā*, These are (1) knowledge of miracles (riddividhijñānam, rdzu ’phrul gyi mngon par shes pa), (2) knowledge of the divine eye (divyaṃcakṣuḥ, lha’i mig gi mngon par shes pa), (3) knowledge of the minds of others (paracittābhijñānam, lha’i rna ba’i mngon par shes pa), (4) knowledge of the divine ear (divyamśrotam, lha’i rna ba’i mngon par shes pa), and (5) knowledge recollecting past lives (pūrvanirvāsānusmṛitijñānam, sngon gnas rjes dran gyi mngon par shes pa). These five can be attained by non-Buddhist and Buddhist practitioners alike. A sixth can be attained only by Buddhist practitioners: (6) knowledge of the extinction of the contaminations (āsravakṣayābhijñā, zag pa zad pa’i mngon par shes pa) (Rigzin 95–6, except #6, Skt. via Negi). ## five supernatural abilities *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcābhijñā*, Divine sight, divine hearing, the ability to know past and future lives, the ability to know the minds of others, and the ability to produce miracles. ## five supernormal knowledges *mngon par shes pa lnga*, Skt. *ṣaḍabhijñā*, Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, and ability to perform miracles. See “six supernormal knowledges,” the same list with the addition of “ability to destroy all mental defilements,” which can only be attained by Buddhist practitioners. ## five supramundane faculties *’jig rten las ’das pa’i dbang po lnga*, Skt. *pañca­lokottarendriya*, See the “five faculties.” ## five tempos *yan lag lnga dang ldan pa*, Skt. *pañcāṅgika*, The five tempos of classical music in southern India: chauka (one stroke per beat), vilamba (two strokes per beat), madhyama (four strokes per beat), dhuridha (eight strokes per beat), and adi dhuridha (sixteen strokes per beat). ## five trainings *bslab pa’i gnas lnga*, Skt. *pañcaśikṣā*, To abstain from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, telling lies, and intoxicants. ## Five Trees *shing lnga pa*, Skt. *shing lnga pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## five types of degeneration *snyigs ma lnga*, Skt. *pañcakaṣāya*, Five types of degeneration pertaining to lifespan, affliction, beings, time, and views. ## five types of instruments *rol mo’i cha byad yan lag lnga*, Skt. *rol mo’i cha byad yan lag lnga*, The descriptions vary, but the five could be drums played by hand (ātata), drums played by stick (vitata), drums played by hand or by stick (ātatavitata), metal instruments such as cymbals (ghana), and wind instruments (suśira). Other less plausible descriptions define vitata as string instruments. ## five types of offenses *ltung ba sde lnga*, Skt. *pañcāpattinīkāya*, The 253 different offenses a monk may incur are divided into five types: [defeat](#defeat)s, [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant)s, offenses, [transgression](#transgression)s, confessable offenses, and [misdeed](#misdeed)s. ## five types of vision *spyan lnga*, Skt. *pañcacakṣus*, The “five types of vision” are the physical, divine, prajñā, Dharma, and jñāna eyes. ## five uncontaminated aggregates *zag med phung po lnga*, Skt. *pañcānāsrava­skandha*, These are equivalent to the five definitive aggregates. ## five undefiled aggregates The five aggregates characteristic of noble ones, also known as the five aggregates beyond the world (lokottaraskandha, ’jig rten las ’das pa’i phung po lnga). They consist of the aggregate of moral discipline, the aggregate of meditative stability, the aggregate of wisdom, the aggregate of liberation, and the aggregate of the knowledge and seeing of liberation. ## five undiminished clairvoyances *ma nyams pa’i mngon par shes pa lnga*, The five clairvoyances are called “undiminished” when they don’t decline at death and in all subsequent rebirths, whatever the form of life. See . ## five undiminished extrasensory powers *ma nyams pa’i mngon par shes pa lnga*, The five extrasensory powers are called “undiminished” in the sense of remaining present through death and all subsequent rebirths, whatever the form of life. See also The Long Explanation (Toh 3808), . ## Five wisdoms *ye shes lnga*, five aspects of the [wisdom](#wisdom) of Buddhahood: 1. the [wisdom](#wisdom) of the [absolute space](#absolute-space) (*chos dbyings kyi ye shes*, Skt. *dharmadhātujñāna*), 2. mirror-like [wisdom](#wisdom) (*me long gi ye shes, ādarśajñāna*), 3. the [wisdom](#wisdom) of [equality](#equality) (*mnyam nyid kyi ye shes, samatājñāna*), 4. discriminating [wisdom](#wisdom) (*so sor rtog pa'i ye shes, pratyavekṣaṇājñāna*), 5. and all-accomplishing [wisdom](#wisdom) (*bya ba grub pa'i ye shes, krityānuṣṭhānajñāna*). See [five families](#five-families). ## fivefold austerity *dka’ thub lnga ldan*, Skt. *pañcatapas*, The ascetic practice of sitting between “five fires,” i.e., a fire in each cardinal direction with the sun overhead. ## fivefold enlightenment *byang chub rnam pa lnga*, Skt. *pañcabodhi*, See . ## Fivefold Joy *dga’ ba lnga*, Skt. *dga’ ba lnga*, A pleasure garden in Moving Like the Moon. ## fivefold ordeal A term in the Pali Buddhist tradition for five kinds of severe punishments in hell, which those who have committed gravely negative actions will have to endure: (1) tattalohasecana, becoming doused with molten copper; (2) aṅgārapabbatāropana, climbing a mountain of glowing coals; (3) lohakumbhipakkhepana, being thrown into a (hot?) copper cauldron; (4) asipattavanapavesana, entering the forest of blades; and (5) vetaraṇiyaṃ samotaraṇaṃ, swimming across the river Vaitaraṇī (see Stede 1914, p. 37). The fivefold ordeal seems to partially overlap with the ordeals of the four secondary hells. The relationship between these two, as well as between the different versions of the secondary hells in different text corpora, awaits systematic investigation. ## fivefold path A Buddhist framework for the path to awakening. It consists of (1) the path of accumulation (sambhāramārga; tshogs lam), (2) the path of preparation (prayogamārga; sbyor lam), (3) the path of seeing (darśanamārga; mthong lam), (4) the path of cultivation (bhāvanāmārga; sgom lam), and (5) the path of no further learning (aśaikṣamārga; mi slob lam). ## fivefold vision *spyan lnga*, Skt. *pañcacakṣuḥ*, These comprise (1) the eye of flesh, (2) the eye of divine clairvoyance, (3) the eye of wisdom, (4) the eye of Dharma, and (5) the eye of the buddhas. ## flame of the forest *ne tso’am ci*, Skt. *kiṃśuka*, Butea monosperma, Butea frondosa, and Erythrina monosperma. A tree that grows up to 15 meters tall and has bright red flowers. Other names include parrot tree, bastard teak, dhak (Hindi), palas (Hindi), porasum (Tamil); and khakda (Gujarati). ## Flaming *’od ’phro ba can*, Skt. *arciṣmatī*, Flaming (burning with flames; blazing), also the name of the fourth ground of the bodhisattvas. ## Flaming Iron Club *lcags kyi me ’bar ba’i gtun shing*, Skt. *lcags kyi me ’bar ba’i gtun shing*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Flaming Mouth *kha ’bar ma*, Skt. **jvālāmukhī*, The epithet of the female preta (or pretikā) who disturbs Ānanda, demanding to be fed. In Tibetan dictionaries, the female preta known as Flaming Mouth is sometimes described as “a queen of pretas” (yi dwags kyi rgyal mo zhig), though this status is not made explicit in this text. Sometimes rendered by scholars as Jvālāmukhī. Rendered in Chinese (Taishō 1314) as Mianran 面燃 “Burning Face.” ## Flaming One *rab tu ’bar ba*, Skt. *rab tu ’bar ba*, A buddha. ## Flash of Light *glog gi ’od*, Skt. *glog gi ’od*, Son of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Flash of Lightning *glog gi ’od*, Skt. *glog gi ’od*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one King of the Tip of the Lamp of Lightning. ## flash of lightning that does not cause pain *gdung ba med pa’i glog gi ’od*, A meditative stability. ## Flashing Lamp *mar me’i glog ’gyu*, Skt. *mar me’i glog ’gyu*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśas (17 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flashing Light *glog ’od*, Skt. *glog ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitābha. ## Flashing Radiance *glog gi ’od zer*, Skt. *glog gi ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa (415 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flashing Splendor *glog ’od gzi brjid*, Skt. *glog ’od gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣprabha. ## Flawed Face *nyes dmigs gdong*, Skt. *nyes dmigs gdong*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Flawless *skyon med*, Skt. *skyon med*, Flawless (without flaw or defect), also the name of the father of the buddha Atula­pratibhāna­rāja. ## Flawless Aspiration *smon lam ma ’khrul*, Skt. *smon lam ma ’khrul*, Son of the buddha Aśoka. ## Flawless Body *smad pa med pa’i lus*, Skt. *smad pa med pa’i lus*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cārulocana. ## Flawless Eye *dri med spyan*, Skt. *vimalanetra*, The buddha from whom the bodhisattva child Without Reference received teachings in a former life. ## Flawless Eyes *mig nyams pa med pa*, Skt. *mig nyams pa med pa*, A monk; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Flawless Forest *skyon med pa’i tshal*, Skt. *skyon med pa’i tshal*, A forest in Moving Mind. ## Flawless Gift *skyon med sbyin*, Skt. *skyon med sbyin*, Attendant of the buddha Bhasmakrodha. ## Flawless Intelligence *blo gros skyon med*, Skt. *blo gros skyon med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## Flawless Jewel *skyon med rin chen*, Skt. *skyon med rin chen*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnakrama. ## Flawless Mind *skyon med sems*, Skt. *skyon med sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amohavihārin. ## Flawless Persistence *skyon med par gnas pa*, Skt. *skyon med par gnas pa*, Attendant of the buddha Baladatta. ## Flawless Roar *skyon med nga ro*, Skt. *skyon med nga ro*, Son of the buddha Āśādatta. ## Flawless Shoulders *dri ma med pa’i dpung pa*, A merchant during the time of the Buddha Invincible Banner of Victory. ## flawlessness *skyon med pa*, Skt. *nyāma*, This word is also understood as equivalent to niyāma (“certain”). ## flawlessness that is a perfect state *yang dag pa’i skyon med pa*, Skt. *samyaktvanyāma*, See also . ## flea tree *sha ri sa*, Skt. *śirīṣa*, Albizzia lebbeck Benth. (Acacia Sirissa). ## flesh eye The first of the five eyes, the five superior levels of vision experienced by realized beings, the other four being the divine eye (divyacakṣus), the wisdom eye (prajñācakṣus), the Dharma eye (dharmacakṣus), and the buddha eye (buddhacakṣus). ## Fleshy *gel po*, Skt. *gel po*, Fleshy (plump or having much flesh), also the name of a child of householders in Śrāvasti, he was born “corpulent, full-fledged in skin, flesh, and blood.” He leapt from a boulder at the sight of the Buddha but was unharmed due to the Buddha’s blessing. Having then heard the Dharma from the Buddha, he went forth and manifested arhatship. ## flight *mkha’ spyod nyid*, Skt. *khecaratva*, The name of a siddhi. ## Flocking Peacocks *rma bya’i tshogs*, Skt. *rma bya’i tshogs*, A mountain on Videha. ## Flourishing Rice *’bras ’phel*, Skt. *’bras ’phel*, A city ruled by King Meru before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Flow *rnam par ’bab pa*, Skt. *rnam par ’bab pa*, Flow (a steady, continuous movement), also the name of a forest on Saṅkāśa. ## Flow of a Hundred Lakes *mtsho brgya rab tu ’bab pa*, Skt. *mtsho brgya rab tu ’bab pa*, A part of Mountainous Garland. ## Flow of Beauty *mdzes par ’bab pa*, Skt. *mdzes par ’bab pa*, A river at Radiant Streams. ## Flow of Bliss *bde bar ’bab pa*, Skt. *bde bar ’bab pa*, A river at Radiant Streams. ## Flow of Pearls and Coral *mu tig dang byi ru ’bab pa*, Skt. *mu tig dang byi ru ’bab pa*, A river in the realm of the Four Great Kings. ## Flow of Red Rivers *chu bo dmar po ’bab pa*, Skt. *lohita­nadī­pravāha*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Flow of Wine *chang chu ltar ’bab pa*, Skt. *chang chu ltar ’bab pa*, A river in Supreme Splendor. ## Flower *me tog*, Skt. *me tog*, Flower (the blossom of a plant), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Madaprahīṇa (659 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower Array *me tog bkod pa*, Skt. *me tog bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Flower Array Radiance *me tog bkod pa’i ’od*, Skt. *puśpavyūha*, A buddha. ## Flower Banner *me tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *me tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Father of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Flower Bearer *me tog can*, Skt. *me tog can*, Mother of the buddha Acala. ## Flower Body Blooming from the Light of the Dharma *chos kyi ’od zer me tog rab tu rgyas pa’i sku*, Skt. *chos kyi ’od zer me tog rab tu rgyas pa’i sku*, Flower Body Blooming from the Light of the Dharma is a buddha who inhabits a buddhafield. Buddhas with similar names are said to inhabit the buddhafield Duratikramā (Difficult to Transcend) (Tib. ’da’ bar dka’ ba) in Toh 44-37 and Toh 104. ## Flower Bouquet *me tog sna tshogs*, Skt. *me tog sna tshogs*, A buddha. ## Flower Chariot *me tog shing rta*, Skt. *me tog shing rta*, Mother of the buddha Puṣpita. ## Flower City *me tog*, Skt. *pāṭaliputra*, See “Pāṭaliputra.” ## Flower Crest *me tog gi tog*, Skt. *me tog gi tog*, Attendant of the buddha Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha. ## Flower Crown *gtsug na me tog*, Skt. *gtsug na me tog*, Father of the second buddha Kusuma. ## Flower Earrings *me tog gi rna cha can*, Skt. *me tog gi rna cha can*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Flower Edge *me tog so*, Skt. *me tog so*, Son of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Flower Essence *me tog snying po*, Skt. *me tog snying po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānaratna (895 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower Eye *me tog mig*, Skt. *me tog mig*, Mother of the buddha Jaya. ## flower garland *me tog phreng ba*, Skt. *me tog phreng ba*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-ninth week. ## Flower Gathering *me tog tshogs*, Skt. *me tog tshogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitalocana. ## Flower Gift *me tog byin*, Skt. *me tog byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūrata. ## Flower Glory *me tog dpal*, Skt. *me tog dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anantayaśas (398 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower God *me tog lha*, Skt. *me tog lha*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃha. ## Flower Guru *me tog bla ma*, Skt. *me tog bla ma*, A future solitary buddha. ## Flower Hill *me tog phung po*, Skt. *me tog phung po*, Mother of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Flower Homes *me tog gi khang pa*, Skt. *me tog gi khang pa*, A part of the Forest of Joy. ## Flower Intelligence *me tog gi blo gros*, Skt. *me tog gi blo gros*, Son of the buddha Devaruta. ## Flower Joy *me tog dga’*, Skt. *me tog dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kṛtavarman. ## Flower King *me tog rgyal po*, Skt. *me tog rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Arthamati. ## Flower Lady *me tog ma*, Skt. *me tog ma*, Mother of the buddha Praśānta. ## Flower Lamp *me tog sgron ma*, Skt. *me tog sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Flower Land *yul ’khor me tog*, Skt. *yul ’khor me tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Padmākṣa. ## Flower Light *me tog ’od*, Skt. *me tog ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sundarapārśva (418 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower Mansion *me tog khang pa*, Skt. *me tog khang pa*, A buddha. ## Flower Mendicant *dge sbyong me tog*, Skt. *dge sbyong me tog*, A māra. ## Flower Moon *me tog zla ba*, Skt. *me tog zla ba*, Son of the buddha Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha. ## Flower Mountain *me tog phung po*, Skt. *me tog phung po*, Son of the buddha Padma. ## Flower of Accomplishing Avalokiteśvara’s Mind *spyan ras gzigs kyi blo sgrub me tog*, Skt. *spyan ras gzigs kyi blo sgrub me tog*, A buddha. ## Flower of Adherence to Calm Abiding and Discipline *zhi gnas dang dul bar gnas pa’i me tog*, Skt. *zhi gnas dang dul bar gnas pa’i me tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhasmakrodha. ## Flower of Clairvoyance *mngon par shes pa’i me tog kun tu rgyas pa thob pa*, Skt. *abhi­jñotphulla­puṣpa*, Literally “he who has obtained the blooming flower of higher perception.” A bodhisattva from the “flower-filled” buddha field Puṣpavatī far to the north, who incarnates as a child in the household of a general in the city of Vaiśālī. ## Flower of Fearlessness *’jigs med me tog*, Skt. *’jigs med me tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokajyeṣṭha. ## Flower of Freedom from Suffering *mya ngan med pa’i me tog*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa’i me tog*, Attendant of the buddha Padmākṣa. ## Flower of Glory *me tog dpal*, Skt. *me tog dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jagatpūjita (350 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower of Liberation *thar pa’i me tog*, Skt. *thar pa’i me tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Flower of Light *snang ba’i me tog*, Skt. *snang ba’i me tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānarāja. ## Flower of Marks *mtshan gyi me tog*, Skt. *mtshan gyi me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara (887 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower of Merit *bsod nams me tog*, Skt. *bsod nams me tog*, A king who heard the teaching given by the buddha Infinite Diligence. ## Flower of Nirvāṇa *mya ngan las ’das pa’i me tog*, Skt. *mya ngan las ’das pa’i me tog*, Attendant of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Flower of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen me tog*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen me tog*, Mother of the buddha Śodhita. ## Flower of Qualities *yon tan me tog*, Skt. *yon tan me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Satyaketu (97 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower of Royal Glory *dpal rgyal me tog*, Skt. *dpal rgyal me tog*, Mother of the buddha Lokajyeṣṭha. ## Flower of Splendid Marks *mtshan gyi gzi brjid me tog*, Skt. *mtshan gyi gzi brjid me tog*, Attendant of the buddha Mānajaha. ## Flower of Splendor *gzi brjid me tog*, Skt. *gzi brjid me tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Muniprasanna. ## Flower of Superknowledge *mngon par shes pa’i me tog*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa’i me tog*, Son of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Flower of the Able *thub pa’i me tog*, Skt. *thub pa’i me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samadhyāyin (775 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower of the Lotus Leader *pad ma’i khyu mchog me tog*, Skt. *pad ma’i khyu mchog me tog*, A buddha. ## Flower of the Marks *mtshan gyi me tog*, Skt. *mtshan gyi me tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Añjana. ## Flower of the Noble *’phags pa’i me tog*, Skt. *’phags pa’i me tog*, Mother of the buddha Vigataśoka. ## Flower of the World *’jig rten gyi me tog*, Skt. *’jig rten gyi me tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Flower of Truth *bden pa’i me tog*, Skt. *bden pa’i me tog*, Son of the buddha Añjana. ## Flower of Universal Preciousness *kun nas rin chen me tog*, Skt. *kun nas rin chen me tog*, Son of the buddha Arajas. ## Flower of Wisdom *ye shes me tog*, Skt. *ye shes me tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vidhijña. ## Flower Ornament *me tog brgyan*, Skt. *me tog brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Flower Parasol *me tog gi gdugs*, Skt. *me tog gi gdugs*, Birthplace of the buddha Amitabuddhi. ## Flower Parasol Garland *me tog gdugs kyi phreng ba*, Skt. *me tog gdugs kyi phreng ba*, A buddha. ## Flower Possessor *me tog can*, Skt. *me tog can*, Mother of the buddha Tacchaya. ## Flower Relieving Suffering *me tog mya ngan ’tshang*, Skt. *me tog mya ngan ’tshang*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kusumaprabha. ## Flower Scatterer *me tog thob ba*, Skt. *me tog thob ba*, Second of the five great kings. ## Flower Source *me tog ’byung gnas*, Skt. *me tog ’byung gnas*, Name of a past eon, when the buddha Dīptavīrya resided in the buddha realm Astounding Sight. ## Flower Splendor *me tog gzi brjid*, Skt. *me tog gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha. ## Flower Sun *me tog nyi ma*, Skt. *me tog nyi ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prasanna (752 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Flower Victory Banner *me tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *me tog gi rgyal mtshan*, A world system in the southern direction. ## Flower Wealth *me tog ’byor*, Skt. *me tog ’byor*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Caraṇaprasanna. ## Flowered *me tog can*, Skt. *me tog can*, Flowered (decorated with or bearing flowers), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Immeasurable Melody. ## flower-garland draped *me tog gi phreng ba ’phyang ba*, Skt. *me tog gi phreng ba ’phyang ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Flowering Tree *ljon pa’i me tog*, Skt. *ljon pa’i me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpa (689 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## flower-metal *lcags bzang*, Skt. *puṣpaloha*, The precise identity of this metal or metal compound is currently unclear. The Tibetan translation of the term means “high-quality metal.” ## Flowing above the Gaṅgā *gang gA’i steng du rgyu*, Skt. *gang gA’i steng du rgyu*, A forest in Dwelling on Summits. ## Flowing Colors of Melody *dbyangs can gyi mdog tu ’bab pa*, Skt. *dbyangs can gyi mdog tu ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## fluid retention *skya rbab*, Skt. *pāṇḍu*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## flute *gling bu*, Skt. *bāṇa*, A musical (wind) instrument, flute. ## flux *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, Most of the explanations of the term āsrava derive it from the root sru (“to flow,” “to ooze”) and understand the preverb ā- variously either as “flowing in,” “flowing out from,” or simply emphasizing the action of flowing. The Tibetan translation also translates the sense of the root but does not explicitly render the preverb; zag pa is attested as a translation of several other Sanskrit terms that mean “to flow,” “to ooze,” etc. (sravaḥ, srāvaṇam, syandī, etc.; see Negi vol. 12, p. 5353). The derivation from ā + sru follows clear grammatical principles (vyākaraṇa); furthermore, there is another derivation from the root ās (“to sit,” “to remain”), which is in accordance with etymology by sound association (nirukti). Vasubandhu offers two alternatives: “They cause beings to remain (āsayanti) within saṃsāra” and “They flow from the Summit of Existence down to the Unwavering, out of the six wounds that are the entrances” (āsayanti saṃsāre āsravanti bhavāgrādyāvadavīciṃ ṣaḍbhir āyatana­vraṇair ityāsravāḥ, Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya on 5.40, Pradhan 1967, p. 308). The “Summit of Existence” is the highest point within saṃsāra, while the hell called “Unwavering” is the lowest; the six entrances here refer to the five sense faculties plus the mind, i.e., the six internal entrances in the scheme of twelve entrances. The Pāli tradition offers similar derivations. For example, the commentary on The Sutta on All the Āsavas explains the term āsava in the following ways: “They flow (āsavanti), thus they are āsavas: even from the eye, up to even from thought, they ooze, they come about—this is what is being said here” (āsavantīti āsavā, cakkhutopi … pe … manatopi sandanti pavattantīti vuttaṃ hoti, Aṭṭhakathā on the Sabbāsavasutta.) (This explanation matches quite closely the second one in the Abhidharma­kośa­bhāṣya .) The “up to” here reproduces the pe, an abbreviation meant to convey an incomplete list. The complete list would be “even from the eye, even from the ear, even from the nose, even from the tongue, even from the body, even from thought”—i.e., the list of the six internal entrances. “Alternatively, from the dhammas to the gotrabhū, from space to the Summit of Existence, they flow, thus they are āsavas. Entering inside these dhammas and this space, they come about—this is the sense; for this ā- has the sense of ‘entering inside’ ” (dhammato yāva gotrabhuṃ okāsato yāva bhavaggaṃ savantīti vā āsavā | ete dhamme etañ ca okāsaṃ anto karitvā pavattantīti attho. antokaraṇattho hi ayaṃ ākāro || Aṭṭhakathā on the Sabbāsavasutta). “ ‘Liquor and so forth are āsavas’ in the sense that they stay in one place for a long time; since they are ‘like the āsavas,’ these are ‘āsavas.’ For, in this world, liquor and so forth that stay in one place for a long time are called āsavas. And if they are āsavas in the sense that they stay in one place for a long time, these indeed are worthy of being so. For, it has been said, ‘A prior limit, bhikkhus, is not found for ignorance, wherein one could say that “before this there was no ignorance,” and so forth’ ” (cirapārivāsiyaṭṭhena madirādayo āsavā | āsavā viyātipi āsavā. lokasmiñ hi cirapārivāsikā madirādayo āsavāti vuccanti || yadi ca cirapārivāsiyaṭṭhena āsavā | eteyeva bhavitum arahanti | vuttañ hetaṃ purimā bhikkhave koṭi na paññāyati avijjāya ito pubbe avijjā nāhosītiādi || Aṭṭhakathā on the Sabbāsavasutta A.Ni.10.61). “Alternatively, they ooze, they ooze forth, future suffering of saṃsāra—thus they are āsavas” (āyataṃ vā saṃsāradukkhaṃ savanti pasavantītipi āsavā, Aṭṭhakathā on the Sabbāsavasutta). From all this, we conclude that (1) the derivation from the root sru (“to flow” etc.) is in some ways primary, and it follows principles of grammar (vyākaraṇa) rather than those of etymology by sound association (nirukti), as Yaśomitra clarifies is the case for the etymology from ās (“to sit” etc.); (2) the value of the preverb ā- was understood variously (“from,” “out of,” or as an intensifier), thus it is impossible to decide whether to render it as “in,” “out,” etc.; (3) translators who chose zag pa to render āsrava were most likely aware of both the above points. Considering all the above, we have opted for “fluxes” rather than “influences” or “outflows.” ## fly whisk An implement held by Mahākāla and a number of forms of the goddesses in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Foam Garlands *dbu ba’i phreng ba*, Skt. *dbu ba’i phreng ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Focal Point of Enlightenment *byang chub kyi snying po*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍa*, Under the Tree of Enlightenment at Vajrāsana; also used metaphorically. ## focus *dmigs pa*, Skt. *upalabdhi*, Also translated “reference point” q.v. ## focus on *dmigs*, Skt. *upa­labhate*, Also translated here as “apprehend.” ## Focus on Liberation *thar pa dmigs*, Skt. *thar pa dmigs*, Mother of the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama. ## focus their attention with all-aspect omniscience in mind *rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa nyid dang ldan pa’i yid la bya bas*, Skt. *sarvākārajñatā­pratisaṃyuktair manasikārair*, An important phrase in this text specifying that the goal of a bodhisattva’s practice remains the attainment of all-aspect omniscience, i.e., buddhahood. ## focusing the attention correctly *tshul bzhin yid la byed pa*, Skt. *yoniśo­manaskāra*, An important term describing how the mind engages with a subject. “Correctly” (yoniśo, tshul bzhin) in many contexts means without the distortions brought by views such as of the self, permanence, etc., but more particularly in the Prajñā­pāramitā texts, as explained in chapter 23 at , it also means without engaging in either duality or nonduality. ## Follower *rjes spyod*, Follower (one who follows or supports another), also the name of a buddha in the eastern direction in the present. ## Follower of the Dharma *chos kyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *dharmānusārin*, According to the Mahāyāna, one of the seven types of noble beings (āryapudgala), and also one of the twenty types of members of the saṅgha (viṃśatiprabhedasaṃgha). ## followers of the Nirgrantha Jñātiputra *gcer bu pa gnyen gyi bu*, Skt. *nirgrantha jñāti­putra*, A group of ascetics common in the Buddha’s time, widely believed to refer to the early Jain community. ## following intense movement *rab tu g.yo ba’i rjes su song ba*, Skt. *rab tu g.yo ba’i rjes su song ba*, An absorption. ## following those learned in the languages of all beings *sems can thams cad kyi sgra la mkhas pa’i rjes su ’gro ba*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­ruta­kauśalyānugato*, The sixteenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Fond of the Multitudes *’khor lo mos pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Fondness for Questioners *gleng ba po la dga’ ba*, Skt. *gleng ba po la dga’ ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgamati. ## food *zas*, Skt. *zas*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its sixth week. ## food and drink fit for a period *thun tshod du rung ba*, Skt. *yāmikaḥ, yāmikāni*, One of “the four medicines.” This category of medicine is comprised of juices and selected other strained or pulp-free liquids, which were mainly allowed as they helped to combat the “illness” of thirst. This includes coca (coconut milk), moca (gum of the śālmalī tree), kola (jujube, sour juice or vinegar), aśvattha (juice of leaves of the fig-tree or bodhi tree), udumbara (juice of leaves of the fig-tree), pāruṣika (juice of Frewia Asiatica), mṛdvikā (raisin juice), kharjura (date juice). ## food fit for a time *dus su rung ba*, Skt. *kālikaḥ, kālikāni*, One of “the four medicines.” “Food fit for a time” is food eaten between dawn and noon, the appropriate time according to the monastic code. It refers mainly to maṇḍa (scum of boiled [rice](#rice)), odana (boiled [rice](#rice) [gruel](#gruel)), kulmāsa (sour [gruel](#gruel)), and māṃsapūpā (meat cake). It is medicinal in that it is primarily aimed at combating the “illness” of hunger. An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## food of contact *reg pa’i zas*, Skt. *sparśāhāra*, Sustenance obtained through consciousness being in contact with an object; one of the four kinds of food. ## food of joy *dga’ ba’i zas*, Skt. *prītyāhāra*, One of the four kinds of food. ## food of volition *yid la sems pa’i zas*, Skt. *manaḥsañcetanāhāra*, One of the four kinds of food. ## foods *bza’ bar bya ba*, Skt. *bhojanīya*, The Sanskrit bhojanīya refers especially to the five soft foods that do not need to be chewed much: boiled rice, sattu, khichri, fish, and meat. ## foot A unit of measurement based on the foot, or a toe-to-heel step. ## foot of a tree *shing drung*, Skt. *vṛkṣamūla*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## foot salve siddhi The name of a siddhi. ## forbearance *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, Also rendered here as “patience.” ## forbearance that comes from realizing the birthlessness of phenomena *mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattikadharmakṣānti*, This is often also interpreted as the acceptance that phenomena are birthless (or nonarising), but strictly speaking the acceptance is not so much an acquiescence regarding the view of nonarising itself as the forbearance regarding phenomena themselves (and the difficulties they may present) that is made possible by realizing that they are birthless. This is said to occur on the first, or in some texts the sixth, bhūmi. It enables bodhisattvas to bear any difficulties entailed by remaining within saṃsāra for eons, and is often said to coincide with the attainment of irreversibility in their progress toward enlightenment. ## Force of Abandonment *spong ba’i shugs*, Skt. *spong ba’i shugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mokṣavrata (852 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Force of Awakening *byang chub stabs*, Skt. *byang chub stabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Asaṅga (611 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Force of Benevolence *bzang po’i sde*, Skt. *bzang po’i sde*, A great bodhisattva. ## Force of Bliss *bde ba’i stabs*, Skt. *bde ba’i stabs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ananta­rati­kīrti. ## Force of Certainty *nges pa’i shugs*, Skt. *nges pa’i shugs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigatakāṅkṣa. ## Force of Discernment *rnam par ’byed pa’i sde*, Skt. *rnam par ’byed pa’i sde*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagātra. ## Force of Insight *shes rab sde*, Skt. *shes rab sde*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūryagarbha. ## Force of Joy *dga’ ba’i sde*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i sde*, A great bodhisattva. ## Force of Wisdom *ye shes shugs*, Skt. *ye shes shugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vratasthita (854 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Forceful *shugs ldan ma*, Skt. *shugs ldan ma*, Forceful (having or showing great strength or force), also the name of a goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Forceful Wind That Equals the Strength of a Great Mighty Elephant *spos kyi glang po che rlung gi stobs dang mnyam pa’i shugs can*, Skt. *spos kyi glang po che rlung gi stobs dang mnyam pa’i shugs can*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Forcefully Proceeding from the Precious Lotus *rin po che’i pad ma las rnam par gnon pas bzhud pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i pad ma las rnam par gnon pas bzhud pa*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Filled with Masses of Eloquence. ## forces *stobs*, Skt. *bala*, See “five forces.” ## forehead that is broad *zhal dpral ba yangs pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *pṛthulalāṭa*, Seventy-second of the eighty minor signs. ## forehead that is well formed *zhal dpral ba legs par grub pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *supariṇata­lalāṭa*, Seventy-first of the eighty minor signs. ## Foremost among the Learned *mkhas pa’i gtso*, Skt. *mkhas pa’i gtso*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi (640 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Foremost Being *’gro gtso*, Skt. *’gro gtso*, Attendant of the buddha Varuṇa. ## Foremost Human *shed skyes gtso bo*, Skt. *shed skyes gtso bo*, Father of the buddha Kusumaprabha. ## Foremost in the City of Gods *lha’i grong khyer gtso*, Skt. *lha’i grong khyer gtso*, Son of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## Foremost Kāśyapa *’od srung gtso bo*, Skt. *’od srung gtso bo*, A brahmin who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. In The Hundred Deeds he is said to have lived in the wilderness, gone forth in front of a certain sage, and manifested the four meditations and the five superknowledges. ## Foremost Light *snang ba’i gtso*, Skt. *snang ba’i gtso*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃharaśmi (664 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Foremost of Arrays *bkod pa’i mchog*, Skt. *varavyūha*, A buddha. ## Foremost of Gods *khyu mchog lha*, Skt. *khyu mchog lha*, A gandharva king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Foremost on This Earth *sa gtso*, Skt. *sa gtso*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śrīprabha (375 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Foremost Power of Knowledge *shes pa’i stobs kyi gtso bo*, Skt. *indraketu*, The father of Balendraketu and a king in the distant past. ## Foremost Qualities *yon tan gtso bo*, Skt. *yon tan gtso bo*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇabala. ## Foremost Ruler of Gods *lha dbang gtso bo*, Skt. *lha dbang gtso bo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Devarāja. ## Foremost Speaker *gtam ldan gtso bo*, Skt. *gtam ldan gtso bo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sudarśana. ## Foremost Sublime Jewel *rin chen dam pa gtso bo*, Skt. *rin chen dam pa gtso bo*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Jewels. Likely an alternate name for the thus-gone-one Sublime Jewel. ## Forest Course *nags na ’byung ba*, Skt. *nags na ’byung ba*, A river on Great Slope. ## forest deity *nags tshal gyi lha*, Skt. *vanadevatā*, A class of spirit being. ## forest dweller *dgon pa pa*, Skt. *āraṇyaka*, A hermit monk. ## Forest Fires Like an Enveloping Darkness *nags tshal gyi me mun pa ltar ’khrigs pa*, Skt. *tamo’gniṣaṇḍaḥ*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Forest Flower *nags kyi me tog*, Skt. *nags kyi me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyeṣṭhavādin (676 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Forest Garlands *nags kyi phreng ba*, Skt. *nags kyi phreng ba*, A mountain on Videha. ## forest hermit *nags na gnas pa*, Skt. *vānaprastha*, This specifically refers to brahmins in the third stage of life (after the student and householder stages) where one abandons social responsibilities and lives as an ascetic in the forest for one’s twilight years. ## Forest Joy *nags mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *nags mngon par dga’ ba*, A city in Videha. ## Forest of Amusements *rtsed mo’i nags*, Skt. *rtsed mo’i nags*, (1) A forest in Continuous Movement. (2) A forest in Moving in the Stream. ## Forest of Armor *go cha’i tshal*, Skt. *go cha’i tshal*, Where the gods receive their armor before battle. ## Forest of Cascading Water Sounds *’bab chu’i sgra dang ldan pa’i nags*, Skt. *’bab chu’i sgra dang ldan pa’i nags*, A forest on Great Slope. ## Forest of Continuous Flames *nags tshal mes mched pa’i rgyud lta bu*, Skt. *dava­mālāgni­sama*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Forest of Divine Joys *lha’i nyams dga’ bar byed pa’i tshal*, Skt. *lha’i nyams dga’ bar byed pa’i tshal*, A forest in Happiness. ## Forest of Drinks *btung ba’i nags*, Skt. *btung ba’i nags*, A forest in Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Forest of Enjoyment *dga’ ba’i tshal*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i tshal*, Another name for the Forest of Amusements in Moving in the Stream. ## Forest of Fiery Mist *glog gi na bun tshal*, Skt. *abhrāgni­nīhāra­vana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Forest of Flowing Rivers *chu bo ’bab pa’i tshal*, Skt. *chu bo ’bab pa’i tshal*, A part of the forest known as Incomparable. ## Forest of Incense *spos kyi tshal*, Skt. *spos kyi tshal*, Alternative name for Forest of Music. ## Forest of Joy *mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *mngon par dga’ ba*, A forest in Emanation of Light Rays. ## Forest of Laughter *dgod par gyur pa’i nags*, Skt. *dgod par gyur pa’i nags*, A forest on Vast Garlands of Bliss. ## Forest of Marvelous Lotuses *pad ma rmad byung gi tshal*, Skt. *pad ma rmad byung gi tshal*, A forest in Dwelling in One Direction. ## Forest of Multistoried Mansions *khang pa brtsegs pa’i tshal*, Skt. *khang pa brtsegs pa’i tshal*, A park in Tamer of Madness. ## Forest of Music *rol mo’i tshal*, Skt. *rol mo’i tshal*, A forest in Attached to Sound. ## Forest of Palaces *zhal med khang gi tshal*, Skt. *zhal med khang gi tshal*, A forest in Moving on Springy Ground. ## Forest of Reeds *smyig ma’i nags khrod*, Skt. *smyig ma’i nags khrod*, A forest in the territory ruled by King Bimbisāra. ## Forest of Silk Cotton Trees Name of one of the sixteen realms that surround the Loud Wailing Hell, where the thorns of a silk cotton tree torture the denizens of that realm. The silk cotton tree (Skt. śālmalī; Pali simbali; scientific name Bombax ceiba) is a large tree native to South Asia as well as southern China, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Its trunk and branches are studded with large conical thorns, and its seed pods are filled with a soft flossy wool reminiscent of cotton, hence its English name. Also characteristic are its long roots that often grow above ground and can envelope entire buildings, as seen, for instance, in the stone ruins of Angkor Wat. ## Forest of Silver Trees *dngul gyi ljon zhing gi nags*, Skt. *dngul gyi ljon zhing gi nags*, Part of the Forest of Joy. ## Forest of Splendor *gzi brjid kyi nags*, Skt. *gzi brjid kyi nags*, A forest in Supreme Strength. ## Forest of the Assembly of Kubera *ku be ra’i tshogs kyi nags*, Skt. *ku be ra’i tshogs kyi nags*, A forest in Supreme Strength. ## Forest of Vines *ljon zhing kun tu ’khril ba*, Skt. *ljon zhing kun tu ’khril ba*, A forest in Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Forest of White Lotus Petals *pad ma dkar po’i tshal*, Skt. *pad ma dkar po’i tshal*, A pleasure grove in Shaded by Garlands. ## Forever Passed Beyond Sorrow *rtag par yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *rtag par yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Awakened. ## forgiveness *bzod pa*, Skt. *bzod pa*, — ## form *gzugs*, Skt. *rūpa*, The first of the five aggregates that constitute a living being (form, feeling, perception, formation, and consciousness). ## form bodies *gzugs kyi sku*, Skt. *rūpakāya*, See “rūpakāya.” ## form body *gzugs kyi sku*, Skt. *rūpakāya*, The form or physical body of a buddha, as opposed to the Dharma body or dharmakāya. In Buddhist philosophy, the form body was eventually divided into two kinds: the nirmāṇa­kāya (“emanation body”), which is a physical body, and the saṃbhogkāya (“enjoyment body”), which is an immaterial body seen only by enlightened beings. ## Form Gift *gzugs byin*, Skt. *gzugs byin*, Father of the buddha Vilocana. ## Form of Superior Fame *grags pa ma smad pa’i gzugs*, Skt. *grags pa ma smad pa’i gzugs*, Birthplace of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## form realm *gzugs kyi khams*, Skt. *rūpadhātu*, In Buddhist cosmology, the sphere of existence one level more subtle than our own (the desire realm), where beings, though subtly embodied, are not driven primarily by the urge for sense gratification. It is one of the three basic divisions of the realms of existence that constitute saṃsāra. The other two are the desire realm and the formless realm. See Gethin 1998, 116–18. ## formal act *las*, Skt. *karman*, Matters that govern the saṅgha community’s daily life, regular observances (such as the rains retreat and the purification) and special events (like ordination) are ratified by a formal act of the saṅgha. There are one hundred and one such types of formal acts, all of which fall into one of three categories depending on the procedure needed for ratification. An act of motion alone requires only a petition; an act whose second member is a motion require a motion and the statement of the act; while an act whose fourth member is a motion require a motion and three statements of the act. action.”--> ## formation *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, The meaning of this term varies according to context. As one of the five aggregates, it refers to various mental activities. In terms of the twelve links of dependent origination, it is the second, referring to activities with karmic results leading to future saṃsāric existence. This term may also refer to composite objects or conditioned things in the generic sense. ## formations *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, The Sanskrit term saṃskāra varies according to context. It literally means something that “causes aggregation” or “causes to be put together.” In a general sense it refers to any phenomenon that comes into being on the basis of causes and conditions. In more specific usage it is also the term describing the fourth of the five aggregates and the second of the twelve links of dependent origination. Although both of these latter uses have their own technical contexts, in both cases the term carries a more active and volitional aspect and refers to the formative factors, mental volitions, and other supporting factors that perpetuate birth in saṃsāra. ## formative factor *mngon par ’du byed pa*, Skt. *abhisaṃskāra*, Mental factors that perpetuate karmic activity. ## formative predisposition *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, Second of the twelve links of dependent origination. This term denotes the deep-seated predispositions inherited from past actions and experiences, some of which function in association with mind, while others do not. Formative predispositions are critical to the Buddhist understanding of the causal dynamics of karma and conditioning. It is the collection of such countless predispositions by afflicted mental states that constitutes the obscuration of misconceptions concerning the known range of phenomena, the total eradication of which occurs only when full enlightenment or buddhahood is achieved. ## formative predispositions *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, Fourth of the five aggregates; also second of the twelve links of dependent origination. This term denotes the deep-seated predispositions inherited from past actions and experiences, some of which function in association with mind, while others do not. Formative predispositions are critical to the Buddhist understanding of the causal dynamics of karma and conditioning. It is the collection of such countless predispositions by afflicted mental states that constitutes the obscuration of misconceptions concerning the known range of phenomena, the total eradication of which occurs only when full awakening or buddhahood is achieved. ## former births *skyes pa’i rabs kyi sde*, Skt. *jātaka*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## former events *de lta bu byung ba’i sde*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## formless absorption *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *ārūpya­samāpatti*, See “four formless absorptions.” ## formless attainments *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *ārūpyasamāpatti*, These comprise (1) the attainment of the sphere of infinite space, (2) the attainment of the sphere of infinite consciousness, (3) the attainment of the sphere of nothing whatsoever, and (4) the attainment of the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception. ## formless existence *gzugs med pa’i srid pa*, Skt. *ārūpyabhava*, The highest type among the three planes of existence, where form/materiality is either absent or, according to some, present only in its subtlest aspects. ## formless meditative absorptions *gzugs myed pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *ārūpya­samāpatti*, See “four formless meditative absorptions.” ## formless realm The highest of the three realms of saṃsāra, characterized by the fact that the beings reborn there dwell in deep states of meditation. It is divided in four levels according to each of the four formless meditations (ārūpyāvacara­dhyāna), namely, the Sphere of Infinite Space (Ākāśānantyāyatana), the Sphere of Infinite Consciousness (Vijñānānantyāyatana), the Sphere of Nothingness (Akiñcanyāyatana), and the Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-perception (Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃ­jñāyatana). ## formless states *gzugs med pa’i gnas rnams*, Skt. *gzugs med pa’i gnas rnams*, See “four formless states.” ## formula *gzungs*, Skt. *dhāraṇī*, “Formula” in the sense of a “mnemonic formula” encapsulating a method or key points in a few words. On the meaning of this term, see Braarvig 1985. Also rendered here as “keeping it in mind,” “dhāraṇī.” ## formulation *rnam grangs*, Skt. *paryāya*, Refers in this text to the statements underlying certain important points of the prajñā­pāramitā. The term can also mean “arrangement,” “discourse,” or “explanation.” ## formulation of the Dharma *chos kyi rnam grangs*, Skt. *dharmaparyāya*, A particular way of expressing or formulating the Dharma, whether in the form of a long discourse or brief statement. ## forsaking *spong ba*, A meditative stability. ## forsaking fights *’khrug pa spong ba*, A meditative stability. ## Fortunate Age *bskal pa bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrakalpa*, The name of the current eon, so-called because one thousand buddhas are prophesied to appear during this time. ## Fortunate Eon The Fortunate Eon is our current eon. It is termed such because it formed out of an ocean that had a thousand-petaled lotus flower, signaling that one thousand buddhas would appear in succession during this time. ## Fortunate Joy *skal ldan dga’*, Skt. *skal ldan dga’*, Mother of the buddha Ūrṇa. ## Fortunate Light *skal ldan ’od*, Skt. *skal ldan ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ugra. ## Fortunate Roar *skal ldan nga ro*, Skt. *skal ldan nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Guṇamālin. ## Fortunate Wish *skal ldan ’dod*, Skt. *skal ldan ’dod*, Father of the buddha Anupamarāṣṭra. ## Fortune *bkra shis*, Skt. *bkra shis*, Fortune (good luck or prosperity), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pradyota. ## forty even and white teeth *so bzhi bcu dang ldan zhing so mnyam la so dkar ba*, Skt. *catvāriṃśaddantaḥ śukla­dantaḥ *samadantaḥ*, Having “forty even and white teeth” is included in the thirty-two signs of a great being. Depending on the list, this sign is often divided into two separate signs of having “forty teeth” and having “white teeth.” In the Sanskrit parallel of The Questions of Dīrghanakha the Wandering Mendicant, this quality is described as having “very beautiful and very bright teeth” (suśobhana­dantaḥ sudīpta­dantaḥ). ## forty teeth *tshems bzhi bcu mnga’ ba*, Skt. *catvāriṃśad­danta­tā*, Twenty-first of the thirty-two major marks. ## forward and reversed operation *lugs ’byung dang lugs ldog*, Skt. *anuloma­pratiloma*, The process of dependent origination as it works to bring about rebirth in saṃsāra, and as it works when deliberately reversed to bring the cycle to an end. See “twelve links of dependent origination.” ## foundation for superhuman power Of four types related to intention (chanda), diligence (vīrya), attention (citta), and analysis (mīmāṃsā), respectively. These are foundations for superhuman power in the sense that they are said to be foundational mental qualities to be cultivated in the practice of the path. They are traditionally included among the seven sets of qualities making up the thirty-seven factors conducive to awakening (bodhipakṣya­dharma). ## foundations for training *bslab pa’i gzhi*, Skt. *śikṣāpada*, A basic precept observed as the foundation for one’s spiritual life. Here it refers to the five precepts of abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and using intoxicants. ## foundations of magical abilities The four foundations of magical abilities are learning, vigor, volition, and investigation. These are among the thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening. ## foundations of miraculous power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, Four types of absorption related respectively to intention, diligence, attention, and analysis. ## foundations of the training *bslab pa'i gzhi*, Skt. *śikṣāpada*, Refers to the knowledge and stability that conduce to abandoning disturbing [emotions](#emotions) or the basic precepts one [pledge](#pledge)s to uphold when going for [refuge](#refuge), such as refraining from killing. ## foundations of training *bslab pa’i gzhi*, Skt. *śikṣāpada*, In this text, the six foundations of training are listed as generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, meditative absorption, and wisdom. ## Fount of Jewels *rin chen ’byung ba*, Skt. *rin chen ’byung ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Fragrant. ## Fount of Qualities *yon tan rab tu bskyed pa*, Skt. *yon tan rab tu bskyed pa*, A world system. ## Fount of Virtue *dge ba ’byung ba*, Skt. *dge ba ’byung ba*, The name of an eon. ## four abodes of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i gnas pa bzhi*, Skt. *catu­brahma­vihāra*, The “four immeasurable contemplations” (immeasurable love, compassion, joy, and equanimity) are often referred to as the four abodes of Brahmā. ## four [acceptable] norms of behavior *spyod lam bzhi*, Skt. *catur­īryā­patha*, The four acceptable norms of behavior concern posture while walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. See Nordrang Orgyen (2008), 718–719. ## Four activities *phrin las bzhi*, four types of activity performed by realized beings to help others and eliminate unfavorable circumstances: 1. pacifying (*zhi ba*), 2. increasing (*sgyas pa*), 3. controlling (*dbang*) and 4. fierce subduing (*drag po*). ## four ages *dus bzhi*, Skt. *caturyuga*, Four ages of human life in Jambudvīpa including the age of perfection, age of threefold endowment, age of twofold endowment, and age of strife. ## four aphorisms of the Dharma *chos kyi mdo bzhi*, Skt. *dharmoddāna­catuṣṭaya*, The main topic of this sūtra; known also in Tibetan by the synonym bka’ rtags kyi phyag rgya bzhi (“the four seals of the [Buddha’s] teaching”), in Sanskrit caturmudrā (“the four seals”) or dṛṣṭi­nimitta­mudrā (“the seals that are the marks of the [Buddhist] view”). ## four applications of mindfulness *dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuh­̣smṛtyupa­sthāna*, The four applications of mindfulness are (1) the application of mindfulness which, with regard to the physical body, observes the physical body; (2) the application of mindfulness which, with regard to feelings, observes feelings; (3) the application of mindfulness which, with regard to the mind, observes the mind; and (4) the application of mindfulness which, with regard to phenomena, observes phenomena. In the present sūtra, these can be found listed in and detailed in . ## four appropriations *len pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturupādāna*, Four negative appropriations: that of desire, that of view, that of the view of the self, and that of moral supremacy. ## four aspirations *smon lam bzhi*, Skt. *smon lam bzhi*, The four aspirations of bodhisattvahood defined variously in East Asian Mahāyāna works. ## four assemblies *’khor bzhi po*, Skt. *catuḥ­pari­ṣad*, The assemblies of monks (Skt. bhikṣu) and nuns (Skt. bhikṣuṇī), along with laymen (Skt. upāsaka) and laywomen (Skt. upāsikā). ## four assurances *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *catur­vaiśāradya*, The four assurances are proclaimed by the tathāgatas, and can be found listed in and as: (1) “I claim to have attained genuinely perfect buddhahood;” (2) “I claim I am one whose contaminants have ceased;” (3) “I claim to have explained those things which cause obstacles;” (4) “I claim to have explained the path through which suffering will genuinely cease.” (See also .) These four are generally known by other names, i.e., the first is the “assurance in the knowledge of all things” (sarva­dharmābhi­sambodhi­vaiśarādya, chos thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for his own benefit; the second is the “assurance in the knowledge of the cessation of all contaminants” (sarvāśravakṣaya­jñāna­vaiśarādya, zag pa zad pa thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for his own benefit; the third is the “assurance to declare that phenomena that obstruct the path will not engender any further negative outcomes” (an­antarāyika­dharmān­anyathātva­viniścita­vyākaraṇa­vaiśarādya, bar du gcod pa’i chos rnams gzhan du mi ’gyur bar nges pa’i lung bstan pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for others’ benefit; and the fourth is the “assurance that the path of renunciation through which all excellent attributes are to be obtained has been just so realized” (sarva­sampad­adhigamāya nairāṇika­pratipat­tathātva­vaiśarādya, bar du gcod pa’i chos rnams gzhan du mi ’gyur bar nges pa’i lung bstan pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for others’ benefit. ## four attainments of the formless realm *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturārūpyasamāpatti*, These are typically listed as follows: (1) the attainment of the sense field of limitless space, (2) the attainment of the sense field of limitless consciousness, (3) the attainment of the sense field of nothing whatsoever, and (4) the attainment of the sense field of neither perception nor non-perception. ## four attainments of the formless states *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturārūpyasamāpatti*, The four attainments of the formless states are gradually refined and ever more abstract states of consciousness that can be achieved through intensive meditation and ultimately lead to an experience of emptiness that is free from subject-object differentiation. The names of the four attainments are (1) the Sphere of Infinity of Space, (2) the Sphere of Infinity of Consciousness, (3) the Sphere of Nothingness, and (4) the Sphere of Neither Perception nor Nonperception. ## four attractive qualities *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃgraha­vastu*, These are (1) generosity (sbyin pa, dāna), (2) pleasant speech (snyan par smra ba, priyavadita), (3) purposeful activity (don du spyod pa, arthacaryā), and (4) harmonious activity (don ’thun par spyod pa, samānārthatā). The last of these is interpreted in Asaṅga’s works to mean “doing oneself what one preaches to others,” but the original meaning in this context according to some sources including the Mahāvastu may have been consonance, or empathy, in the sense of sharing the joys and sorrows of others (see Edgerton p. 569). ## four attractive qualities of a bodhisattva *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥ­saṃgraha­vastu*, See . ## four bases of magical power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, The first basis of magical power consists of the energy from the conscious cultivation of concentration of will (chanda­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgataḥ). The second consists of the energy from the conscious cultivation of concentration of mind (citta‑). The third consists of concentration of effort (vīrya‑). The fourth consists of concentration of analysis (mīmāṃsa‑). These four form a part of the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment. ## four bases of mindfulness *yang dag pa’i dran pa nye bar bzhag pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri samyaksmṛtyupasthānāni*, Mindfulness of the body, feelings, the mind, and phenomena. ## four bases of miraculous displays *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturṛddhipāda*, Four types of absorption related to intention, diligence, attention, and analysis as they manifest on the greater path of accumulation. ## four bases of miraculous power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturṛddhipāda*, Four types of absorption related to intention, diligence, attention, and analysis as they manifest on the greater path of accumulation. ## four bases of supernatural power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturṛddhipāda*, These are (1) single-pointed intention, (2) single-pointed thoughts, (3) single-pointed diligence, and (4) single-pointed investigation. ## Four Bhaginīs *sring mo bzhi*, Skt. *caturbhaginī*, Jayā, Vijayā, Ajitā/Jayantī, and Aparājitā. Along with their brother Tumburu (a form of Śiva), they comprise an important cult in the Vidyāpiṭha tradition of tantric Śaivism. This set of deities appears frequently in Buddhist literature, especially in Dhāraṇīs and Kriyātantras. ## four bonds *sbyor ba bzhi*, Skt. *catur­yoga*, The four bonds, according to Nordrang Orgyan (2008): 808, have eight distinct enumerations, among which they are identified in the commentarial tradition of the Abhi­dharma­kośa with the four torrents, which immediately follow in . ## Four boundless qualities *tshad med bzhi*, Skt. *caturaprameya*, 1. unlimited love (*byams pa,* Skt. *maitrī*), 2. compassion (*snying rje, karunā*), 3. joy (*dga' ba, muditā*), and 4. equanimity (*btang snyoms, upekṣā*). ## four boundless states *tshad med pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāry apramāṇāni*, Love, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity; also often called the four immeasurables. ## four Brahma abodes *tshangs pa’i gnas pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturbrahma­vihāra*, Friendliness, compassion, rejoicing, and equanimity are called “Brahma abodes,” according to the commentarial traditions, because one abides with a mind like that of the deity Brahmā and because they are a cause to be born in the world of Brahmā. It is important to point out, though, that the original Sanskrit compound brahma-vihāra does not specify the gender of the term brahman, which could therefore either refer to Brahmā as a deity or to brahman, meaning more generally “what is most exalted,” as is sometimes simply used in the sense of “sublime” etc. We have therefore attempted to retain the ambiguity by using neither “Brahmā” (which is by common convention used only for the deity) nor “brahman” (which is by common convention used only for “what is most exalted” etc.), but rather “Brahma.” ## four branches of the armed forces *dpung gi tshogs yan lag bzhi pa*, Skt. *caturaṅgabalakāya*, The fourfold division of an army into infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots. ## four castes *rigs bzhi*, Skt. *cāturvarṇa*, The four social classes of traditional Hindu society: brahmin, kṣatriya, vaiśya, and śūdra. ## four close applications of mindfulness *dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsmṛtyupasthāna*, A fundamental practice of Buddhist meditation: close application of mindfulness to the body, close application of mindfulness to feelings, close application of mindfulness to mind, and close application of mindfulness to phenomena. ## four communities *’khor bzhi*, Skt. *caturpariṣad*, The four types of Buddhist disciples: male and female monastics (Skt. bhikṣu, Tib. dge slong) and male and female lay devotees (Skt. upāsaka, Tib. dge bsnyen). Pali: caturparisa. ## Four concentrations *bsam gtan bzhi*, Skt. *caturdhyāna*, four [levels](#levels) of meditative absorption, the fruit of which is to be reborn in four kinds of god [realm](#realm)s in the World of Form. However they can also be used on the [path](#path) of [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## four confidences *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvaiśāradya*, This refers to the four confidences or fearlessnesses (as translated into Tibetan) of a buddha: full confidence that (1) they are fully awakened; (2) they have removed all defilements; (3) they have taught about the obstacles to liberation; and (4) they have shown the path to liberation. ## four continent world system *gling bzhi pa’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *gling bzhi pa’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, A world system formed by four great island continents. In this world system, a central mountain, Sumeru, is surrounded in the four cardinal directions by Jambudvīpa (our world) in the south, Godānīya in the west, Uttarakuru in the north, and Pūrvavideha in the east. ## four continents *gling bzhi*, Skt. *catur­dvīpa*, According to traditional Indian cosmology, our human world of “patient endurance” (sahālokadhātu, mi mjed ’jig rten gyi khams) is said to comprise four continents, namely, Pūrva­videha in the east, Jambu­dvīpa in the south, Apara­godānīya in the west, and Uttarakuru in the north. See also . ## four correct abandonments *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥprahāṇa*, Four types of effort consisting in abandoning existing negative mind states, abandoning the production of such states, giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and letting those states continue. ## four correct discernments Four aspects by which a bodhisattva or tathāgata makes correct discernment without making a mistake or confusing one phenomenon with another. The four are listed as (1) the correct discernment of meaning, (2) the correct discernment of Dharma, (3) the correct discernment of etymology or language (nirukti), and (4) the correct discernment of eloquence. See The Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Toh 11, ). They are also sometimes referred to as the four correct discernments of a tathāgata (tathāgatha­catuḥ­pratisaṃvid), which is the same set of four but refers specifically to the discernments of a tathāgata as opposed to those similarly possessed by bodhisattvas. ## four correct discriminations *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, The four correct and unhindered discriminating knowledges of the doctrine of Dharma, of meaning, of language, and of brilliance or eloquence. These are the essential means by which the buddhas impart their teachings. ## four correct exertions *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥprahāṇa*, See . The four correct exertions are (1) preventing negative states of mind from arising, (2) removing those that have already arisen, (3) giving rise to positive states that have not yet arisen, and (4) maintaining those that have already arisen. While the translation of this term here follows the Sanskrit, a literal translation from Tibetan would be “four correct abandonings,” a rendering often seen. It is possible that the Tibetan translators may originally have confused the meaning in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) of the term prahāṇa (“priority”) with its meaning in classical Sanskrit (“elimination”). The classical Sanskrit equivalent of BHS prahāṇa is pradhāna. ## four correct knowledges *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, Genuine discrimination with respect to meaning, phenomena, language, and eloquence. ## four correct self-restraints *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri prahāṇāni*, The four correct self-restraints are: giving up nonvirtues, avoiding nonvirtues, generating virtues, developing virtues. See Edgerton 1953, p. 389,2. ## four correct understandings *so so yang dag pa rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥ­prati­saṃvid*, The four correct understandings are the mastery of meaning, the mastery of Dharma, the mastery of language, and the mastery of courageous eloquence. ## four courses *lam bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratipad*, Listed here as the course that is painful and that is slow in superior cognition, the course that is painful and that is quick in superior cognition, the course that is pleasant and that is slow in superior cognition, and the course that is pleasant and that is quick in superior cognition. ## four cultivations of samādhi *ting nge ’dzin bsgom pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsamādhi­bhāvanā*, Listed here as the cultivation of samādhi that brings about the destruction of attraction, the cultivation of samādhi that brings about a pleasant abiding in this very life, the cultivation of samādhi that brings about the obtainment of the vision of awareness, and the cultivation of samādhi that brings about the obtainment of wisdom. ## Four demons *bdud bzhi*. See also [demon](#demon). "According to the causal [vehicle](#vehicle) of characteristics, the four demons are: 1. The [demon](#demon) of the aggregates, *phung po'i bdud*, referring to that which dies. (Without the five aggregates, there would be no support, or basis for the sufferings of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra).) 2. The [demon](#demon) of [negative emotions](#negative-emotions), *nyon mongs pa'i bdud*, the causer of death. (These [emotions](#emotions), which arise from the belief in a self, give rise to [negative actions](#negative-action). [Negative action](#negative-action)s give rise to [karma](#karma) and it is due to [karma](#karma) that we helplessly are born and die.) 3. The [demon](#demon) of the [Lord of Death](#lord-of-death), *'chi bdag gi bdud*, which is death itself. (This [means](#means) death as such, which inevitably follows birth. More subtly it is the natural impermanence of each moment, which is by nature painful.) 4. The [demon](#demon) of the sons of the [gods](#gods), *lha'i bu yi bdud*, that which prevents us from proceeding towards the state of peace beyond death. (In practice it refers to distraction, [thought](#thought)s of attachment to external objects.) "According to the [Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna) [vehicle](#vehicle), the four demons are: 1. The tangible [demon](#demon): exterior things and beings which harm our body and mind. 2. The intangible [demon](#demon): attachment, aversion and confusion and the 84,000 types of [negative emotions](#negative-emotions) that give rise to all the sufferings of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra). 3. The [demon](#demon) of exultation: this [means](#means) the exultation that one feels when one thinks that one's own spiritual teacher, the teachings one has received and the practices one is engaged in are different, and that one's own [vajra brothers and sisters](#vajra-brothers-and-sisters) are superior to other people's. More particularly, it is the infatuation that one feels when one achieves the slightest 'warmth' or power of the practice. 4. The [demon](#demon) of conceit is the root of the three others: it is the belief in 'I' and 'mine;' this conceit makes us take the five aggregates as 'me' or 'mine:' if one destroys this [demon](#demon), all external [demon](#demon)s are destroyed by themselves, without doing anything to destroy them." ## four detailed and thorough knowledges *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, The knowledge of the meaning, the knowledge of phenomena, the knowledge of interpretation, and the knowledge of eloquence. ## four determinations *rnam par dgod pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvyavasthāna*, These concern: (1) establishing the sacred doctrine ( chos gdags pa rnam par ’god pa ), (2) establishing the truth ( bden pa gdags pa rnam par ’god pa ), (3) establishing reason ( rigs pa gdags pa rnam par ’god pa ), and (4) establishing the vehicles ( theg pa gdags pa rnam par ’god pa ). See the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā, Toh 3807 (Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F37.a); also Edgerton, p. 516. ## four dhyāna states The four levels of meditative absorption of the beings of the form realms. ## four discernments *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥprati­saṃvid*, The discernments of meaning, phenomena, language, and eloquence. ## four distorted views *phyin ci log bzhi*, Skt. *caturviparyāsa*, Taking what is impermanent to be permanent, what is suffering to be happiness, what is unclean to be clean, and what is not self to be self. ## four distortions *phyin ci log bzhi*, Skt. *catvāro viparyāsāḥ*, Taking what is impure as pure; what is impermanent as permanent; what is suffering as happiness; and what is nonself as a self. ## four divisions of the army *dpung gi tshogs yan lag bzhi*, Skt. *caturaṅgabala*, The ancient Indian army was composed of four branches (caturaṅga)‍—infantry, cavalry, chariots, and elephants. ## Four Divisions of the Discourses *mdo sde’i ris bzhi*, Skt. *catvāraḥ sūtranikāyāḥ*, The Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition groups the Buddha’s discourses into four divisions, also called the Four Āgamas (Tib. mdo sde’i lung sde bzhi): the Dīrghāgama (Tib. lung ring po); the Madhyamāgama (Tib. lung bar ma); the Saṃyuktāgama (Tib. lung dag ldan/ yang dar par ldan pa’i lung); and the Ekottarikāgama (Tib. lung gcig las ’phros pa). They are more familiar to many English-speaking Buddhists through their Pali correlates, the Dīghanikāya, Majjhimanikāya, Samyuttanikāya, and Aṅguttaranikāya—often translated as the Long Discourses, Middle-Length Discourses, Connected Discourses, and Numerical Discourses, respectively. ## four dwellings of Brahmā Love, compassion, joy, and equanimity; the cultivation of these four mental qualities puts one in the company of Brahmā. Also known as the four immeasurable states (apramāṇa). ## Four elements *'byung ba bzhi*, Skt. *catur / pañca bhūta*, 1. earth 2. water 3. fire and 4. [wind](#wind) or air, as principles of 1. solidity, 2. liquidity, 3. heat and 4. movement. ## four eliminations *yang dag spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥ­samyak­prahāṇa*, Four types of right effort consisting in (1) abandoning existing negative mind states, (2) abandoning the production of such states, (3) giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and (4) letting those states continue. ## Four empowerments *dbang bzhi*, 1. the [Vase empowerment](#vase-empowerment), 2. the [secret empowerment](#secret-empowerment), 3. the [wisdom empowerment](#wisdom-empowerment) and 4. the [precious word empowerment](#precious-word-empowerment). ## four epitomes of the Dharma *chos kyi phyag rgya bzhi*, Skt. *dharmoddāna*, The four are as follows: All compounded things are impermanent (anityāḥ sarva­saṃskārāḥ). All defiled things are suffering (duḥkhāh sarva­sāsravāḥ). All things are without self (anātmanāḥ sarva­dharmāḥ). Nirvāṇa is peace (śāntaṃ nirvāṇaṃ). Also called “the four insignia of the Dharma.” ## four errors *phyin ci log bzhi*, Skt. *caturviparyāsa*, The four errors are (1) taking that which is impermanent to be permanent, (2) taking that which is suffering to be happiness, (3) taking that which is impure to be pure, and (4) taking that which is not a self to be a self. ## four factors *chos bzhi*, Skt. *caturdharma*, Teaching the Practice of the Bodhisattva lists these four as 1) knowing the Dharma; 2) awakening; 3) the Thus-Gone One; and 4) liberation. ## four families *rigs bzhi*, Skt. *catuṣkula*, Seemingly the four families cited in this section; namely the lotus, tathāgata, jewel, and karma families. ## four fearlessnesses *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvaiśāradya*, The four fearlessnesses are proclaimed by the tathāgatas as: (1) “I claim to have attained perfectly complete buddhahood”; (2) “I claim I am one whose contaminants have ceased”; (3) “I claim to have explained those phenomena that cause obstacles”; (4) “I claim to have shown the path that leads to realizing the emancipation of the noble and that will genuinely bring an end to suffering for those who make use of it.” The listing of the four fearlessnesses is translated and analyzed in Konow 1941: pp. 39–40, with reconstructed Sanskrit on pp. 106–7. A full explanation of the fearlessnesses can be found in the passage at – in The Teaching on the Great Compassion of the Tathāgata (Tathāgata­mahā­karuṇā­nirdeśa, Toh 147), in which the four fearlessnesses are described as the eleventh to fourteenth of thirty-two actions of a tathāgata. See also Mahāvyutpatti 130–34 and the corresponding explanation in the Drajor Bamponyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa); Dayal 1932: pp. 20–21; and Sparham 2012 (IV): pp. 80–81. The four are generally known by other names, as in the Mahāvyutpatti: the first is the “fearlessness in the knowledge of all phenomena” (sarva­dharmābhisambodhi­vaiśāradya, chos thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for his own benefit; the second is the “fearlessness in the knowledge of the cessation of all contaminants” (sarvāśrava­kṣaya­jñāna­vaiśāradya, zag pa zad pa thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for his own benefit; the third is the “fearlessness to declare that phenomena that obstruct the path will not engender any further negative outcomes” (anantarāyika­dharmān­anyathātva­viniścita­vyākaraṇa­vaiśāradya, bar du gcod pa’i chos rnams gzhan du mi ’gyur bar nges pa’i lung bstan pa la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for others’ benefit; and the fourth is the “fearlessness that the path of renunciation through which all excellent attributes are to be obtained has been thus realized” (sarva­sampadadhigamāya nairāṇika­pratipattathātva­vaiśāradya, phun sum tshogs pa thams cad thob par ’gyur bar nges par ’byung ba’i lam de bzhin du gyur ba la mi ’jigs pa), which the Buddha achieves for others’ benefit. ## four floods *chu bo bzhi*, Skt. *caturogha*, Sensual desire, desire for cyclic existence, holding views, and ignorance. ## four foci of mindfulness *dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *smṛtyupasṭhāna*, These are the stationing, or focusing, of mindfulness on the body, sensations, the mind, and things. These four form a part of the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment. ## four footings of success *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturṛddhipāda*, Extraordinary abilities that arise due to success in meditation. They are the footings of success based on isolation, based on nonattraction, based on cessation, and matured by relinquishment. ## four form concentrations *gzugs kyi bsam gtan bzhi*, Skt. *gzugs kyi bsam gtan bzhi*, See “four concentrations.” ## four formless absorptions *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturārūpya­samāpatti*, These comprise the absorptions of (1) the station of endless space, (2) the station of endless consciousness, (3) the station of the nothing-at-all absorption, and (4) the station of neither perception nor nonperception. ## four formless aggregates *gzugs can ma yin pa’i phung po bzhi*, Skt. *caturarūpi­skandha*, Listed here as the aggregates of feeling, notion, assembled factors, and consciousness. ## four formless attainments *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturārūpyasamāpatti*, These are typically listed as follows: (1) the meditative absorption of the sense field of infinite space, (2) the meditative absorption of the sense field of infinite consciousness, (3) the meditative absorption of the sense field of nothing-at-all, and (4) the meditative absorption of neither perception nor non-perception. ## four formless meditative absorptions *gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa bzhi*, Skt. *catur­ārūpya­sam­āpatti*, As found listed in , these comprise (1) the meditative absorption of the sense field of infinite space, (2) the meditative absorption of the sense field of infinite consciousness, (3) the meditative absorption of the sense field of nothing-at-all, and (4) the meditative absorption of neither perception nor non-perception. The four formless absorptions and their fruits are discussed in Jamgon Kongtrul, TOK Book 6, Pt. 2: 436–438. ## Four formless states *gzugs med bzhi*, [four concentrations](#four-concentrations) called 1. infinite space (*nam mkha' mtha' yas,* Skt. *ākāsānantya*), 2. infinite consciousness (*nam shes mtha' yas, vijñānānantya*), 3. nothing at all (*ci yang med pa, ākiṃcanya*), and 4. neither existing nor non-existing (*'du shes med 'du shes med min, naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñā*); four god [realm](#realm)s corresponding to these [concentration](#concentration)s. ## four foundations of mindfulness Using the body to cultivate mindfulness by observing the body, using feelings to cultivate mindfulness by observing feelings, using the mind to cultivate mindfulness by observing the mind, and using phenomena to cultivate mindfulness by observing phenomena. Part of the thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening. ## four foundations of miraculous conduct *rdzu 'phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāra ṛddhipādā*, Aspiration, diligence, attention, and analysis. ## four fruitions *’bras bu bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥphala*, The four fruitions of the śrāvaka vehicle: stream entry, once-returning, non-returning, and worthy one. ## four gazes *lta stang bzhi*, Skt. *caturdṛṣṭi*, Four gazes employed for the four activities: enthralling, summoning, killing, and paralyzing. ## four genuine discriminations *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, Genuine discrimination with respect to dharmas, meaning, language, and eloquence. ## four graspings *nye bar len pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturupādāna*, These comprise (1) desire (rāga, ’dod pa), (2) views (dṛṣṭi, lta ba), (3) ethical disciple and asceticism (śīlavrata, tshul khrims brtul zhugs), and (4) self-promotion (ātmavāda, bdag tu smra ba). See Zhang Yisun: p. 967. ## four great elements *’byung ba chen po bzhi*, Skt. *caturmahābhūta*, The four “main” or “great” outer elements of earth, water, fire, and air. ## Four Great Kings *rgyal chen rigs bzhi*, Skt. *caturmahārājākāyika*, four [gods](#gods) who are traditionally the [protectors](#protectors) of the four [directions](#directions). Their [realm](#realm) is the first of the six god [realm](#realm)s in the World of Desire. See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## four great oceans *rgya mtsho chen po bzhi*, Skt. *mahāsamudrā*, In Buddhist cosmology, the four oceans in between the four continents that are at the cardinal points of the flat disc of the world, with the gigantic Mount Sumeru in its center. ## four great rivers *chu bo bzhi*, Skt. *caturogha*, The same as the four āsrava (“outflows” or “contaminants”), namely (1) sensual desire, (2) conditioned existence, (3) wrong views, and (4) ignorance; also refers to birth, old age, sickness, and death. ## four great śrāvakas *nyan thos chen po bzhi*, Skt. *caturmahā­śrāvaka*, The four are Subhūti, Mahākatyāyana, Mahākāśyapa, and Maudgalyāyana. ## Four great streams of suffering *sdug sngal gyi chu bo chen po bzhi*, 1. birth, 2. sickness, 3. old age and 4. death. ## Four Guardian Kings *rgyal po chen po bzhi*, Skt. *caturmahārāja*, The four divine kings who preside over the lowest of the god realms, on the slopes of Mount Meru: Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūḍhaka in the south, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Vaiśravaṇa in the north. ## four guardians of the world *’jig rten skyong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catvāro lokapālāh*, These guardians are the four great kings of the quarters; Vaiśravaṇa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, and Virūpākṣa. Their mission is to report on the activities of humans to the gods and to protect the practitioners of the Dharma. ## four human abodes *mi’i gnas bzhi*, This seems to refer to the four continents around Mount Meru. ## four immeasurable aspirations *tshad med bzhi*, Skt. *catur­aprameya*, As mentioned in , these are (1) loving kindness, (2) compassion, (3) empathetic joy, and (4) equanimity. On training in the four immeasurable aspirations, see Padmakara Translation Group (1994): 195–217. ## four immeasurable attitudes *tshad med pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturaprameya*, These are (1) loving kindness, (2) compassion, (3) empathetic joy, and (4) equanimity. On training in the four immeasurable attitudes, see The Words of My Perfect Teacher 1994, pp. 195–217. ## Four immeasurable states *tshad med pa’i gnas bzhi*, Skt. *caturbrahma­vihāra*, Immeasurable loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and impartiality. ## four immeasurables *tshad med bzhi*, Skt. *catvāryapramāṇāni*, Immeasurable states, otherwise known as “pure abodes” (brahmā­vihāra). Immeasurable love arises from the wish for all living beings to have happiness and the cause of happiness. Immeasurable compassion arises from the wish for all living beings to be free from suffering and its cause. Immeasurable joy arises from the wish that living beings not be sundered from the supreme happiness of liberation. And immeasurable impartiality arises from the wish that the preceding—love, compassion, and joy—should apply equally to all living beings, without attachment to friend or hatred for enemy. ## four initiations Literally “sprinkling,” Skt. abhiṣeka is a ritual initiation that often functions as a deity initiation. Tantric initiation in Buddhism qualifies the initiand for the meditative practice of tutelary deities and their maṇḍalas. Historically, different systems of initiation have developed, and the particulars of any initiation ritual depend on the specific tantric system, the individual transmission, and the class of tantra. The four initiations of the highest yoga-tantra class are the so-called vase initiation, secret initiation, insight-wisdom or wisdom-consort initiation, and the fourth initiation. ## Four joys *dga' ba bzhi*, Skt. *caturānanda*, four increasingly subtle experiences of bliss beyond ordinary feelings, connected with the practice of the third, or [wisdom](#wisdom), [empowerment](#empowerment). ## four kinds of assurance *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri vaiśāradyāni*, The four kinds of assurance of a tathāgata are (1) assurance concerning complete awakening (abhisambodhivaiśāradya, thams cad mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa ); (2) assurance concerning the destruction of the impurities (āsravakṣayavaiśāradya, zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa la mi ’jigs pa); (3) assurance concerning harmful things (antarāyikadharmavaiśāradya, bar du gcod pa’i chos la mi ’jigs pa); and (4) assurance concerning the path that leads to emancipation (nairyāṇikapratipadvaiśāradya, thob par ’gyur bar nges par ’byung ba’i lam la mi ’jigs pa). See Rahula 2001, p. 230, in which they are called “perfect self-confidence.” ## four kinds of confidence The Awakened One’s confidence in himself: (1) certainty in knowing all phenomena, (2) certainty in knowing that the defilements are completely exhausted, (3) certainty in predicting that past hindrances will not return, and (4) certainty in the path of renunciation that leads to the attainment of all perfections. ## four kinds of disease *nad bzhi*, Skt. *caturvyādhi*, Diseases of wind, bile, phlegm, and a mixture of humoral imbalances. ## four kinds of exact knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, The four kinds of exact knowledge—the essentials through which the buddhas impart their teachings—comprise (1) exact knowledge of meanings, (2) exact knowledge of dharmas, (3) exact knowledge of their language and lexical explanations, and (4) exact knowledge of their eloquent expression. See . On the philological origins of these four kinds of exact knowledge, see Konow (1941): p. 40, and the reconstructed Sanskrit on p. 107; also Dayal (1932): pp. 259–67, and Sparham (2012 IV): pp. 78–79. ## four kinds of fearlessness *mi ’jigs pa rnam pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvāri vaiśāradyāni*, 1. fearlessness in asserting one’s own perfect realization, 2. fearlessness in asserting one’s own perfect abandonment, 3. fearlessness in revealing the path to liberation, and 4. fearlessness in revealing hindrances on the path. ## four kinds of food *zas rnam pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturāhāra*, The four types of food on which beings subsist: coarse food, the food of contact, the food of volition, and the food of joy. ## four kinds of human success *mi’i ’byor pa rnam bzhi*, Skt. *catasro mānuṣika ṛddhayaḥ*, Long life, beauty, health, and being loved. ## four kinds of perfect exertion Not giving rise to any negativity that has not yet arisen, abandoning those negativities that have arisen, actively giving rise to virtues that have not yet arisen, and causing those virtues that have arisen to increase. Part of the thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening. ## four kinds of physical actions *spyod lam rnam pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvidham īryāpatham*, Walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. ## four kinds of physical activity *spyod lam bzhi po*, Skt. *caturvidham īryāpatham*, Walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. ## four kinds of sustenance *zas bzhi*, Skt. *catvārāhārāḥ*, The four kinds of sustenance are the sustenance of material ingestion, the sustenance of contact, the sustenance of will, and the sustenance of consciousness. ## four kinds of troops *yan lag bzhi pa’i dpung gi tshogs*, Skt. *caturaṅgabalakāya*, The fourfold division of the ancient Indian army: elephants, horses, chariots, and foot soldiers. ## four knots *mdud pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturgranthā*, These comprise: (1) covetousness (abhidhyā, brnab sems), (2) malice (vyāpāda, gnod sems), (3) moral supremacy (śīlaparāmarśa, tshul khrims snyems pa) and (4) ascetic supremacy (vrataparāmarśa, brtul zhugs snyems pa). See Zhang Yisun: p. 1379. ## Four kāyas the [three kāyas](#three-kāyas) plus the *svābhāvikakāya*, *ngo bo nyid kyi sku*, the [kāya](#kāya) of the nature as it is, representing the inseparability of the first three. ## four legs of miraculous power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturṛddhipāda*, The four are desire-to-do (or yearning) (chanda), perseverance (vīrya), concentrated mind (citta), and examination (mīmāṃsā). ## four lords of the world *’jig rten bdag po bzhi*, Skt. *caturlokapati*, Notes on the Meaning glosses them only as “great kings,” but this term could refer to a number of Brahmanical deities or the deities that govern the cardinal directions. ## four mahārājas *rgyal po chen po bzhi*, Skt. *caturmahārāja*, Four deities on the base of Mount Meru, each one the guardian of his direction: Vaiśravaṇa in the north, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east; Virūpākṣa in the west; and Virūḍhaka in the south. ## four means of attracting disciples *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃgraha­vastu*, The four means of attracting disciples are generosity, kind talk, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches. ## four means of attracting students *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṅgrahavastu*, The qualities of teachers that enable them to gather fortunate students, namely, that they should be generous, their language should be pleasant, they should teach each individual according to that person’s needs, and they should act in conformity with what they teach. ## four means of attraction *bsdu ba'i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri saṃgrahavastūni*, [Buddha](#buddha)s attract [disciple](#disciple)s through [generosity](#generosity), speaking pleasantly, consistency in action, and acting altruistically. ## four means of enticement *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri saṃgraha-vastūni*, The four means of enticement are (1) generosity, (2) kind words, (3) consistency between words and deeds, and (4) helpful actions. ## four means of gathering *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi po*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃgrahavastu*, Four ways of attracting people to the Buddhist teachings: generosity, kind words, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches. ## four means of gathering disciples *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥ­saṃgraha­vastu*, Four ways of attracting people to the Buddhist teachings: charity, kind words, beneficial conduct, and practicing what one preaches. ## four meditations *bsam gtan bzhi*, Skt. *caturdhyāna*, A standard classification of four increasingly refined meditative states found in Buddhist texts. ## four meditative concentrations *bsam gtan bzhi*, Skt. *caturdhyāna*, The four progressive levels of concentration associated with the form realm that culminate in pure one-pointedness of mind and are the basis for developing insight. These are part of the nine serial absorptions. For a description, see . See also “meditative concentration.” ## four meditative states *bsam gtan bzhi*, Skt. *caturdhyāna*, Also called “four concentrations” or “meditations,” or “practices of concentration,” in the Sūtrayāna tradition this term refers to the four concentrations of the form realm (gzugs khams kyi bsam gtan bzhi) (Rigzin 455). ## Four metaphors *'du shes bzhi*. Thinking of oneself as someone who is sick, of the [spiritual friend](#spiritual-friend) of the doctor, of the [Dharma](#dharma) as the remedy, and of practicing his instructions as the way to recover. ## four methods for bringing people together Generosity, pleasant speech, conscientiousness, and egalitarianism. See F.191.b. ## four methods of attracting beings *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Generosity, kind words, actions that benefit others, and practicing what one preaches. ## four methods of conversion *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi’i ming*, Skt. *catvāri saṃgrahavastūni*, Mahāvyutpatti 924. The four methods of conversion are: (1) generosity (dāna), (2) kind words (priyavādita), (3) being supportive of others (arthacaryā), and (4) being consistent with one’s own teachings (samānārthatā). (see Mvyut 924). ## four misapprehensions *phyin ci log bzhi*, Skt. *viparyāsa*, These consist of mistaking what is impermanent for permanent; mistaking what is without self for self-possessing; mistaking what is impure for pure; and mistaking what is miserable for happy. ## four misconceptions *phyin ci log bzhi*, Skt. *caturviparyāsā*, These comprise (1) the notion that what is impermanent is permanent (anitye nityasaṃjñā, mi rtag pa la rtag pa’i ’du shes), (2) the notion that what is suffering is happiness (duḥkhe sukhasaṃjñā, sdug bsngal ba la bde ba’i ’du shes), (3) the notion that nonself is self (anātmanyātma­saṃjñā, bdag med pa la bdag gi ’du shes), and (4) the notion that what is unpleasant is pleasant (aśubhe śubhasaṃjñā, mi sdug pa la sdug pa’i ’du shes). The last is also sometimes (though not in this text) rendered “holding impurity to be purity” (aśucau śuci, mi gtsang pa la gtsang bar ’dzin pa). See Negi 1993–2005: p. 3569 and Zhang Yisun: p. 1748. ## four modes of birth *skye gnas bzhi*, Skt. *catur­yoni*, See . ## four motions *gsol ba dang bzhi pa*, Skt. *jñāpti-caturtha*, For someone to be accepted into the Saṅgha, and for any other action that needs the assent of the Saṅgha, first a motion (jñāpti; gsol ba) is presented to the community, for example, a certain person’s wish for ordination. The motion would be followed by three propositions, in which is it said that all who assent should remain silent. If no one speaks up after the third proposition, the motion is passed. The Tibetan translated it literally as “supplication and fourth.” ## four māras In the sūtras, the deities ruled over by Māra are also symbolic of the defects within a person that prevent awakening. These four personifications are (1) the divine māra (devaputramāra,lha’i bu’i bdud), or the distraction of sense pleasures, (2) the māra of the Lord of Death (mṛtyumāra, ’chi bdag gi bdud), (3) the māra of the aggregates (skandhamāra, phung po’i bdud), and (4) the māra of the defilements (kleśamāra, nyon mongs pa’i bdud). These may symbolize different pitfalls in tantric texts, where often, as is the case in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, they are trampled upon by wrathful deities with four legs in the visualization of a maṇḍala. ## four necessities *rkyen bzhi*, Skt. *rkyen bzhi*, These are “robes, alms, beds and seats, and medicines for sicknesses.” ## four noble attributes *’phags pa’i rigs bzhi*, Skt. *caturāryavaṃśa*, The attributes of a practitioner; the first three are garments, food, and bedding, and the fourth is the dedication to the path of liberation. ## four noble lineages *’phags pa’i rigs bzhi*, Skt. *caturārya­vaṃśāḥ*, The attributes of a practitioner: the first three are garments, food, and bedding, and the fourth is dedication to the path of liberation. ## four noble truths *’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi*, Skt. *catur­ārya­satya*, The four noble truths, as listed in , comprise (1) the noble truth of suffering, (2) the noble truth of the origin of suffering, (3) the noble truth of the cessation of suffering, and (4) the noble truth of the path. (See also ). On the twelve aspects pertaining to the four noble truths, see . ## four normal activities Refers to the four basic bodily activities: walking or going (caṅkrama/gamana), sitting or staying (niṣīdana/niṣadana), lying down (śayyā/śayana), and standing (sthāna/sthita). ## four nourishments *zas bzhi*, Skt. *caturāhāra*, These comprise: (1) the nourishment of food (kavaḍīkāra, kham), (2) the nourishment of sensory contact (sparśa, reg pa), (3) the nourishment of mentation (cetanā, sems pa), and (4) the nourishment of consciousness (vijñāna, rnam par shes pa), the first two of which are directed toward the present life and the last two to the subsequent life. See Negi 1993–2005: p. 5382 and Zhang Yisun et al: p. 2457. ## Four obscurations *sgrib bzhi*, the [obscurations](#obscurations) of 1. [negative emotions](#negative-emotions), 2. karmic [obscurations](#obscurations), 3. conceptual [obscurations](#obscurations) and 4. [obscurations of habitual tendencies](#obscurations-of-habitual-tendencies). See [obscuration](#obscurations). ## four observations *rnam par bzhi’i gzigs*, Skt. *rnam par bzhi’i gzigs*, Probably a variant of the Buddha’s five observations (pañcadarśana), the five predeterminations of Buddha Śākyamuni before he came to this world: (1) dus la gzigs pa, observation of the time for his appearance; (2) rus la gzigs pa, observation of the family of his birth; (3) rigs la gzigs pa, observation of the caste of his lineage; (4) yum la gzigs pa, observation of the mother to whom he would be born; and (5) yul la gzigs pa, observation of the land in which to disseminate his doctrine (Rigzin 366). ## Four or six tantra sections *rgyud sde bzhi* or *drug*, classification of the [tantras](#tantra) either into four groups: 1. [Kriyā](#kriyā-yoga), 2. Caryā (or Upa), 3. [Yoga](#yoga) and 4. Anuttaryoga (this classification is usual in the [New Translations schools](#new-translations)); or into six groups: 1. [Kriyā](#kriyā-yoga), 2. Upayoga, 3. [Yoga](#yoga), 4. Mahāyoga, 5. [Anuyoga](#anuyoga) and 6. [Atiyoga](#atiyoga) (usual in the [Ancient Tradition](#ancient-tradition)). ## four pairs *gang zag zung bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri yugāni*, The fourfold division of “noble” (i.e., realized) beings: stream enterer (srotaāpanna), once-returner (sakṛdāgāmin), non-returner (anāgāmin), and worthy one (arhat). They are “pairs” because in each of the four categories one first enters the path of that stage, and subsequently attains its fruit. ## four pairs of persons *skyes bu zung bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpuruṣa­yuga*, This refers stream enterers, once-returners, non-returners, and arhats, along with those practicing to attain the realizations of those states. ## four parts of entering the stream *rgyun du zhugs pa’i yan lag bzhi*, Skt. *rgyun du zhugs pa’i yan lag bzhi*, Described as four attributes of śrāvakas: they are well disposed toward the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha, and they are endowed with the types of discipline that are highly valued by the noble ones. ## four physical activities *spyod lam bzhi po*, Skt. *caturīryāpatha*, Walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. ## four placements of mindfulness *dran pa nye bar gzhag pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsmṛtyupasthāna*, Mindfulness of the body, mindfulness of feelings, mindfulness of the mind, and mindfulness of dharmas, the last understood variously as either all dharmas or a specific list of dharmas. ## four postures *spyod lam bzhi*, Skt. *caturīryāpatha*, Walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. ## four practices of spiritual practitioners *tshangs pa’i gnas pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturbrahmavihāra*, These are love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. ## four preferences of the noble ones *phags pa’i rigs bzhi*, Skt. *caturāryavaṃśa*, Simple food, simple clothing, a simple dwelling place, and simple possessions. ## four presentations *rnam par dgod pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvyavasthānatā*, The four presentations are (1) a presentation of doctrine representations (the divisions of the Buddha’s teachings), (2) a presentation of truth representations (one, two, four, up to an infinite number of truths), (3) a presentation of reasoning (rig/rigs pa, yukti) representations (from contingency, function, logical proof, and the nature of things), and (4) a presentation of vehicles (three). Pāli vavatthāna; Ñāṇamoli 1976 “definition”; Thurman 2004 “classification.” ## Four Protectors of the World *’jig rten skyong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catvāraḥ loka­pālāḥ*, Four deities guarding the four quarters, namely, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūḍhaka in the south, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Vaiśravaṇa in the north. Also referred to as the Four Great Kings. ## four pure abodes *tshangs pa’i gnas pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāro brahma­vihārāḥ*, Immeasurable love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. ## four reliances *rton pa bzhi*, Skt. *pratiśārana*, To attain higher realizations and final enlightenment, the bodhisattva should rely on the meaning (of the teaching) and not on the expression (artha­pratisāraṇena bhavitavyaṃ na vyañjana­pratisāraṇena); on the teaching and not on the person (who teaches it) (dharma­pratisāraṇena bhavitavyaṃ na pudgala­pratisāraṇena); on gnosis and not on normal consciousness (jñāna­pratisāraṇena bhavitavyaṃ na vijñāna­pratisāraṇena); and on discourses of definitive meaning and not on discourses of interpretable meaning (nītārtha­sūtra­pratisāraṇena bhavitavyaṃ na neyārtha­sūtra­pratisāraṇena) according to the order in this sūtra. The usual order, “teaching-reliance,” “meaning-reliance,” definitive-meaning-discourse-reliance,” and “gnosis-reliance,” seems to conform better to stages of practice. ## four relinquishments *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsamyakprahāṇa*, Four types of relinquishment consisting in abandoning existing negative mind states, abandoning the production of such states, giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and letting those states continue. ## four retinues *’khor bzhi po*, Skt. *catasraḥ parṣadaḥ*, These are monks, nuns, and male and female followers of the householder code of conduct. ## four right abandonments *spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥ­prahā­ṇa*, Four types of right effort consisting in (1) abandoning existing negative mind states, (2) abandoning the production of such states, (3) giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and (4) letting those states continue. ## four right efforts *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *samyak­prahāṇa*, These are effort not to initiate sins not yet arisen; effort to eliminate sins already arisen; effort to initiate virtues not yet arisen; and effort to consolidate, increase, and not deteriorate virtues already arisen. For our use of “effort” (samyak­pradhāna) instead of lit. “abandonment” (samyak­prahāna) see Dayal, p. 102 ff. These four form a part of the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment. ## four right exertions *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsamyakprahāṇa*, The four right exertions (sometimes translated literally from the Tibetan as “abandonments”) aim at preventing the negative dharmas from arising, at removing those that have arisen, at producing those that have not arisen, and at maintaining those that have arisen. The Tibetan term, as exemplified in this text, may translate both the Sanskrit terms samyakprahāṇa and samyakpraṇidhiṃ. ## four right relinquishments *yang dag par spong ba bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri samyak­prahāṇāni*, Part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening. ## four rivers *chu bo bzhi*, Skt. *caturogha*, The same as the four āsrava (“outflows” or “contaminants”), namely (1) sensual desire, (2) conditioned existence, (3) wrong views, and (4) ignorance; also refers to birth, old age, sickness, and death. ## four seals *phyag rgya bzhi*, Skt. *caturmudrā*, A synonym for the “four aphorisms of the Dharma,” q.v. Often seen in Tibetan in the expanded form bka’ rtags kyi phyag rgya bzhi (“the four seals of the [Buddha’s] teaching”), the nearest Sanskrit equivalent being dṛṣṭi­nimitta­mudrā (“the seals that are the marks of the [Buddhist] view”). ## four seals of Dharma *phyag rgya bzhi*, Skt. *caturmudrā*, The impermanence of all conditioned phenomena, the suffering inherent to all conditioned phenomena, the selflessness of all phenomena, and nirvāṇa as the state of peace. ## four seals of the Buddha’s teaching *bka’ rtags kyi phyag rgya bzhi*, Skt. *caturdharmoddāna*, All conditioned phenomena are impermanent; all defilements are suffering; all phenomena are without self; nirvāṇa is peace. ## four sisters In Indic contexts, this is typically a reference to Jayā, Vijayā, Ajitā, and Aparājitā, a group of female deities who, along with their brother Tumburu (an aspect of Śiva), are the focal point of a prominent cult in the early Śaiva tantric tradition. They are frequently included in Buddhist literature among classes of malevolent spirits. ## four special knowledges *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, A list of special cognitive abilities that characterize realized beings. They are the special knowledges of meaning, of dharmas, of explanations, and of brilliancy. ## four special modes of knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, The four correct and unhindered discriminating knowledges of (1) the doctrine or Dharma, (2) meaning, (3) language, and (4) brilliance or eloquence. These are the essential means by which the buddhas impart their teachings. ## four stages of penetrative insight *nges par ’byed pa’i cha bzhi*, Skt. *nirvedhabhāgīya*, “These are the four stages on the path of application (prayogamārga). They are heat (uṣmagata), tolerance (kṣānti), summit (mūrdha), and highest worldly dharma (laukikāgradharma).” Rotman (2005) p. 452. Translated here as “heat,” “peak” (given as the second stage in this text), “patience in accord with the truths” (given as the third stage in this text), and “highest worldly dharma.” ## four states of imperturbability *mi g.yo ba ’dzin pa bzhi*, Skt. *ārūpya­samāpatti*, This translates Sanskrit ārūpya­samāpatti (“attainment of formless absorptions”) or ārūpyāvacara­dhyāna in Transformation of Karma, which in Tibetan is usually translated as gzugs med pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa. The four states of imperturbability are (1) the sphere of infinite space; (2) the sphere of infinite consciousness; (3) the sphere of nothingness (literally, “the sphere in which there is not the slightest bit of anything present”); and (4) the sphere of neither mind nor no-mind. See also “meditative absorption.” ## four streams *chu bo bzhi*, Skt. *chu bo bzhi*, This refers to the four torrents of cyclic existence, craving, ignorance, and wrong view. ## Four sublime abodes *tshangs pa’i gnas bzhi*, Skt. *catur­brahma­vihāra*, The practices and resulting states of boundless loving kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity. ## Four Supports *gnas bzhi*, Skt. *catvāro niśrayaḥ*, In getting ordained, a monk [pledge](#pledge)s to make do with a restricted set of supports that conduce to the [holy life](#holy-life). These fall into four categories: clothing, shelter, food, and medicine. ## four supports for miraculous ability *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāra ṛddhipādāḥ*, The four supports for miraculous ability, as enumerated in , comprise (1) the support for miraculous ability combining the meditative stability of resolution with the formative force of exertion, (2) the support for miraculous ability combining the meditative stability of perseverance with the formative force of exertion, (3) the support for miraculous ability combining the meditative stability of mind with the formative force of exertion, and (4) the support for miraculous ability combining the meditative stability of scrutiny with the formative force of exertion. ## four torrents *chu bo bzhi*, Skt. *caturogha*, The four torrents, which are to be abandoned, comprise: (1) the torrent of ignorance (avidyā, ma rig pa), (2) the torrent of wrong view (dṛṣṭi, lta ba), (3) the torrent of rebirth (bhava, srid pa), and (4) the torrent of craving (tṛṣṇā, sred pa). See Nyima and Dorje 2001: p. 1075. ## four torrents of suffering *sdug bsngal gyi chu bo bzhi*, Skt. *caturogha*, Either birth, old age, sickness, and death, or desire (’dod pa), existence (srid pa), ignorance (ma rig pa), and wrong views (log par lta ba). ## four transformative powers According to The Absorption of the Miraculous Ascertainment of Peace, Toh 129 () these are truth, giving, peace, and insight. ## four truths *bden pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsatya*, The four truths of nobles ones are the truths of suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path leading to the cessation of suffering. Another classification of the truths referred to in the sūtra is that of the two truths, conventional and ultimate. ## four truths of noble beings *’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi*, Skt. *catur­ārya­satya*, The first teaching of the Buddha covering suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering. ## four truths of the noble ones *’phags pa’i bden pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturārya­satya*, The four truths of the noble ones, as listed in , comprise (1) the truth of suffering, (2) the truth of the origin of suffering, (3) the truth of the cessation of suffering, and (4) the truth of the path. (Strictly speaking, these should be translated “the truth of the noble ones concerning suffering,” and so on, but for brevity the widespread short form has been used.) The topic from the perspective of this text is discussed in detail in -. On the twelve aspects pertaining to the four noble truths, see . ## four types of confidence *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvaiśāradya*, The fearlessness based on the four types of confidence: the confidence (1) of awakening, (2) of having destroyed the impurities, (3) of having identified the obstructions, and (4) of the correctness of the path. ## four types of confidence of the Tathāgata The four types of confidence possessed by all buddhas: that (1) they are fully awakened, (2) they have removed all defilements, (3) they have taught about the obstacles to liberation, and (4) they have shown the path to liberation. See F.29.a. ## four types of correct knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, The modes of knowledge attained on the ninth bodhisattva level. There are four such modes: the correct analytical knowledge of phenomena (dharma; chos), of meaning (artha; don), of language or etymology (nirukti; nges pa’i tshig), and of eloquence (pratibhāna; spobs pa). ## four types of correct understanding *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥ­pratisaṃvid*, Correct knowledge of meaning, Dharma, language, and eloquence. ## four types of discriminating knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpratisaṃvid*, Knowledge of phenomena, meaning, etymologies, and eloquence. ## four types of fearlessness *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturabhaya*, Fearlessness of a buddha in declaring that he has (1) awakened, (2) ceased all illusions, (3) taught the obstacles to awakening, and (4) shown the way to liberation. ## four types of formless equipoise *gzugs ma mchis pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa bzhi*, Skt. *catur­ārūpyasamāpatti*, These are typically listed as follows: (1) the equipoise of the sense field of infinite space, (2) the equipoise of the sense field of infinite consciousness, (3) the equipoise of the sense field of nothing at all, and (4) the equipoise of neither perception nor nonperception. ## four types of physical conduct *spyod lam bzhi*, Skt. *caturīryāpatha*, The four acceptable norms of behavior concern posture while walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. ## four types of self-confidence *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *catvāri vaiśāradyāni*, The Buddha’s four kinds of self-confidence in preaching the Dharma. ## four types of transgression causing downfall *ltung bar ’gyur ba’i chos bzhi*, Skt. *ltung bar ’gyur ba’i chos bzhi*, The four root downfalls are roughly synonymous with the four transgressions (pham pa, pārājika) that require expulsion from the monastic community. These four transgressions are applicable to the maintenance of monastic and lay vows alike, though their interpretations might differ depending on context. The four transgressions are (1) violating the vow of chastity (mi tshangs pa spyod pa, abrahmacarya); (2) stealing/taking what is not given (mi byin par len pa, adattadāna); (3) taking a life (srog gcod pa, prāṇātipāta); and (4) lying (rdzun du smra ba, mṛṣāvāda). ## four types of verbal action *ngag gi las rnam pa bzhi*, Lying, divisive speech, abusive speech, and frivolous chatter. ## four unpleasant rebirths *ngan song bzhi*, Skt. *caturapāya*, Four undesirable states of rebirth: within the hells, as a preta, as an animal, and as an asura. ## four utter purities *shin tu yongs su dag pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpariśuddha*, These are enumerated in . ## Four Vedas *rig byed bzhi*, Skt. *catvāro vedāḥ*, The textual base for Brahmanism in India is the Vedas: 1) Ṛgveda, 2) Yajurveda, 3) Sāmaveda, and 4) Atharvaveda. ## four Vinaya scriptures Four of the most important Vinaya texts, namely Toh 1, 3, 6, and 7a. ## Four Visions *snang ba bzhi*, four successive stages in the practice of thogal in the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection): 1. [dharmatā](#dharmatā) actually appearing (*chos nyid mngon sum*), 2. increase of experiences and [appearances](#appearances) (*nyams snang gong 'phel*), 3. the ultimate reach of [awareness](#awareness) (*rig pa tshad phebs*), 4. exhaustion of phenomena beyond mind (*chos zad blo 'das*). ## Four ways of attracting beings *bsdu ba'i ngos po bzhi* Skt. *catuḥsaṃgrahavastu*, the four ways in which a [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) attracts [disciple](#disciple)s: 1. being generous (*sbyin pa*, Skt. *dāna*), 2. speaking in a pleasant manner (*snyan par smra ba, priyavāditā*), 3. teaching in accordance with individuals' needs (*don mthun pa, samānarthatā*), 4. acting in accordance with what he teaches (*don spyod pa, arthācārya*). ## four ways of attracting disciples *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃ­grahavastu*, Generosity, kind talk, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches. ## four ways of gathering a retinue *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃgrahavastu*, Giving gifts, kind words, beneficial actions, and consistency between words and deeds. ## four ways of magnetizing *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃgraha­vastu*, Generosity, kind speech, meaningful behavior, and practicing what one preaches. ## four ways of nobility *’phags pa’i rigs bzhi*, Skt. *catur-ārya-vaṃśa*, Being content with simple food, simple clothing, a simple dwelling place, and few possessions. ## four ways to gather a retinue *bsdu ba’i dngos po bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥsaṃgraha­vastu*, These are (1) generosity (sbyin pa, dāna), (2) pleasant speech (snyan par smra ba, priyavāditā), (3) beneficial activity (don du spyod pa, arthacaryā), and (4) harmonious activity (don ’thun par spyod pa, samānārthatā). The last of these is interpreted in Asaṅga’s works to mean “doing oneself what one preaches to others,” but the original meaning in this context according to some sources including the Mahāvastu may have been consonance, or empathy, in the sense of sharing the joys and sorrows of others (see Edgerton p. 569). ## Four World Guardians *’jig rten skyong ba bzhi*, Skt. *caturlokapāla*, The powerful nonhuman guardian kings of the four quarters‍—Virūḍhaka, Virūpākṣa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, and Vaiśravaṇa‍—who rule, respectively, over the kumbhāṇḍas in the south, nāgas in the west, gandharvas in the east, and yakṣas in the north. Also known as the Four Great Kings. ## Four World-Protectors *’jig rten skyong ba bzhi*, Skt. *caturlokapāla*, Four deities at the base of Mount Meru, each one the guardian of his direction: Vaiśravaṇa in the north, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the East, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Virūḍhaka in the south. ## four wrong ways of approaching things Listed in the Bodhisatva­piṭaka as approaching things with yearning and approaching things with anger, confusion, or fear. ## four-continent world system *gling bzhi pa’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *gling bzhi pa’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, A world system formed by four great island continents. In this world system, a central mountain, Sumeru, is surrounded in the four cardinal directions by Jambudvīpa (our world) in the south, Godānīya in the west, Uttarakuru in the north, and Pūrvavideha in the east. ## four-day fever *zhag bzhi pa*, Skt. *caturthaka*, See “fever that returns every four days.” ## four-division army *dmag rnam pa gzhi dang ldan pa*, Skt. *caturaṅgin*, An army comprising elephants, chariots, cavalry, and infantry (Monier-Williams). ## fourfold army *dmag rnam pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturaṅgabalakāya*, Chariots, cavalry, elephants, and infantry. ## fourfold assemblies *’khor bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpariṣad*, The assemblies of monks (Skt. bhikṣu) and nuns (Skt. bhikṣuṇī), along with laymen (Skt. upāsaka) and laywomen (Skt. upāsikā). ## fourfold assembly *’khor rnam pa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥparṣad*, The “fourfold assembly” consists of monks, nuns, and the male and female lay practitioners. ## fourfold authentic knowledge of the tathāgatas The essentials through which the buddhas impart their teachings‍: (1) exact knowledge of meanings, (2) exact knowledge of dharmas, (3) exact knowledge of their language and lexical explanations, and (4) exact knowledge of their eloquent expression. ## fourfold community *’khor bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥpariṣad*, The four assemblies of male and female monastics and male and female lay followers. ## fourfold fearlessness *mi ’jigs pa bzhi*, Skt. *caturvāiśāradya*, Also called the four fearlessnesses or the four grounds of self-confidence of a buddha, these are fearlessness with respect to the assertion of (1) one’s complete and perfect extinguishment of all negativities for one’s own benefit (rang don du spang bya thams cad spangs ces dam bcas pa la ’jigs pa), (2) one’s complete and perfect accomplishment of knowledge for one’s own benefit (rang don du yon tan thams cad dang ldan zhes dam bcas pa la mi ’jigs pa), (3) revealing the paths of antidotes for the benefit of others (gzhan don du gnyen po’i lam ’di dag go zhes dam bcas pa la mi ’jigs pa), and (4) revealing the eliminations for the benefit of others (gzhan don du ’di rnams spang bya yin zhes dam bcas pa la mi ’jigs pa) (Rigzin 314). ## fourfold retinue This denotes the assemblies of fully ordained monks and nuns, along with laymen and laywomen. ## fourfold saṅgha *’khor bzhi po*, Skt. *catuḥparṣad*, The fourfold saṅgha comprises monks, nuns, and female and male lay practitioners. ## fourteen aspects of emptiness *stong pa nyid bcu bzhi*, Skt. *caturdaśa­śūnyatā*, These are enumerated in and comprise the first fourteen of the eighteen aspects of emptiness, q.v. See also Lamotte: The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom, IV: p. 1670. ## fourteen emptinesses *stong pa nyid bcu bzhi po*, Skt. *catur­daśa­śūnyatā*, These comprise the first fourteen of the eighteen emptinesses, which are enumerated at : (1) inner emptiness, (2) outer emptiness, (3) inner and outer emptiness, (4) the emptiness of emptiness, (5) great emptiness, (6) the emptiness of ultimate reality, (7) the emptiness of the compounded, (8) the emptiness of the uncompounded, (9) the emptiness of what transcends limits, (10) the emptiness of no beginning and no end, (11) the emptiness of nonrepudiation, (12) the emptiness of a basic nature, (13) the emptiness of all dharmas, and (14) the emptiness of its own mark. ## fourth concentration *bsam gtan bzhi pa*, Skt. *caturthadhyāna*, See “four meditative states.” ## Fourth Guide An epithet for the Buddha Śākyamuni that indicates the sequence of his appearance after the three buddhas of this eon who preceded him. ## fourth-week embryo *’khregs*, Skt. *ghana*, The Gaṇḍa­vyūha uses the same terminology as the Jain text Tandulaveyāliyua and differs from other sūtras. In the Nanda­garbhāvakranti­nirdeśa­sūtra , ghana is translated as mkhrad ’gyur. Elsewhere it is gor gor. ## foxtail millet *khre*, Skt. *priyaṅgu*, Panicum italicum. ## fragrance array *dri bkod pa*, Skt. *dri bkod pa*, The name of an absorption. ## Fragrance Elephant *spos kyi glang po*, Skt. *spos kyi glang po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṛtāntadarśin (971 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## fragrance face *dri gtong*, Skt. *dri gtong*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Fragrance Master *spos kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *spos kyi dbang phyug*, Father of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Fragrance of Aloeswood *a ga ru’i dri*, Skt. *a ga ru’i dri*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Moon’s Light/Light of the Sublime Precious Moon. ## Fragrance of Excellent Worship *legs par mchod pa’i bsung ldan*, Skt. *legs par mchod pa’i bsung ldan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sārathi. ## Fragrance of the Golden Lamp *gser sgron dri zhim*, Skt. *gser sgron dri zhim*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Fragrance Qualities *yon tan spos*, Skt. *yon tan spos*, Attendant of the buddha Pratibhāna­kīrti. ## Fragrant *spos ldan*, Skt. *spos ldan*, Fragrant (having a pleasant smell), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Fount of Jewels. ## fragrant chamber *dri gtsang khang*, Skt. *gandhakūṭī*, The name of the room at the Jeta Grove monastery where the Buddha lived; the name of the innermost chamber in the original vihāra layout where the Buddha, and later his image, resided. ## Fragrant Flower *me tog dri ldan*, Skt. *me tog dri ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Fragrant Flower of Absorption *ting nge ’dzin gyi dri me tog*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Fragrant Flowers *me tog dri zhim pa ’byung ba*, Skt. *me tog dri zhim pa ’byung ba*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## Fragrant Forest *dri zhim pa’i tshal*, Skt. *dri zhim pa’i tshal*, A forest in Moving Mind. ## Fragrant Garlands *dri’i phreng ba*, Skt. *dri’i phreng ba*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## fragrant hair *dbu skra dri zhim pa*, Skt. *surabhikeśa*, Seventy-ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## Fragrant Incense *spos dri zhim pa*, Skt. *spos dri zhim pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhavikrāmin (944 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fragrant Light *dri zhim ’od*, Skt. *dri zhim ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhapārśva (632 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Fragrant Purity *gtsang ma bsung ldan*, Skt. *gtsang ma bsung ldan*, A city in a future eon, in the world system Refined Purity. ## Fragrant Stream *dri’i chu*, Skt. *dri’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Fragrant with an Ocean of Incense *rgya mtsho’i spos kyis bdugs pa*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i spos kyis bdugs pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Shining with Immeasurable Incense. ## frame story A genre of Buddhist literature or perhaps a component of the literature, the nidāna refers to the introductory chapter or frame story or even the opening formula or introductory part of the discourses. It is listed as one of the twelve types of Buddhist literature. ## frankincense *sa la ki*, Skt. *śallaki*, Also known as olibanum, this is a resin from trees of the genus Boswellia, in this case Boswellia serrata, “Indian frankincense.” It is also known as salai and śallakī, tilakalka, vṛścika, and turuṣka. The transliteration in YJ mostly corresponds to the Tibetan and Sanskrit, but the translated term 丁子 dingzi refers to Carophyllus aromaticus. See Ludvik 2007, p. 315. ## Free from Action *bya ba med pa*, Skt. *bya ba med pa*, A city in Godānīya. ## free from activity *bya ba dang bral ba*, A meditative stability. ## Free from All Suffering *mya ngan thams cad dang bral ba*, Skt. *mya ngan thams cad dang bral ba*, A buddha. ## Free from Anger *khro ba bral ba*, Skt. *khro ba bral ba*, A nāga who visits Saṅkāśa Mountain. ## Free from Attachment *chags med*, Skt. *chags med*, Attendant of the buddha Ojodhārin. ## Free from Attachment and Dullness *chags bral gti mug med pa*, Skt. *chags bral gti mug med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jagadīśvara. ## Free from Conceit *rgyags med ma*, Skt. *rgyags med ma*, Mother of the buddha Jaya. ## Free from Contagion *rims nad med*, Skt. *rims nad med*, Birthplace of the buddha Toṣitatejas. ## free from covetousness *zang zing med pa*, Skt. *nirāmiṣa*, In the sense of “disinterested,” “not expecting a reward.” ## Free from Darkness *mun pa bral*, Skt. *mun pa bral*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śāntimati. ## Free from Deception *sgyu med*, Skt. *sgyu med*, Father of the buddha Amitayaśas. ## Free from Delusion *’khrul med*, Skt. *’khrul med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śānta. ## Free from Disagreements *dbyen med*, Skt. *dbyen med*, Father of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Free from Disease *nad med*, Skt. *nad med*, Son of the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa. ## Free from Dispute and Anxiety *rtsod pa dang bag tsha ba mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *rtsod pa dang bag tsha ba mi mnga’ ba*, A buddha. ## Free from Doubt *the tshom med*, Skt. *the tshom med*, Son of the buddha Hutārci. ## free from extinction *zad pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *kṣayāpagata*, The 46th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Free from Fear *’jigs bral*, Skt. *’jigs bral*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitatejas. ## Free from Harm *gnod pa med pa*, Skt. *gnod pa med pa*, A buddha realm. ## Free from Intoxication *myos med*, Skt. *myos med*, Father of the buddha Cīrṇaprabha. ## free from mental elaboration *sprod pa med pa*, Skt. *niṣprapañca*, Free from concepts or mental fabrications. ## free from mentation *sems med pa*, Skt. *niścitta*, The 34th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Free from Misery *mya ngan dang bral ba*, Skt. *mya ngan dang bral ba*, A buddha. ## Free from Māras *bdud spangs*, Skt. *bdud spangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amogharaśmi. ## Free from Mundane Fear *’jig rten ’jigs pa med pa*, Skt. *’jig rten ’jigs pa med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmaruta. ## Free from Obstacles *bgegs med pa*, Skt. *bgegs med pa*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Glorious Ornament of Loving-Kindness resides. ## Free from Poison *dug med bcas*, Skt. *dug med bcas*, A nāga king. ## Free from Pride and Infatuation *nga rgyal dang rgyags pa las rnam par grol ba*, Skt. *nga rgyal dang rgyags pa las rnam par grol ba*, Mother of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## Free from Sand *bye mas ma bcom pa*, Skt. *bye mas ma bcom pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Free from Sorrow *skyo ba med pa*, Skt. *skyo ba med pa*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Intent on Accomplishing Aims through Steadfast Skill resides. ## Free from Strife *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, One of the gods’ realms. ## Free from Suffering *mya ngan med*, Skt. *mya ngan med*, Father of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Free from the Aggregates *phung po las grol*, Skt. *phung po las grol*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Free from the Cycle *’khor bral*, Skt. *’khor bral*, The wife of the brahmin Agnidatta. ## Free from the Fear of Enemies *dgra yis ’jigs pa med pa*, Skt. *dgra yis ’jigs pa med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhu. ## Free from the Suffering of the Three Worlds *srid gsum mya ngan med*, Skt. *srid gsum mya ngan med*, Attendant of the buddha Maruttejas. ## Free from the Swamp *’dam las rgal*, Skt. *’dam las rgal*, Mother of the buddha Oghajaha. ## Free from the Thorns of Defilement *tha ba’i tsher ma med pa*, Skt. *tha ba’i tsher ma med pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhasmakrodha. ## Free from the Unspeakable *kha na ma tho ba med*, Skt. *kha na ma tho ba med*, Birthplace of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Free from Thorns *tsher ma med pa*, Skt. *tsher ma med pa*, Son of the buddha Śrī. ## Free from Weeds *chu bal dang rnam par bral ba*, Skt. *chu bal dang rnam par bral ba*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Free of All Suffering *mya ngan thams cad dang bral ba*, Skt. *mya ngan thams cad dang bral ba*, A buddha realm. ## Free of Darkness *mun pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *mun pa dang bral ba*, A buddhafield in the northwestern direction of the Tathāgata Sovereign Light Display. ## Free of Flowers *me tog bral*, Skt. *me tog bral*, A past king during the time of the Buddha Śikhin. ## Free of Impurity *rnam par ma dag pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *rnam par ma dag pa dang bral ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Eternally Glorious Meaning of the Precious Irreversible Wheel. ## Free of Poverty *phongs pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *phongs pa dang bral ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Appearance of Countless Emanations. ## Free of Sullying Mud *’dam gyi rnyog pa med pa*, King Ajātaśatru’s future buddha realm. ## Freed from All Fetters *bcings pa thams cad rnam par ’grol ba*, Skt. *bcings pa thams cad rnam par ’grol ba*, A buddha. ## Freedom from Doubt *the tsom rnam par grol ba*, Skt. *the tsom rnam par grol ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prasanna. ## Freedom from Fear *’jigs pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *’jigs pa dang bral ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Aridama. ## Freedom from Suffering *mya ngan med pa*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Varuṇa. ## Freeing *grol ba can*, Skt. *grol ba can*, Freeing (setting free; liberating), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Lamp of Sun and Moon. ## frequent charnel grounds *dur khrod pa*, Skt. *śmāśānika*, One of the twelve ascetic practices (dhūtaguṇa). ## fresh ginger *sge gsher*, Skt. *ārdraka*, Zingiber officinale ## friend A common term of address for individuals in Buddhist sūtras that has the sense of a companion or comrade. ## Friend of All *kun gyi bshes gnyen*, Skt. *kun gyi bshes gnyen*, Attendant of the buddha Kāśyapa. ## Friend of Awakening *byang chub bshes gnyen*, Skt. *byang chub bshes gnyen*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## Friend of Beings *sems can gyi gnyen*, Skt. *sems can gyi gnyen*, A buddha. ## Friend of Existence *srid pa’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *srid pa’i bshes gnyen*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Baladeva. ## Friend of Infinite Strength *bshes gnyen mtha’ yas stobs*, Skt. *bshes gnyen mtha’ yas stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Velāmaprabha. ## Friend of the Nāgas *klu dga’*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Friend of the Royal Star *skar rgyal bshes gnyen*, Skt. *skar rgyal bshes gnyen*, Father of the buddha Guṇadhvaja. ## Friend of the Victorious Ones *rgyal ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i bshes gnyen*, Son of the buddha Prabhūta. ## Friend of the Vinaya *dul ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *dul ba’i bshes gnyen*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Raśmi. ## Friend of Wandering Beings *’gro ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *’gro ba’i bshes gnyen*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suviniścitārtha. ## Frightening Form *skrag byed gzugs can*, Skt. *skrag byed gzugs can*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Frightful Direct Teacher *’jigs pa mngon du ston pa*, Skt. *mahābhīmadarśana*, A yakṣa. ## Frolicking *rab tu rtse bar byed pa*, Skt. *rab tu rtse bar byed pa*, Frolicking (playing or moving about cheerfully), also the name of a pond on Equal Peaks. ## frontier tribesmen *mtha’ ’khob kyi mi rnams*, Skt. *pratyanta­jana­pada*, I.e., those living beyond the pale of civilization, out of reach of the sacred doctrine. ## fruit *’bras bu*, Skt. *phala*, Effect, result, fruit. ## Fruit empowerment *'bras bu'i dbang*, the [empowerment](#empowerment) that takes place at the moment of attaining full [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## fruit of being destined for only one more rebirth *lan gcig phyir ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *sakṛdāgāmī­phala*, Second of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. ## fruit of being tied to one more rebirth *lan cig phyir ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *sakṛd­āgāmī­phala*, Second of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. ## fruit of entering the stream *rgyun tu zhugs pa’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *śrotaāpanna­phala*, First of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas, that of the first stage in which one has entered the “stream” of practice that leads to nirvāṇa. See also “entering the stream.” ## fruit of no longer being subject to rebirth *phyir mi ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *āgāmīphala*, Third of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. ## fruit of non-returner *phyir mi ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *āgāmīphala*, Third of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. See “non-returner.” ## fruit of once-returner *lan gcig phyir ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *sakṛdāgāmī­phala*, Second of the four fruits attainable by śrāvakas. See “once-returner.” ## fruit of stream-entry *rgyun du zhugs pa’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *srotāpatti­phala*, The first of the four spiritual achievements, which is considered to be entering “the stream” of the noble ones that flows inexorably toward awakening. ## Fruitful Conduct *gdon mi za ba’i spyod pa*, Skt. *gdon mi za ba’i spyod pa*, A thus-gone one of the past. ## fruition of actions *las kyi rnam par smin pa*, Skt. *karmavipāka*, See “ripening of karma.” ## fruitional buddha body of reality *’bras bu chos sku*, Skt. *dharma­kāya*, Eighth of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## Fruits of Constant Beauty *’bras bu rtag tu mdzas*, Skt. *’bras bu rtag tu mdzas*, A forest of the asuras. ## Fulfillment of Wishes *bsams ’gro*, Skt. *bsams ’gro*, (1) A lake near Sudharma (bsams ’gro). (2) A lotus pool in Lateral (yid bzhin sna tshogs). ## Fulfilment of Excellent Aspirations *legs par bsams pa’i smon lam yongs su grub pa*, Skt. *legs par bsams pa’i smon lam yongs su grub pa*, A buddha. ## Fulfilment of Wishes *bsam pa ji lta ba bzhin ’byung ba*, Skt. *bsam pa ji lta ba bzhin ’byung ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Siddhārtha. ## Full *gang po*, Skt. *gang po*, Full (holding as much as possible; complete), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Vairocana. ## Full Array The name of a buddha domain of the past where there lived a buddha named King Arrangement of Manifold Precious Jewels of Virtues Without End. ## Full Ears *rna ba gang po*, Skt. *rna ba gang po*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Full effect *rnam smin gyi 'bras bu*, Skt. *vipākaphala*, the point at which an action has its maximum effect, for instance a rebirth in [hell](#hell). ## full moon A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Full of Hundreds of Birds *bya brgya phrag gis kun tu gang ba*, Skt. *bya brgya phrag gis kun tu gang ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Full of Lotuses *pad mas khyab par gyur pa*, Skt. *pad mas khyab par gyur pa*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## full ordination *bsnyen pa rdzogs pa*, Skt. *upasampadā*, The ceremony of full or higher ordination by which a novice (śrāmaṇera) or a female postulant (śikṣamāṇā) is confirmed as a fully ordained member of the order of nuns or monks (see Buswell and Lopez 2014, s.v. “upasaṃpadā”). ## full probation *yongs su spo ba*, A full probation is imposed when a monk who has incurred a [saṅgha](#saṅgha) stigmata offense nurses for a full night his intention to conceal that offense (Viśeṣamitra, folio 135.b). ## Full Realization through Joy *dga’ bas rgyas pa yang dag par rtogs pa*, Skt. *dga’ bas rgyas pa yang dag par rtogs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Yaśas. ## full set of forty even teeth *tshems mnyam zhing bzhi tshang ba*, Skt. *sama­catvāriśaddantatā*, Thirtieth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Fully Absorbing *mngon par sdud pa*, Skt. *mngon par sdud pa*, A daughter of Māra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## fully accomplished buddha An epithet of a buddha. ## Fully Adorned with Jewels *rin po che thams cad kyis spras pa*, Skt. *rin po che thams cad kyis spras pa*, A buddhafield in the northern direction of the Tathāgata Countless Qualities Precious Courage. ## Fully Arrayed *kun tu bkod pa*, Skt. *kun tu bkod pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Jewel Foundation. ## fully awakened *mngon par rdzogs par sangs rgyas*, Skt. *abhisaṃbuddha*, A person who has manifested the complete enlightenment of a buddha of the Greater Vehicle. ## Fully Blooming *kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *kun tu rgyas pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ṛṣideva. ## Fully Cleansed *rnam par sbyong ba*, Skt. *rnam par sbyong ba*, A realm that will appear in the eon Universal Illumination, one hundred incalculable eons from now. ## Fully Endowed with Qualities *kun tu yon tan can*, Skt. *kun tu yon tan can*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnaprabhāsa. ## Fully Hanging *rab tu ’phyang ma*, Skt. *rab tu ’phyang ma*, One of the eight great yakṣīs. ## Fully Illuminated Oceanic King of Many Hundreds of Virtues *kun nas ’od zer yon tan rtag tu mang ba brgya mtsho’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kun nas ’od zer yon tan rtag tu mang ba brgya mtsho’i rgyal po*, A buddha who lives in the east in a buddha realm called Elevated by Abiding in Aspiration. ## Fully Illuminating *rnam par snang byed*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed*, The realm of the Buddha Candrasūrya. ## Fully Joyous *kun tu dga’ ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *kun tu dga’ ba dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Immeasurable Light. ## fully ordained *rdzogs par bsnyen pa*, Skt. *upasampanna*, Someone fully ordained. ## fully ordained monk *dge slong*, Skt. *bhikṣu*, A fully ordained male practitioner observing 253 Vinaya vows. ## fully ordained nun *dge slong ma*, Skt. *bhikṣuṇī*, A fully ordained female practitioner observing 364 Vinaya vows. ## Fully-adorned Sky *nam mkha’ yongs su brgyan pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ yongs su brgyan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Lamp of the Sky of Dharma. Likely the same as the world system Palmyra Trees Reaching the Sky. ## Fumes of Incense *spos kyi ngad ldang*, Skt. *spos kyi ngad ldang*, A buddha realm. ## fundamental ignorance *ma rig pa*, Skt. *a­vidyā*, First of the twelve links of dependent origination; first of the four torrents; third of the fetters associated with the higher realms. ## fundamental precepts *bslab pa’i gzhi rnams*, Skt. *śikṣāvastu*, (1) Not killing (srog gcod spong ba), (2) not stealing (ma byin par len pa spong ba), (3) not indulging in sexual conduct (ma tshangs spyod spong ba), (4) not lying (brdzun du smra ba spong ba), (5) not taking intoxicants (myos ’gyur btung ba spong ba), (6) not using cosmetics, ornaments and garlands, etc. (spos dang kha dog byug pa spong ba), (7) not using high and luxurious seats or beds (khri stan che mtho spong ba), and (8) not taking untimely food/not eating after noon (dus min zas spong ba). ## fundamental transgression *phas pham pa*, Skt. *pārājika*, The four downfalls for monastics resulting in the forfeit of the monastic vows: sexual intercourse, theft, murder, and claiming greater realization than one has. ## furlong *dpag tshad*, Skt. *yojana*, An ancient Indian measure of distance. Variously defined, a “furlong” is often said to be the distance cattle can plow without a rest and to be four or eight times as long as an “earshot.” ## Furnace *me thab*, Skt. *agnikuṇḍa*, Furnace (an enclosed chamber for intense heat or fire), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## further probation *yang gzhi nas bslang ste mgu [bar](#bar) bya ba, yang gzhi nas bslang ste spo ba*, Skt. *mūlāpakarṣamānāpya, mūlāpakarṣamānātva, mūlāpakarṣaparivāsa*, Imposed on a monk who incurs a third [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense while serving his [probation](#probation). ## Future Hearers *nyan thos ma ’ongs pa*, Skt. *nyan thos ma ’ongs pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Stūpa That Overwhelms with Jewel Light. ## Gö Chödrup *’gos chos grub*, A prolific translator active in Dunhuang during the early ninth century (c. 755–849) who translated this sūtra from Chinese to Tibetan. ## Gö Khukpa Lhetse A Tibetan translator active in the eleventh century. ## Gö Lhetsé *’gos lhas btsas*, Skt. *’gos lhas btsas*, Eleventh century translator and teacher of Guhya­samāja­tantra. ## Ṛg Veda *nges brjod kyi rig byed*, Skt. *ṛgveda*, Along with the Yajur Veda, Sāma Veda, and Atharva Veda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. ## Ga The people of the Mutsa Ga clan are said to have originated from Azha (’a zha), also known as Tuyuhun. According to The Treasure of the Ancestral Clans of Tibet, they are known for being studious and hence erudite in matters of learning. Their element is wood, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the goat. ## gaṇḍī A percussion instrument made from a wooden beam drawn from specific trees to particular proportions. It has been widely used in Buddhist monasteries to signal timed events like the assembling of monastics. ## Śṛṅga *rtse mo*, Skt. *śṛṅga*, An ancient city corresponding to the modern Śṛṅgeri in Karnataka, in southwestern India. ## gaṇḍī beam *gaN D+'i, gaN+D+'i*, Skt. *gaṇḍī*, An elongated, shoulder-held wooden [bar](#bar) (or beam) struck with a wooden striker to call the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) community to assembly. ## Öga Pünsum A place in Tibet. ## gaṇa *tshogs pa*, Skt. *gaṇa*, The name for the troops or classes of lower deities and beings, particularly those considered attendants of the god Śiva over whom Ganeśa (lit. “Lord of the Gaṇas”) has control. ## Gaṇaśaṅkara *grong byed bde byed*, Skt. *gaṇaśaṅkara*, Probably another name of Śaṅkara, a contemporary of Mahendra. ## gaṇacakra feast *tshogs kyi dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *gaṇacakra*, A ritual feast offered to the deities and all beings in the three realms. ## Gaṇapati *tshogs bdag*, Skt. *gaṇapati*, Gaṇapati, or Ganeśa, is the lord of the gaṇas, a class of demigods usually associated with the god Śiva. In the Purāṇic traditions Gaṇapati is portrayed as the elephant-headed son of Śiva and Pārvatī. ## Gaṇḍa­vyūha­sūtra *sdong pos brgyan pa’i le’u*, Skt. *gaṇḍa­vyūha­sūtra*, The Gaṇḍavyūha­sūtra (Toh 44-45) is an important Sanskrit ­sūtra that traces the journey of the young pilgrim Sudhana toward awakening. It was later incorporated into the large scriptural omnibus Buddhāvataṃsaka­sūtra as its forty-fifth chapter. ## Gada *sgra*, Skt. *gada*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Gadgadasvara *sang sang po’i dbyangs*, Skt. *gadgadasvara*, A bodhisattva in a distant realm. ## Gaṇendra *tshogs dbang*, Skt. *gaṇendra*, The 736th buddha in the first list, 735th in the second list, and 725th in the third list. ## Gaṇendrarāja *tshogs kyi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gaṇendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Gaṇeśvara *tshogs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *gaṇeśvara*, A name that appears twice in the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni in previous lifetimes received the Samādhirāja, and who is described in particular in chapter 38. ## Gaṅgā *gang gA*, Skt. *gaṅgā*, The most important holy river in India, more commonly known in English as the Ganges. ## Gaṅgā River *gang gA’i klung*, Skt. *gaṅgā*, The sacred river of India. ## Gagaṇagañja *nam mkha’ mdzod*, Skt. *gagaṇagañja*, A bodhisattva who resided in the Varagaṇā world of the Thus-Gone One Gaṇendra’s buddha realm, and proceeded to Bodhgayā to venerate the Buddha. ## Gagaṇapāṇi *nam mkha’i phyag*, Skt. *gagaṇapāṇi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Gaṅgadevī *gang gA’i lha mo*, Skt. *gaṅgadevī*, The name of a nun who commits to the practice of the six perfections and worships the Buddha with golden-colored flowers. The Buddha predicts her future awakening as the buddha Suvarṇapuṣpa, during the eon called Tārakopama. ## Gagana *nam mkha’*, Skt. *gagana*, The 766th buddha in the first list, 765th in the second list, and 755th in the third list. ## Gagana­buddhi *nam mkha’i blo*, Skt. *gagana­buddhi*, A bodhisattva present with the Buddha at Śrāvastī, and also the name of a buddha in the distant past. ## Gagana­citta *nam mkha’i thugs*, Skt. *gagana­citta*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Gaganagañja *nam mkha’ mdzod*, Skt. *gaganagañja*, In the Kāraṇḍavyūha it is the name of both a bodhisattva and a samādhi. In this sūtra the bodhisattva is a pupil of Buddha Viśvabhū, but he is also portrayed in other sūtras receiving teaching from Śākyamuni, and is one of the sixteen bodhisattvas in the Vairocana maṇḍala. ## Gagana­garbha *nam mkha’i snying po*, Skt. *gagana­garbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Gagana­ghoṣa *nam mkha’i dbyangs*, Skt. *gagana­ghoṣa*, The eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past, and also the name of the sixty-second buddha in another kalpa. The Tibetan has dbyings in error for dbyangs for the sixty-second buddha. ## gaganakalpa *nam mkha’ dang mtshungs pa*, Skt. *gaganakalpa*, Lit. “sky-like.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Gaganaketu *nam mkha’i tog*, Skt. *gaganaketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Gagana­kānta­rāja *nam mkha’ mdzes pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gagana­kānta­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Gagana­kośā­nāvaraṇa­jñāna­garbha *nam mkha’i mdzod ye shes bsgribs pa med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *gagana­kośā­nāvaraṇa­jñāna­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Gagana­megha­śrī *nam mkha’i sprin gyi dpal*, Skt. *gagana­megha­śrī*, The forty-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Gagana­megha­śirī. ## Gaganamudra *nam mkha’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *gaganamudra*, The bodhisattva who was Abhaya, the fifth son of King Araṇemin. As prophesied, he became a pupil of the Buddha Candrottara. After Candrottara’s passing, he became the Buddha Padmottara in the southeastern buddha realm, Padmā, and he is present there during Śākyamuni’s lifetime. ## Gagana­netra *nam mkha’i myig*, Skt. *gagana­netra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Gagana­nirghoṣa­svara *nam mkha’i dbyangs kyi sgra*, Skt. *gagana­nirghoṣa­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Gagana­pradīpa *nam mkha’i sgron ma*, Skt. *gagana­pradīpa*, The sixty-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Gagana­pradīpābhirāma­śrī *nam mkha’i sgron ma’i ’od bzang dpal*, Skt. *gagana­pradīpābhirāma­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Gagana­prajña *nam mkha’i shes rab po*, Skt. *gagana­prajña*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Gagana­śrī *nam mkha’i dpal*, Skt. *gagana­śrī*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Gaganasvara *nam mkha’i dbyangs*, Skt. *gaganasvara*, The 968th buddha in the first list, 967th in the second list, and 958th in the third list. ## Gaganāḍhya Skt. *gaganāḍhya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## gaganākalpa *nam mkha’ rtog pa med pa*, Skt. *gaganākalpa*, Lit. “inconceivable sky.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Gaganālaya *nam mkha’i gzhi*, Skt. *gaganālaya*, The eleventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## gaganāparyata *nam mkha’ mu med pa*, Skt. *gaganāparyata*, Lit. “limitless sky.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Gaṅgottarā The laywoman who features prominently in this sūtra, as well as the name of one thousand laywoman of the past who attained nirvāṇa, according to the Buddha in this sūtra. ## Gaṅgāpāla *gang gA skyong*, Skt. *gaṅgāpāla*, A rich man who was Upālin in a former life. ## Gaṅgāsarva­tīrthamukha­maṅgala­śrī *gang gA’i mu stegs kyi sgo thams cad kyi bkra bshis kyi dpal*, Skt. *gaṅgāsarvatīrtha­mukha­maṅgala­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Gaṇimukha *tshogs can gtso bo*, Skt. *gaṇimukha*, The 233rd buddha in the first list, 232nd in the second list, and 232nd in the third list. ## Gaṇimuktirāja *tshogs can grol rgyal*, Skt. *gaṇimuktirāja*, The 902nd buddha in the first list, 901st in the second list, and 892nd in the third list. ## Gaṇin *tshogs ldan*, Skt. *gaṇin*, The 41st buddha in the first list, 41st in the second list, and 42nd in the third list. ## Gaṇiprabha *tshogs can ’od*, Skt. *gaṇiprabha*, The 115th buddha in the first list, 115th in the second list, and 116th in the third list. ## Gaṇiprabhāsa *tshogs can gsal ba*, Skt. *gaṇiprabhāsa*, The 404th buddha in the first list, 403rd in the second list, and 397th in the third list. ## gait is that of a lion *seng ge’i stabs su gshegs pa*, Skt. *siṃha­vikrānta­gāmi­tā*, Forty-second of the eighty minor marks. ## gait is that of a mighty elephant *glang po che’i dbang po’i stabs su gshegs pa*, Skt. *nāga­vikrānta­gāmi­tā*, Forty-third of the eighty minor marks. ## gait is that of a swan *ngang pa’i stabs su gshegs pa*, Skt. *haṃsa­vikrānta­gāmi­tā*, Forty-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## gait of a leading bull *khyu mchog gi stabs su bzhud pa*, Skt. *vṛṣabha­vikrānta­gāmin*, Fourteenth of the eighty minor signs. ## gait of a lion *seng ge’i stabs su ’gro ba*, Skt. *siṃha­vikrānta­gāmin*, Having the “gait of a lion” is included in the list of the eighty excellent signs (asītyānuvyañjana), a subset of the 112 physical characteristics of both buddhas and cakravartins. ## gait of a swan *ngang pa’i stabs su bzhud pa*, Skt. *haṃsa­vikrānta­gāmin*, Thirteenth of the eighty minor signs. ## gait of an elephant *glang po’i ’gros su bzhud pa*, Skt. *nāga­vikrānta­gāmin*, Twelfth of the eighty minor signs. ## gait turning to the right‍ *g.yas phyogs su bzhud pa*, Skt. *pradakṣiṇāvarta­gāmin*, Fifteenth of the eighty minor signs. ## Gajagandha *glang po’i spos*, Skt. *gajagandha*, One of the celestial bodhisattvas. ## Gajagandhahastin A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## gajapippalī *glang chen pi pi ling*, Skt. *gajapippalī*, Scindapsis officinalis. ## Gajaśīrṣa *ba lang mgo*, Skt. *gajaśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## Gajasāhvaya *glang chen brjod pa*, Skt. *gajasāhvaya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Gajendreśvara *glang po che’i dbang po’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *gajendreśvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## gañjira Roof ornaments. ## Gajānana *glang po’i gdong*, Skt. *gajānana*, A virtuous nāga king. ## śṛṅgāṭaka *shing sring ga ta ga*, Skt. *śṛṅgāṭaka*, The name of several types of tree. ## Gaṅkara *gang ka ra*, Skt. *gaṅkara*, A city in Godānīya. ## galarṭa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## gales of wind *rnam par ’thor ba’i rlung*, Skt. *vairambhavātā*, A kind of powerful, gusty wind (the Tibetan translation means “scattering wind” referred to in a wide range of Buddhist literature. The Pali forms are veramba or verambha. The term Vairambha is also found in Buddhist literature as the name of a city and as the name of a sea, famed for its powerful winds. For a detailed discussion, see Skilling 2021, pp. 304–8. ## Āgama *lung*, Skt. *āgama*, The Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition grouped the [Buddha](#buddha)’s early [sūtra](#sūtra) discourses into four divisions, or āgama (Tib. mdo sde’i lung sde bzhi): the Dīrghāgama (Tib. lung ring po), the Madhyamāgama (Tib. lung [bar](#bar) ma), the Ekottarikāgama (Tib. lung gcig las ’phros pa), and the Saṃyuktāgama (Tib. lung dag ldan/yang dar par ldan pa’i lung). They are more familiar to many English-speaking Buddhists through the translations of their Pali correlates: the Dīgha Nikāya, Majjhima Nikāya, Aṅguttara Nikāya, and the Samyutta Nikāya, for which see the [Wisdom](#wisdom) Publications titles: The Long Discourses of the [Buddha](#buddha), The Middle-Length Discourses of the [Buddha](#buddha), The Numerical Discourses of the [Buddha](#buddha), and The Connected Discourses of the [Buddha](#buddha), respectively. ## Gambhīra­dharma­guṇa­rāja­śrī *zab chos ’od kyi rgyal po dpal*, Skt. *gambhīra­dharma­guṇa­rāja­śrī*, The fifty-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Gambhīra­dharma­guṇa­rāja­śirī. ## gambhīra­dharma­prabhā­kara *chos zab mo’i ’od byed pa*, Skt. *gambhīra­dharma­prabhā­kara*, Lit. “illuminator of the deep dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Gambhīra­dharma­prabhā­rāja­śrī *zab mo’i chos kyi ’od kyi rgyal po’i dpal*, Skt. *gambhīra­dharma­prabhā­rāja­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Gambhīra­dharma­śrī­samudra­prabha *chos zab mo’i dpal rgya mtshos yang dag par ’byung ba’i ’od*, Skt. *gambhīra­dharma­śrī­samudra­prabha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Gambhī­raghoṣa­svaranā­dita *zab mo’i dbyangs kyi nga ro sgrogs pa*, Skt. *gambhī­raghoṣa­svaranā­dita*, A great bodhisattva. ## Gambhīrajala *gam bhi ra dza lang*, Skt. *gambhīrajala*, A lake in Godānīya. ## Gambhīramati *blo gros zab mo*, Skt. *gambhīramati*, The 795th buddha in the first list, 794th in the second list, and 784th in the third list. ## Gambhīranirghoṣa *dbyangs zab*, Skt. *gambhīranirghoṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gambhīrapakṣa *zab mo’i phyogs*, Skt. *gambhīrapakṣa*, The second king of the “yakṣa” dynasty, most likely Kadphises II. ## Gambhīrapratibhāna *spobs pa zab mo*, Skt. *gambhīra­pratibhāna*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “Profound Eloquence.” ## Gambhīra­pratibhāna *spobs pa zab pa*, Skt. *gambhīra­pratibhāna*, A great bodhisattva. ## Gambhīreśvara *dbyangs zab mo*, Skt. *gambhīreśvara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana *don zab dgongs pa nges par ’grel*, Skt. *gam­bhīrārtha­saṃdhi­nirmo­cana*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## gamboge *sa skyur mo*, Skt. *kāṅguṣṭha*, The solidified resin of Garcinia morella. ## Gampopa *sgam po pa*, see [Dagpo Rinpoche](#dago-rinpoche). ## Gandhā *dri chab ma*, Skt. *gandhā*, A goddess of perfume invoked in a mantra. ## Gandha *spos can*, Skt. *gandha*, A buddha who is not listed in the first or second list but is 728th in the third list. ## Gandhadhvajā *spos kyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *gandhadhvajā*, A royal city in the distant past. ## Gandhahastī *spos kyi glang po che*, Skt. *gandhahastī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Gandhahasti *spos kyi glang po che*, Skt. *gandhahasti*, A principal bodhisattva in the Mahāyāna sūtras. He is described in this sūtra as coming from Akṣobhya’s realm. ## Gandhahastin *spos kyi glang po che*, Skt. *gandhahastin*, A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the southern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gandhahastiprabhāvarāja *rgyal po spos kyi glang po che’i byin gyi mthu dang ldan pa*, Skt. *gandhahastiprabhāvarāja*, A garuḍa king. ## Gandhakūṭa *spos rtsegs*, Skt. *gandhakūṭa*, A buddha. ## Gandhamādana *spos kyi ngad ldang ba*, Skt. *gandhamādana*, A mountain north of the Himalayas, said to be fifty yojanas from Mount Kailash. In other sūtras, it is translated as spos ngad can, spos ngad ldang, or spos nad ldan. Mount Gandhamardan in Orissa, India, was at one time a center for Buddhist study and practice. (In other sūtras, this is translated as spos ngad can; spos ngad ldang; or spos nad ldan) ## gandha­mādana *ri spos kyi ngad ldang ba*, Skt. *gandha­mādana*, One of ten “kings of mountains” according to Abhidharma cosomology. ## Gandha­megha­vyūha­dhvajā *spos kyi sprin gyis brgyan pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *gandha­megha­vyūha­dhvajā*, A buddha realm in the southeastern direction. ## Gandhapadma *spos kyi pad ma*, Skt. *gandhapadma*, A buddha in a previous eon when the Sahā realm was called Arajamerujugupsita. ## Gandha­padma­vijitakīrti­rāja *spos kyi pad ma rnam rgyal grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gandha­padma­vijitakīrti­rāja*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Gandha­padmottaravega *spos kyi pad ma dam pa’i shugs*, Skt. *gandha­padmottaravega*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Gandhapāṇi *lag na spos*, Skt. *gandhapāṇi*, A great bodhisattva. ## Gandhaprabha *spos kyi ’od*, Skt. *gandhaprabha*, The thirty-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Gandhaprabhāsa Lit. “Incense-Light.” The world system of the Buddha Incense-Emitting Light during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gandhapradīpa *spos kyi mar me*, Skt. *gandhapradīpa*, A buddha in a southeastern buddha realm. ## Gandha­pradīpa­megha­śrī *spos sgron sprin gyi dpal*, Skt. *gandha­pradīpa­megha­śrī*, A buddha realm in the distant past. BHS verse: Gandha­pradīpa­megha­śiri. ## Gandha­pradīpa­śrī *spos kyi sgron ma’i dpal*, Skt. *gandha­pradīpa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Gandhaśrī *spos dpal*, Skt. *gandhaśrī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Gandhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *gāndhāra*, The present-day Gandhara region was located in northwest Pakistan and northeast Afghanistan. This region was historically important for the development of Buddhism. In this chapter, Gandhara is identified as the region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Cave of Provisions is located. ## Gandharāja *dri’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gandharāja*, A buddha. ## gandharvī *dri za*, Skt. *gandharvī*, A female gandharva. ## Gandharva *dri za*, Skt. *gandharva*, lit. smell eaters. Spirit feeding on smells. Also used for beings in the [intermediate state](#intermediate-state). ## gandharva castle in the sky *dri za’i grong khyer*, Skt. *gandharva­nagara*, See “gandharva.” ## Gandharva King Delightful Appearance *mthong na dga’ ba dri za’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mthong na dga’ ba dri za’i rgyal po*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni ## Gandharva Lady *dri za mo*, Skt. *dri za mo*, One of the eight nāga ladies. ## Gandharva Melody *dri za’i dbyangs can*, Skt. *dri za’i dbyangs can*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Gandharva Mind *dri za’i blo*, Skt. *dri za’i blo*, Attendant of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## gandharva spirit town *dri za’i grong khyer*, Skt. *gandharva­nagara*, See “gandharva.” ## Gandharva­kāya­prabha­rāja *dri za lus ’od rgyal po*, Skt. *gandharva­kāya­prabha­rāja*, The thirty-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Gandharvamādana *spos ngad ldang*, Skt. *gandharva­mādana*, Name of a mountain range, better known as Gandhamādana. ## Gandharva­rāja *dri za’i rgyal*, Skt. *gandharva­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Gandhatejas *spos gzi*, Skt. *gandhatejas*, The 650th buddha in the first list, 649th in the second list, and 641st in the third list. ## Gandhavatī *spos ldan*, Skt. *gandhavatī*, Lit. “Fragrant.” The city in which the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata resides. ## Gandhavati *spos can*, Skt. *gandhavati*, The city where Dharmodgata resides and teaches. ## Gandha­vyūhāhāra *spos bkod pa’i zas*, Skt. *gandha­vyūhāhāra*, Deities who attend on the Buddha Sugandhakūta in the universe Sarva­gandha­sugandhā. ## Gandhābha *spos ’od*, Skt. *gandhābha*, The 870th buddha in the first list, 869th in the second list, and 859th in the third list. ## Gandheśvara *spos kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *gandheśvara*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-sixth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Gandheśvara­rāja *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *gandheśvara­rāja*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Fragrant Sovereign King.” ## Gandhāṅkura­prabha­megha *spos kyi myu gu’i rtse mo las ’od kyi sprin ’byung ba*, Skt. *gandhāṅkura­prabha­megha*, A park in another world in the distant past. ## Gandhālaṃkāra­rucira­śubha­garbhā *spos kyi rgyan yid du ’ong ba’i dge ba’i snying po*, Skt. *gandhālaṃkāra­rucira­śubha­garbhā*, A world realm in the northwest. ## Gandhottama *spos mchog*, Skt. *gandhottama*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Gandhottama­kūṭa *spos mchog brtsegs pa*, Skt. *gandhottama­kūṭa*, Buddha of the universe Sarva­gandha­sugandhā, from whom Vimalakīrti’s emanation-bodhisattva obtains the vessel of ambrosial food that magically feeds the entire assembly without diminishing in the slightest. ## Gandhottamarāja *spos mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *gandhottama­rāja*, A buddha. ## Gandhārī Skt. *gandhārī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Gandhāra *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *gandhāra*, An ancient kingdom once located in northwestern India in what is now Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan. It lasted from around the sixth century bce to the eleventh century ce and attained its height in the first to fifth centuries under the Buddhist Kushan kings. ## Gandhārci­megha­śrī­rāja *spos ’od ’phro ba’i sprin phun sum tshogs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gandhārci­megha­śrī­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Gandhārciḥ­prabhā­svarā *spos kyi ’od zer rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *gandhārciḥ­prabhā­svarā*, A southeastern buddha realm. ## Gandhārciravabhāsa­rāja *spos kyi ’od ’phro ba rab tu snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gandhārciravabhāsa­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Ganeśa *tshogs bdag*, Skt. *ganeśa*, The elephant-headed deity, more popularly known as Ganesh and associated with overcoming obstacles. The son of Śiva. ## Ganges *gang gA’i klung*, Skt. *gaṅgā*, The sacred river of North India. ## Ganges Offering *gang gAs byin*, Skt. *gang gAs byin*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ganges Protector *gang gAs skyong*, Skt. *gang gAs skyong*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ganges River *gang gA’i klung*, Skt. *gaṅgā*, The sacred river of North India. ## Ganges Water Cloud *gang gA’i chu sprin*, Skt. *gang gA’i chu sprin*, A tathāgata. ## Gar The Gar is a Tibetan clan of ancient provenance, the origin of which traces back to the ministers of Newo Trana, one of the twelve kingdoms of preimperial Tibet. According to the Catalog, it's one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Gar Dampa Chödingpa According to the Catalog, an ancestral figure of the Degé royal family who went to central Tibet and studied tantra with Jikten Gönpo at Drigung. He later moved to Powo where he established Phulung Rinchen Ling monastery. Other sources indicate he spent time at the court of the Tangut empire (Tib. mi nyag, Ch. xi xia) ## Gar Sherab Jungne The Tibetan translator credited with translating this Dhāraṇī along with the female Indian master Vajrasattvī. ## gara *dug*, Skt. *gara*, This word can mean “poison,” and it can also refer to a class of spirits associated with poisons. ## Garab Dorje *dga' rab rdo rje*, better known by his Tibetan name than by his Sanskrit names, Pramudavajra, Prahevajra, Surativajra or Prajñabhava. The first human teacher in the lineage of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). ## garbage collector *g.yung po’i khyim*, Skt. *puṣkasa­kula*, Also translated here as “refuse scavenger.” ## Garbhagaṇa *snying po’i tshogs*, Skt. *garbhagaṇa*, A buddha. ## Garbha­kīrti­rāja *snying po grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *garbhakīrti­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Garbhāhāriṇī *mngal za ma*, Skt. *garbhāhāriṇī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Garchen Yeshé Sangpo One of Gar Dampa Chodingpa’s three brothers. ## Gardabha “Donkey.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Gardabhaka *bong bu*, Skt. *gardabhaka*, A powerful yakṣa of the Himalayas. ## garden of Prince Jeta *rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal*, Skt. *jetavana*, The grove in Śrāvastī offered to the Buddha by Anāthapiṇḍada, who had purchased it at great expense from its namesake, Prince Jeta. ## garden of the householder Ghoṣila *gdangs las rig gi kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *ghoṣilārāma*, A garden in Kauśāmbī that the householder Ghoṣila donated to the Buddhist saṅgha. This Tibetan rendering of Ghoṣilārāma only appears in The Hundred Deeds, and the precise correlation between the Tib. las rig and the standard Sanskrit for this location remains unclear. ## gardenia *par shi ka*, Skt. *vārṣika*, Gardenia gummifera. A white fragrant flower that blooms in the rainy season. In other texts transliterated as bar sha ka or par sha ka. ## Gardhava A rākṣasa king. ## Gargā *gar gA*, Skt. *gargā*, A famous Puranic rishi of India, who features particularly in the Vaishnavite literature. ## Garga *gar ga*, Skt. *garga*, An alternate spelling of Bharga, a country during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni that had its capital at Mount Śiśumāri. ## Gargā’s Pond A place in the city of Campā. ## Garjanī *’brug sgrogs*, Skt. *garjanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Garjana *’brug sgrogs*, Skt. *garjana*, A nāga king. ## Garjasphoṭaka *’brug sgrogs*, Skt. *garjasphoṭaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Garjita­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa *rgya mtsho chos kyi sprin sgra sgrogs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *garjita­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Garjita­ghoṣa­dundubhi­svara­rāja *’brug sgra dang rnga bo che’i skad kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *garjita­ghoṣa­dundubhi­svara­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Garjitasvara *’brug sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *garjitasvara*, The 550th buddha in the first list, 550th in the second list, and 543rd in the third list. ## Garjiteśvara *sgra sgrogs dbang phyug*, Skt. *garjiteśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Garland *phreng*, Skt. *phreng*, Garland (a wreath of flowers or leaves), also the name of a park in Born in a Tank. ## Garland Abode *phreng ba gnas pa*, Skt. *phreng ba gnas pa*, An area in Kuru. ## garland mantra *phreng ba’i sngags*, Skt. *mālāmantra*, A mantra that surrounds the central item in a diagram or magical drawing. ## Garland of Bathing Ponds *khrus kyi rdzing bu’i phreng ba*, Skt. *khrus kyi rdzing bu’i phreng ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Garland of Bell Bangles *g.yer kha’i phreng ba’i tshal*, Skt. *g.yer kha’i phreng ba’i tshal*, Forest on the third asura level, Excellent Abode. ## Garland of Celestial Cottages *gzhal yas khang gi khang bu’i phreng ba*, Skt. *gzhal yas khang gi khang bu’i phreng ba*, A location in Supreme Strength. ## Garland of Fame *grags pa’i phreng ba*, Skt. *grags pa’i phreng ba*, Mother of the buddha Āryastuta. ## Garland of Golden Trees *shing ljon pa’i phreng ba*, Skt. *shing ljon pa’i phreng ba*, A grove in Dwelling in Essence of Jewels. ## Garland of Lightning *glog gi phreng ba*, Skt. *glog gi phreng ba*, A nāga who visits Saṅkāśa Mountain. ## Garland of Lotus Ponds *pad ma’i rdzing bu’i phreng ba*, Skt. *pad ma’i rdzing bu’i phreng ba*, Ponds in the Forest of Amusements. ## Garland of Lotuses *pad ma’i phreng ba*, Skt. *padmamālin*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Garland of Mansions *khang bzangs kyi phreng ba*, Skt. *khang bzangs kyi phreng ba*, A realm in which Musulundha resides. ## Garland of Parks *nye ba’i tshal gyi phreng ba*, Skt. *nye ba’i tshal gyi phreng ba*, A palace visited by King Sudarśana. ## Garland of Planets *rgyu skar phreng*, Skt. *rgyu skar phreng*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## Garland of Plantains *tA la’i phreng ba*, Skt. *tA la’i phreng ba*, A mountain in the sea south of Jambudvīpa. ## Garland of Play *rtsed mo’i phreng ba*, Skt. *rtsed mo’i phreng ba*, A mountain between Kuru and Godānīya. ## Garland of Pleasant Sounds *phreng sgra snyan*, Skt. *phreng sgra snyan*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Garland of Pleasure Groves *skyed mos tshal gyi phreng ba*, Skt. *skyed mos tshal gyi phreng ba*, A grove in Supreme Strength. ## Garland of Pools *lteng ka phreng*, Skt. *lteng ka phreng*, A lotus pool in Lateral. ## Garland of Splendor *gzi brjid phreng*, Skt. *tejojālinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Garland of Stainless Light *dri ma med pa’i ’od kyi phreng ba can*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i ’od kyi phreng ba can*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Garland of Stars *’gram dngar*, Skt. *tārāmāla*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Garland of Tortures *gnod pa’i rgyun*, Skt. *kāraṇāmāla*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## garland-bearer gods *phreng thogs lha*, Skt. *mālādhara*, A class of gods associated with the Four Great Kings. ## garland-bearing deities See “mālādhārin.” ## Garland-Draped *phreng ba’i nyes ’khor*, Skt. *phreng ba’i nyes ’khor*, A mountain in Kuru. ## Garlands of Flowers *me tog gi phreng ba*, Skt. *me tog gi phreng ba*, Part of the Forest of Joy. ## Garlands of Foam *dbu ba’i phreng ba*, Skt. *dbu ba’i phreng ba*, A river on Triple Horns. ## Garlands of Lightning *glog gi phreng ba*, Skt. *glog gi phreng ba*, A sea to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## garlands of the buddhas *sangs rgyas phal po che*, Skt. *buddhāvataṃsaka*, Here, the name of a particular state of concentration (but also the title of a composite Mahāyāna sūtra or “family” of sūtras, Toh 44). ## Garmuka The name of a king. ## garuḍī A female garuḍa. ## Garuḍa *khyung*, a mythical bird of very large size which is able to fly as soon as it is hatched, symbolizing [primal wisdom](#primal-wisdom). The five colors in which it is sometimes represented symbolize the [five wisdoms](#five-wisdoms). It is the enemy of the [nāgas](#nāga), and is depicted with a snake in its beak, symbolizing consuming the [negative emotions](#negative-emotions). ## Garuḍa He A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Garuḍa-Winged Revatī A grahī. This seems to be another name for the grahī otherwise called Great Revatī the Garuda-Winged Ḍākinī (nam gru chen mo mkha’ ’gro khyung gshog ma). ## Garutman Skt. *garutman*, The celestial garuḍa, often serving as the mount of Viṣṇu. ## Āgata *a ga ta*, Skt. *āgata*, A god who is the king of lightning in the eastern direction. ## Gate of Auspiciousness *bkra shis kyi sgo*, Skt. *maṅgaladvāra*, The gate of King Śuddhodana’s palace, in Kapilavastu, through which Prince Siddhārtha leaves, both for one of his trips outside and when he finally forsakes palace life. ## Gate of Warm Water *chu dron can gyi sgo*, Skt. *tapodadvāra*, One of the gates in the city of Rājagṛha. ## gates of liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣamukha*, There are three, namely emptiness as a gateway to liberation, signlessness as a gateway to liberation, and wishlessness as a gateway to liberation. Among them, emptiness is characterized as the absence of inherent existence, signlessness as the absence of mental images, and wishlessness as the absence of hopes and fears. ## gateway entering into all phenomena *chos thams cad la ’jug pa’i sgo*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­praveśa­mukha*, A meditative stability. ## gateway to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣa­mukha*, There are three, namely emptiness as a gateway to liberation, signlessness as a gateway to liberation, and aspirationlessness as a gateway to liberation. Among them, emptiness is characterized as the absence of inherent existence, signlessness as the absence of mental images, and aspirationlessness as the absence of hopes and fears. ## gateways of liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣamukha*, See “three gateways of liberation.” ## gateways to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo*, Skt. *vimokṣa­mukha*, There are three, namely emptiness as a gateway to liberation, signlessness as a gateway to liberation, and aspirationlessness as a gateway to liberation. Among them, emptiness is characterized as the absence of inherent existence, signlessness as the absence of mental images, and aspirationlessness as the absence of hopes and fears. ## gateways to the letters *yi ge’i sgo*, Skt. *akṣaramukha*, One aspect of a set of forty-four syllables listed at as dhāraṇī gateways. See also “introduction to the letters.” ## gather at the site *gnas bsdu ba*, To “gather at the site” in order to do the restoration rite and so on together. If one of the monks on site does not come to the site where an official act of the saṅgha is to be done (or send his consent for the act through a proxy), the saṅgha will not have a quorum, and the act will not be established. See (Toh 4113, F.313.b). ## Gathered *tshogs pa*, Skt. *tshogs pa*, Gathered (brought or come together), also the name of an area in Kuru. ## Gathered Flowers *me tog bsags*, Skt. *me tog bsags*, Mother of the buddha Jyeṣṭha. ## Gatherer *tshogs can*, Skt. *tshogs can*, Gatherer (one who collects or brings together), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Candrārka. ## Gatherer of Myriad Creations *bzo sna tshogs stsogs pa*, Skt. *bzo sna tshogs stsogs pa*, Name of a magician in a story Buddha tells; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Gathering Melody *tshogs dbyangs*, Skt. *tshogs dbyangs*, Attendant of the buddha Śanairgāmin. ## Gathering of All Qualities *yon tan kun gyi tshogs*, Skt. *yon tan kun gyi tshogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇendrakalpa. ## Gathering of Awakening *byang chub tshogs*, Skt. *byang chub tshogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Buddhimati. ## Gathering of Fame *grags pa bsdus*, Skt. *grags pa bsdus*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṃgava (548 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gathering of Flowers *me tog bsags*, Skt. *me tog bsags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpita. ## Gathering of Glory *dpal gyi tshogs*, Skt. *dpal gyi tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnaśrī. ## Gathering of Jewels *rin chen tshogs*, Skt. *rin chen tshogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyahastin. ## Gathering of Light *’od kyi tshogs*, Skt. *’od kyi tshogs*, Mother of the buddha Māradama. ## Gathering of Qualities *yon tan tshogs*, Skt. *yon tan tshogs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sughoṣa (909 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gathering of Splendor *gzi brjid bsdus*, Skt. *gzi brjid bsdus*, Birthplace of the buddha Sūryapriya. ## Gathering of the Flowers of the Victors *rgyal ba’i me tog tshogs*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i me tog tshogs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vratanidhi (924 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gathering of the Mind *blo yi tshogs*, Skt. *blo yi tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Varabuddhi. ## Gathering of the Superior *’phags pa bsdus*, Skt. *’phags pa bsdus*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Toṣitatejas. ## Gathering of the World *’jig rten tshogs*, Skt. *’jig rten tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha. ## Gathering of Virtue *dge ba’i tshogs*, Skt. *dge ba’i tshogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Indradhvaja. ## Gathering of Wisdom *ye shes tshogs*, Skt. *ye shes tshogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vratatapas. ## Gathering Power *mthu rtsal sdud pa*, Skt. *mthu rtsal sdud pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhamati (968 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gathering the World *’jig rten bsdus*, Skt. *’jig rten bsdus*, Attendant of the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka. ## gathering together *yang dag par sdud pa*, Skt. *yang dag par sdud pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its fifth week. ## Gatherings of Awakening *byang chub tshogs*, Skt. *byang chub tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Sumedhas. ## gathers all qualities *chos thams cad yang dag par ’du ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samavasaraña*, An absorption. ## āgati flower *spra ba'i me tog*, Skt. *āgati*, Sesbania grandiflora. ## Gati­candra­netra­nayana *’gro ba’i zla ba spyan tshul*, Skt. *gati­candra­netra­nayana*, The thirty-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Gatika *’gro yod*, Skt. *gatika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Gatikīrti *grags pa’i ’gro ba*, Skt. *gatikīrti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Gatimān *rig pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *gatimān*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Gatipravara *’gro ba’i mchog*, Skt. *gatipravara*, The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Gatīśvarasālendra *’gro ba’i dbang phyug sA la’i dbang po*, Skt. *gatīśvarasālendra*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Gauḍa *go DA*, Skt. *gauḍa*, A part of Bengal bordering Orissa, also the name of the dynasty that ruled there. ## gaur *ba men*, Skt. *gavaya*, Bos gaurus, a massive wild ox, also called the Indian bison. The largest extant bovine. ## Gaurī “The Fair One.” The name of a vidyādevī, a goddess invoked in sorcery. ## Gautama *gau ta ma*, Skt. *gautama*, The family name of Prince Siddhārtha. Gautama means “descendant of Gotama,” while his clan name, Gotama, means “Excellent Cow.” When the Buddha is addressed as Gautama in the sūtras, it typically implies that the speaker does not share the respect of his disciples, who would rather refer to him as the “Blessed One” (Bhagavān) or another such epithet. ## Gautamīya The name of a family lineage. ## Gauṇāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Kautsa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Gavampati *ba lang gi bdag po*, Skt. *gavampati*, A great bodhisattva. ## Gavayaśīrṣa *bal glang mgo*, Skt. *gavayaśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## Gaveśīrṣa Skt. *gaveśīrṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gavākṣapātin *sgra sgo skyong*, Skt. *gavākṣapātin*, Unidentified. The Tib. reflects a different Skt. reading. ## Gavāmpati *ba lang bdag*, Skt. *gavāmpati*, One of the first to join the [Buddha](#buddha)’s order of monks. He followed his friend [Yaśas](#yaśas) into the Buddhist order. ## Gavāṃpati *ba lang bdag*, Skt. *gavāṃpati*, One of the group of five friends who were the second group to become students of the Buddha, and he was one of the ten students of the Buddha who were the first to become arhats. ## Gayā *ga yA*, Skt. *gayā*, One of the sacred towns of ancient India, south of the Ganges in present-day Bihar. In the Buddha’s lifetime, this was in the kingdom of Magadha. Uruvilvā, the area including Bodhgayā where the Buddha attained enlightenment, is nearby to the south, upriver from Gayā. ## Gayādhara Gayādhara, c. 994–1043; Indian (possibly Bengali) paṇḍita who visited Tibet three times; teacher of Drokmi Śākya Yeshé; a complex personality and a key figure in the transmission to Tibet of the Hevajra materials later incorporated in the Lamdré (lam ’bras) tradition. ## Gayā-Kāśyapa *ga yA ’od srung*, Skt. *gayā-kāśyapa*, A monk (bhikṣu) and disciple of the Buddha. ## Gayākāśyapa *ga ya ’od srung*, Skt. *gayākāśyapa*, The brother of Nadīkāśyapa and Uruvilvākāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilvā (Bodhgaya), he and his two hundred pupils were converted to the Dharma, becoming bhikṣus (monks) under the Buddha. He and his brothers and their pupils were the third group to become followers of the Buddha Śākyamuni after his awakening. Also known as Mahāgayākāśyapa. ## Gayāśīrṣa *ga yA mgo*, Skt. *gayāśīrṣa*, Site of a [stūpa](#stūpa) where the [Buddha](#buddha) instructed the thousand monks from [Uruvilvā](#uruvilvā) by displaying three miracles, thereby freeing them from the wilds of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) and establishing them in the utterly final state of perfection and the unsurpassably blissful state of [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa). ## Gayā­śīrṣa Hill *ga yA mgo’i ri*, Skt. *gayā­śīrṣa*, A sacred hill immediately to the south of the city of Gayā. Its name means “Gayā head,” and may derive from pre-Buddhist legends of a buried, reclining giant—in one version, a demon king called Gayāsura who was immoblised by Viṣṇu, and in another a saintly prince called Gaya; this hill marks the position of his head, with other features of the landscape in the region associated with other parts of his body. ## Gayāśīrṣa Hill *ga yA mgo’i ri*, Skt. *gayāśīrṣa*, A hill near Bodhgayā where the present sūtra takes place. ## Gazing at All Beings with Great Compassion *thugs rje chen pos sems can thams cad la gzigs pa*, Skt. *thugs rje chen pos sems can thams cad la gzigs pa*, A tathāgata in the southwestern buddhafield Virtuous Eye. ## Gṛdhrakūṭa *bya rgod kyi phung po*, Skt. *gṛdhrakūṭa*, A mountain in Magadha where the Buddha preached many times. ## Gṛdhrakūṭa Mountain *rgod kyi phung po’i ri*, Skt. *gṛdhrakūṭa*, Also known as “Vulture Peak,” a hill located in modern-day Bihar, India, and in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha. A location where many sūtras were taught and which continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day. ## Gehā *khyim ma*, Skt. *gehā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Gelo *dge blo*, Skt. *dge blo*, Eighth-century Tibetan editor of Toh 21. ## Gelugpa *dge lugs pa*, one of the schools of the [New Tradition](#new-tradition), founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) and at first called the Gandenpa after his seat, the monastery of Ganden. ## Gem *nor bu*, Skt. *nor bu*, Gem (a precious stone or jewel), also the name of a yakṣa. ## Gem Radiance *dbyig gi ’od zer*, Skt. *dbyig gi ’od zer*, Father of the buddha Supakṣa. ## Gemini *sbyor ba*, Skt. *mithuna*, See “Mithuna.” ## Gendün Gyaltsen The son of Karchen Jangchup Bum and father of Gönpo Sung. ## generating the altruistic mind set on attaining awakening *byang chub kyi sems bskyed*, Skt. *bodhicittotpāda*, The altruistic resolve to achieve complete and perfect buddhahood for the sake of oneself and all sentient beings. ## Generation phase *bskyed rim*, Skt. *utpattikramā* "meditation [yoga](#yoga) through which one purifies oneself of one's habitual [clinging](#clinging)s to the four kinds of birth and in which one meditates on forms, sounds and [thought](#thought)s as having the nature of deities, [mantra](#mantra)s and [wisdom](#wisdom)" DICT. ## generation stage One of the two primary categories for the practice of union (yoga) in Vajrayāna Buddhism. These two stages include a variety of practices. Generally speaking, the generation stage consists of practices for attaining spontaneous union as the deity maṇḍala, while the completion stage consists of practices to test, demonstrate, or perfect this union. ## Generosity *sbyin pa*, Skt. *dāna*, lit. giving. ## Generosity Joy *sbyin dga’*, Skt. *sbyin dga’*, Mother of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Gentle *des pa po*, Skt. *des pa po*, Gentle (mild, kind, or soft in manner), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arhadyaśas (277 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gentle Joy *des dga’*, Skt. *des dga’*, Mother of the buddha Sudatta. ## Gentle Light *’jam pa’i ’od*, Skt. *’jam pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmaprabhāsa. ## Gentle Melody *’jam dbyangs*, Skt. *’jam dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anantavikrāmin (214 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gentle Mind *des pa’i blo*, Skt. *des pa’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnavyūha (492 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gentle Protector *’jam pa’i mgon*, An epithet of Mañjuśrī. ## Gentle Sounds *’jam sgra*, Skt. *’jam sgra*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Gentle Splendor *gzi brjid ’jam pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’jam pa*, Attendant of the buddha Śāntatejas. ## Gentle Voice *’jam dbyangs*, Skt. *’jam dbyangs*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Resolver of Doubts Regarding Transgressing All Vows. ## genuine *rang byung*, Skt. *svayambhū*, An epithet frequently applied to buddhas to denote their quality of being self-manifest, i.e., not born through causes and conditions. ## genuine discriminations *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Genuine discrimination with respect to dharmas, meaning, language, and eloquence. ## Genuine Medicine *sman yang dag byung*, Skt. *sman yang dag byung*, A bodhisattva. ## genuinely perfect buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyak­saṃ­buddha*, The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of buddha body, speech, and mind. Also translated here as “completely perfect buddha.” ## Gepal A Tibetan translator active in Tibet in the late eighth to early ninth century, also known as Gewa Pal (dge ba dpal). ## Geshé Darchar This likely refers to Darchar Rinchen Sangpo (’dar ’phyar rin chen bzang po, twelfth/thirteenth century), but this could not be confirmed. ## Geshé Kyemé Tönshé No information could be located about this individual. ## Geshe *dge bshes*, [spiritual friend](#spiritual-friend). The usual term for a [Kadampa](#kadampa) teacher. Later it came to be used for a doctor in philosophy in the [Gelugpa](#gelugpa) school. ## Gewé Lodrö *dge ba'i blo gros*, One of the Tibetan translators of this sūtra. ## Gewé Pal *dge ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dge ba’i dpal*, A Tibetan translator. ## Gewa Pal *dge ba dpal*, Skt. *dge ba dpal*, A Tibetan translator active in Tibet in the late eighth to early ninth century. ## Gewai Lodrö *dge ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *dge ba’i blo gros*, Ma Gewai Lodrö (ma dge ba’i blo gros), a Tibetan lotsāwa, was an important disciple of Rinchen Zangpo (rin chen bzang po, 958–1055) who translated several texts with Atiśa and worked with the Kaśmīri master Subhūti­śri­bhadra to translate a number of pramāṇa texts. ## Geyā *glu ma*, Skt. *geyā*, An offering goddess. ## geya *dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa*, Skt. *geya*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means the repletion of prose passages in verse form. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Gāṅgeyaka *gang gA’i bu*, Skt. *gāṅgeyaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ghaṇṭā *dril bu ma*, Skt. *ghaṇṭā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## ghaṇṭaka fruit An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Gṛhadevatā *khyim gyi lha*, Skt. *gṛhadevatā*, One of the two melāpakas. ## Gṛhadāha *khyim ’tshig*, Skt. *gṛhadāha*, A nāga king. ## ghaṭikā *chu tshod*, Skt. *ghaṭikā*, A unit of time equaling approximately 24 minutes. ## Ghaṇṭākarṇa *dril rna*, Skt. *ghaṇṭākarṇa*, The name of a worldly deity who is identified variously as an attendant of Skanda, an attendant of Śiva, a piśāca attendant of Kubera, and a rākṣasa. ## Ghaṭīkāra *rdza mkhan*, Skt. *ghaṭīkāra*, Great lay follower of Buddha Kāśyapa. ## Ghāṭanī *gnod byed ma*, Skt. *ghāṭanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## ghana *gor gor po*, Skt. *ghana*, The embryo in the fourth week of gestation. ## Ghanoraska *brang rgyas*, Skt. *ghanoraska*, One of the kinnara kings. ## ghanpāramānasā An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Ghasmarī *g+ha sma rI*, Skt. *ghasmarī*, One of the female deities in the retinue of Hevajra. ## ghat *mu stegs*, Skt. *tīrtha*, A set of stairs leading down to the banks of a river or pond, often used for bathing. ## ghee *zhun mar*, Skt. *ghṛta, ājya*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## ghilaka The seeds of this plant are used to prepare a collyrium that grants the ability to see buried treasure. The precise identity of this plant is not clear. ## Ghoṣa The name of a king. ## Ghoṣadatta *dbyangs byin*, Skt. *ghoṣadatta*, The 562nd buddha in the first list, 562nd in the second list, and 555th in the third list. ## Ghoṣamati *dbyangs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *ghoṣamati*, A prince in the distant past. ## Ghoṣaśrī *dbyangs kyi dpal*, Skt. *ghoṣaśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ghoṣasvara *gdangs snyan pa*, Skt. *ghoṣasvara*, The 752nd buddha in the first list, 751st in the second list, and 741st in the third list. ## Ghoṣavati *dbyangs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *ghoṣavati*, One of the māras. ## Ghoṣendrarāja *dbyangs kyi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ghoṣendrarāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ghoṣeśvara *dbyangs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *ghoṣeśvara*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-third) when he becomes a buddha. ## Ghoṣila *gdangs las rig*, Skt. *ghoṣila*, A householder in Kauśāmbī who provided a garden for the Buddha and his monks to reside. ## Ghorī *’jigs pa’i mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *ghorī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering; one of the five ḍākinīs visualized on the five prongs of the vajra scepter. ## Ghora *mi bzad pa*, Skt. *ghora*, One of the kings of rākṣasas; one of the kings of piśācas; one of the grahas; a vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Ghoramukhī *gdong drag mo*, Skt. *ghoramukhī*, ‟One with the Terrible Face,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Ghorarūpā *’jigs pa’i gzugs*, Skt. *ghorarūpā*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Ghorarūpin *mi bzad pa’i gzugs can*, Skt. *ghorarūpin*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; one of the kings of the piśācas. ## Ghoravatī *mi bzad ldan ma*, Skt. *ghoravatī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Ghost *'dre*, spirit of a dead person or, more generally, harmful spirit. ## Śīghrajavā *myur mgyogs ma*, Skt. *śīghrajavā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Giant Banner *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Son of the buddha Samantadarśin. ## Giant Incense Elephant *glang chen spos kyi glang po*, Skt. *glang chen spos kyi glang po*, A bodhisattva. ## giant milkweed *ar ka*, Skt. *arka*, Calotropis gigantea. ## gift *yon*, Skt. *pradakṣiṇā*, The offerings that are made specifically to one’s guru. ## Gift of Beauty *mdzes byin*, Skt. *mdzes byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Velāmaprabha. ## Gift of Bliss *bde sbyin ma*, Skt. *bde sbyin ma*, Mother of the buddha Balasena. ## Gift of Clear Faculties *dbang gsal byin*, Skt. *dbang gsal byin*, Son of the buddha Indrama. ## Gift of Colors *kha dog byin*, Skt. *kha dog byin*, Father of the buddha Amogharaśmi. ## Gift of Delight *yid ’ong byin*, Skt. *yid ’ong byin*, Mother of the buddha Añjana. ## gift of Dharma *chos kyi sbyin pa*, Skt. *dharmadāna*, One of the three modes of giving recorded in Buddhist literature, this refers to spreading the Dharma through teaching, recitation, copying of texts, and so forth. The other two consist of the gift of material goods (āmiṣadāna) and the gift of fearlessness (abhayadāna). ## Gift of Discipline *tshul khrims sbyin*, Skt. *tshul khrims sbyin*, Son of the buddha Amitatejas. ## Gift of Excellence *bzang sbyin*, Skt. *bzang sbyin*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## Gift of Excellent Relinquishment *legs spong byin*, Skt. *legs spong byin*, Mother of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Gift of Excellent Sacrifice *mchod sbyin legs mchod*, Skt. *mchod sbyin legs mchod*, Father of the buddha Sundarapārśva. ## Gift of Fame *grags sbyin ma*, Skt. *grags sbyin ma*, Mother of the buddha Anantavikrāmin. ## Gift of Fearlessness *’jigs med sbyin*, Skt. *’jigs med sbyin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidumati (209 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gift of Freedom from Suffering *mya ngan med byin*, Skt. *mya ngan med byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prabhūta. ## Gift of Greatness *chen po byin*, Skt. *chen po byin*, Attendant of the buddha Arajas. ## Gift of Heroes *dpa’ bos sbyin*, Skt. *dpa’ bos sbyin*, Son of the buddha Vijitāvin. ## Gift of Illumination *snang ba byin*, Skt. *snang ba byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vilocana. ## Gift of Immortality *’chi med byin*, Skt. *’chi med byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Gift of Jewels *nor sbyin*, Skt. *nor sbyin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpita (560 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gift of Joy *dga’ bas byin*, Skt. *dga’ bas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇabāhu. ## Gift of Life *tshe sbyin*, Skt. *tshe sbyin*, Birthplace of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Gift of Marks *mtshan byin*, Skt. *mtshan byin*, Attendant of the buddha Sthita­buddhi­rūpa. ## Gift of Nirvāṇa *mya ngan med pas byin*, Skt. *mya ngan med pas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Somaraśmi. ## Gift of Noble Faith *’phags dad byin*, Skt. *’phags dad byin*, Attendant of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## Gift of Peace *zhi bas byin*, Skt. *zhi bas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmamati. ## Gift of Powerful Wisdom *ye shes mthu rtsal sbyin*, Skt. *ye shes mthu rtsal sbyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candana. ## Gift of Protection *mgon byin*, Skt. *mgon byin*, Son of the buddha Śrīprabha. ## Gift of Qualities *yon tan byin*, Skt. *yon tan byin*, Mother of the buddha Mālādhārin. ## Gift of Radiance *’od byed sbyin*, Skt. *’od byed sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Gift of Reflection *bsam pa byin*, Skt. *bsam pa byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Gift of Riches *phyug sbyin*, Skt. *phyug sbyin*, Son of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## Gift of Splendor *gzi brjid byin*, Skt. *gzi brjid byin*, Son of the buddha Śaśin. ## Gift of Strength *stobs sbyin*, Skt. *stobs sbyin*, Attendant of the buddha Sucintita. ## Gift of the Capable *dbang pos byin*, Skt. *dbang pos byin*, Attendant of the buddha Mati. ## Gift of the Firm *brtan pas byin*, Skt. *brtan pas byin*, Attendant of the buddha Siddhārtha. ## Gift of the Gods *lhas byin*, Skt. *lhas byin*, Son of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Gift of the Great Lord *dbang chen byin*, Skt. *dbang chen byin*, Father of the buddha Asaṅgakīrti. ## Gift of the Lamp of the World *’jig rten sgron ma ’byin pa*, Skt. *’jig rten sgron ma ’byin pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthitārtha. ## Gift of the Light of Wisdom *ye shes ’od byin*, Skt. *ye shes ’od byin*, Attendant of the buddha Tejorāja. ## Gift of the Master of Birth *skye ba’i dbang pos byin*, Skt. *skye ba’i dbang pos byin*, Son of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Gift of the Observation of Qualities *yon tan dmigs pa byin*, Skt. *yon tan dmigs pa byin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhāgīrathi (654 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gift of the Splendor of Humanity *mi yi gzi byin*, Skt. *mi yi gzi byin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vairocana (178 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gift of the Stable *brtan pas byin*, Skt. *brtan pas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Gift of the Sun *nyi mas byin*, Skt. *nyi mas byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Gift of the Supreme *mchog sbyin*, Skt. *mchog sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Gift of the Swamp *’dam bus byin*, Skt. *’dam bus byin*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gift of the Victors *rgyal bas byin pa*, Skt. *rgyal bas byin pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśomati. ## Gift of the Water God *chu lhas byin*, Skt. *chu lhas byin*, Father of the buddha Bhāgīrathi. ## Gift of the Wealth God *nor lhas byin*, Skt. *nor lhas byin*, Mother of the buddha Guṇadhvaja. ## Gift of the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom byin*, Skt. *dgra bcom byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Gift of the Wrathful *drag shul sbyin*, Skt. *drag shul sbyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vajra. ## Gift to the World *srid sbyin*, Skt. *srid sbyin*, Son of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Gilgit *bru sha*, Skt. *gilgit*, In modern NW Pakistan. ## Gimila *gi mi la*, Skt. *gi mi la*, Attendant of the buddha Deśāmūḍha. ## Giri *ri bo*, Skt. *giri*, A nāga king; a member of the Buddha’s retinue. ## Giri­śikhara­meru­svara­rāja *ri rab zom la rnam par spyod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *giri­śikhara­meru­svara­rāja*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Girikūṭa *ri bo brtsegs*, Skt. *girikūṭa*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Girikūṭaketu *ri bo brtsegs pa’i tog*, Skt. *girikūṭaketu*, The 150th buddha in the first list, 150th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Girikarṇika *ri’i rna ba*, Skt. *girikarṇika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Girimuṇḍa *ri mgo bo*, Skt. *girimuṇḍa*, A yakṣa general. ## Girinagara *ri ldan grong khyer*, Skt. *girinagara*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Girivalgu *ri bo legs pa*, Skt. *girivalgu*, A nāga king who was a devotee of the Buddha. King Bimbisara once banished him and another nāga because they did not honor him. A drought occurred, and on the Buddha’s advice, he asked the nāgas for their forgiveness. ## Girivraja *ri mangs*, Skt. *girivraja*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Girīndrakalpa *ri dbang mtshungs*, Skt. *girīndrakalpa*, The 632nd buddha in the first list, 631st in the second list, and 624th in the third list. ## girth like the banyan tree *shing n+ya gro da ltar chu zheng gab pa*, Skt. *nyagrodha­parimaṇḍalatā*, Twenty-second of the thirty-two major marks. ## give rise to conceits *rlom sems su byed pa*, Skt. *manyate*, “Conceits” in most instances here has the meaning both of unjustified assumptions and fanciful imagination as well as of pride. ## Given by a Householder *khyim bdag gis byin*, A nāga king. ## Given by Application *sbyor bas byin*, Skt. *sbyor bas byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## Given by Lamp Wick *sdong bus byin*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Given by Lightning *glog gis byin*, Skt. *glog gis byin*, Father of the buddha Dyutimat. ## Given by the Frightful One The son of Ajātaśatru according to the Tibetan translation of this sūtra. Unfortunately, the corresponding Sanskrit of this portion of the text is not extant. In Pāli Buddhist literature, Ajātaśatru’s son is named Udāyibhadda, which does not seem to correspond well to this Tibetan translation. In the Lalitavistara, ’jigs byed is attested for the name Bhayaṃkara, but there it refers to one of attendants of Māra. It is also attested as a translation for Bhairava in some Buddhist texts. It is common for sbyin to translate the form datta, which is a common ending in names. Taken together here this gives us Bhairavadatta or Bhayaṃkaradatta. The former is an attested name in India, but it is too tenuous to use it here. ## Given by the Gods *lhas byin*, Skt. *lhas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nirbhaya. ## Given by the Mountain *ri bos byin*, Skt. *ri bos byin*, A nāga king. ## Given by the River *chu bas byin*, Skt. *chu bas byin*, A nāga king. ## Given by the Sages *drang srong byin*, Skt. *drang srong byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amoghadarśin. ## Given by the Sun *nyi mas byin*, Skt. *nyi mas byin*, Mother of the buddha Mahāyaśas. ## Given by the Victor *rgyal bas byin*, Skt. *rgyal bas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arthadarśin. ## Given by the Water God *chu lhas byin*, Skt. *chu lhas byin*, A nāga king. ## Given-by-Viśākhā *sa gas byin*, A member of King Prasenajit’s court. ## Giver of All *thams cad byin*, Skt. *thams cad byin*, Father of the buddha Vikrāntadeva. ## Giver of Everything *thams cad sbyin*, Skt. *thams cad sbyin*, Father of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## Giver of Excellence *bzang sbyin ma*, Skt. *bzang sbyin ma*, Mother of the buddha Dyutimat. ## Giver of Fearlessness *mi ’jigs sbyin*, Skt. *mi ’jigs sbyin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇigaṇa (351 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Giver of Jewels *rin chen gtong*, Skt. *rin chen gtong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmavāsa. ## Giver of Knowledge of Time *dus rig sbyin*, Skt. *dus rig sbyin*, Son of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi. ## Giver of Lightning *glog sbyin*, Skt. *glog sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## Giver of Peace *zhi byin*, Skt. *zhi byin*, Son of the buddha Praśānta. ## Giver of Pieces A brahmin elder in the city Gone to Bliss during the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara. ## Giver of Realization *rtogs sbyin*, Skt. *rtogs sbyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bodhirāja. ## Giver of Stones *rdo sbyin par byed pa*, Skt. *rdo sbyin par byed pa*, A river on Uttara Mountain. ## giver of support One of five types of instructors identified by the Buddha, referring to someone who offers shelter, support, and instruction, even if only temporarily. ## givers of instruction *gnas sbyin pa*, Skt. *niśrayadāyaka*, A monk who gives you instruction for even a single day. One of five types of [instructor](#instructor)s named by the [Buddha](#buddha) when asked to elaborate on the role of an [instructor](#instructor). ## giving Giving or generosity is the first of the six perfections, and the antidote to the mind’s tendency toward meanness or miserliness (Skt. mātsarya, Tib. ser sna can). ## Giving by Advancing with the Weapons of the Faculties *dbang po’i mtshon cha ’gros kyis byin*, Skt. *dbang po’i mtshon cha ’gros kyis byin*, Son of the buddha Sukrama. ## Giving Faith *gus byin*, A bodhisattva in this sūtra. ## Giving Medicine *sman gtong*, Skt. *bhaiṣajyadatta*, A bodhisattva. ## giving rise to the mind of awakening *sems bskyed pa*, Skt. *bodhicittotpāda*, Giving rise to bodhicitta, the aspiration for complete awakening for the benefit of all beings. ## Giving up Business *zang zing spangs*, Skt. *zang zing spangs*, Father of the buddha Jyotiṣmat. ## Giving Up Sleep *gnyid spangs*, Skt. *gnyid spangs*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇottama. ## Göl A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Glacier Deity *rgya mtsho’i lha*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i lha*, The son of King Glacier Lake Deity, a past monarch of the city of Campā. ## Glacier Lake Deity *gangs chen mtsho’i lha*, Skt. *gangs chen mtsho’i lha*, Monarch of the city of Campā before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gladdened with Supreme Joy *mngon par dga’ bas mgu ba skyed pa*, Skt. *mngon par dga’ bas mgu ba skyed pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## gladdening of all beings *sems can thams cad mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *sarva­sattvābhipramodano*, The fifteenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Gölo Shönu Pal Gö Lotsāwa Shönu Pal (1392–1481) is one of the most famous literary figures in Tibetan history, renowned as a scholar, historian, and translator. ## global summary *spyi’i sdom*, Skt. *piṇḍoddāna*, The content of The Chapters on Monastic Discipline is condensed into metered lists called “summaries” (Tib. sdom; Skt. uddāna) or “verse summaries” (Tib. sdom gyi tshigs su bcad pa; Skt. uddānagāthā). Each chapter has a “global summary,” composed of several topics, which form the basis of subsequent “summaries.” Very occasionally, specific elements of a chapter will be recapitulated in “intervening summaries” (Tib. bar sdom; Skt. antaroddāna). ## Gloom *mun pa*, Skt. *mun pa*, Gloom (darkness or deep sadness), also the name of a nāga lady. ## Gloomy Forest *mun gyi nags tshal*, Skt. *tamasāvana*, A forest located in modern-day Punjab where a community of Buddhist monks flourished. ## Glorious *dpal ’dzin*, Skt. *dpal ’dzin*, Glorious (having or deserving great renown; magnificent), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anavanata. ## Glorious Acumen *spobs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *spobs pa’i dpal*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## glorious and auspicious *bkra shis dpal dang ldan*, A phrase describing the mantra syllable oṃ. ## Glorious and Brilliantly Shining Jewel *nor bu ’od ’bar ba dpal*, Skt. *nor bu ’od ’bar ba dpal*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Glorious Aspiration *dpal ’dun*, Skt. *dpal ’dun*, Mother of the buddha Prāmodyarāja. ## Glorious Awakening *sangs rgyas dpal*, Skt. *sangs rgyas dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## Glorious Banner of the Stainless Moon Crest *zla ba dri ma med pa’i tog dpal rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *zla ba dri ma med pa’i tog dpal rgyal mtshan*, Son of the buddha Tejorāja. ## Glorious Blazing Lotus *pad ma ’bar ba’i dpal*, Skt. *pad ma ’bar ba’i dpal*, Name of a mahābrahmā. ## Glorious Blooming Flower of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che’i me tog kun du rgyas pa’i gzi brjid lta bu*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che’i me tog kun du rgyas pa’i gzi brjid lta bu*, A great bodhisattva. ## Glorious Copper-colored Mountain *zangs mdog dpal ri*, a [Buddhafield](#buddhafield) manifested by [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna), to which he departed when he left Tibet and where he is now still said to be. ## Glorious Courage *dpa’ ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dpa’ ba’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Glorious Delight *dpal dgyes*, Skt. *dpal dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaśrī (695 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glorious Essence *dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *dpal gyi snying po*, Father of the buddha Vimala. ## Glorious Essence of Flowers *dpal me tog gi snying po*, Skt. *dpal me tog gi snying po*, A buddha residing in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Glorious Essence of Light *snang ba’i snying po dpal*, Skt. *snang ba’i snying po dpal*, A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the western direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Glorious Essence of the Moon *zla ba’i snying po dpal*, Skt. *zla ba’i snying po dpal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śodhita. ## Glorious Excellence *bzang dpal*, Skt. *bzang dpal*, Attendant of the buddha Śuddhasāgara. ## Glorious Faith *dad dpal*, Skt. *dad dpal*, Father of the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa. ## Glorious Flower *me tog dpal*, Skt. *me tog dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Glorious Freedom from Suffering *mya ngan med dpal*, Skt. *mya ngan med dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## Glorious Friend *dpal gyi bshes gnyen*, Skt. *dpal gyi bshes gnyen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Devarāja (960 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glorious Gaṇapati *dpal ldan tshogs bdag*, Skt. *śrimadgaṇapati*, An epithet of the elephant headed deity Gaṇapati. ## Glorious Goddess *lha mo dpal*, Skt. *devī*, King Araṇemin’s principal queen. ## Glorious Golden Light *gser ’od dpal*, Skt. *gser ’od dpal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## Glorious Great Gaṇapati *dpal ldan tshogs bdag che*, Skt. *śrīmanmahā­gaṇapati*, An epithet of the elephant headed deity Gaṇapati. ## Glorious Ground The ninth of the twelve buddha grounds. ## Glorious Guidance *’dren pa’i dpal*, Skt. *’dren pa’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## glorious hermitage of Sakya *dpal ldan sa skya’i dben gnas*, One of the primary seats of the Sakya lineage in Tibet. ## Glorious Hidden Wisdom *ye shes sbas pa’i dpal*, Skt. *ye shes sbas pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Incense *spos dpal*, Skt. *spos dpal*, Father of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Glorious Intent *snyan par sems*, Skt. *snyan par sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Glorious Jewel *rin chen dpal*, Skt. *rin chen dpal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Creator. ## Glorious King of the Arising of All Good Qualities *yon tan thams cad ’byung ba’i dpal gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad ’byung ba’i dpal gyi rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Glorious King Supreme in His Lack of Sorrow One of the Seven Thus-Gone Ones. ## Glorious Knowledge *shes pa’i dpal*, Skt. *shes pa’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sukrama (646 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glorious Light *’od dpal*, Skt. *’od dpal*, A bodhisattva of the past world Stainless who received a dhāraṇī from the Tathāgata Stainless Illumination. A past incarnation of the bodhisattva Dhāraṇīśvara­rāja. ## Glorious Light of Qualities *yon tan dpal snang*, Skt. *yon tan dpal snang*, A great bodhisattva. ## Glorious Light of the Path *lam snang dpal*, Skt. *lam snang dpal*, A buddha realm. ## Glorious Luminosity *dpal ldan gsal*, Skt. *dpal ldan gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Viṣāṇin. ## Glorious Mahākāla *dpal nag po chen po*, The name of a vināyaka who is present in the charnel ground palace where this tantra begins. ## Glorious Melody *dpal dbyangs*, Skt. *dpal dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kusumadatta. ## Glorious Merit *bsod nams dpal*, Skt. *bsod nams dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śanairgāmin (447 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glorious Moon *zla dpal ma*, Skt. *zla dpal ma*, Mother of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Glorious Noble Lotus *pad ma mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *pad ma mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## Glorious Noble Wisdom *ye shes ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *ye shes ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Object of Worship *mchod gnas dpal*, Skt. *mchod gnas dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sāra (936 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glorious Ornament *dpal rgyan ma*, Skt. *dpal rgyan ma*, Mother of the buddha Ratnottama. ## Glorious Ornament of Loving-Kindness *byams pa’i rgyan gyi dpal*, Skt. *byams pa’i rgyan gyi dpal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Free from Obstacles. ## Glorious Peak *dpal brtsegs*, Skt. *dpal brtsegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmaprabhāsa (198 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glorious Power *mthu dpal*, Skt. *mthu dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmavikrāmin. ## Glorious Pride *dpal dregs*, Skt. *dpal dregs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gandheśvara. ## Glorious Qualities *yon tan dpal*, Skt. *yon tan dpal*, Mother of the buddha Guṇagupta. ## Glorious Reasoning Mind *yid ’thad dpal*, Skt. *yid ’thad dpal*, Mother of the buddha Vidhijña. ## Glorious Secret *dpal sbas*, Skt. *dpal sbas*, A tathāgata of the past world Virtuous Occurrence. ## Glorious Source *’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *’byung ba’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Glorious Source of Activity with Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas spyod pa ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas spyod pa ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Source of Jewels *rin chen ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *rin chen ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Source of Joy *dga’ ba ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dga’ ba ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Source of Lotuses *pad ma ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *pad ma ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Source of Nectar *bdud rtsi ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *bdud rtsi ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Source of the Spreading of Lotus Flowers *pad ma rab gtor ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *pad ma rab gtor ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Splendor *dpal gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *dpal gyi gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Kṛtārthadarśin. ## Glorious Splendor of the Light of Noble Wisdom *ye shes ’phags pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *ye shes ’phags pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid dpal*, A buddha. ## Glorious Star *rgyu skar dpal*, Skt. *rgyu skar dpal*, Mother of the buddha Acyuta. ## Glorious Supreme Excellence *dpal gyi bzang mchog*, Skt. *dpal gyi bzang mchog*, Attendant of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Glorious Supreme Light *’od mchog dpal*, Skt. *’od mchog dpal*, Father of the buddha Jyeṣṭhavādin. ## Glorious Supremely Renowned Intense Subduer *shin tu rnam par gnon pa grags mchog dpal*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par gnon pa grags mchog dpal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Joyous Delights. ## Glorious Victor *dpal rgyal*, Skt. *dpal rgyal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Harṣadatta. ## Glorious Wisdom *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *ye shes dpal*, Son of the buddha Sthāmaprāpta. ## Glorious with Surrounding Fragrance and Light *dpal kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­śrī*, See “Samantāvabhāsa­śrī.” ## Glorious Worship *dpal mchod ma*, Skt. *dpal mchod ma*, Mother of the buddha Ratnaśrī. ## glory *grags pa*, Skt. *kīrti*, Part of the Tibetan translation of a Skt. stock phrase for the expression of esteem. See “renown,” “good reputation.” ## Glory and Fame of the World *’jig rten dpal grags*, Skt. *’jig rten dpal grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Glory of All *kun gyi dpal*, Skt. *kun gyi dpal*, A buddha. ## Glory of Assembled Jewels *rin po che ’dus pa’i dpal*, Skt. *rin po che ’dus pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Source of Preciousness. ## Glory of Beauty *mdzes pa’i dpal*, Skt. *mdzes pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glory of Being Immersed in Incalculable Effort *brtson ’grus grangs med pa la zhugs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *brtson ’grus grangs med pa la zhugs pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Awakening of Beautiful Thought. ## Glory of Being Renowned for Considering Everyone *sems can thams cad la dgongs pa grags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sems can thams cad la dgongs pa grags pa’i dpal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Blazing Glory. ## Glory of Being Renowned for Superior Skill That Brings Satisfaction *yid tshim par mdzad pa rtsal rab grags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *yid tshim par mdzad pa rtsal rab grags pa’i dpal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Joyful Renowned Diamond. ## Glory of Being Renowned for Superior Skill That Is Noble like Mount Meru *lhun po ltar ’phags pa rtsal rab grags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *lhun po ltar ’phags pa rtsal rab grags pa’i dpal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Variegated. ## Glory of Clarity *gsal ba’i dpal*, Skt. *gsal ba’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samṛddhajñāna (671 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glory of Complete Dedication to Joy *dga’ ba la rnam par mos pa’i dpal*, Skt. *dga’ ba la rnam par mos pa’i dpal*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Glory of Completely Victorious Army *thab mo las rnam par rgyal ba’i g.yul gyi dpal*, Skt. *thab mo las rnam par rgyal ba’i g.yul gyi dpal*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Glory of Great Beauty *mdzes pa chen po’i dpal*, Skt. *mdzes pa chen po’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Glory of Highest Clarity *gsal rab dpal*, Skt. *gsal rab dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnākara (153 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glory of Immeasurable Qualities *yon tan tshad med dpal*, Skt. *yon tan tshad med dpal*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Well Established in Perfectly Pure Qualities. ## Glory of Infinite Light *snang ba mtha’ yas dpal*, Skt. *snang ba mtha’ yas dpal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Glory of Invincibility *ma pham pa’i dpal*, Skt. *ma pham pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Pile of Bad Colors That Delights in Disputation. ## Glory of Joy *dga’ ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Indra (582 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glory of Love *byams pa’i dpal*, Skt. *byams pa’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitadhara (227 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glory of Merit *dpal gyi bsod nams*, Skt. *dpal gyi bsod nams*, Son of the buddha Mālādhārin. ## Glory of Precious Blue Lotus *rin chen ud pa la’i dpal*, Skt. *rin chen ud pa la’i dpal*, The name of a tathāgata in the world realm Appearance of the Sovereign of Water. ## Glory of Radiant Light *’od ’phro gsal ba’i dpal*, Skt. *’od ’phro gsal ba’i dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣprabha. ## Glory of Stainless Appearance *dri ma med par snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dri ma med par snang ba’i dpal*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Glory of Sublime Goodness *bzang po dam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *bzang po dam pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Elation. ## Glory of Supreme Brahmā *tshangs mchog dpal*, Skt. *tshangs mchog dpal*, Mother of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## Glory of Supreme Excellence *bzang mchog dpal*, Skt. *bzang mchog dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Samṛddhajñāna. ## Glory of the Arising of the Irreversible Wheel Since First Generating the Mind of Awakening *sems dang po bskyed pas phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha in the southeastern direction in the present. ## Glory of the Exalted King of Palmyra Trees *ta la’i rgyal po mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *ta la’i rgyal po mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Adorned with Golden Palmyra Trees. ## Glory of the Finest Gold of Immeasurable Propriety *tshad med pa’i khrel yod pa gser dam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *tshad med pa’i khrel yod pa gser dam pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Sleepless Eye. ## Glory of the Highest Excellence *bzang po’i mchog gi dpal*, Skt. *bzang po’i mchog gi dpal*, A buddha realm. ## Glory of the Incense of Non-ignorance *gti mug med pa’i spos dpal*, Skt. *gti mug med pa’i spos dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Ornamented by Pure Conduct. ## Glory of the Manifestation of the Sublime Lotus *pad ma dam pa rnam par ’phrul pa’i dpal*, Skt. *pad ma dam pa rnam par ’phrul pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Beautiful Lotus. Likely the same as the thus-gone one Skillful in the Glory of the Lotus Guru. ## Glory of the Moon *zla ba dpal*, Skt. *zla ba dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Light of the Sun. ## Glory of the Noble Ones *’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *’phags pa’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Cīrṇaprabha (947 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Glory of the Origin of Pure Jewels *rin chen dag pa ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *rin chen dag pa ’byung ba’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Precious Tārā. Likely an alternate name for the thus-gone one Origin of Jewels. ## Glory of the Precious Red Lotus *rin chen ut+pa la dmar po’i dpal*, Skt. *rin chen ut+pa la dmar po’i dpal*, The tathāgata of the buddhafield, located at the nadir, called Appearing as Illumination. ## Glory of the Protection by Knowledge *shes rab kyis sbed pa’i dpal*, Skt. *shes rab kyis sbed pa’i dpal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Power of Aspiration. ## Glory of the Truth *bden dpal*, Skt. *bden dpal*, Son of the buddha Satyaruta. ## Glory of the Two Marks *mtshan nyid gnyis pa’i dpal*, Skt. *mtshan nyid gnyis pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## glory of transcendental knowledge *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *jñānaketu*, A meditative stability. ## Glory of Universal Splendor *kun tu gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *kun tu gzi brjid dpal*, Father of the buddha Vratasthita. ## glory, praise, renown, and good reputation *grags pa dang brjod pa dang sgra dang tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *yaśo-varṇa-śabda-śloka*, See “glory, renown, and good reputation.” ## glory, renown, and good reputation *grags pa dang sgra dang tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *yaśo-śabda-śloka*, A stock phrase in (Buddhist) Sanskrit texts, each word of which carries a specialized meaning. There are other variants of this phrase in The Exposition of Karma, e.g., “glory, praise, renown, and good reputation” (grags pa dang brjod pa dang sgra dang tshigs su bcad pa). ## Glory Worthy of Worship *mchod par ’os pa’i dpal*, Skt. *mchod par ’os pa’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ojastejas (652 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## glossy nails *sen mo’i mdog snum pa*, Skt. *snigdhanakha*, Second of the eighty minor signs. ## Glowing Hot Embers *me mdag tsha ba*, Skt. *rūkṣāṅgāra­nibha*, A mountain range surrounding the hell of Embers Within. ## Gāndhārī “The One from Gandhāra.” The name of a vidyādevī, a goddess invoked in sorcery. ## Gāndhāra *ba lang ’dzin*, Skt. *gāndhāra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Gāndhāraka *ba lang ’dzin*, Skt. *gāndhāraka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Āgneyā *me phyogs ma*, Skt. *āgneyā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Āgneyī *me’i chung ma*, Skt. *āgneyī*, A great mātṛkā. ## Āgneya The name of a muhūrta. ## Gönlingma *dgon gling rma*, Tibetan editor of The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## gnosis *ye shes*, Skt. *jñāna*, This term denotes the modality of buddha mind. Although all sentient beings possess the potential for actualizing gnosis within their mental continuum, the psychological confusions and deluded tendencies which defile the mind obstruct the natural expression of these inherent potentials, making them appear instead as aspects of mundane consciousness. ## Gönpo Sung The son of Gendün Gyaltsen. ## Go The people of the Go Lharik clan are said to be the native inhabitants of Dokham (mdo khams) or eastern Tibet. They are said to be a “divine” lineage in that they descended from the skies on a miraculous rope. Their element is fire, and their spirit animal (bla zog) is the goat. ## Go forth *rab tu 'byung ba*, Skt. *pravrajati*, To leave the life of a householder and embrace the life of a wandering, [renunciant](#renunciant) follower of the [Buddha](#buddha). ## goat poison *ra dug*, Skt. *śṛṅgaka*, Possibly a poisonous plant of the Ranunculaceae family, known more commonly by names such as wolfsbane and monkshood. ## goat-swallowing snake *Literally “goat devourer,” ajagara*, Skt. *ajagara*, Literally “goat devourer,” ajagara is alternately the name of a mythical snake or the Sanskrit term for a boa constrictor. ## god *lha*, Skt. *deva*, One of the five or six classes of living beings, specifically engendered and dominated by exaltation, indulgence, and pride. Like human beings and asuras, they are all within the higher realms (svarga, mtho ris) of rebirth, but nonetheless remain trapped within cyclic existence. The gods are said to exist in realms higher than that of the human realm, their realms and abodes set out in their own hierarchy. The god realms altogether comprise (1) six god realms within the realm of desire (kāmadhātu), commencing with Caturmahā­rāja­kāyika and Trayastriṃśa, and concluding with Yāma, Tuṣita, Nirmāṇarata, and Para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin; (2) twenty-one realms in the realm of form (rūpadhātu), including (a) the sixteen Brahmā realms, extending from Brahmakāyika through Brahmapurohita, Brahma­pariṣadya, Mahābrahmā, Ābha, Parīttābha, Apramāṇābha, Ābhāsvara, Śubha, Parīttaśubha, Apramāṇaśubha, Śubhakṛtsna, Bṛhat, Parīttabṛhat, and Apramāṇabṛhat to Bṛhatphala, which are attained corresponding to lesser, middling, and higher degrees of the four meditative concentrations; (b) the five Pure Abodes at the pinnacle of the realm of form, extending from Avṛha, through Atapa, Sudṛśa, and Sudarśana to Akaniṣṭha; and (3) the four formless realms at the summit of existence. See and similar passages. Note that the list in this text differs from those in other texts in including four realms (instead of three) for each of the four groups of Brahmā realms, i.e., in listing sixteen Brahmā realms instead of twelve, and therefore twenty-one realms of form in all. ## God Free from Suffering *mya ngan med lha*, Skt. *mya ngan med lha*, Son of the buddha Vīryadatta. ## God of Certainty *rnam par nges pa’i lha*, Skt. *rnam par nges pa’i lha*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgakośa. ## God of Clarity *gsal ba’i lha*, Skt. *gsal ba’i lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Cakradhara (950 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## God of Demigods *lha ma yin gyi lha*, Skt. *lha ma yin gyi lha*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padmaśrī. ## God of Eloquence *spobs pa’i lha*, Skt. *spobs pa’i lha*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anihata. ## God of Excellence *legs pa’i lha*, Skt. *legs pa’i lha*, Father of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## God of Faculties *dbang po’i lha*, Skt. *dbang po’i lha*, A priest; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## God of Illumination *snang bar byed pa’i lha*, Skt. *snang bar byed pa’i lha*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candrānana. ## God of Infinite Splendor *gzi brjid mtha’ yas lha*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas lha*, Son of the buddha Śrī. ## God of Liberation *thar pa lha*, Skt. *thar pa lha*, Mother of the buddha Maruttejas. ## God of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i lha*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i lha*, Son of the buddha Netra. ## God of Nāgas *klu yi lha*, Skt. *klu yi lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnāgni (385 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## God of Strength *stobs lha*, Skt. *stobs lha*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhu. ## God of the Flower of Qualities *yon tan me tog lha*, Skt. *yon tan me tog lha*, Father of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## God of the Gathering of Gods *lha’i tshogs kyi lha*, Skt. *lha’i tshogs kyi lha*, Attendant of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## God of the Land *yul ’khor lha*, Skt. *yul ’khor lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇaprabhāsa (200 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## God of the Water Gods *chu lha’i lha*, Skt. *chu lha’i lha*, Father of the buddha Asita. ## God of the World *’jig rten lha*, Skt. *’jig rten lha*, Attendant of the buddha Satyadeva. ## God of Virtue *dge ba’i lha*, Skt. *dge ba’i lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kuśalaprabha (693 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## God of Wealth *’byor pa’i lha*, Skt. *’byor pa’i lha*, Father of the buddha Ratnapradatta. ## God of Worship *mchod lha*, Skt. *mchod lha*, Attendant of the buddha Somaraśmi. ## god who was born with that person *mi de dang lhan cig skyes pa’i lha*, Skt. *puruṣasya sahajā pṛṣṭhānubaddhā devatā*, The deity who is born alongside and accompanies a being and is responsible for recording good and bad deeds to present before the Lord of Death Yama when that being dies. ## Godari *go da ro*, Skt. *godari*, One of the mantra deities closely related to the uṣṇīṣa kings, or perhaps one of them. ## goddess *lha’i bu mo*, Skt. *devakanyā*, A female god, literally “daughter of a god.” Sometimes also translated “celestial maiden.” ## goddess Mārīcī *lha mo ’od zer can*, Skt. *mārīcīdevatā*, See “Mārīcī.” ## Goddess of Glory *dpal gyi lha mo*, Skt. *dpal gyi lha mo*, One of the female bodhisattvas. ## Goddess of Speech *bla ba’i lha mo*, Skt. *bla ba’i lha mo*, A princess; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## goddess of the Bodhi tree *byang chub kyi shing gi lha mo*, A goddess. ## Goddess of the Vajra Realm *rdo rje dbyings kyi dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *vajra­dhātvīśvarī*, Consort of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. See also “Vajra realm.” ## Goddess Possessing a Garland of Great Clouds *lha mo sprin chen phreng ldan ma*, Skt. *lha mo sprin chen phreng ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Goddess Śrī *dpal gyi lha mo*, Skt. *śrī*, The great goddess Śrī, better known as Lakṣmī, who promises to aid those who recite this sūtra and to ensure its preservation so that beings will have good fortune. She dwells in a palace in the paradise of Alakāvati. ## Godānīya *ba lang spyod*, Skt. *godānīya*, One of the four continents of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, it is situated to the west of Mount Sumeru. ## Gods *lha*, the beings of one of the [six realms](#six-realms-of-existence), dominated by pride. To avoid confusion we have translated *lha* as "[deity](#deity)" when it [means](#means) a [Buddha](#buddha) or [wisdom](#wisdom) [deity](#deity). ## Gods and demons *lha 'dre*, refers in general to all the different classes of spirits, whether helpful (*lha*) or harmful (*'dre). ## (gods) attendant on Brahmā *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, A class of gods who inhabit the first heaven of the realm of form. ## (gods) attendant on the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cātur­mahā­rājika*, A class of gods who inhabit the lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm, the dwelling place of the Four Great Kings. ## gods from the Heaven of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris kyi lha*, Skt. *cāturmahā­rāja­kāyika­deva*, A class of gods who inhabit the lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm, the dwelling place of the Four Great Kings. ## gods of the brahmā heavens See “brahmā.” ## gods of the form realm *gzugs can gyi lha*, Skt. *rūpīṇo devāḥ*, A god of one of the heavens in the realm of form. ## gods of the Heaven of Control of Enjoyments Created by Others *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed kyi lha*, Skt. *para­nirmitavaśavartino devāḥ*, The Paranirmitavaśavartin gods, those who control enjoyments created by others, the sixth and highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. These gods enjoy the creations of others, as opposed to the Nirmāṇarati gods who enjoy their own creations. ## gods of the Heaven of Delightful Emanations *’phrul dga’i lha*, Skt. *nirmāṇaratayo devāḥ*, The Nirmāṇarati gods, the gods of Nirmāṇarati Heaven (the Heaven of Delightful Emanations), the fifth of the six heavens of the desire realm. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. These gods create their own pleasing enjoyments. ## gods of the Heaven of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris kyi lha*, Skt. *devāś cāturmahārājikāḥ*, Gods of the Heaven of the Four World Guardians/Great Kings (cāturmahārājika), first of the six heavens of the realm of desire. The name is of both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three *sum cu rtsa gsum gyi lha*, Skt. *trayastriṃśā devā*, The gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-three (trayastriṃśa), the second of the six heavens of the desire realm. The thirty-three are Indra and thirty-two other deities. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## Gods of the Highest Heaven *’og min gyi lha*, Skt. *akaniṣṭhānāṃ devānām*, See “Highest Heaven.” ## Gods of the Realm of Brahma Gods living in the Brahma Realm. ## gods of Tuṣita Heaven *dga’ ldan gyi lha*, Skt. *tuṣitā devāḥ*, The gods of Tuṣita Heaven, the Joyous Heaven, the fourth of the six heavens of the desire realm. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. Tuṣita is of note for being the abode of Maitreya until his eventual birth on Earth (and indeed all buddhas in their penultimate birth before their final birth). ## gods of Yāma Heaven *’thab bral gyi lha*, Skt. *yāmā devāḥ*, The gods of the Yāma Heaven, the third of the six heavens of the desire realm. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## gods who move above the earth *sa bla’i lha*, Skt. *antarīkṣadeva*, Gods who reside in the space between the earth and the heavens. ## Gods without perception *'du shes med pa'i lha*, [gods](#gods) in the Formless World. ## Godāvarī *go dA ba rI*, Skt. *godāvarī*, A river in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Gośṛṇga *ba lang gi mgo bo*, Skt. *gośṛṇga*, A hill in the Central Asian oasis city-state of Khotan. According to The Prophecy on Mount Gośṛṅga (Toh 357), it is here that the Buddha prophesied that this area would one day become a great Buddhist kingdom. Gośṛṅga means “cow horn” in Sanskrit, and the hill is said to have received this name due to having two pointed peaks. Note that in The Prophecy on Mount Gośṛṅga this place name is rendered ri glang ru. ## Going Extremely High *shin tu mthor ’gro*, Skt. *shin tu mthor ’gro*, Father of the buddha Ratnadhara. ## Going Far *ring du song ba*, Skt. *dūraṅgamā*, The seventh bodhisattva level. ## going forth *rab tu ’byung ba*, Skt. *pravrajati*, Leaving the life of a householder and embracing the life of a wandering, renunciant follower of the Buddha. ## goiters *lba ba*, Skt. *galagaṇḍa*, A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## Gokarṇa *ba lang rna*, Skt. *gokarṇa*, A mountain king. ## Gośālaka *gnag lhas can*, Skt. *gośālaka*, A country. ## Gold *gser*, Skt. *gser*, Gold (the precious yellow metal), also the name of a son of the buddha Kṛtavarman. ## Gold coin *kAr ShA pa Na*, Skt. *kārṣāpaṇa*, Lit. “weighing a karṣa,” a coin or weight of different values (Monier-Williams 276.3); a type of ancient Indian currency. ## Gold Colored *gser mdog can*, Skt. *gser mdog can*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmā. ## Gold Essence *gser gyi snying po*, Skt. *gser gyi snying po*, Birthplace of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## gold from the Jambu River *’dzam bu’i chu bo’i gser*, Skt. *jāmbūnadasuvarṇa*, A particularly high quality of gold mined from the Jambu River. ## Gold Garland *gser gyi phreng*, Skt. *gser gyi phreng*, Mother of the buddha Yaśomati. ## Gold Gift *gser sbyin*, Skt. *gser sbyin*, Son of the buddha Prāmodyarāja. ## gold, silver, and copper *nyi ma dang zla ba dang me*, Skt. *ravi­candra­vahni*, This phrase literally means “sun, moon, and fire,” but these three terms are correlated to the precious metals gold, silver, and copper, respectively. ## Gold Treasury *gser mdzod*, Skt. *suvarṇakośa*, A bodhisattva. ## Gold Water *gser gyi chu*, Skt. *gser gyi chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Golden *gser can*, Skt. *gser can*, Golden (made of or colored like gold), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Infinite Purity. ## golden age *rdzogs ldan*, Skt. *kṛtayuga*, The most auspicious in the cycle of four eons. ## Golden Banner *gser gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *gser gyi rgyal mtshan*, King and sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Golden Beauty, King of the Splendid Light of Ascertainment *gser sdug mdzes pa rnam par nges pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *gser sdug mdzes pa rnam par nges pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid kyi rgyal po*, A buddha of the past. ## Golden City Mountain *gser gyi grong khyer ri bo*, A bodhisattva. ## Golden Color *gser gyi mdog can*, Skt. *gser gyi mdog can*, Golden-complexioned nun who achieved arhatship during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni, due to the intercession of a previous incarnation of Venerable Ānanda during the time of Buddha Kāśyapa. ## golden complexion *gser gyi kha dog*, Skt. *suvarṇavarṇatā*, Fourteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Golden Crest *gser gyi gtsug*, Skt. *gser gyi gtsug*, A world system. ## Golden Crown *gser gtsug*, Skt. *gser gtsug*, A nāga king. ## Golden Essence *gser gyi snying po*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: gser mdzod) ## Golden Eyes A garuḍa king. ## Golden Face *gser mdog gdong*, Skt. *gser mdog gdong*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Golden Flank *gser gyi logs*, Skt. *gser gyi logs*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhapārśva. ## Golden Flower *ser gyi me tog*, Skt. *ser gyi me tog*, A buddha. ## Golden Garland *gser phreng*, Skt. *gser phreng*, Forest on the third asura level, Excellent Abode. ## Golden Ground *gser gyi sa gzhi dang ldan pa*, Skt. *gser gyi sa gzhi dang ldan pa*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Golden Hue *gser gyi mdog*, Skt. *gser gyi mdog*, Mother of the buddha Dṛḍhasvara. ## Golden Island *gser gnas*, Skt. *suvarṇabhūmi*, According to some this may be an ancient name for the island of Sumatra. There has been a long debate about this toponym and which country or region in South or Southeast Asia it refers to, but so far no scholarly consensus has been reached. ## Golden Lamp *gser sgron*, Skt. *gser sgron*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Atibala. ## Golden Light *gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *gser gyi ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnadeva. ## Golden Mountain *gser gyi ri*, Skt. *gser gyi ri*, Birthplace of the buddha Sadgaṇin. ## Golden Mountain Citadel *gser mkhar ri*, Skt. *kanakanagaraparvata*, A bodhisattva. ## Golden Parasol *ser gdugs*, Skt. *ser gdugs*, A great bodhisattva. ## Golden Park of the Saṅgha *dge ’dun gyi kun dga’ ra ba gser*, Skt. *dge ’dun gyi kun dga’ ra ba gser*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in Pāṭaliputra. ## Golden Shadow *gser gyi grib ma*, Skt. *gser gyi grib ma*, A park in Sustained by Fruition. ## Golden Splendor *gser gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *gser gyi gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## Golden Throat *gser mgrin*, Skt. *gser mgrin*, A nāga king. ## Golden Walls *gser gyi rtsig pa*, Skt. *gser gyi rtsig pa*, An island in the eastern sea beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Golden Waters *gser gyi mdog gi chu*, Skt. *gser gyi mdog gi chu*, (1) A river on Cakravāḍa. (2) A sea between Godānīya and Kuru. ## Golden Wing Offering *gser gyi gshog pa sbyin*, Skt. *gser gyi gshog pa sbyin*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Golden-Haired Devourer of Ṛṣis *drang srong zas len skra ser*, Skt. *drang srong zas len skra ser*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Gold-Like *gser lta bu*, Skt. *gser lta bu*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhuguhya. ## Gośālīputra *gnag lhas kyi bu*, Skt. *gośālīputra*, One of the six [tīrthika](#tīrthika) teachers contemporaneous with [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). Teacher and head of the [Ājīvika](#ājīvika) sect. ## Goma *go ma*, Skt. *go ma*, A river in Khotan. ## Gomardana *ba lang ’joms*, Skt. *gomardana*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Gomasalaganda *go ma sa la gan da*, Skt. *go ma sa la gan da*, A sacred stūpa in Khotan, said to have been blessed by several past buddhas. ## Gomasālagandha *go ma sA la gan d+ha*, Skt. *gomasālagandha*, A sacred stūpa in Khaṣa, said to have been blessed by several past buddhas. ## Gomatī *go ma ti*, Skt. *go ma ti*, A river in the land of Khaṣa. ## Gomin *btsun pa*, Skt. *gomin*, This name seems to refer to the founder of the Śuṅga dynasty, Puṣyamitra Śuṅga. ## Gonakī *go na kI*, Skt. *gonakī*, A location in Jambudvīpa renowned for soft cotton. ## Gone Beyond Delusion *’khrul med gshegs*, Skt. *’khrul med gshegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇicandra (347 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gone Far *ring du song ba*, Skt. *dūraṃgamā*, The seventh bodhisattva bhūmi. ## Gone Fearlessly *mi ’jigs par gshegs pa*, Skt. *mi ’jigs par gshegs pa*, A buddha. ## gone forth *nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *niryātaka*, Having left one’s home to become a wandering mendicant. Also translated here as emancipation and as pathway. ## Gone Immutably *mi g.yor gshegs pa*, Skt. *mi g.yor gshegs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi (44 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gone to Accomplishment *grub par gshegs pa*, Skt. *grub par gshegs pa*, A buddha. ## Gone to Bliss *bde bar song*, Skt. *bde bar song*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## Gone to Liberation *thar par bzhud*, Skt. *thar par bzhud*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhagati (84 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gone to the Abode of Great Power *mthu chen gnas su phyin*, Skt. *mthu chen gnas su phyin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmakośa (534 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gone Unhindered *thogs med gshegs pa po*, Skt. *thogs med gshegs pa po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃharaśmi (343 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Gone with Lion Strength *seng ge’i stobs kyis gshegs*, Skt. *seng ge’i stobs kyis gshegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prabhūta (234 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## gongpo A type of Tibetan spirit. ## Good Cave *phug bzang po*, Skt. *phug bzang po*, Dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in the great ocean. ## Good Compassion *snying rje bzang po*, Skt. *snying rje bzang po*, Son of the Vaiśālī army chief Siṃha at the time of the Buddha’s stay there, he was sentenced to death for the murder of a prostitute. The Buddha secured his release, ordained him, and he attained arhatship. ## good conduct *tshul khrims*, Skt. *śīla*, The second of the six perfections. Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. Also commonly called discipline and ethical conduct. ## good Dharma Literally “white dharma,” epithet of the teachings of the Buddha. ## Good Eon *skal pa bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrakalpa*, Our present eon in which over a thousand buddhas will appear. The meaning is “good” because of the number of buddhas that will appear. In the sūtra, it is usually called bhadraka. ## Good Kalpa *bskal pa bzang po*, Skt. *bhadrakalpa*, the present [kalpa](#kalpa), called good because it is a [kalpa](#kalpa) in which one thousand [Buddhas](#buddha) appear. ## Good Moon *zla legs*, Skt. *zla legs*, Attendant of the buddha Nakṣatrarāja. ## Good Profit *legs par rnyed pa*, Skt. *legs par rnyed pa*, Name of Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a merchant practicing bodhisattva conduct. ## good reputation *tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *śloka*, Part of the Tibetan translation of a Skt. stock phrase for the expression of esteem. See glory, renown. ## gooseberry *skyu ru ra*, Skt. *āmalaka*, The Indian gooseberry, or emblic myrobalan. The simile of an āmalakī in the palm of one’s hand is used to illustrate yogic perception (yogipratyakṣa) where the clarity aspect (compared to a crystal) is emphasized. See, e.g., Dharmottara’s Nyāyabindhuṭīkā 1.11. It is also used to illustrate omniscience, or seeing all aspects of things, probably on the analogy of being able to see through the semi-transparent skin of the berry into its interior structure. ## Gopā *sa ’tsho ma*, Skt. *gopā*, Wife of Prince Siddhārtha prior to his leaving the kingdom and attaining awakening as the Buddha. She was the daughter of the Śākya nobleman Daṇḍapāṇi. ## Gopa *glang rdzi*, Skt. *gopa*, Identified as Goparāja, early sixth century, of the imperial Gupta dynasty. ## Gopagiri *ba lang srung*, Skt. *gopagiri*, A mountain king. ## Gopendra *ba lang srung dbang*, Skt. *gopendra*, A south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra. ## gopi *phyugs rdzi*, Skt. *gopī*, Female cow herders or milk maids, the gopis are well known from their role in the mythology of Kṛṣṇa, in particular, Rādhā, who became his lover. (Toh 555: rdzi’i bu mo) ## Gopāla *ba lang skyong*, Skt. *gopāla*, A yakṣa general and a yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Gopālaka *sa srung*, Skt. *gopālaka*, More often called Gopāla, the ruler of Bengal around the middle of the eighth century. ## gośīrṣa *tsan dan sa mchog pa*, Skt. *gośīrṣa*, A type of sandalwood that is reddish in color and has medicinal properties. It is said to have the finest fragrance of all sandalwood. In the Mahāvyutpatti it is translated as sa mchog, which means “supreme earth.” Later translations translate gośirṣa literally as “ox-head,” which is said to refer to the shape or name of the mountain where it grows. Appears to be red sandalwood, though that appears separately in the list of incenses. ## gośīrṣa sandalwood *ba lang gi spos kyi tsan dan*, Skt. *gośīrṣacandana*, A particular kind of sandalwood, known as “ox-head,” that grows in southern India. It is reddish in color and has medicinal properties. It is said to have the finest fragrance of all sandalwood. The Sanskrit word go means “ox,” and śīrṣa means “head;” candana means “sandalwood.” The name of this sandalwood is said to derive from either the shape of or the name of a mountain upon which it grew. The Tibetan translated gośīrṣa as ba lang gi spos or “ox incense.” ## gośīrṣacandana *tsan dan sa mchog*, Skt. *gośīrṣacandana*, A kind of sandalwood. ## Gośīrṣaka *go shiR+Sha pa*, Skt. *gośīrṣaka*, A minor mountain on Lofty Peak. ## gorakṣataṇḍula A plant identified in Āyurvedic sources with snake mallow (nāgabalā). ## Gorgeous *mdzes ldan*, Skt. *mdzes ldan*, Gorgeous (strikingly beautiful), also the name of the father of the buddha Mahābala. ## Gorgeous Gold Summit *rtse mo yid ’ong gser*, Skt. *rtse mo yid ’ong gser*, A mountain near the asura city Double Pleasure. ## Gorgeous Heaven *shin tu mthong*, Skt. *sudarśana*, The sixteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the fourth of the five pure realms. ## Gorgeous Mount *ri mdzes pa*, Skt. *ri mdzes pa*, A part of Mountainous Garland. ## Gorgeously Roaring Lion Voice *nga ro snyan pa’i seng ge’i sgra*, Skt. *nga ro snyan pa’i seng ge’i sgra*, Mother of the buddha Priyābha. ## Gosavā *ba lang sbyin mchog can*, Skt. *gosavā*, A river queen. ## Gotra level *rigs kyi sa*, Skt. *gotrabhūmi*, Lit. “Lineage level.” The second of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. See “ten levels.” ## Gotsangpa (Gonpo Dorje) *rgod tshang pa mgon po rdo rje* (1189 - 1258), [Kagyupa](#kagyupa) master, [disciple](#disciple) of Tsangpa Gyare, founder of a branch of the Drukpa Kagyu school and of many monasteries. ## Govardhana The name of a king. ## Govāhiṇikā *glang dmar ma*, Skt. *govāhiṇikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Govinda *khyab ’jug*, Skt. *govinda*, Short form of “Guardian of the Flame Govinda.” Not to be confused with his father the householder Govinda. ## Govinda the Teacher *ston pa khyab ’jug*, Skt. *ston pa khyab ’jug*, See “Guardian of the Flame Govinda.” ## Goyoga *ba lang sbyor*, Skt. *goyoga*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## grace *byin gyis brlabs*, Skt. *adhiṣṭḥāna*, The “supernatural power” with which the buddhas sustain the bodhisattvas in their great efforts on behalf of living beings. ## grahī A type of female spirit understood to cause illness through possession. ## graha Grahas are understood to be both evil spirits and evil influences that are contained within or connected with a particular spirit or deity. They are also closely associated with the planets and other astronomical bodies. Grahas can inflict great harm on the human body and mind. For more information, see: Gail Hinich Sutherland, The Disguises of the Demon: The Development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992), pp. 166–167. ## Āgraha *kun ’dzin*, Skt. *āgraha*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Graha Lords A set of grahas (a type of harmful spirit) that rule or lead (nāyaka) other categories of grahas. This list likely varies, but one attested version includes the deities that govern the directions: Aindra, Āgneya, Yama, Nairṛita, Varuṇa, Maruta/Vāyu, Kubera, and Aiśāna. This set also includes two additional figures, Grahaka and Paiśācika, who are not associated with the directions. ## Grahadatta *gzas byin*, Skt. *grahadatta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Graha­datta *gzas byin*, Skt. *graha­datta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## grain of barley A measure of length defined as being equal to seven lice. ## grammar The third of the five major fields of learning. ## granary *sbyang*, Skt. *koṣṭhāgāra*, De Jong points out that “the word sbyaṅ is recorded in Sumatiratna’s Tibetan-Mongolian Dictionary, II, (Ulanbator, 1959), p. 357: rtsva daṅ ‘bru-la sogs-pa ’jog-pa’i gnas-te sgo daṅ skar-khuṅ med-pa/yaṅ baṅ-ba ’am rdzaṅ yaṅ źes-pa sbyaṅ “a place without doors and windows where herbs and grains are stored; also a store-room or a box” (De Jong 1975, p. 117). (We thank James Gentry for pointing out the sense of “granary.”) The term sbyang, if it may indeed be understood as something akin to a “box,” could rather match the term mutoḍī (see Edgerton 1993, p. 436), reported by Samtani as the reading of ANe Comy (the manuscript of the Nibandhana commentary), and also appearing (as mūtoḍī) in the relevant Śikṣāsamuccaya parallel (see Samtani 1971, p. 24, n. 2), rather than the term koṣṭhāgāra in the printed edition. The term mutoḍī matches the Pāli putoỊī/mūtoỊī/mutoli found in Pāli passages parallel to this and explained as follows: “A putoḷi is a circular container made by tying together clothes and so forth in the shape of a sack” (vatthādīhi pasibbakākārena bandhitvā kataṃ āvāṭanaṃ putoḷi, ṭīkā on the Mahāsatipaṭṭhānasutta, Mahāvagga, Dīghanikāya; vatthādīhi pasibbakākārena bandhitvā kataṃ āvaṭanaṃ putoḷi, ṭīka on the Mahāsatipaṭṭānasutta, Mūlapaṇṇāsa, Majjhima­nikāya; here we take it that āvāṭanam/āvaṭanam = āvaṭṭanam). ## grand monk Tingézin Myangben Tingdzin Sangpo (myang ban ting ’dzin bzang po, eighth–ninth century) served as a guardian of the young emperor Senalek and also as a minister of state in the emperor’s court. He was very influential in the courts of both Senalek and Ralpachen. ## grand monk Yönten Also known as Drenka Palkyi Yönten (bran ka dpal gyi yon tan, ninth century), he was the first to hold the position of grand monk (ban de chen po), a title given to the highest-ranking monks in the imperial court. ## Granted by Accumulations *tshogs can byin*, Skt. *tshogs can byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmākṣa. ## Granted by Gentleness *rtul bas byin*, Skt. *rtul bas byin*, A buddha. ## Granted by the Crown *sbyi bos byin*, Skt. *sbyi bos byin*, A buddha. ## Granted by the Ground *sas byin*, Skt. *sas byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Granter of Sovereignty *srid sbyin*, Skt. *srid sbyin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candrārka (122 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## grape Vitis vinifera. The common grape vine. ## Grape Water *rgun ’bru’i chu*, Skt. *rgun ’bru’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Grasanī *’cha’ ba mo*, Skt. *grasanī*, A great piśācī. ## Grasana *za bar byed pa*, Skt. *grasana*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## grasping *nye bar len pa*, Skt. *upādāna*, The ninth of the twelve links of dependent origination, “grasping” more broadly refers to the exceptionally strong form of craving through which we remain attached to and fixated on cyclic existence. ## grasping at a self *bdag tu ’dzin pa*, Skt. *ātmagraha*, The fundamental form of ignorance (Skt. avidyā) that is the root cause of suffering in cyclic existence. ## grass hut *rtswa'i spyil bu*, Skt. *yavasakuṭikā*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## gratitude and thankfulness *byas pa shes shing drin du gzo ba*, Skt. *kṛtajñatā kṛtakāritā*, Second of the eight attributes of the second level. ## grave acts of immediate retribution *mtshams ma mchis pa lnga’i las*, Skt. *ānantarya­karman*, The five heinous deeds or acts that bring immediate retribution: (1) killing one’s father, (2) killing one’s mother, (3) killing an arhat, (4) drawing blood from the body of a tathāgata with malicious intent, and (5) causing schism in the saṅgha. ## Great Accumulation *tshogs chen*, Skt. *tshogs chen*, A buddha realm. ## Great Action *las chen po*, Skt. *las chen po*, A ruler of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Great Acumen *spobs pa chen po*, Skt. *spobs pa chen po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arhatkīrti. ## great and lofty *che zhing mtho ba*, Skt. *mahāśāla*, The same Sanskrit term is rendered in the Tibetan of other sūtras as a simile (“like a great sal tree”) in similar passages, but the Tibetan in this text uses an interpretative adjectival phrase. ## great and lofty householder family *khyim bdag che zhing mtho ba’i rigs*, Skt. *gṛhapati­mahā­śāla­kula*, Note that the metaphor within the Sanskrit term (“a great sal tree”) is here interpreted in the Tibetan term. In equivalent passages in other versions of the sūtra, the metaphorical part of the term is rendered literally in the Tibetan. See also . ## great and lofty priestly family *bram ze che zhing mtho ba’i rigs*, Skt. *brāhmana­mahā­śāla­kula*, Note that the metaphor within the Sanskrit term (“a great sal tree”) is here interpreted in the Tibetan term. In equivalent passages in other versions of the sūtra, the metaphorical part of the term is rendered literally in the Tibetan. See also . ## great and lofty royal family *rgyal rigs che zhing mtho ba’i rigs*, Skt. *kṣatriya­mahā­śāla­kula*, Note that the metaphor within the Sanskrit term (“a great sal tree”) is here interpreted in the Tibetan term. In equivalent passages in other versions of the sūtra, the metaphorical part of the term is rendered literally in the Tibetan. See also . ## Great and Utter Joy *rab dga’ chen po*, Skt. *rab dga’ chen po*, A lake near Sudharma. ## Great Arms *lag chen*, Skt. *lag chen*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Array *bkod chen*, Skt. *bkod chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Garjitasvara (543 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Array [/Ornament] *bkod pa chen po*, Skt. *mahā­vyūha*, Name of the 102nd meditative stability. ## Great Ascetic *dge sbyong chen po*, Skt. *mahāśramaṇa*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## great aspiration *smon lam chen po*, Skt. *mahāpraṇidhāna*, The term for aspirations such as helping all beings, generating a buddhafield, bringing all beings to perfect awakening, and so forth that a bodhisattva makes while practicing bodhisattva conduct. ## Great Assemblage *phung po chen po*, Skt. *phung po chen po*, A buddha in the world known as Illusory. ## Great Assembly *’dus pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāsannipāta*, A collection of seventeen sūtras on a range of themes, compiled as a separate collection. Today, this collection only exists in Chinese translation, although several of the individual scriptures exist in Sanskrit and Tibetan translation. ## Great Austerities *dka’ thub chen po*, Skt. *dka’ thub chen po*, Son of the buddha Supārśva. ## Great Beauty *rab mdzes*, Skt. *rab mdzes*, A bodhisattva. ## great being *sems dpa’ chen po*, Skt. *mahāsattva*, An epithet of advanced bodhisattvas, often defined as having attained at least the seventh bhūmi and the path of vision. These bodhisattvas have several special qualities that bodhisattvas on the lower bhūmis do not have. ## Great Being of Infinite Light *’od ni mtha’ yas bdag nyid chen po*, Skt. *’od ni mtha’ yas bdag nyid chen po*, Father of the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa. ## Great Belly *lto chen po*, Skt. *lto chen po*, A mountain off Videha. ## great billionfold world system *stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *tri­sāhasra­mahā­sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, A vast universe comprising one thousand millionfold world systems, i.e., one billion world systems according to traditional Indian cosmology. See also . ## Great Black Line Hell *dmyal ba chen po thig nag*, Skt. *kāla­sūtra­mahānaraka*, One of the eight hot hells, the name refers to the black thread that is used to make lines on the bodies of those reborn there so that they can be cut into pieces. ## Great Black One *nag po chen po*, Skt. *nag po chen po*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## great bodhisattva being *byang chub sems dpa’ sems dpa’ chen po*, Skt. *bodhi­sattva­mahā­sattva*, See “bodhisattva” and – ## Great Brahmā *tshangs chen*, Skt. *mahābrahma*, The third of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the first of the four concentration. ## Great Brahmā gods *tshangs chen*, Skt. *mahābrahman*, The gods in the abode of Mahābrahmā, the fourth of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the first dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## Great Brahmā, sovereign of this Sahā world The brahmā deity who is sometimes called Sahāṃpati, “sovereign of this Sahā world.” This is the name given to the great brahmā deity described in this sūtra as the lord (īśvara) of the cosmos of a billion worlds. The name attested in the Sanskrit manuscript. Also called Great Brahmā (mahābrahmā) or even simply Brahmā in this sūtra and elsewhere, as well as vaśavartin, the “powerful one.” In this sūtra, he also seems to be identified with Brahmā Śikhin, but at the same time Brahmā should be distinguished from the class of brahmā deities who dwell in the Brahmā heavens over which Great Brahmā is also lord. ## great brahmas A term used to refer to gods in the Great Brahma Realm. ## great brahmās One of the form realms, listed here between the previous brahmā realms and the Heaven of Lesser Light, the first of the realms of the second dhyāna in the form realm. ## Great Breath *dbugs can chen po*, Skt. *dbugs can chen po*, A nāga king. ## Great Bright Light *rab tu dang bar snang ba chen po*, Skt. *rab tu dang bar snang ba chen po*, A part of Mountainous Garland. ## Great Brilliance *’od chen*, Skt. *’od chen*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Brilliant Ornament *’od rgyan chen po*, Skt. *mahāprabhavyūha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Buoyancy *rab tu dang ba chen po*, Skt. *rab tu dang ba chen po*, A mountain range in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Great Cakravāḍa *khor yug chen po*, Skt. *khor yug chen po*, Name of a god who personifies a mountain of this name. See Cakravāḍa. ## Great Captain *ded dpon chen po*, Skt. *ded dpon chen po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣmat. ## Great Chariot *shing rta chen po*, Skt. *shing rta chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jagadraśmi (233 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Clarity *gsal chen*, Skt. *gsal chen*, Son of the buddha Ratnavyūha. ## Great Cloud *sprin po che*, Skt. *sprin po che*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Aparājita­dhvaja. ## Great Cloud Acting as a Guide *sprin chen ’dren spyod*, Skt. *sprin chen ’dren spyod*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Arising *sprin chen ’byung*, Skt. *sprin chen ’byung*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Attainment of Coolness *sprin chen bsil bar gyur*, Skt. *sprin chen bsil bar gyur*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Bathed in Precious Sandalwood *sprin chen rin chen tsan dan bsil ba’i lus*, Skt. *sprin chen rin chen tsan dan bsil ba’i lus*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Bestowal *sprin chen byin*, Skt. *sprin chen byin*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Bestowing All Medicines *sprin chen sman kun sbyin*, Skt. *sprin chen sman kun sbyin*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Bliss of Renown *sprin chen grags pa’i bde ba*, Skt. *sprin chen grags pa’i bde ba*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Captain’s Eye *sprin chen ded dpon mig*, Skt. *sprin chen ded dpon mig*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Clearing Darkness *sprin chen mun sel*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen mun pa rnam par sel ba) ## Great Cloud Clearing Obscured Vision *sprin chen rab rib sel ba*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen lta ba’i rab rib rnam par sel ba) ## Great Cloud Completely Pure Radiance *sprin chen rnam dag ’od*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen ’od gtsang) ## Great Cloud Constant Wisdom Rain *sprin chen shes rab kun du ’char*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Mahā­megha­prajñā­samavarṣa; sprin chen shes rab char yongs su snyoms pa) ## Great Cloud Coolness of Tamala Leaves *sprin chen ta ma la’i lo ma bsil ba*, Skt. *sprin chen ta ma la’i lo ma bsil ba*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Correct View *sprin chen yang dag par lta ba*, Skt. *sprin chen yang dag par lta ba*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Delighting in the Eternal Nature *sprin chen rtag pa’i rang bzhin la dga’ ba*, Skt. *sprin chen rtag pa’i rang bzhin la dga’ ba*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Dharma Holder *sprin chen chos ’dzin*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen chos skyong) ## Great Cloud Dharma Protector *sprin chen chos skyong*, Skt. *mahā­megha­dharmapāla*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Dispelling Darkness *sprin chen mun sel*, Skt. *sprin chen mun sel*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Dispelling Hail *sprin chen rim pa’i thog tog sel ba*, Skt. *sprin chen rim pa’i thog tog sel ba*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Dispelling Stains *sprin chen dri ma sel*, Skt. *sprin chen dri ma sel*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Emitting Sound *sprin chen sgra ’byin*, Skt. *sprin chen sgra ’byin*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Entering into the Subtle Essence *sprin chen snying po phra ba la ’jug pa*, Skt. *sprin chen snying po phra ba la ’jug pa*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Eradicating Darkness *sprin chen mun pa rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *mahā­megha­tamoviṣkambhin*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Eradicating Deceptive Views *sprin chen lta ba’i rab rib rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *mahā­megha­vitimira­viṣkambhin*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Essence *sprin chen snying po*, Skt. *sprin chen snying po*, The name of a bodhisattva in this discourse. ## Great Cloud Ever Watchful *sprin chen rtag tu lta ba*, Skt. *sprin chen rtag tu lta ba*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Exaltation *sprin chen ’phags*, Skt. *sprin chen ’phags*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Excellence *sprin chen dam pa*, Skt. *sprin chen dam pa*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Expanse *sprin rgya chen*, Skt. *sprin rgya chen*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Expounder Great King’s Sound *sprin chen gleng po che’i rgyal po’i sgra*, Skt. *mahā­megha­vṛṣabhaghoṣa*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Fame *sprin chen grags*, Skt. *sprin chen grags*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Fearless Roar *sprin chen mi ’jigs sgra*, Skt. *sprin chen mi ’jigs sgra*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Field of Merit *sprin chen bsod nams zhing*, Skt. *sprin chen bsod nams zhing*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Fire Light *sprin chen me ’od*, Skt. *mahā­megha­jvala­prabha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Firelight *sprin chen me’i ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Fire-Like Lotus of Gnosis *sprin chen me lta bu’i ye shes kyi pad ma*, Skt. *sprin chen me lta bu’i ye shes kyi pad ma*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Flower Tree King *sprin chen me tog shing rgyal*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen me tog sdong po’i rgyal po) ## Great Cloud Fragrance of Perfume-Infused Utpala Flower *sprin chen bsgo bas bsgos pa’i ud pa la’i dri ldan*, Skt. *sprin chen bsgo bas bsgos pa’i ud pa la’i dri ldan*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Fully Exalted within Space *sprin chen mkha’ la mngon par ’phags*, Skt. *sprin chen mkha’ la mngon par ’phags*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Glorious Golden Mountain King *sprin chen gser gyi ri bo’i rgyal po’i dpal*, Skt. *sprin chen gser gyi ri bo’i rgyal po’i dpal*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Glorious Lotus Lamp *sprin chen sgron ma pad ma’i dpal*, Skt. *sprin chen sgron ma pad ma’i dpal*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Glory of Living Joyously *sprin chen dga’ bas ’tsho ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sprin chen dga’ bas ’tsho ba’i dpal*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Good Fortune *sprin chen bkra shis*, Skt. *mahā­megha­maṅgala*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Great Body *sprin chen lus chen*, Skt. *sprin chen lus chen*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Heap *sprin chen brtsegs*, Skt. *sprin chen brtsegs*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Heaped Crowns *sprin chen cod pan gyis spungs skyes pa*, Skt. *sprin chen cod pan gyis spungs skyes pa*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Illuminator *sprin chen ’od mdzad*, Skt. *sprin chen ’od mdzad*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Incense Body *spos kyi sku*, Skt. *spos kyi sku*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Infinitely Renowned as Exalted *sprin chen mngon par ’phags pa’i grags pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *sprin chen mngon par ’phags pa’i grags pa mtha’ yas*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Joyful Child without Craving *sprin chen dga’ ba sred med kyi bu*, Skt. *sprin chen dga’ ba sred med kyi bu*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud King Completely Pure Rain *sprin chen rnam dag char pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen char gyi rgyal po yongs su dag pa) ## Great Cloud King of Magical Manifestation *sprin chen rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sprin chen rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud King of Skillful Analysis *sprin chen dpyod pa la mkhas pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sprin chen dpyod pa la mkhas pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud King of the Lion’s Roar *sprin chen seng ge sgra sgrogs rgyal po*, Skt. *sprin chen seng ge sgra sgrogs rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud King of the Seeing Eye *sprin chen lta ba’i dus tshod rgyal po*, Skt. *sprin chen lta ba’i dus tshod rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Light Protector *sprin chen ’od srung*, Skt. *sprin chen ’od srung*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Lightning *sprin chen glog gi ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Lightning Flash *sprin chen glog gi ’od*, Skt. *sprin chen glog gi ’od*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Lightning Net *sprin chen glog gi ’od kyi dra ba can*, Skt. *sprin chen glog gi ’od kyi dra ba can*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Lightning Offering *sprin chen glog sbyin*, Skt. *sprin chen glog sbyin*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Limitless Renown *sprin chen mtha’ yas grags*, Skt. *mahā­meghānanta­kīrti*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Lion *sprin chen seng ge*, Skt. *sprin chen seng ge*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Lion’s Roar *sprin chen seng ge sgra*, Skt. *mahā­megha­siṃhanāda*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Lord *sprin chen dbang phyug*, Skt. *sprin chen dbang phyug*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Lord of Non-Buddhists *sprin chen mu stegs su gyur pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *sprin chen mu stegs su gyur pa’i dbang phyug*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Lunar Brilliance *sprin chen zla ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *sprin chen zla ba’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Lush Face of the White Lotus of the Supreme Dharma *sprin chen dam pa’i chos mchog pad ma dkar po rgyas pa’i gdong*, Skt. *sprin chen dam pa’i chos mchog pad ma dkar po rgyas pa’i gdong*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Medicine King *sprin chen sman pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sprin chen sman pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Moon’s Essence *sprin chen zla ba’i snying po*, Skt. *mahā­megha­candra­garbha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Most Skilled in Poetry *sprin chen snyan dngags mkhan gyi khyu mchog*, Skt. *sprin chen snyan dngags mkhan gyi khyu mchog*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Ocean of Intelligence *sprin chen blo gros rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sprin chen blo gros rgya mtsho*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Parasol *sprin chen gdugs*, Skt. *sprin chen gdugs*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Playful Gait *sprin chen rtsal gyis ’gro*, Skt. *sprin chen rtsal gyis ’gro*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Precious Glory *sprin chen rin chen dpal*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Mahā­megha­ratna­guṇa; sprin chen rin chen yon tan) ## Great Cloud Precious Qualities *sprin chen rin chen yon tan*, Skt. *mahā­megha­ratna­guṇa*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Priceless Beryl *sprin chen rin thang med pa’i bai dUr+ya*, Skt. *sprin chen rin thang med pa’i bai dUr+ya*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Proclaimer of Certainty *sprin chen nges par sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *sprin chen nges par sgra sgrogs*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Producer of Joy *sprin chen dga’ byed can*, Skt. *sprin chen dga’ byed can*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Producing Rainfall *sprin chen char chu skyes*, Skt. *sprin chen char chu skyes*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Protector of Diligence *sprin chen brtson ’grus srung*, Skt. *sprin chen brtson ’grus srung*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Pure Light *sprin chen ’od gtsang*, Skt. *mahā­megha­viśuddha­prabha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Realization of the Continuity of the Excellent Dharma *sprin chen dam pa’i chos kyi rgyun rtogs*, Skt. *sprin chen dam pa’i chos kyi rgyun rtogs*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Renowned Joy *sprin chen grags dga’*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen grags can dga’) ## Great Cloud Renowned Limitless Revealer *sprin chen grags pa mtha’ med ston*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Mahā­meghānanta­kīrti; sprin chen mtha’ yas grags) ## Great Cloud Seed Protector *sprin chen sa bon srung*, Skt. *sprin chen sa bon srung*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Skilled in Marvels *sprin chen ya mtshan la mkhas pa*, Skt. *sprin chen ya mtshan la mkhas pa*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Solar Essence *sprin chen nyi ma’i snying po*, Skt. *sprin chen nyi ma’i snying po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Spray *chu ’thor sprin chen*, Skt. *chu ’thor sprin chen*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Star Light *sprin chen skar ma’i ’od*, Skt. *mahā­megh­ajyoti­prabha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Starlight *sprin chen skar ma’i ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Sun’s Essence *sprin chen nyi ma’i snying po*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Supreme Bull’s Sound *sprin chen khyu mchog sgra*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen glang po che’i rgyal po’i sgra) ## Great Cloud Sustained by Diligence *sprin chen brtson ’grus lto*, Skt. *sprin chen brtson ’grus lto*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Sweet Scent of Blue Lotus *sprin chen pad+ma sngon po’i bsung*, Skt. *mahā­meghotpala­gandha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Teacher *sprin chen ston par gyur pa*, Skt. *sprin chen ston par gyur pa*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Thunder *sprin chen ’brug sgra*, Skt. *mahāmeghasvara*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud Thunderclap *sprin chen ’brug bsgrags dbyangs*, Skt. *sprin chen ’brug bsgrags dbyangs*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Thundering *sprin chen sgra ldan*, Skt. *sprin chen sgra ldan*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Tiger *sprin chen stag*, Skt. *sprin chen stag*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Unmixed Conception That Does Not Apprehend Resounding *sprin chen rnam par sgrogs pa len pa med pa’i rtog pa ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *sprin chen rnam par sgrogs pa len pa med pa’i rtog pa ma ’dres pa*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Utpala *sprin chen ud pa la*, Skt. *sprin chen ud pa la*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud Utpala Scent *sprin chen ut+pa la’i dri*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen pad ma sngon po’i bsung) ## Great Cloud Utter Joy *sprin chen rab dga’*, Skt. *sprin chen rab dga’*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Vajra Glory *sprin chen rdo rje dpal*, Skt. *sprin chen rdo rje dpal*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Vast Intellect *sprin chen chu rgyas blo gros*, Skt. *sprin chen chu rgyas blo gros*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Vast Light *sprin chen ’od rgyas*, Skt. *sprin chen ’od rgyas*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Victorious Army *sprin chen rnam par rgyal ba’i sde*, Skt. *sprin chen rnam par rgyal ba’i sde*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Victorious Nāga Offering *sprin chen rnam par rgyal ba’i klus byin*, Skt. *sprin chen rnam par rgyal ba’i klus byin*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Victorious White Lotus *sprin chen rnam par rgyal ba’i pad ma dkar po*, Skt. *sprin chen rnam par rgyal ba’i pad ma dkar po*, A bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Cloud Wisdom Rain Thoroughly Equal *sprin chen shes rab char yongs su snyoms pa*, Skt. *mahā­megha­prajñā­samavarṣa*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Cloud with the Glorious Color of Stars *sprin chen dpal ldan skar mdog can*, Skt. *sprin chen dpal ldan skar mdog can*, A goddess. ## Great Cloud-Like Vision Appearing and Resounding in Space *sprin chen po ltar nam mkha’ mthong nas bsgrags pa*, Skt. *sprin chen po ltar nam mkha’ mthong nas bsgrags pa*, A tathāgata. ## Great Clouds Filling the Ocean *sprin chen rgya mtsho ’gengs*, Skt. *sprin chen rgya mtsho ’gengs*, A tathāgata. ## Great Cloud’s Host of Blazing Lightning *sprin chen po’i glog ’bar ba’i tshogs*, Skt. *sprin chen po’i glog ’bar ba’i tshogs*, A tathāgata. ## great compassion *snying rje chen po*, Skt. *mahākaruṇā*, This refers to one of the two central qualities of buddhas or high bodhisattvas: their feeling born of the wish for all living beings to be free of suffering and to attain the supreme happiness. It is important to note that this great compassion has nothing to do with any sentimental emotion such as that stimulated by such a reflection as “Oh, the poor creatures! How they are suffering!” On the contrary, great compassion is accompanied by the clear awareness that ultimately there are no such things as living beings, suffering, etc., in reality. Thus it is a sensitivity that does not entertain any dualistic notion of subject and object; indeed, such an unlimited sensitivity might best be termed “empathy.” ## Great Compassionate One *thugs rje chen po*, epithet of [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara). ## Great Compilation *’dus pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāsannipāta*, An anthology of Great Vehicle Sūtras. A collection of seventeen sūtras under this title is available in Chinese translation, but The Questions of Sāgaramati is not included among them. It is thus likely that there were more than one anthology using this title. ## Great Conch *dung chen*, Skt. *kuntī*, A fierce goddess. ## Great Conqueror of Māra *bdud las rgyal chen po*, Skt. *bdud las rgyal chen po*, A bodhisattva. ## great consort *phyag rgya rgya chen po*, Skt. *mahāmudrā*, In The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī, the goddess Mārīcī is said to be Vairocana’s “great consort.” ## Great Cooling Cloud’s Deep Roar That Vanquishes Unhappiness *sprin chen bsil ’byung mi dga’ rab ’joms sgra zab sgrogs pa*, Skt. *sprin chen bsil ’byung mi dga’ rab ’joms sgra zab sgrogs pa*, A tathāgata. ## great coral tree *man dA ra ba chen po*, Skt. *mahāmāndārava*, May refer to the species of coral tree called Erythrina stricta. ## Great Crest *tog chen*, Skt. *tog chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnacūḍa (296 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Crown *gtsug chen*, Skt. *gtsug chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pūjya (925 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Crushing Hell *dmyal ba chen po bsdus gzhom*, Skt. *saṃghāta­mahānaraka*, One of the eight hot hells. Its inhabitants are repeatedly crushed between mountains. ## Great Cup *phor chen*, Skt. *phor chen*, A yakṣa. ## Great Darkness *mun nag chen po*, Skt. *mun nag chen po*, A hell in the vicinity of Ultimate Torment ## Great Deity *lha chen*, Skt. *lha chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Lokasundara (360 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Depth *gting zab*, Skt. *āgādha*, A mountain range surrounding the hell of Embers Within. ## Great Dharma Power *chos chen mthu*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: chos kyi stobs) ## Great Dharma-Drum Melody *chos kyi rnga chen sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *chos kyi rnga chen sgra dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Diligence *brtson ’grus chen po*, Skt. *brtson ’grus chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ketumat (767 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Diligence Hero *brtson ’grus chen pos rnam par gnon*, Skt. *brtson ’grus chen pos rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Diligent Nāga *brtson ’grus chen po’i klu*, Skt. *brtson ’grus chen po’i klu*, A Dharma king during the time of the buddha Lamp of the Nāga Family. ## Great Discerner *shin tu rnam par ’byed*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par ’byed*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇaratna. ## great disciple *nyan thos chen po*, Skt. *mahāśrāvaka*, An epithet for the Buddha’s principal śrāvaka students. ## Great Divine Intelligence *lha chen blo gros*, Skt. *lha chen blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Tejorāśi. ## Great Divinity *lha chen*, Skt. *lha chen*, Attendant of the buddha Asaṅgakośa. ## Great Divinity of the Land *yul ’khor lha chen*, Skt. *yul ’khor lha chen*, Mother of the buddha Gandhābha. ## Great Doctor *sman pa chen po*, Skt. *sman pa chen po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśoratna. ## great drop *thig le che*, Skt. *mahābindu*, The great drop refers to the light of a blue moon disk that illuminates all things movable and immovable. ## great element *’byung ba chen po*, Skt. *mahābhūta*, The four great elements of earth, water, heat, and wind do not refer to the coarse entities by the same name, but rather to minimal entities characterized by specific features (such as “hardness” for the earth element) and specific functions (such as “supporting” for the earth element). These elements are usually believed to be in principle invisible; all primary rūpa (“form/materiality”) is in principle invisible, while visibility is a type of secondary rūpa, which depends on the four great elements but is not to be confused with them. ## great elements *’byung ba chen po*, Skt. *mahābhūta*, The four great elements are earth, water, fire, and wind. They are called “great” because they are found in the external world as well as inside the bodies of beings. ## Great Elephant *glang po chen po*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## Great Elephant Face *glang po che’i gdong can*, Skt. *glang po che’i gdong can*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## great elephants *glang po chen po*, Skt. *mahānāga*, Mahānāga here could be a middle-Indic word possibly originating from the Sanskrit mahānagna, meaning “a great champion,” “a man of distinction and nobility.” ## Great Elephant’s Trunk *glang po che’i rna ba can*, Skt. *glang po che’i rna ba can*, A kumbhāṇḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Emanation *rnam par ’phrul pa chen po*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa chen po*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Emanation King *rnam par ’phrul pa chen po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa chen po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## great empathetic joy *dga’ ba chen po*, Skt. *mahāmuditā*, Third of the four immeasurable attitudes, called “great” in this context because a buddha’s immeasurable attitudes take as their object all beings. ## great emptiness *chen po stong pa nyid*, Skt. *mahāśūnyatā*, The emptiness of the space containing all domains, objects, and locations. ## Great Energy Hero *rtsal chen dpa’ ba*, Skt. *rtsal chen dpa’ ba*, A bodhisattva. ## great eon *bskal pa chen po*, Skt. *mahākalpa*, Definitions regarding the duration of one “great eon” vary, but are normally given in billions of (human) years. One great eon is divided into eighty intermediate eons, or, according to a different system, into four. Both systems of division are reconciled by grouping the eighty intermediate eons into four units of twenty. ## great equanimity *btang snyoms chen po*, Skt. *mahopekṣā*, Fourth of the four immeasurable attitudes, called “great” in this context because a buddha’s immeasurable attitudes take as their object all beings. ## Great Exuberant Lakes *rol pa'i mtsho chen*, "seven lakes encircling [Mount Meru](#meru-mount), in which the [nāga](#nāga) kings live and play." DICT. ## Great Eye *mig po che*, Skt. *mig po che*, A thus-gone one who was previously a monk and Dharma teacher named Crest of the Banner of the Qualities of Infinite Eloquence ## Great Fame *grags pa che*, Skt. *grags pa che*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthāmaprāpta (213 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Fearsome Terrifier *’jigs chen ’jigs byed*, Skt. *’jigs chen ’jigs byed*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Flow *chen po rab tu ’bab pa*, Skt. *chen po rab tu ’bab pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Great Flower *me tog chen po*, Skt. *me tog chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃha (556 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Flower Array *me tog cher bkod pa*, Skt. *me tog cher bkod pa*, A vighna/vināyaka. ## Great Force *sde chen ma*, Skt. *sde chen ma*, Mother of the buddha Amitābha. ## Great Forest *tshal chen po*, Skt. *mahāvana*, The great forest (mahāvana) was the location of Kūṭāgāraśālā, where the Buddha and his community often stayed when visiting the great city of Vaiśālī. ## Great Fruit *’bras bu che ba’i lha rnams*, Skt. *vṛhatphala*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Great Fruition *’bras bu che ba*, Skt. *bṛhatphala*, The third level of the fourth concentration. ## Great Gaṇapati *tshogs kyi bdag po chen po*, Skt. *mahāgaṇapati*, An epithet of the elephant headed deity Gaṇapati. ## Great Gathering *phung po chen po*, Skt. *phung po chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmacandra (953 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Glorious Expanse A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. This may be the same deity referred to as Expanse of Wrath (dbyings kyi khro bo). ## Great Glorious One A deity whose vidyāmantra is mentioned in this text. This epithet is often applied to Hayagrīva or other wrathful deities. ## Great Glory *dpal chen*, Skt. *dpal chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigata­mohārtha­cintin (715 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great God of Wealth *nor lha chen po*, An epithet of the elephant headed deity Gaṇapati. ## Great Goddess An epithet for the goddess who acts as the primary interlocutor in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Great Golden Radiance Ornament *gser gyi ’od rgyan chen po*, Skt. *mahā­suvarṇa­prabha­vyūha*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Golden Radiant Array *gser ’od chen pos bkod pa*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: gser gyi ’od rgyan chen po) ## Great Guhyaka *gsang ba pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāguhyaka*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Great Heat *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana*, One of the eight hot hells. ## great hell *dmyal ba chen po*, Skt. *mahānaraka*, The great hells are also often called hot hells in secondary literature because beings there suffer from heat and being burned. They are Wailing, Loud Wailing, Black Thread, Crushing, Revival, Heat, Intense Heat, and Incessant Torture. Within in the Kangyur, one elaborate description of the eight hells is found in The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma (Toh 287), 2.294–2.1280. ## Great Hell of Unceasing Torture *dmyal ba chen po mnar med pa*, Skt. *avīci­mahānaraka*, The lowest of the eight hot hells, it is characterized as endless not only in terms of the torment undergone there, but also because of the ceaseless chain of actions and effects experienced, the long lifespan of its denizens, and their being so densely crowded together that there is no physical space between them. ## great hells *sems can dmyal ba chen po*, Skt. *mahānaraka*, Also called the hot hells because beings born there suffer from heat and burning. ## Great Hollow *phrag chen*, An asura lord. ## Great Howling Hell *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahāraurava*, The fifth of the eight hot hells in the Buddhist classification. ## Great Illumination *snang ba che*, Skt. *mahāprabhāsa*, The name of the eon in the future in which Siṃha and his attendants are prophesied to become buddhas by the Buddha Śākyamuni. This name varies significantly in the Chinese versions of Siṃha’s Questions (see ). ## Great Illusion *sgyu ’phrul chen mo*, Skt. *mahāmāyā*, The female central deity of the Mahā­māyā Tantra who appears in the form of the male Heruka. She was also a popular form of the Brahmanical great goddess (Mahādevī), to whom the Buddhist figure is intimately related. Also rendered here as “Mahāmāyā.” ## Great Indra Skt. *mahendra*, An epithet of Indra, the chief god of the realm of Thirty-Three. ## Great Insight *shes rab chen po*, Skt. *shes rab chen po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Great Intelligence *blo gros chen mo*, Skt. *blo gros chen mo*, Mother of the buddha Sumati. ## Great Intention *dgongs pa chen po*, Skt. *dgongs pa chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Buddhimati (739 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Jewel *rin chen chen mo*, Skt. *rin chen chen mo*, Mother of the buddha Dharmaprabhāsa. ## Great Jewel Crest *rin po che chen po’i tog*, Skt. *mahāratnaketu*, A buddha. ## Great Joy In The Dharma Council, the world system in which the bodhisattva Nirārambha is prophesied to become the Buddha Great Light. ## great kalpa *bskal pa chen po*, Skt. *mahākalpa*, The name of a certain kind of kalpa. The number of years in this kalpa differs in the various sūtras that give it a number, although it is said to equal four asaṃkhyeya (“incalculable”) kalpas. ## Great King *rgyal po chen po*, Skt. *mahā­rājā*, A king ruling over a particularly large territory, often including the territories of other petty rulers; a class of divine beings assigned to the cardinal directions who guard the earth, Buddhist practitioners, and Buddhist institutions against demonic forces. ## Great Kings *rgyal po chen po*, Skt. *mahārāja*, See “Four Great Kings.” ## Great Knowledge *shes chen*, Skt. *shes chen*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānavikrama. ## great Śākya *shAkya chen po*, Skt. *shAkya chen po*, The identity of this person is unknown. ## great śāla tree *shing sA la chen po*, Skt. *mahāśāla*, An adjectival phrase typically linked to a brahmin, kṣatriya, or other upper-caste family, it denotes that the person in question has a large and prosperous household, family, or clan. ## Great Lamp *sgron chen*, Skt. *sgron chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Viniścitamati (340 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Lamp Aggregate *sgron ma’i phung po chen po*, Skt. *sgron ma’i phung po chen po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ojastejas. ## Great Land *yul ’khor chen po*, Skt. *yul ’khor chen po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñārāṣṭra. ## Great Leader *gtso chen*, Skt. *gtso chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Balanandin (363 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## great liberation without marks *mtshan ma med par rnam par grol ba chen po*, Skt. *mtshan ma med par rnam par grol ba chen po*, Name of a dhāraṇī. ## Great Light *’od chen*, Skt. *’od chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmadatta (103 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Light Bearer *snang ldan chen po*, Skt. *snang ldan chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaskandha (796 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Light Rays *’od zer chen po*, Skt. *’od zer chen po*, Father of the buddha Suraśmi. ## great limbs of awakening *byang chub chen po’i yan lag*, Skt. *byang chub chen po’i yan lag*, Seven factors conducive to attaining realization: mindfulness, discernment, diligence, joy, peaceful repose, samādhi, and equanimity. ## great lips *mchu mchog*, Skt. *mchu mchog*, One of the four parasites that are said to be inside the birth canals of women. ## Great Śālmali Forest *shing shal ma li chen po’i tshal*, Skt. *mahā­śālmali­vana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Great Lord *dbang phyug chen po*, Skt. *dbang phyug chen po*, Father of the buddha Bhīṣaṇa. ## Great Lord of the Feast *tshogs kyi dbang po chen po*, Skt. *tshogs kyi dbang po chen po*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Lord of Wrath *khro bo’i rgyal po chen po*, Skt. *mahākrodharāja*, An epithet of Yamāntaka; also the namesake mantra. The name is also written in this translation as “Lord of Great Wrath.” ## great lotus *pad mo chen po*, Skt. *mahāpadma*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## Great Lotus Hell *pad ma ltar gas pa chen po*, Skt. *mahā­padma*, See “Splitting Open Like a Great Lotus Hell.” ## great love *byams pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāmaitrī*, In an effort to maintain distinctions between Buddhism and Christianity, translators have used all sorts of euphemisms for this basic term. Granted, it is not the everyday “love” that means “to like”; it is still the altruistic love that is the finest inspiration of Christ’s teaching, as well as of the Mahāyāna. ## great loving kindness *byams pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāmaitrī*, Not defined as such in this text, but in the Ten Thousand (2.7) great loving kindness is described as “action in which the tathāgatas engage on behalf of all beings, treating enemies and friends identically.” ## Great Mass of Light *’od zer gyi phung po chen po*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Great Master *dbang phyug chen po*, Skt. *dbang phyug chen po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Great Mastery *dbang chen*, Skt. *dbang chen*, Father of the buddha Sucīrṇabuddhi. ## Great Meaning *don chen*, Skt. *don chen*, Attendant of the buddha Arthasiddhi. ## Great Medicine *sman chen*, Skt. *sman chen*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padma. ## Great Melody *dbyangs chen*, Skt. *dbyangs chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vikrāntadeva (437 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Merit *bsod nams chen po*, Skt. *bsod nams chen po*, Son of the buddha Adbhutayaśas. ## Great Meru *lhun po chen po*, Skt. *lhun po chen po*, Name of a god who personifies a mountain of this name. ## Great Mind *blo chen*, Skt. *blo chen*, Attendant of the buddha Pratibhāna­cakṣus. ## Great Moon *zla ba chen po*, Skt. *zla ba chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnapriya (866 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Mountain *lhun po brtsegs pa*, Skt. *lhun po brtsegs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Aśoka. ## Great Movement *rgyu ba chen po*, Skt. *rgyu ba chen po*, A nāga king. ## Great Mucilinda *btang bzung chen po*, Skt. *mahāmucilinda*, Name of a god who personifies a mountain of this name. ## Great Multitude of Clouds *sprin gyi dkyil ’khor chen po*, Skt. *sprin gyi dkyil ’khor chen po*, A tathāgata. ## Great Musth Elephant *spos kyi bal glang glang po che chen po*, Skt. *spos kyi bal glang glang po che chen po*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Nail of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i gzer bu chen po*, Skt. *mahā­brahmā­śaṅku*, Or “Great Spike of Purity,” the name of a bodhisattva. Possibly śaṅku is a misreading or misspelling of sanatku, which would be “the bodhisattva Sanatkumāra” (Pali: Sanaṅkumāra), who was a being of the class of Mahābrahmās—in Vedic legend, one of the four or seven “mind-born” sons of Brahmā—and who appears in various suttas in the Pali canon. ## Great Name *ming chen*, Skt. *ming chen*, A disciple of the tathāgata Lamp of the Nāga Family. ## Great Nāga *klu chen*, Skt. *klu chen*, Attendant of the buddha Balanandin. ## great nirvāṇa *mya ngan las ’das pa chen po*, Skt. *mahānirvāṇa*, The full awakening of a buddha. A synonym of parinirvāṇa ## Great Objective *don chen*, Skt. *don chen*, Son of the buddha Satyabhāṇin. ## Great Ocean *rgya mtsho chen*, Skt. *rgya mtsho chen*, Attendant of the buddha Janendrarāja. ## Great Ocean Profound King *rgya mtsho zab mo’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Mahā­gaṃbhīra­sagara­rāja; rgya mtsho chen po zab mo’i rgyal po) ## great oceans *rgya mtsho chen po*, Skt. *mahāsamudrā*, In Buddhist cosmology, the four oceans in between the four continents that are at the cardinal points of the flat disc of the world, with the gigantic Mount Sumeru in its center. ## Great Omniscient One *kun mkhyen chen po*, the title by which [Longchenpa](#longchenpa) is frequently known. ## great ornament *rgyan chen po*, Skt. *mahāvyūha*, The 109th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Great Outer Oceans *phyi'i rgya mtsho chen po*, the great oceans which surround [Mount Meru](#meru-mount) and the four continents in the ancient Indian cosmology. ## great parinirvāṇa *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po*, Skt. *mahā­parinirvāṇa*, Synonymous with parinirvāṇa, the final or complete nirvāṇa, which occurs when a buddha passes away. It implies the non-residual nirvāṇa where the aggregates have also been consumed within emptiness. ## Great Perfection *dzogs pa chen po*, other name of [Atiyoga](#atiyoga), the summit of the nine [vehicle](#vehicle)s. *Perfection* [means](#means) that the mind, in its nature, naturally contains all the qualities of the three bodies: its nature is [emptiness](#emptiness), the [dharmakāya](#dharmakāya); its natural expression is [clarity](#clarity-experience), the [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya), and its compassion is all-encompassing, the [nirmāṇakāya](#nirmāṇakāya). *Great* [means](#means) that this perfection is the natural condition of all things. AT: great completeness. The teachings of the Great Perfection are classified in three [section](#section)s: the mind [section](#section) (*sems sde), the space [section](#section) (*klong sde*), and the pith-instruction [section](#section) (*man ngag gi sde*). See also the [Translators' Introduction](https://wordsof.guru/#introduction). ## great person *skyes bu chen po*, Skt. *mahāpuruṣa*, Someone who will become a buddha or a cakravartin, whose bodies are adorned with the thirty-two major marks and the eighty minor signs. ## Great Poise *cher bsgyings*, Skt. *cher bsgyings*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Possession of Fame *grags ldan chen po*, Skt. *grags ldan chen po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhucandra. ## Great Power *mthu rtsal chen po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthita­buddhi­rūpa (841 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Powerful One *stobs po che*, Skt. *mahābala*, The name of a wrathful being (krodha) in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī . ## Great Powerful Poise *bsgyings pa chen po’i stobs*, Skt. *bsgyings pa chen po’i stobs*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Pranili *pra ni li chen*, Skt. *mahāpraṇālin*, A yakṣa king. ## Great Prayer Completely Unending *smon lam chen po yongs su mi gcod pa*, Skt. *anikṣipta­mahā­praṇidhāna*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Precious King Illuminator *rin po che’i rgyal po ’od chen snang mdzad*, Skt. *ratna­rāja­mahā­prabha­vairocana*, A buddha who resides in the Ratnavyūha realm. ## Great Precious Victory Banner *rin po che’i rgyal mtshan chen po*, Skt. *mahā­ratna­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Principal *sha bo che*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Great Qualities *yon tan chen po*, Skt. *yon tan chen po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Truth. ## Great queen of spirits *’byung po’i dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *mahābhūteśvarī*, An epithet of Caṇḍakātyāyanī. ## Great Radiance *’od ’phro chen po*, Skt. *’od ’phro chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mayūraruta (820 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Śramaṇa *dge sbyong chen po*, Skt. *mahāśramaṇa*, An epithet of the Buddha. See also definition for “śramaṇa.” ## Great Realization *rtogs chen*, Skt. *rtogs chen*, Attendant of the buddha Bodhirāja. ## Great Renown *grags pa chen po*, Skt. *grags pa chen po*, An eon following the current eon, called the Good Eon, during which time ten thousand sons of the universal monarch Vast Mind (a previous incarnation of the buddha Dīpaṅkara) will awaken to buddhahood. ## Great Renunciant *dge sbyong chen po*, Skt. *mahāśramaṇa*, Epithet of the Buddha. ## Great Result *’bras bu che*, Skt. *bṛhatphala*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, third of three levels of the fourth dhyāna realm. ## Great Revatī the Garuḍa-Winged Ḍākinī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Great Revatī the Lion-Faced Defeater The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Great Revatī Who Extends One Hand The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## Great Reviving Hell *dmyal ba chen po yang sos*, Skt. *saṃjīvanaraka*, One of the eight hot hells. Born frightened of one another, its inhabitants fight using sharp weapons, and every time they die are instantly revived and continue fighting. ## great ring of mountains *khor yug chen po*, Skt. *mahācakravāla*, A ring of mountains marking the circumference of the world in ancient Buddhist cosmology. ## Great Ripening *rnam par smin pa chen po*, Skt. *rnam par smin pa chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūrya (678 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great River *klung chen*, Skt. *klung chen*, A river queen. ## Great Roar *nga ro chen po*, Skt. *nga ro chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nāgadatta (550 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Rodhā *ro dhA chen po*, Skt. *ro dhA chen po*, A river to the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Great Royal Banner of Fame *grags pa’i rgyal mtshan rgyal chen*, Skt. *grags pa’i rgyal mtshan rgyal chen*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## Great Rudra *drag po chen po*, Skt. *mahārudra*, A wrathful form of Śiva. ## Great Rule *dbang chen*, Skt. *dbang chen*, Father of the buddha Deveśvara. ## Great Ruler *dbang po chen po*, Skt. *dbang po chen po*, Father of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## great śrāvaka *nyan thos chen po*, Skt. *mahāśrāvaka*, A term referring to the Buddha Śākyamuni’s closest and most important śrāvaka disciples. ## Great Sacrifice *mchod sbyin chen po*, Skt. *mchod sbyin chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nandeśvara (295 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## great sage *thub pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāmuni*, An epithet of a buddha. Muni is an ancient title, derived from the verb man (“to contemplate”), given to someone who has attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. ## Great Sands *bye ma chen po*, Skt. *bye ma chen po*, A town in the land of Bald Ṛṣi in the future. ## Great Scattering Wind *rnam par ’thor rlung chen po*, Skt. *rnam par ’thor rlung chen po*, A great wind king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Scorching *rab tu sreg pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāpradāha*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Great Scream *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahāraurava*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Great Seer *drang srong chen po*, Skt. *mahaṛṣi*, An epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## great sāl tree *shing sA la chen po*, Skt. *mahāsāla*, This can refer either to the sal (or sala) tree (Shorea robusta) or to a great (mahā) household (śāla). The Buddha was said to have been born and died beneath a sāla tree. ## Great Slope *logs chen po*, Skt. *logs chen po*, A mountain on Videha. ## Great Sound *sgra chen*, Skt. *sgra chen*, A garuḍa, king of birds, who lived on Mount Meru, and eventually went for refuge and took the fundamental precepts. He was the previous incarnation of the great king Vaiśravaṇa. ## great spiritual hero *sems dpa’ chen po*, Skt. *mahāsattva*, This translation follows the Tib. (lit. “great mind- hero”), whose translation from Skt. derives from the lo tsā ba’s analysis of sattva as meaning “hero,” rather than simply “being.” ## Great Splendor *dpal chen mo*, Skt. *mahāśrī*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī and The Twelve Names of the Goddess Śrī (Toh 741/1006). The Twelve Names gives the Tibetan variant dpal chen mo ma. ## Great Splitting Open Like a Lotus Hell *pad ma ltar gas chen po*, Skt. *mahāpadma*, Name of one of the eight cold hells. The extreme cold of this hell turns the skin of its denizens blue, red, and then extremely red until they crack apart into a hundred or more pieces like the petals of a great lotus. ## Great Stainless One *dri ma med pa chen po*, Skt. *dri ma med pa chen po*, The king of the garuḍas present at this discourse. ## Great Stūpa *mchod rten chen po*, Skt. *mchod rten chen po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śāntagati. ## Great Strength *stobs chen*, Skt. *stobs chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ananta­rati­kīrti (954 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Great Strength Holder *shugs chen ’dzin*, Skt. *shugs chen ’dzin*, A bodhisattva. ## Great Summit *rtse mo rgya chen po*, Skt. *rtse mo rgya chen po*, A mountain in Moving in Vast Environments. ## Great Supreme Horse *rta mchog chen po*, An epithet for the deity Hayagrīva. ## Great Tangible Darkness *mun nag thibs*, Skt. *tamonicaya­sparśa*, A mountain range surrounding the hell of Embers Within. ## Great Terrifier *’jigs byed chen po*, Skt. *’jigs byed chen po*, A great wind king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Thick Cloud *sprin stug chen po*, Skt. *sprin stug chen po*, A tathāgata. ## great thunderbolt *rdo rje chen po*, Skt. *rdo rje chen po*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Great Tone *gdangs po che*, Skt. *gdangs po che*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Āśādatta. ## Great Treasury Holder *mdzod chen ’chang ba*, Skt. *mdzod chen ’chang ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgakośa. ## Great Trees *shing chen po*, Skt. *shing chen po*, (1) A forest in Dwelling in Excellent View (shing chen po). (2) A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit (ljon shing). ## great trichiliocosm *stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *trisāhasra­mahā­sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, The largest universe spoken of in Abhidharma cosmology. Each great trichiliocosm is composed of one thousand worlds, each of which contains one thousand worlds, each of which contains one thousand worlds, therefore totaling one billion worlds. ## great trichiliocosm world-system *stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *trisāhasra­mahāsāhasra­lokadhātu*, The largest measure of the universe as comprised of a billion smaller world-systems. ## great universal monarch *stobs kyi ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rājā balacakravartī*, See “universal monarch.” ## Great Vairambhaka *rnam par ’thor rlung chen po*, Skt. *mahā­vairambhaka*, A wind deity referred to as king of the wind. ## Great Vehicle *theg pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāyāna*, [vehicle](#vehicle) of the [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva), great because it aims at full Buddhahood for the sake of all beings. ## Great Vināyaka *log ’dren chen po*, Skt. *mahāvināyaka*, Lit. “Great Remover,” an epithet of the elephant headed deity Gaṇapati. ## Great Vision *shin tu mthong ba*, Skt. *sudarśa*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, fourth of the five so-called pure realms of the form realm. ## Great Wailing Hell *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahāraurava­mahānaraka*, One of the eight hot hells. An even greater version of the Wailing Hell, likewise known for the cries of its inhabitants. ## Great Water-Giver *chu sbyin chen po*, Skt. *chu sbyin chen po*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Great Waters *chu chen po*, Skt. *chu chen po*, A river in Ornament of the Mind. ## Great Waves *rlabs chen po*, Skt. *rlabs chen po*, (1) An ocean far off the coast of Jambudvīpa (rlabs chen po). (2) A river in the south of Jambudvīpa (rlabs chen). ## Great Wisdom The name of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī in a former life. ## Great Wrath *khro bo chen po*, Skt. *mahākrodha*, One of the epithets of Bhūtaḍāmara. ## Great Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs chen po*, Skt. *brtul zhugs chen po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhubhadra (603 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Greatest Array *bkod pa’i mchog*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Greatest of All *thams cad mchog*, Skt. *thams cad mchog*, A past buddha. ## greatly courageous one A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## greatly piercing *cher ’bigs pa*, Skt. *cher ’bigs pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## greatly posing *cher bsgyings*, Skt. *cher bsgyings*, An absorption. ## Greatly Renowned for Considering All *kun la dgongs pa rgya cher grags pa can*, Skt. *kun la dgongs pa rgya cher grags pa can*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Blissful. ## greatly white *cher dkar ba*, Skt. *cher dkar ba*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## greatness An ordinary language term in Sanskrit that refers to a person’s greatness of character, magnanimity, majesty, or charisma. Connected to mahātma, “one who has a great soul (or self),” a term of great respect in a pan-Indian context. ## greatness of character See “greatness.” ## greed *’dod chags*, Skt. *rāga*, One of the three poisons (triviṣa), together with hatred and confusion, that bind beings to cyclic existence. ## Green Acala *mi g.yo ba ljang gu*, Skt. *śyāmācala*, Acala corresponding to Buddha Amoghasiddhi in the north of the maṇḍala. ## Green Grass *rtswa sngon po*, Skt. *rtswa sngon po*, A nāga king. ## green vitriol *nag mtshur*, Skt. *kāsīsa*, Iron sulfate or ferrous sulphate, also known in the past as copperas. A blue-green powder that has had many uses including being used in the process of refining gold through solutions of gold and green vitriol. ## grievous fault *nyes pa sbom po*, Skt. *sthūlātyaya*, According to Kalyāṇamitra, these are to be confessed, though opinion differs on whether this should be done within the boundary in front of the whole assembly, outside of it, in front of it, behind it, or to a single individual (Toh 4113, F.277.a). ## Grāmaghoṣa Skt. *grāmaghoṣa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Groans *kyi hud zer*, Skt. *huhuva*, Groans (deep sounds of pain or grief), also the name of one of the cold hells ## gross mental excitement *rgod pa*, Skt. *auddhatya*, Fifth of the five fetters associated with the superior. ## ground Literally the “grounds” in which qualities grow, and also meaning “levels.” Here it refers specifically to levels of enlightenment, especially the ten levels of the enlightened bodhisattvas. ## Ground of Constant Joy *kun dga’ gzhi*, Skt. *kun dga’ gzhi*, A park in Sustained by Fruition. ## Ground Possessor *sa ldan*, Skt. *sa ldan*, Son of the buddha Ananta­rati­kīrti. ## ground traveler *sa gzhi la rgyu ba*, Skt. *sa gzhi la rgyu ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Grounded in Intelligence *blo gros rab gnas*, Skt. *blo gros rab gnas*, A bodhisattva. ## groundlessness *gzhi med pa*, Skt. *gzhi med pa*, Also translated here as “having no basis.” ## Ground-of-all *kun gzhi*, Skt. *ālaya*, abridged form of *kun gzhi rnam par shes pa*, the ground consciousness in which the [habitual tendencies](#habitual-tendencies) are stored. It is the basis for the other consciousnesses. Occasionally, in certain teachings, *kun gzhi* is used for the original nature, the [primordial purity](#primordial-purity) (*ka dag*). ## Group Movement *sde yi ’gros*, Skt. *sde yi ’gros*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhāgīrathi (309 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## group of six *drug sde*, Skt. *ṣaḍvārgikāḥ*, See . ## group of six monks *drug sde*, Skt. *ṣaḍvargika*, A group of six monks who are portrayed in Vinaya texts as constantly pushing the limits of the disciplinary rules established for the monastic community. ## Grove *kun nas tshal*, Skt. *kun nas tshal*, Grove (a small group of trees), also the name of a grove in Dwelling on Mixed Riverbanks. ## Grove of Beauty *nags tshal mdzes*, Skt. *nags tshal mdzes*, A queen of Rāhu, king of asuras. ## Grove of Delicious Wine *chang zhim po’i tshal*, Skt. *chang zhim po’i tshal*, A forest in Moving on Springy Ground. ## Grove of Infatuation *myos byed kyi tshal*, Skt. *myos byed kyi tshal*, A grove in Mutual Liking. ## grove of the caretaker of mango trees *a mra srung ba’i tshal*, Skt. *āmrapālīvana*, A phrase usually translated as Āmrapālī’s grove, referring to the grove in Vaiśālī donated to the Buddha by the courtesan Āmrapālī (“Protected by a Mango Tree”), but here possibly to be interpreted as a generic term, as the narrative locates it in Vārāṇasī. ## Grove of Twin Sal Trees *shing sA la zung gi tshal*, Skt. *yamakaśālavana*, The grove in or near Kuśinagarī where the Buddha attained parinirvāṇa, it is named for the two sal trees between which the Buddha lay. ## Grove of Utter Joy *tshal rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *tshal rab tu dga’ ba*, A grove in Garland of Splendor. ## Growing Friend *bshes gnyen ’phel*, Skt. *bshes gnyen ’phel*, A great bodhisattva. ## Growing of All Flowers *me tog thams cad ’byung ba*, Skt. *me tog thams cad ’byung ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## Growing Utpalas *ud pa la skye*, Skt. *ud pa la skye*, A river in Dwelling on Summits. ## Grown Rice *’bras ’phel dag*, Skt. *’bras ’phel dag*, A city. ## gruel *skyo ma*, Skt. *tarpaṇa*, An acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Grīvā *mgrin pa*, Skt. *grīvā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## gāthā *tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *gāthā*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means those teachings given in verse. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Gūthamṛttikā Skt. *gūthamṛttikā*, “Swamp of Feces,” one of the hells. ## guḍa *bu ram*, Skt. *guḍa*, Thickened sugarcane juice, which is the same as phāṇita. ## Guṇaśailadhvaja *yon tan ri bo’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *guṇa­śailadhvaja*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Guṇabala *yon tan mthu stobs*, Skt. *guṇabala*, The 716th buddha in the first list, 715th in the second list, and 705th in the third list. ## Guṇabāhu *yon tan lag*, Skt. *guṇabāhu*, The 72nd buddha in the first list, 72nd in the second list, and 73rd in the third list. ## Guṇacūḍa *yon tan gtsug*, Skt. *guṇacūḍa*, The 812th buddha in the first list, 811th in the second list, and 801st in the third list. ## Guṇa­cakravāla­śri­megha *yon tan khor yug dpal gyi sprin*, Skt. *guṇa­cakravāla­śri­megha*, The ninety-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Guṇa­cakravāla­śiri­megha. ## Guṇa­cakravāla­śri­rāja *yon tan ’khor yug dpal gyi rgyal*, Skt. *guṇa­cakravāla­śri­rāja*, The forty-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Guṇa­cakravāla­śiri­rāja. ## Guṇacandra *yon tan zla ba*, Skt. *guṇacandra*, A bodhisattva. ## Guṇa­candra *yon tan zla ba*, Skt. *guṇa­candra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Guṇadatta *yon tan byin*, Skt. *guṇadatta*, A buddha. ## Guṇadharma *chos kyi yon tan*, Skt. *guṇadharma*, The 493rd buddha in the first list, 492nd in the second list, and 486th in the third list. ## Guṇadhvaja *yon tan rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *guṇadhvaja*, The 39th buddha in the first list, 39th in the second list, and 40th in the third list. ## Guṇadīparāja A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Guṇagaṇa *yon tan bsags*, Skt. *guṇagaṇa*, The 390th buddha in the first list, 389th in the second list, and 383rd in the third list. ## Guṇagarbha *yon tan snying po*, Skt. *guṇagarbha*, The 373rd buddha in the first list, 372nd in the second list, and 367th in the third list. ## Guṇa­ghoṣa *yon tan sprin*, Skt. *guṇa­ghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇagupta *yon tan bsrung*, Skt. *guṇagupta*, The 418th buddha in the first list, 417th in the second list, and 411th in the third list. ## Guṇakūṭa *yon tan brtsegs pa*, Skt. *guṇakūṭa*, The 337th buddha in the first list, 336th in the second list, and 331st in the third list. ## Guṇa­keśarīśvara *yon tan seng ge’i dbang po*, Skt. *guṇa­keśarīśvara*, The fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Guṇaketu *yon tan ’byung gnas*, Skt. *guṇaketu*, A buddha in the past. ## guḍakhādanika *bca’ ba bu ram*, Skt. *guḍakhādanika*, A type of solid sugar. ## guḍakhādanīya *bca’ ba bu ram*, Skt. *guḍakhādanīya*, A type of solid sugar. ## Guṇakīrti *yon tan grags*, Skt. *guṇakīrti*, The 120th buddha in the first list, 120th in the second list, and 121st in the third list. ## Guṇa­kusuma­śrī­sāgara *yon tan me tog dpal gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *guṇa­kusuma­śrī­sāgara*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Guṇa­maṇḍala *yon tan ’khor*, Skt. *guṇa­maṇḍala*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇamati *yon tan gyi blo gros*, Skt. *guṇamati*, A bodhisattva who resides in the Guṇākarā world of the Thus-Gone One Guṇa­rāja­prabhāsa’s buddha realm, and comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Guṇamālin *yon tan phreng bar ldan*, Skt. *guṇamālin*, The 169th buddha in the first list, 168th in the second list, and 168th in the third list. ## Guṇa­padma­śrī­garbha *yon tan pad+mo dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *guṇa­padma­śrī­garbha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Guṇa­parvata­tejas *yon tan ri bo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *guṇa­parvata­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Guṇaprabha *yon tan ’od*, Skt. *guṇaprabha*, The 510th buddha in the first list, 510th in the second list, and 503rd in the third list. ## Guṇaprabhāsa *yon tan ’od*, Skt. *guṇaprabhāsa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Guṇa­prabhāvodgata *yon tan gyi tshogs kyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *guṇa­prabhāvodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Guṇa­pradīpa *yon tan sgron ma*, Skt. *guṇa­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇapāramitā *yon tan gyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *guṇapāramitā*, A buddha. ## Guṇa­raśmi­dhvaja *yon tan ’od gzer rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *guṇa­raśmi­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇaratna *yon tan rin chen*, Skt. *guṇaratna*, The 277th buddha in the first list, 276th in the second list, and 276th in the third list. ## Guṇaratnaśrī *yon tan rin chen dpal*, Skt. *guṇaratnaśrī*, The name of a future buddha. ## Guardian God *lha srung*, A nāga king. ## Guardian of Light Rays *’od zer srung*, Skt. *’od zer srung*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Guardian of Speech *brjod skyob*, Skt. *brjod skyob*, A goddess. ## Guardian of the Flame *me skyong*, Skt. *me skyong*, See “Guardian of the Flame Govinda.” ## Guardian of the Flame Govinda *me skyong khyab ’jug*, Skt. *me skyong khyab ’jug*, A previous incarnation of Buddha Śākyamuni in The Hundred Deeds, he was the son of King Diśāṃpati of Pāṁśula’s magistrate, the householder Govinda. After his father’s death, he took over his work and became known as Guardian of the Flame, Guardian of the Flame Govinda, Govinda the Teacher, Mahā­govinda, or just Govinda. ## Guardian of the world *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *lokapāla*, Another term for the Four Guardian Kings. ## guardians (of the world) *skyong ba*, Skt. *pāla*, In this case, “guardians” seems to refer to the Four Great Kings of the cardinal directions, namely, Vaiśravaṇa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, and Virūpākṣa, who pledged to protect the Dharma and practitioners. ## guardians of the world *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *lokapāla*, Literally “world protectors.” They are the same as the four Mahārājas, the Four Great Kings of the quarters (Tib. rgyal chen bzhi), namely, Vaiśravaṇa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, and Virūpākṣa, whose mission is to report on the activities of humankind to the gods of the Trāyastriṃśa heaven (Heaven of the Thirty-Three) and who have pledged to protect the practitioners of the Dharma. Each universe has its own set of four. ## Guards the Senses *dbang po bsrungs*, Skt. *dbang po bsrungs*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Guṇa­śrī­garbha *yon tan dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *guṇa­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Guṇarāśi *yon tan phung po*, Skt. *guṇarāśi*, The 762nd buddha in the first list, 761st in the second list, and 751st in the third list. ## Guṇa­rāja *yon tan bdag*, Skt. *guṇa­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇarājaprabha *yon tan rgyal po’i ’od*, Skt. *guṇarājaprabha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Guṇarāja­prabhāsa *yon tan gyi rgyal por snang ba*, Skt. *guṇarāja­prabhāsa*, Name of the kinnara king Druma when he awakens in the future, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Guṇa­rāja­prabhāsa *yon tan gyi rgyal po snang ba*, Skt. *guṇa­rāja­prabhāsa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Guṇasañcaya *yon tan tshogs dag*, Skt. *guṇasañcaya*, The 777th buddha in the first list, 776th in the second list, and 766th in the third list. ## Guṇa­saṃcaya *yon tan bstsags pa*, Skt. *guṇa­saṃcaya*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Guṇa­samudra *yon tan rgya mtsho*, Skt. *guṇa­samudra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇa­samudra­śrī *yon tan rgya mtsho dpal*, Skt. *guṇa­samudra­śrī*, The thirty-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Guṇa­samudra­śirī. ## Guṇa­samudrāvabhāsa­maṇḍala­śrī *yon tan rgya mtsho snang ba’i dkyil ’khor gyi dpal*, Skt. *guṇa­samudrāvabhāsa­maṇḍala­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇasāgara *yon tan rgya mtsho*, Skt. *guṇasāgara*, The 363rd buddha in the first list, 362nd in the second list, and 357th in the third list. ## Guṇa­sāgara­śrī­pradīpa *yon tan rgya mtsho dpal gyi sgron*, Skt. *guṇa­sāgara­śrī­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Guṇa­sāgaraḥ Giripradīpo. See ## Guṇaskandha *yon tan phung po*, Skt. *guṇaskandha*, The 212th buddha in the first list, 211th in the second list, and 211th in the third list. ## Guṇa­sumeru *yon tan ri*, Skt. *guṇa­sumeru*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Guṇa­sumeru­prabha­tejas Skt. *guṇa­sumeru­prabha­tejas*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. See . ## Guṇa­sumeru­śrī *yon tan ri rab dpal*, Skt. *guṇa­sumeru­śrī*, The eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Guṇa­sumeru­śirī. ## Guṇatejas *yon tan gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *guṇatejas*, The 721st buddha in the first list, 720th in the second list, and 710th in the third list. ## Guṇa­tejas *yon tan gzi brjid*, Skt. *guṇa­tejas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Guṇatejoraśmi *yon tan ’od zer gzi brjid*, Skt. *guṇatejoraśmi*, The 769th buddha in the first list, 768th in the second list, and 758th in the third list. ## Guṇavisṛta *yon tan rgya chen*, Skt. *guṇavisṛta*, The 379th buddha in the first list, 378th in the second list, and 373rd in the third list. ## Guṇaviśuddhigarbha *yon tan rnam par dag pa’i snying po*, Skt. *guṇaviśuddhi­garbha*, A bodhisattva. ## Guṇa­viśuddhi­garbha *yon tan rnam dag snying po*, Skt. *guṇa­viśuddhi­garbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Guṇavīrya *yon tan brtson ’grus*, Skt. *guṇavīrya*, The 945th buddha in the first list, 944th in the second list, and 935th in the third list. ## Guṇendradeva *legs byin lha’i yon tan dbang po*, Skt. *guṇendradeva*, The 616th buddha in the first list, 615th in the second list, and 608th in the third list. ## Guṇendrakalpa *yon tan dbang mtshungs*, Skt. *guṇendrakalpa*, The 543rd buddha in the first list, 543rd in the second list, and 536th in the third list. ## Guṇendraniryūha *yon tan dbang po*, Skt. *guṇendraniryūha*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Guṅāgradhāri *yon tan mchog ldan*, Skt. *guṅāgradhāri*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Guṇāgradhārin *yon tan mchog ’dzin*, Skt. *guṇāgradhārin*, The 140th buddha in the first list, 140th in the second list, and 140th in the third list. ## Guhā *phug*, Skt. *phug*, A region of unknown location. ## Guhagupta *skyob sbed*, Skt. *skyob sbed*, Name of a bodhisattva, sometimes also found as Guhyagupta; the Tibetan rendering in the Eighteen Thousand is phug sbas. ## Guhamatī *phug ldan ma*, Skt. *guhamatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Guhavāsī *phug gnas ma*, Skt. *guhavāsī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Guhilā Skt. *guhilā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Guhāvāsinī *phug gnas ma*, Skt. *guhāvāsinī*, One of the seven yakṣiṇīs. ## Guhyagupta A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka. ## Guhyakā *gsang ba ma*, Skt. *guhyakā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Guhyakī *gsang ldan ma*, Skt. *guhyakī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## guhyaka A class of nonhuman beings, similar to yakṣas and perhaps synonymous with them in some contexts. They are closely associated with Kubera or Vaiśravaṇa, the lokapāla and god of wealth who is one of the Four Great Kings, but they also have a strong association with Vajrapāṇi, especially in this sūtra. Guhyakas are sometimes considered the guardians of Vaiśravaṇa’s treasure, or even hidden treasures in general, such as veins of gold and other lodes of precious substances concealed or hidden (guhya) beneath the ground. In this way, the terms guhyaka (“divine guardian of hidden treasure”), and guhya (“secret” or “hidden treasure”), play off each other throughout this sūtra. ## Guhyasamāja The Guhyasamāja (Toh 442) is one of the most important of the unexcelled yoga tantras. ## Guhyottarī *gsang ba dam pa ma*, Skt. *guhyottarī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## guide *’dren pa*, Skt. *nāyaka*, An epithet of a buddha. ## guide for men ready to be disciplined An epithet of a buddha. ## guide for people to be tamed *skyes bu ’dul ba’i kha lo sgyur ba*, Skt. *puruṣa­damyasārathi*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## Guide of Generations *skyes rabs kha lo sgyur ba*, Skt. *skyes rabs kha lo sgyur ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vikrama. ## Guiding Banner *’dren pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *’dren pa’i rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Guiding Victory Banner *’dren pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *’dren pa’i rgyal mtshan*, A great bodhisattva. ## guilty conscience *ngo tsha*, Skt. *hrī*, One of the eleven virtuous mental factors (Tib. sems byung dge ba; Skt. kuśalacaitta), a subgroup of the mental states or factors associated with the mind (Skt. caitasika; caitta), according to the Abhidharma. According to Vasubandhu (in his Pañcaskandhaka), ngo tsha (“scruples,” “conscience”) is different from khrel (“embarrassment” or “shame”) in that it is independent from others’ judgment of one’s behavior, and solely internal, in that it contradicts one’s internalized values and one’s inner moral compass. See “embarrassment.” ## guñjā Skt. *guñjā*, A unit of weight equal to about 125 milligrams, or one seventh of a māṣa. ## Guṃjika *sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *guṃjikāvasatha*, Refers to rṣi Guṃjika’s abode, a place near Nādikā, a village in the country of Vṛji. ## Guṇākarā *yon tan gyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *guṇākarā*, A world within the Thus-Gone One Guṇa­rāja­prabhāsa’s buddha realm. ## Guṇākara *yon tan ’byung gnas*, Skt. *guṇākara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Guṇottama *yon tan mchog*, Skt. *guṇottama*, The 549th buddha in the first list, 549th in the second list, and 542nd in the third list. ## Gupta *srung ba*, Skt. *gupta*, The father of Upagupta noted as a perfume merchant in Mathurā. ## Guṇārci *yon tan ’od ’phro*, Skt. *guṇārci*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Gurjara *ko dzwa ri*, Skt. *gurjara*, A country corresponding to modern Gujarat. ## guru *bla ma*, Skt. *guru*, A most highly revered personal spiritual teacher; not to be confused with the future buddha Guru. ## Guru Gift *bla mas byin*, Skt. *bla mas byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Susthita. ## Guru of All Beings *’gro ba kun gyi bla ma*, Skt. *’gro ba kun gyi bla ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pūritāṅga. ## Guru of Dharma *chos kyi bla ma*, Skt. *chos kyi bla ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Dharma. ## Guru of Many *mang po’i bla ma*, Skt. *mang po’i bla ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Overcoming through Triumph in Battle. ## Guru of the Moon *zla ba’i bla ma*, Skt. *zla ba’i bla ma*, (1) Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Moon. (2) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Overwhelming with Golden Light. ## Guru Rinpoche *gu ru rin po che*, the name by which [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) is most commonly known in Tibet. ## Guru yoga *bla ma'i rnal 'byor*, practice of mixing one's mind with the teacher's mind. ## Gurugupta *bla ma sbas*, Skt. *gurugupta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Guruka *lhur byed*, Skt. *guruka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Gurumati *bla ma’i blo gros*, Skt. *gurumati*, A bodhisattva. ## Ṛgveda *nges brjod kyi rig byed*, Skt. *ṛgveda*, Along with the Yajurveda, Sāmaveda, and Atharvaveda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. Generally considered the “first” of the four Vedas. ## Ṛgveda branch The category of priests in the brahmanical tradition who specialize in the hymns of the Ṛgveda. ## Gyalse Rinpoche *rgyal sras rin po che*, lit. the Precious Son of the [Conqueror](#conqueror)s. A title given to Thogme Zangpo (1295 - 1369), a great master of the [Nyingma](#nyingmapa) and [Śākya](#sakyapa) traditions and author of the *Thirty Seven Elements of a [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva)'s Practice (rgyal sras lag len)*. ## Gyaltsen Bum The second Degé king, Gyaltsen Bum (fifteenth century) was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-second generation. He had four sons, of whom Pönchen A Nga became the third Degé king and the other three became monks. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## Gyalwé Jungné *rgyal ba’i ’byung gnas*, Dromtön Gyalwé Jungné (1004/5–1064) was one of Atiśa’s Tibetan disciples and a founding patriarch of the Kadampa school. ## Gyan-gong *rgyan gong*, A place and monastery next to Zhalu (zhwa lu) in Lower Nyang, and therefore associated with canonical translation and compilation. Sakya Pandita was ordained there by Śākyaśrībhadra. ## Gyangro Jangchup Bum A fourteenth-century scholar who was involved in the production of the first Kangyur and Tengyur at Narthang monastery. ## Gyantsé The name of a large town in central Tibet, which at one point was the capital of a small fiefdom. ## Gyantsé Thempangma A Kangyur produced in 1431 in Gyantsé, which provided the basis for a major branch of subsequent Kangyur recensions. ## Gyelgong *rgyal 'gong*, a class of malignant spirits. ## Gyeré A location in central Tibet. ## Gying-ju *gying ju*, Skt. *gying ju*, Unidentified. ## Gyisho River *gyi sho gtsang po*, Skt. *gyi sho gtsang po*, A river in Khotan. ## Āṣāḍhā Skt. *aṣāḍhā*, The name of a nakṣatra. The Tibetan translation of the MMK provides the specific names of both of the Āṣāḍhās while the Sanskrit does not. See entries for Pūrvāṣāḍhā and Uttārāṣāḍhā. ## Ūhā Skt. *ūhā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Hūṇa Skt. *hūṇa*, The king of Huns. ## Āṣāḍha *dbyar zla ’bring po*, Skt. *āṣāḍha*, The month of Āṣāḍha generally falls in June or July, and on its fifteenth day begins the “earlier rains” retreat. ## Habitat of Kalandaka *bya ka lan da ka gnas pa*, Skt. *kalandakanivāsa*, A woodland within the Bamboo Grove; in the Pali tradition the compound is usually interpreted as “squirrels’ feeding place,” but according to Tibetan sources kalandaka refers to a kind of bird. markup link to knowledgebase article--> The exact referent of the word kalandaka is contested, and its etymology is unclear (see Mayrhofer 1956, s.v.). While in the Pali Buddhist tradition the word is generally believed to refer to a kind of squirrel (see Dhammika 2015, 61 and 110), the Tibetan tradition understood ka lan da ka to be a species of bird that nested in the Bamboo Grove. In the Pali tradition, kalandakanivāpa is the name of a locality in or near the Veṇuvana, the Bamboo Grove north of the ancient town of Rājagṛha, in which a certain king had placed food (nivāpa) for the squirrels. According to legend, a tree spirit in the form of a squirrel had warned the intoxicated, sleeping, and unattended king that a venomous snake was approaching to bite him. Out of gratitude, the king ordered that the squirrels be fed regularly. According to Tibetan sources, King Bimbisāra of Magadha confiscated the park that was later to become the Bamboo Grove from a local landowner. The landowner, angry about the expropriation, took rebirth as a venomous snake in that park. One day, when Bimbisāra and his attendants had fallen asleep after a picnic in the park, the snake approached to bite the king. Some kalandaka birds, however, saw the snake and seized it. Their cries awoke one of the king’s wives, who then killed the snake, thus saving the king’s life. As a sign of his gratitude, Bimbisāra planted bamboo that the birds especially liked (cf. Rockhill 1884, 43–44, for a translation of the Kangyur passage relating this story). According to some Chinese sources kalandaka is the name of the person who donated the Bamboo Grove to the Buddha (for references, see Vinītā 2010, 415 and 417, footnote b). We have followed the Tibetan interpretation in our translation. ## habitual patterns Karmic traces or residues imprinted by past actions that manifest as tendencies predisposing one to particular patterns of behavior. ## Habitual tendencies *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsanā*, habitual patterns of [thought](#thought), speech or action created by what one has done in past lives. AT: habits, inclinations, impregnations. ## had realized the sameness [of all phenomena], the state of a buddha in which there is neither a center nor a periphery *mtha’ dang dbus med pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sa mnyam pa nyid bu thugs su chud pa*, Skt. *anantamadhyabuddhabhūmisamatādhigataḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 369. ## haghoradravyanehara An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Hahava *kyi hud zer ba*, Skt. *hahava*, One of the eight cold hells. ## Hail *ser ba*, Skt. *ser ba*, Hail (pellets of frozen rain), also the name of the daughter of the brahmin Agnidatta. ## Haimavata *gangs la gnas*, Skt. *haimavata*, Name of a yakṣa general in the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī ( Toh 559 ). ## hair as black as a bee *dbu skra bung ba ltar gnag pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *bhramara­sadṛśa­keśa*, Seventy-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## hair coil *mdzod spu*, Skt. *ūrṇakośa*, One of the physical marks of a buddha that takes the form of a hair that is coiled up between the eyebrows. ## hair eater *skra la za ba*, Skt. *skra la za ba*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Hair in a Topknot Shining Dark Like Bees, Ink, Peacocks, and Nightingales *bung ba dang snag sa dang rma bya dang ’jon mo dang mugs gsal ral pa’i thor tshugs can*, Skt. *bung ba dang snag sa dang rma bya dang ’jon mo dang mugs gsal ral pa’i thor tshugs can*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## hair of their heads is bluish black, soft, and long *dbu skra mthon ting la ’jam zhing ring ba*, Skt. *abhi­nīla­ślakṣṇa­cita­keśa­tā*, Seventy-second of the eighty minor marks. ## hair of their heads is not dishevelled *dbu skra ma ’dzings pa*, Skt. *a­saṃ­luṭhita­keśa­tā*, Seventy-fifth of the eighty minor marks. ## hair of their heads is untangled *dbu skra ma ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *a­paruṣa­keśa­tā*, Seventy-third of the eighty minor marks. ## hair ringlet that grows between his eyebrows *mdzod spu smin mtshams su ’khrungs*, Skt. *ūrṇāṅkhita­mukha­tā*, Thirty-first or thirty-second of the thirty-two major marks. ## hairs of their heads point upwards, finely and curling into locks *dbu skra gyen du phyogs shing bzang la lcang lor ’khyil ba*, Skt. *ud­vartita­su­kuñcita­keśa­tā*, Seventy-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## hairs that grow distinctly, curling to the right *spu re re nas g.yas phyogs su ’khyil pa*, Skt. *ekaika­pradakṣināvarta­romatā*, Sixteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## hairs that grow finely and distinctly, curling to the right *spu re re nas mdzes par skyes shing g.yas su ’khyil pa*, Skt. *ekaika­pradakṣināvarta­roma­tā*, Eleventh of the thirty-two major marks. ## āḍhaka A measure of weight roughly equivalent to three kilograms. ## Haladharā *gshol ’dzin ma*, Skt. *haladharā*, A rākṣasī. ## half bent *phyed sgyur*, Skt. *phyed sgyur*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Half-cakravartin *phyed kyi ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ardha­cakravartin*, A king who rules over only half the area of a full cakravartin. ## Half-Moon Forehead *’phral ba zla gam ltar ’dug pa*, Skt. *’phral ba zla gam ltar ’dug pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## halāhala *ha la ha la*, Skt. *halāhala*, A mythological poison said to have been produced by demonic forces in their fight against the gods. ## halāhala poison A deadly poison. In Indian mythology, this poison was created when the gods churned the oceans and, in order to save the world, the god Śiva drank it, turning his throat forever blue. ## hall *khyams*, Skt. *prāsāda*, The Tib. khyams (Skt. prāsāda) is one of many related terms for an assembly “hall” that appears in the Kangyur and Tengyur, such as (1) “meditation hut/hall” (Tib. spong khang; Skt. prahāṇaśālā), (2) “multistoried structure” (Tib. khang pa rtseg ma’i khyams; Skt. kūṭāgāraśālā), (3) “temple” (Tib. khang bzangs; Skt. prāsāda), (4) “steps” (Tib. bang rim; Skt. pariṣaṇḍa), and (5) “courtyard” (Tib. ’khor gyi khyams; Skt. maṇḍalavāṭa). ## hall steps *khyams*, Skt. *pariṣanḍā*, Kalyāṇamitra describes the “hall steps” as the vihara entrance’s middle level (F.316.a). ## hall with an upper chamber A distinctive Indian assembly hall or temple with one ground-floor room and a high ornamental roof, sometimes a barrel shape with apses but more usually a tapering roof, tower, or spire. It contains at least one additional upper room within the structure. The term kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber” and is short for kūṭāgāraśālā (“hall with an upper chamber”). ## hammer An implement held by Mahākāla and a number of forms of the goddesses in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Hand Master *lag bdag*, Skt. *lag bdag*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyabāhu. ## Hand Movement *lag ’gro*, Skt. *lag ’gro*, Attendant of the buddha Sāra. ## hand mudrā *phyag rgya*, Skt. *mudrā*, An array of symbolic hand gestures, which range from the gesture of touching the earth displayed by the Buddha upon attaining awakening to the numerous gestures used in tantric rituals to symbolize offerings, consecrations, etc. Iconographically, mudrās are used as a way of communicating an action performed by the deity or a specific aspect a deity or buddha is displaying, in which case the same figure can be depicted using different hand gestures to signify that they are either meditating, teaching, granting freedom from fear, and so forth. ## hand of insight *shes rab kyi lag pa*, One of the four hands of bodhisattvas, the other three being the hands of faith, discipline, and learning. See The Fourfold Accomplishment (Catuṣkanirhāra, Toh 252), 1.34. ## Hand of Joy *phyag dga’*, Skt. *phyag dga’*, Son of the buddha Brahmamuni. ## Hand of Merit *bsod nams lag*, Skt. *bsod nams lag*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vibhaktatejas. ## hand span A measure of length defined as being equal to twelve finger widths, being the span between an extended thumb and little finger. ## hands and feet are tender and soft *phyag dang zhabs ’jam zhing gzhon sha chags pa*, Skt. *mṛdu­taruṇa­hasta­pāda­tā*, Third of the thirty-two major marks. ## hands and feet are utterly pure *phyag dang zhabs yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *pari­śuddha­pāṇi­pāda­tā*, Sixty-second of the eighty minor marks. ## hands and feet that are marked with the motif of the wheel *phyag dang zhabs ’khor lo’i mtshan dang ldan pa*, Skt. *cakrāṅkita­pādatā*, First of the thirty-two major marks. ## hands and feet that are tender and soft *phyag dang zhabs gzhon zhing ’jam pa*, Skt. *mṛdu­taruṇa­hasta­pādatā*, Fourth of the thirty-two major marks. ## hands and feet that are webbed *phyag dang zhabs dra bar ’brel pa*, Skt. *jāla­hasta­pādatā*, Third of the thirty-two major marks. ## Hands of Qualities *yon tan phyag ldan*, Skt. *yon tan phyag ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amogharaśmi (399 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## hands that are extremely soft like tree cotton *phyag shing bal ltar shin tu ’jam pa*, Skt. *tūla­sadṛśa­sukumāra­pāṇi*, Forty-second of the eighty minor signs. ## hands with brilliant lines *phyag gi ri mo snum pa*, Skt. *snigdha­pāṇi­lekha*, Forty-third of the eighty minor signs. ## hands with deep lines *phyag gi ri mo zab pa*, Skt. *gaṃbhīra­pāṇi­lekha*, Forty-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## hands with long lines *phyag gi ri mo ring ba*, Skt. *āyata­pāṇi­lekha*, Forty-fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## Handsome Face Either a name or a term of endearment for Vajrapāṇi’s eldest son in this sūtra; name attested in other texts as a name for various beings, including a king of kinnaras, a general, and a king of nāgas. The portions of the text in which the name(s) occurs are unfortunately not extant in the Sanskrit manuscript. ## handspan A traditional unit of length, measured from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the little finger. ## hanging down A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Hanging Leaves *lo ma shin tu ’phyang ba*, Skt. *lo ma shin tu ’phyang ba*, A river on Forest Garlands. ## hanging very far down A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Ḍṛḍhanāman *mi brtan pa*, Skt. *ḍṛḍhanāman*, A yakṣa general. ## Hanucitra *’gram pa ldan*, Skt. *hanucitra*, A mountain king. ## Hanuman *ha nu man ta*, Skt. *hanuman*, Name of a nāga king; a monkey god; Rāma’s companion and devotee in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Hanumattīra *’gram pa ldan ngogs*, Skt. *hanumattīra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Hanumān The monkey god and major figure in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Happiness *rtag tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtag tu dga’ ba*, Happiness (the state of being happy), also the name of a realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Happiness Accomplished *bde don*, Skt. *bde don*, Father of the buddha Arthasiddhi. ## Happy *skyid ldan ma*, Skt. *skyid ldan ma*, Happy (feeling or showing pleasure), also the name of the mother of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi. ## Happy Bees *bung ba mngon dga’*, Skt. *bung ba mngon dga’*, A grove in Lateral. ## Happy Event *dga’ ba ’byung*, Skt. *dga’ ba ’byung*, Birthplace of the buddha Lokasundara. ## Happy Flow *yid bde bar ’bab pa*, Skt. *yid bde bar ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Happy Joy *bde dga’*, Skt. *bde dga’*, Son of the buddha Druma. ## Happy Mind *yid dga’*, Skt. *yid dga’*, (1) A forest in Living by Rājanina (yid dga’). (2) A mountain in the eastern sea between Jambudvīpa and Videha (yid bde ba). ## happy rebirth-destinies of the higher realms bde ’gro is the opposite of ngan ’gro (see “unfortunate rebirth-destiny”). The Sanskrit equivalent is sugati. The compounded term (bde gro mtho ris) is a collective name for the higher realms of existence of devas and humans. ## Happy Wealth *nor dga’*, Skt. *nor dga’*, Son of the buddha Dharmamati. ## Happy World *’gro dga’*, Skt. *’gro dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Anunnata. ## hapuri An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Hara *’phrog byed*, Skt. *hara*, One of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, the successor of Viṣṇu (i.e., Viṣṇuvardhana). ## Harṣadatta *tshims sbyin*, Skt. *harṣadatta*, The 153rd buddha in the first list, 152nd in the second list, and 152nd in the third list. ## Harṣa­vardhana Skt. *harṣa­vardhana*, The emperor of the Śrīkaṇṭha-Sthāṇvīśvara dynasty who ruled in Madhyadeśa in the first half of the seventh century; the king who succeeded Rājya­vardhana. ## Harbor *gru ’dzin*, Skt. *gru ’dzin*, Harbor (a sheltered place for ships), also the name of a son of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Hard Renunciation *mngon par ’byung dka’*, Skt. *mngon par ’byung dka’*, A bodhisattva. ## Hard to Achieve *thub dka’*, Skt. *thub dka’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Druma. ## Hard to Bear *bzod par dka’*, Skt. *bzod par dka’*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhasena. ## Hard to Conquer *rgyal bar dka’*, Skt. *rgyal bar dka’*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahāsthāman. ## Hard to Defeat *rgyal dka’*, Skt. *rgyal dka’*, Attendant of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Hard to Dominate *thub dka’*, Skt. *thub dka’*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama. ## Hard to Realize *rtogs dka’*, Skt. *rtogs dka’*, A bodhisattva. ## Hard to Show *ston par dka’*, Skt. *ston par dka’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kāñcanaprabha. ## Hard to Subdue *gdul bar dka’*, Skt. *gdul bar dka’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nārāyaṇa (99 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Hard to Subdue by the World *’jig rten dag gis ’dul bar dka’*, Skt. *’jig rten dag gis ’dul bar dka’*, Birthplace of the buddha Asaṅgamati. ## Hard to Tame *gdul dka’*, Skt. *gdul dka’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaprabha. ## Hari Skt. *hari*, One of the names of Viṣṇu, especially in his incarnation as Kṛṣṇa. ## Haribhadra *seng ge bzang po*, Skt. *haribhadra*, Indian exegete of the Prajñāpāramitā and its commentary, the Abhisamayālaṃkāra (fl. late eighth century). ## Hari­bhadra *seng ge bzang po*, Skt. *hari­bhadra*, Indian commentator (fl. late eighth century). ## Haricandrā *seng ge’i zla ba*, Skt. *haricandrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Hariścandra *’phrog pa zla ba*, Skt. *hariścandra*, Mythological figure of great wealth and splendor. ## Haridhara *ha ri tshig ’chang*, Skt. *haridhara*, Unidentified deity. Possibly Kṛṣṇa. Acording to Lithang and Cone. Degé, etc.: hi ri tshig ’chang. ## Harikeśī *skra mdog ljang gu ma*, Skt. *harikeśī*, A being in this sūtra. ## Harikeśa *seng ge’i ral pa*, Skt. *harikeśa*, A yakṣa general in the western direction. ## Harikela *ha ri ki la*, Skt. *harikela*, A country in the east of India, roughly corresponding to modern Bengal. ## Haripatracūḍa *seng ge’i bshes gnyen gtsug phud*, Skt. *haripatracūḍa*, The 1,004th of the 1,005th buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. His name in Tibetan is given at its second mention in a longer form. Note the attested Sanskrit does not exactly match the extant Tibetan translations. ## Haripiṅgala *spre’u ltar dmar ser*, Skt. *haripiṅgala*, A yakṣa general. ## Harisumeruśrī *seng ge ri rab dpal*, Skt. *harisumeruśrī*, The eighty-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Harisumeruśirī. ## Harita *ljang sngon*, Skt. *harita*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Haritālakīrti *ba bla grags pa*, Skt. *haritālakīrti*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## Haritāyana *ljang sngo’i tsha bo*, Skt. *haritāyana*, A great ṛṣi. ## Harivaktra *seng ge’i zhal*, Skt. *harivaktra*, The 1002nd buddha in the first list, 1001st in the second list, and 992nd in the third list. ## Harivara Skt. *harivara*, The king of the horses. ## Harmed by Pain *sdug bsngal gyis gnod pa*, Skt. *duḥkhataḍāga*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Harmful Forest *gnod pa’i nags*, Skt. *gnod pa’i nags*, A town in Videha. ## harmful influence *gnod pa*, Skt. *upadrava*, A category of celestial beings who can be responsible for large-scale crises such as famine, plague, eclipse, and so forth. ## harmful intention *gnod sems*, Skt. *duṣṭacitta*, Second of the five obscurations. Also translated here as “malice.” ## harmful spirit *gdon*, Skt. *graha*, A class of nonhuman beings able to enter and possess the human body. They have a harmful effect on physical and mental health, and are specifically said to cause seizures and insanity. Often this term is used to broadly refer to multiple classes of beings who can affect a person’s physical and mental health. ## Harmonious Conduct *’thun par spyod*, Skt. *’thun par spyod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## harmony *don mthun pa*, Skt. *samānavihāra*, Fourth of the four attractive qualities of a bodhisattva. Also translated as “harmonious activity.” ## Harmony with a Thousand Buddha Realms *sangs rgyas kyi zhing stong gi rjes su ’thun pa*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi zhing stong gi rjes su ’thun pa*, A buddha realm. ## harsh speech *ngag rtsub pa*, Skt. *paruṣavacana*, One of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## Harsh to the Moon *zla ba la rtsub pa*, Skt. *zla ba la rtsub pa*, A nāga king. ## harsh words *zhe gcod pa*, Skt. *pāruṣya*, Sixth of the ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered as “verbal abuse” or “words of reprimand.” ## Harīta *ljang sngo’i bu*, Skt. *harīta*, A great ṛṣi. ## harītakī Terminalia chebula. The black or chebulic myrobalan tree. ## haṃsa *ngang pa*, Skt. *haṃsa*, A kind of bird, which is identified with the swan or goose. ## Hasanī *dgod pa*, Skt. *hasanī*, A river. ## Hasana *rgod byed*, Skt. *hasana*, One of the grahas. ## Hasānta *rgod ldan*, Skt. *hasānta*, One of the grahas. ## Hastā *me bzhi*, Skt. *hastā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Delta Corvi in the occidental tradition. ## Hasta *lag pa*, Skt. *hasta*, Hand (body part); cubit (unit of length); the eleventh (sometimes thirteenth) lunar asterism. ## Hastaka *lag pa can*, Skt. *hastaka*, A great bodhisattva. ## Hastibāla *glang po che skyong*, Skt. *hastibāla*, A town. ## Hastikaccha *glang po’i rtsal*, Skt. *hastikaccha*, A nāga king. ## Hastin The name of a king. ## Hastiniyaṃsa *glang po che’i thal gong*, Skt. *hastiniyaṃsa*, A son of King Ikṣuvāku. ## Hastināpura *hasti na pu ra*, Skt. *hastināpura*, A city in ancient India. ## Hastipāla *glang po skyong*, Skt. *hastipāla*, A teacher. ## Hastiśīrṣa *glang po che’i mgo*, Skt. *hastiśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## hatred *zhe sdang*, Skt. *dveśa*, Second of the five fetters associated with the lower realms; one of the three poisons (dug gsum) that, along with desire and delusion, perpetuate the sufferings of cyclic existence. In its subtle manifestation as aversion, it obstructs the correct perception of forms, and in its extreme manifestation as hatred and fear, it is characteristic of the hells. ## Hatred Vajrī *zhe sdang rdo rje ma*, Skt. *dveṣavajrī*, Consort of Black ‌Acala. ## Hṛṣṭavadanā *rangs ma’i gdong*, Skt. *hṛṣṭavadanā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## have circular faces This term describes a race of people. ## have entered nirvāṇa *mya ngan ’das pa*, Skt. *parinirvṛta*, Literally “those who have been fully extinguished.” In Sanskrit, the term nirvāṇa literally means “extinguishment” and the Tibetan mya ngan las ’das pa literally means “gone beyond sorrow.” As a general term, it refers to the cessation of all suffering, afflicted mental states (kleśa), and causal processes (karma) that lead to rebirth and suffering in cyclic existence, as well as to the state in which all such rebirth and suffering has permanently ceased. ## have hands and feet adorned with the glorious śrīvatsa motif, the auspicious svāstika motif, and the nandyāvarta motif *phyag dang zhabs dpal gyi be’u dang / bkra shis dang dga’ ba ’khyil pas brgyan pa*, Skt. *śrī­vatsa­svastika­nandyāvarta­lalita­pāṇi­pāda*, Eightieth of the eighty minor signs. ## having a palate *rkan ldan*, Skt. *rkan ldan*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Having a Retinue of Clouds *sprin gyi ’khor ldan*, Skt. *sprin gyi ’khor ldan*, A goddess. ## Having a Shaved Head and Water Jar *mgo reg dang ril ba spyi blugs can*, Skt. *mgo reg dang ril ba spyi blugs can*, A ṛṣi. See also ## having iron *lcags can*, Skt. *lcags can*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Having Light Hues *’od kyi kha dog can*, Skt. *’od kyi kha dog can*, Mother of the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa. ## having near-iron *nye ba’i lcags can*, Skt. *nye ba’i lcags can*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## having no basis *gzhi med pa*, Skt. *gzhi med pa*, Also translated here as “groundlessness.” ## having primacy *sngon du ’gro*, Skt. *pūrvaṃ­gamā bhavati*, Also translated here as “precede.” ## having stored *mkhos su phab ste*, Skt. *pratiśāmayya*, Kalyāṇamitra explains that monks stored their robes and bowls in specified or individual spots in the dwelling. See F.223.b: lhung bzed dang chos gos mkhos su phab nas zhes bya ba ni so sor des pa’i gnas su rnam par bzhag nas so and F.268.b: mkhos su dbab pa zhes bya ba ni gnas khang du ’jug tu gzhug pa’o. ## Hayagrīva An important wrathful deity of the lotus (padma) family and thus closely associated with Avalokiteśvara. Hayagrīva is also a deity in the Brahmanical pantheon. ## Hayāsyā *rta yi gzugs*, Skt. *hayāsyā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## Hūṁchen A wrathful deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Hṛīdeva *khrel yod pa’i lha*, Skt. *hṛīdeva*, A god who comes to Prince Siddhārtha’s palace to serve and venerate him. ## He Who Acts as Supreme *mchog mdzad*, Skt. *mchog mdzad*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Triumphant. ## He Who Gave a Chariot *shing rta sbyin*, Skt. *shing rta sbyin*, A future solitary buddha. ## He Who Gives Freedom from Fear *mi ’jigs pa sbyin pa*, Skt. *abhayaṃdada*, An epithet for Avalokiteśvara. ## He Who Has Thought Well A bodhisattva in the audience, whose name is not attested in Sanskrit. ## He Who Is Proclaimed King of the Pile of Śrīgarbha Jewels *dpal gyi snying po brtsegs pa rnam par bsgrags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śrīgarbhakūṭavinarditarāja*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Pile of Śrīgarbha Jewels. ## He Who Outshines All *zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *zil gyis gnon pa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## He Who Possesses a Beautiful Form A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## He Who Possesses a Body Adorned, Exalted by All Jewels *rin chen kun gyis ’phags pa ste rab tu brgyan pa’i gzugs ’dzin pa*, Skt. *rin chen kun gyis ’phags pa ste rab tu brgyan pa’i gzugs ’dzin pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Family of Jewels. Likely the same as the thus-gone one He Who Possesses a Body Adorned with All Jewels and the thus-gone one Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Dharma. ## He Who Possesses a Body Adorned with All Jewels *rin po che thams cad kyis brgyan pa’i gzugs ’dzin pa*, Skt. *rin po che thams cad kyis brgyan pa’i gzugs ’dzin pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Family of Jewels. ## He Who Possesses a Refined and Immaculate Splendor A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is not attested in Sanskrit but could be something like Sucalitavimalatejodhara or -tejasvin. ## He Who Proclaims the Dharma with Inexhaustible Melodious Voice *sgra dbyangs mi zad pa sgrogs pa*, name of a [Buddha](#buddha). ## He Who Resounds Throughout the Quarters *phyogs rab sgrogs*, Skt. *phyogs rab sgrogs*, A buddha. ## He Who Turned the Wheel of Dharma Immediately upon Developing the Mind of Awakening *sems bskyed ma thag tu chos kyi ’khor los sgyur ba*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## He Whose Body Hairs Never Rise in Fear *spu zing zhes byed pa’i ’jigs bral*, Skt. *spu zing zhes byed pa’i ’jigs bral*, A buddha. ## He Whose Great Intelligence Is Strong as a Vajra A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. The Sanskrit could be something like Vajramahāmati. ## He Whose Intelligence Is His Treasure A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is not attested in the Sanskrit, but Dhanamati is a good guess, since Dhanapati is attested. ## He Whose Intelligence Rests on What Is Certain A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name in Sanskrit is not attested but could be something like Viniścitamati. ## He Whose Mind Dispels All Darkness The name of a bodhisattva. ## He Whose Power Is Great A bodhisattva in the audience for this sūtra, and in other texts attested as an alternative translation for the name Nārāyaṇa. ## Head *mgo*, Skt. *mgo*, Head (the top part of the body; a leader), also the name of one of the hearers in the world known as Torch. ## head is [large], similar to a parasol *dbu gdugs ’dra ba*, Skt. *pūrṇottama­māṅga­tā*, Forty-fifth of the eighty minor marks. ## Head of Indra *dbang po’i mgo*, Skt. *dbang po’i mgo*, A certain master archer in Vaiśālī. ## head of the gods *lha’i dbang po*, Skt. *devānām indriya*, A common epithet of Śatakratu, also known as Indra. ## head that is very broad‍ *dbu shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *supari­pūrṇottamāṅga*, Seventy-third of the eighty minor signs. ## Healer *sman pa*, Skt. *sman pa*, Healer (one who cures or heals), also the name of the father of the buddha Mahendra. ## Healer of Men *mi’i sman*, Skt. *mi’i sman*, Name of Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a prince practicing bodhisattva conduct. ## health problem *nyes pa*, Skt. *doṣa*, Literally a “fault,” this term signifies a wide range of health problems that might be brought on by an imbalance of the humors (doṣa) or some extraneous cause that has affected an individual because of some kind of behavioral or physical fault or defect (doṣa). ## Heap *phung po*, Skt. *phung po*, Heap (a pile or mass of things), also the name of a son of the buddha Ketuprabha. ## Heap in the Stream *klung na brtsegs pa*, Skt. *klung na brtsegs pa*, A mountain in Living on the Peak. ## Heap of Diligence *brtson ’grus phung po*, Skt. *brtson ’grus phung po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ojaṅgama. ## Heap of Excellence *phung po bzang*, Skt. *phung po bzang*, Father of the buddha Bhadradatta. ## Heap of Flowers *me tog phung po*, Skt. *me tog phung po*, Birthplace of the buddha Kusumaprabha. ## Heap of Glory *dpal gyi phung po*, Skt. *dpal gyi phung po*, Dwelling place of the bodhisattva Dharmamati. ## Heap of Incense *spos kyi phung po*, Skt. *spos kyi phung po*, Dwelling place of the bodhisattva Gandhahastin. ## Heap of Iron *lcags kyi phung po*, Skt. *lcags kyi phung po*, A mountain off Videha. ## Heap of Jewels *dkon mchog brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ratnakūṭa*, Forty-nine selected sūtras on a range of themes, compiled as a separate collection. ## Heap of Live Coals of Iron-dust *lcags kyi phye ma me mdag gi ra ba*, Skt. *ayaś­cūrṇāṅgāra­nikara*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. Alternatively referred to as Metallic Fire (lcags kyi me). ## Heap of Lotuses *pad ma’i phung po*, Skt. *pad ma’i phung po*, Birthplace of the buddha Padmakośa. ## Heap of Merit *bsod nams phung po*, Skt. *bsod nams phung po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nala. ## Heap of Qualities *yon tan phung po*, Skt. *yon tan phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnottama (494 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Heap of Splendid Light *gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Pradīparāja. ## Heaped Up *spungs pa can*, Skt. *spungs pa can*, A city or village. ## Heaps of Eloquence *spobs pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *spobs pa brtsegs pa*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Heaps of Fresh Butter *mar sar gyi gong bu*, Skt. *mar sar gyi gong bu*, A lake on the mountain called “Excellence of Exquisite Intelligence.” ## Heaps of Insight *shes rab brtsegs pa*, Skt. *shes rab brtsegs pa*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## hearer *nyan thos*, Skt. *śrāvaka*, The term is most simply interpreted as “those who hear” the Buddha’s teaching, i.e., his disciples, but the additional element that they then “make it heard” to others is often present in canonical glosses. In a Mahāyāna context it refers to those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of a worthy one (arhat), and not to embarking on the path of a bodhisattva (with buddhahood as its ultimate goal). ## Hearer Vehicle *nyan thos kyi theg pa*, Skt. *śrāvakayāna*, The vehicle comprising the teachings of the “hearers” (śrāvaka), those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of a “worthy one” (arhat) by seeking self-liberation. The hearers are typically defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard by others.” ## Hearing lineage of ordinary beings *gang zag snyan brgyud*, lineage of transmission in which it is necessary for the teacher to use words and the [disciple](#disciple) to hear them, rather than transmitting the teachings mind-to-mind or using symbols. ## heart essence *snying po*, Skt. *hṛdaya*, Literally “heart,” this term means the heart essence or the essence of the deity and can refer to its mantra, mudrā, or maṇḍala. ## heart is excellently adorned with the śrīvatsa motif *thugs kar dpal gyi be’us legs par brgyan pa*, Skt. *śrī­vatsa­vibhuṣitoraska­tā*, Seventy-sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## heart mantra *snying po*, Skt. *hṛdaya*, A term for the most important and often (but not always) the most simplified spell associated with a particular buddha, bodhisattva, or other being. ## Heart of Great Merit *bsod nams dpal gyi snying po*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Heart of Joy *dga’ ba’i snying po*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i snying po*, The realm of the Buddha Ratnaśrī. ## Heart of Power *mthu rtsal snying po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal snying po*, Birthplace of the buddha Sāgara. ## Heart of the Doctrine *bstan pa’i snying po*, Skt. *bstan pa’i snying po*, A buddha. ## Heart of the Glorious Lotus *pad ma dpal gyi snying po*, One of the main characters in this sūtra. ## Heart of the Jewel *nor bu’i snying po*, Skt. *nor bu’i snying po*, A buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Discriminating Intellect attains buddhahood. ## Heartbreaking Cries *snying rje rje skad sgra ’byin pa*, Skt. *karuṇānināda*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Heat *tsha ba*, Skt. *tapana*, Heat (the quality of being hot; high temperature), also the name of one of the great hells (Skt. mahānaraka). Inhabitants of this hell are boiled in cauldrons, roasted in pans, beaten with hammers, and skewered with spears as their bodies burst into flame. See Guenther 1986, 58; Konchog Gyaltsen 1998, 99, for descriptions of this hell. ## heaven *mtho ris*, Skt. *svarga*, The blissful realms of devas according to Buddhist cosmology. ## Heaven Born from Merit *bsod nams skyes*, Skt. *puṇyaprasava*, The eleventh of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the third or, according to the Mvy, fourth meditative absorption. See also . ## Heaven Free from Conflict *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, One of the six heavens of the desire realm. ## Heaven Free from Strife *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, The third of the six heavens of the realm of desire; also the name of the gods living there. The Tibetan translation ’thab bral, “free from strife or combat,” derives from the idea that these devas, because they live in an aerial abode above Sumeru, do not have to engage in combat with the asuras who dwell on the slopes of the mountain. ## Heaven Fully Free from Strife *’thab bral rab*, Skt. *suyāmā*, A heavenly realm and the class of gods who inhabit it. ## Heaven of Boundless Radiance *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *apramāṇābha*, The fifth of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the second meditative absorption. ## Heaven of Boundless Virtue *tshad med dge ba*, Skt. *apramāṇaśubha*, The eighth of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the third meditative absorption. See also . ## Heaven of Brahmā’s Assembly The first heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the first state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of Brahmā’s Ministers *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, The second of the heavens of the form realm and of the three Brahmā heavens. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the first meditative absorption. ## Heaven of Brahmā’s Priests The second heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the first state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of Brahmā’s Retinue *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, The lowest of the heavens of the form realm and of the first of the three Brahmā heavens. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the first meditative absorption. See also . ## Heaven of Brilliance Sixth god realm of form, it is the highest of the three heavens that make up the second meditative state. ## Heaven of Concept-Free Beings *sems can ’du shes med pa*, Skt. *asaṃjñisattva*, A heavenly realm listed in this text between the twelfth heaven of the form realm, the Heaven of Great Fruition, and the five pure realms of the form realm. ## Heaven of Controlling Others’ Emanations The highest of the six heavens of the desire realm, its inhabitants enjoy objects created by others. ## Heaven of Controlling the Emanations of Others *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *para­nirmitavaśavartin*, The name for the highest heavenly realm in the desire realm, which is considered higher than the Nirmāṇarati gods who generate their own pleasing magical emanations. ## Heaven of Delighting in Emanations *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇarati*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, counted among the six heavens of the desire realm. Its inhabitants magically create the objects of their own enjoyment, and also dispose of them themselves. ## Heaven of Excellent Appearance The third of the pure abodes and the fifteenth heaven of the form realm. ## Heaven of Exceptional Sight The fourth of the pure abodes and the sixteenth heaven of the form realm. ## Heaven of Good Emanation *rab ’phrul*, Skt. *nirmāṇarati*, A heaven in the desire realm. ## Heaven of Great Brahmā *tshangs chen*, Skt. *mahābrahmā*, The third of the heavens of the form realm and the third of the three Brahmā heavens. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the first meditative absorption. ## Heaven of Great Fruition *’bras bu che*, Skt. *bṛhatphala*, The twelfth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the fourth of the four concentrations. ## Heaven of Great Results The twelfth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the fourth state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of Great Reward *’bras bu che ba*, Skt. *vṛhatphala*, The twelfth of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing an ordinary form of the fourth meditative absorption. See also . ## Heaven of Great Vision *shin tu mthong ba*, Skt. *sudarśana*, The third highest of the Pure Abodes in the form realm; non-returners and those who have mastered the fourth meditative absorption are reborn there. See also . ## Heaven of Immeasurable Light Fifth of the god realms of form, it is the second of three heavens that make up the second meditative state. ## Heaven of Immeasurable Splendor The eighth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the third state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of Increased Merit *bsod nams skyes*, Skt. *puṇyaprasava*, The eleventh of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the second of the three heavens that correspond to the fourth of the four concentrations. ## Heaven of Joy *dga’ ldan*, Skt. *tuṣita*, The fourth of the six heavens of the desire realm; also the name of the gods living there. It is the paradise in which the Buddha Śākyamuni lived as the tenth-level bodhisattva and regent Śvetaketu, prior to his birth in this world, and is also where all future buddhas dwell prior to their awakening. At present the regent of the Heaven of Joy is the bodhisattva Maitreya, the future buddha. ## Heaven of Lesser Light Fourth god realm of form, meaning “Lesser Light,” it is the lowest of the three heavens that make up the second meditative state in the form realm. ## Heaven of Limited Radiance *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, The fourth of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the second meditative absorption. ## Heaven of Limited Splendor The seventh heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the third state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of Limited Virtue *dge chung*, Skt. *parīttaśubha*, The seventh of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the first of the three heavens that correspond to the third of the four concentrations. ## Heaven of Limitless Virtue *tshad med dge*, Skt. *apramāṇaśubha*, The eighth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the second of the three heavens that correspond to the third of the four concentrations. ## Heaven of Luminous Radiance *’od gsal*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, The sixth of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the second meditative absorption. See also . ## Heaven of Making Use of Others' Emanations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *nirmāṇa­vaśavartin*, The Heaven of Controlling Others’ Emanations is the highest (or sixth) of the six heavens of the desire realm. ## Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed pa*, Skt. *paranirmitavaśavartin*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. The inhabitants enjoy objects created by others, then dispose of them themselves. ## Heaven of Mastery over Others’ Emanations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *paranirmitavaśavartin*, The heaven of the highest class of gods of the world of sensuous desire (kāmadhātu); the gods here possess the ability to control the magical creations of others. ## Heaven of Neither Perception nor Nonperception The fourth of the four formless realms. ## Heaven of No Distress The second of the pure abodes and the fourteenth heaven of the form realm. ## Heaven of No Hardship *mi gdung ba*, Skt. *atapa*, The fourteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the second of the five pure realms. ## Heaven of Nonperception A heavenly realm listed in this text between the twelfth heaven of the form realm, the Heaven of Great Results, and the Heaven of Neither Perception nor Nonperception, the fourth of the four formless realms. ## Heaven of Nothing Greater The first of the pure abodes and the thirteenth heaven of the form realm. ## Heaven of Perception A heavenly realm listed in this text between the twelfth heaven of the form realm, the Heaven of Great Results, and the Heaven of Neither Perception nor Nonperception, the fourth of the four formless realms. ## Heaven of Perfect Virtue *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, The ninth of the heavens of the form realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the third meditative absorption. See also . ## Heaven of Perfected Virtue *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, The ninth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the third of the four concentrations. ## Heaven of Pure Abode *gnas gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, The name given to the five highest levels of existence within the form realm. ## Heaven of Radiance One of the form realms, listed here between the brahmā realms and the Heaven of Lesser Light, the first of the realms of the second dhyāna in the form realm. ## Heaven of Sublime Vision *gya nom snang*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology belonging to the form realm. The fourth-highest heaven of the Pure Abodes. Non-returners and those who have mastered the fourth meditative absorption are reborn there. See also . ## Heaven of the Beautiful Ones The fifteenth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the fourth state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of the Clear-Sighted Ones The sixteenth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the fourth state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of the Contented The fourth heaven of the desire realm, counting from lowest to highest. ## Heaven of the Cool The fourteenth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the fourth state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of the Four Great Kings *rgyal bo bzhi’i lha yul*, Skt. *caturmahārājika*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, lowest of the six heavens of the desire realm. It is located on the slopes of Mount Meru and ruled by the Four Great Kings. ## Heaven of the High Priests of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, The second of the seventeen heavens of the form realm. ## Heaven of the Joy of Creation The fifth of the six heavens of the desire realm; also the name of the gods living there. Its inhabitants magically create the objects of their own enjoyment. ## Heaven of the Masters of Others’ Creations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *paranirmitavaśavartin*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. The inhabitants enjoy objects created by others, then dispose of them themselves. ## Heaven of the Power over Others’ Creations The highest of the six heavens of the desire realm, its inhabitants enjoy objects created by others. ## Heaven of the Thirty-Three Skt. *trāyastriṃśa*, According to Buddhist cosmology, the Heaven of the Thirty-Three is the second lowest of the six heavens of the desire realm (kāmadhātu), just above the Heaven of the Four Great Kings (Caturmahārāja­kāyika) and below the Yāma Heaven. It is situated on the flat summit of Mount Sumeru and has thirty-three regions each presided over by one of thirty-three chief gods, the overall chief being Śakra. The presiding gods are divided into four groups named in the Abhidharma­kośa­ṭīkā (Toh 4092): the eight gods of wealth, two Aśvin youths, eleven fierce ones, and twelve suns. The thirty-three regions themselves are enumerated and described in The Application of Mindfulness of the Sacred Dharma, Toh 287, et seq.). ## Heaven of Those Who Possess the Power to Transform Others’ Delight into Their Own The highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. Also rendered poetically in this sūtra as The Heaven of Transforming Others’ Delight. ## Heaven of Those Whose Delight Comes from Magical Creations The second highest of the six heavens of the desire realm. Also rendered poetically in this sūtra as The Heaven of Delighting in Magical Creations. ## Heaven of Total Splendor The ninth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the third state of meditation (dhyāna). ## Heaven of Vast Virtue The ninth heaven of the form realm, it is the third of the three heavens that correspond to the third dhyāna. ## Heaven without Conflict *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, A heaven in the desire realm. ## Heaven Without Strife *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, The third of the six heavens of the desire realm. ## Heavenly *bde ’gro ma*, Skt. *bde ’gro ma*, Heavenly (of or relating to heaven; divine), also the name of the mother of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## heavens *mtho ris*, Skt. *svarga*, The realms of gods according to Buddhism; in Vedism the blissful afterlife presided over by Yama. ## heedfulness *bag yod pa*, Skt. *apramāda*, One of the main aspects of mindfulness as broadly construed, heedfulness indicates stable introspective awareness and guarding the mind against negative thoughts and emotions while fostering positive or virtuous states of mind. As explained in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta, its more fundamental meaning is retaining an abiding awareness of the true nature of all phenomena through the correct understanding of dependent origination. ## heir of the victorious ones An epithet for bodhisattvas. ## heirs of victors *rgyal sras*, Skt. *jinaputra*, A synonym for bodhisattvas. ## Held by the Victorious One *rgyal bas ’dzin*, Skt. *rgyal bas ’dzin*, Father of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## Hell *dmyal ba*, Skt. *naraka*, one of the [six realms](#six-realms-of-existence), in which one experiences intense suffering. In the hell [realm](#realm) one generally experiences the [effects of actions](#effects-of-actions) rather than creating new causes. ## hell being *dmyal ba pa*, Skt. *nāraka*, One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, considered to be the karmic fruition of past anger and harmful actions. According to Buddhist tradtion there are eighteen different hells, namely eight hot hells, eight cold hells, neighbouring and ephemeral hells, all of them tormented by increasing levels of unimaginable suffering. ## hell beings *sems can dmyal ba*, Skt. *naraka*, One of the six classes of sentient beings engendered by anger and powerful negative actions. They are dominated by great suffering and said to dwell in different hells with specific characteristics. ## Hell of Burning Coals One of the neighboring hells. ## Hell of Ceaseless Agony *mnar med pa*, Skt. *avīci*, Eighth (and heaviest) of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Only their miserable cries distinguish beings in this hell from the flames that engulf them. ## Hell of Ceaseless Torment *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, Eighth (and lowest) of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. The beings reborn in this hell experience being ceaselessly consumed by flames. ## Hell of Chattering Teeth *so thams thams*, Skt. *aṭaṭa*, Third of the eight cold hells of Buddhist cosmology. It is named for the sounds its inhabitants make while enduring unthinkable cold. ## Hell of Crushing *bsdus gzhom*, Skt. *saṅghāta*, One of the eight hot hells. ## hell of Destructive Wood Fire *shing skam ltar ’jigs par ’tshed*, Skt. *shing skam ltar ’jigs par ’tshed*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Hell of Endless Torment *mtshams med*, Skt. *avīci*, The most severe among the eight hot hell realms. It is characterized as endless not only in terms of the torment undergone there, but also because of the ceaseless chain of actions and effects experienced, the long lifespan of its denizens, and their being so intensely crowded together that there is no physical space between them. ## Hell of Extreme Heat *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana*, Seventh of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Inhabitants of this hell undergo all the sufferings of the Hot Hell, as well as being seared, beaten, and skewered. ## Hell of Heat *tsha ba*, Skt. *tapa­namahānaraka*, One of the eight hot hells. Inhabitants of this hell are boiled in cauldrons, roasted in pans, beaten with hammers, and skewered with spears as their bodies burn. ## Hell of Incessant Torture The lowest and worst of the major hot hells according to Buddhist cosmology. In The Benefits of the Five Precepts, rebirth in this hell is the full karmic result of speaking falsehood. ## Hell of Intense Heat *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana­mahānaraka*, One of the eight hot hells. Inhabitants of this hell undergo all the sufferings of the Hell of Heat, as well as being seared, beaten, and skewered. ## Hell of Intense Wailing *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahāraurava*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Hell of Iron-Thorn Trees Skt. *śalmali*, One of the neighboring hells. Named after the trees Bombax ceiba, also known as silk-cotton trees or kapok trees. They are covered by large woody thorns. Inhabitants of this hell are made to climb the thorny trees. ## Hell of Lamentation *kyi hud zer ba*, Skt. *hahava*, Fourth of the eight cold hells of Buddhist cosmology. It is named for the sounds its inhabitants make while enduring unthinkable cold. ## Hell of Loud Screams *ngu ’bod*, Skt. *raurava*, Fourth of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Named for the cries of its inhabitants, who are engulfed in a tremendous blaze. ## Hell of Razor Blades One of the neighboring hells. ## Hell of Revival *yang sos*, Skt. *sañjīva*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Hell of the Lump *bsdus pa*, Skt. *piṇḍonaraka*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ’khums pa in Tibetan.--> ## Hell of Ultimate Torment *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, The lowest hell; the eighth of the eight hot hells. ## Hell of Unceasing Torment *mnar med pa*, Skt. *avīci*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Hell of Uninterrupted Torment *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, The lowest hell; the eighth of the eight hot hells. ## Hell of Wailing *ngu ’bod*, Skt. *raurava*, One of the eight hot hells. ## hell realms *sems can dmyal ba*, Skt. *naraka*, A set of subterranean prisons whose denizens undergo various tortures as retribution for their misdeeds. Also, a denizen of those realms, one of the six classes of beings. ## Helmet Bearer *rmog gyon*, Skt. *rmog gyon*, Father of the buddha Vimuktacūḍa. ## Helper *grogs byed*, Skt. *grogs byed*, Helper (one who helps or assists), also the name of a son of the buddha Jagadīśvara. ## Helpful *phan ldan*, Skt. *phan ldan*, Helpful (giving or ready to give help), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha. ## Hemagiri *zla ba’i ris*, Skt. *hemagiri*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Hema­jāla­pratichannā *gser gyi dra bas khebs pa*, Skt. *hema­jāla­pratichannā*, A world within the Thus-Gone One Ratnacchatrābhyudgatāvabhāsa’s buddha realm. ## Hema­jālālaṃkṛta *gser gyi dra bas brgyan pa*, Skt. *hema­jālālaṃkṛta*, A bodhisattva who resides in the Hema­jāla­pratichannā world of the Thus-Gone One Ratnacchatrābhyudgatāvabhāsa’s buddha realm, who comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Hemavarṇa A nāga king in the audience of the sūtra, but also attested as a translation of Hemavarṇa, the name of a former buddha, in the Lalitavistara. ## hemorrhoids *gzhang 'brum*, Skt. *arśa, arśāṅgikuṣṭa, arśāṅgin*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## hempen cloth *sha na'i ras*, Skt. *śaṇaśāṭin*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Hereditary Offspring *rim pa’i sras*, Skt. *rim pa’i sras*, A buddha. ## Hereditary Son *rim pa’i bu*, Skt. *rim pa’i bu*, A great bodhisattva. ## heretic *ya mtshan can*, Skt. *pāṣaṇḍa*, Also refers to an atheist, a false doctrine, the impious, a hypocrite, and an imposter. ## heretical view *lta bar gyur pa*, Skt. *dṛṣṭigata*, A term for any view that leads to further suffering in saṃsāra instead of liberation. ## hero *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *dpa’ bo*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Hero Cultivating Gnosis *ye shes sgrub pa dpa’ bo*, The name of a bodhisattva who is one of Mañjuśrī’s interlocutors in this sūtra. ## Hero Gift *dpas byin*, Skt. *dpas byin*, Son of the buddha Vaidya. ## Hero of Accomplished Objectives *don grub sems dpa’*, Skt. *don grub sems dpa’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitayaśas (188 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Hero of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs dpa’ bo*, Skt. *brtul zhugs dpa’ bo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyapriya (907 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Heroic Absorption *ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *ting nge ’dzin*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Action *dpa’ spyod*, Skt. *dpa’ spyod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Hutārci. ## Heroic Aggregates *phung po rnam par gnon*, Skt. *phung po rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic at the Limit of Reality *yang dag pa’i mtha’ rnam par gnon*, Skt. *yang dag pa’i mtha’ rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Awareness *rig pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rig pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Birthlessness *skye ba med pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *skye ba med pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Ceaselessness *’gag pa med pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *’gag pa med pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Clairvoyance *mngon par shes pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Cleanliness *rdul med rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rdul med rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Clear-Light Nature *rang bzhin ’od gsal rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rang bzhin ’od gsal rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Constituents *khams rnam par gnon*, Skt. *khams rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Courage *dpa’ brtan*, Skt. *dpa’ brtan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vairocana. ## Heroic Dharmadhātu *chos dbyings rnam par gnon*, Skt. *chos dbyings rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## heroic effort One of the perfections (pāramitā), implying diligence, courage, and the great effort of a hero (vīra). ## Heroic Emptiness *stong pa nyid rnam par gnon*, Skt. *stong pa nyid rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Faculties *skye mched rnam par gnon*, Skt. *skye mched rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Fame *dpa’ bar grags*, Skt. *dpa’ bar grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahātejas. ## heroic gait *dpa’ bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *śūraṃgama*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## Heroic in All Phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par gnon*, Skt. *chos thams cad rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic in All World Systems *’jig rten gyi khams thams cad rnam par gnon*, Skt. *’jig rten gyi khams thams cad rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic in Every Meditative State *snyoms par ’jug pa thams cad rnam par gnon*, Skt. *snyoms par ’jug pa thams cad rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic in the Mental Deeds of All Sentient Beings *sems can thams cad kyi sems kyi spyod pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *sems can thams cad kyi sems kyi spyod pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic in the Three Worlds *’jig rten gsum rnam par gnon*, Skt. *’jig rten gsum rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Liberation *rnam par thar pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rnam par thar pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Limitlessness *mtha’ yas rnam par gnon*, Skt. *mtha’ yas rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Mind *dpa’ ba’i sems*, Skt. *dpa’ ba’i sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpa­dama­sthita (932 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Heroic Nonarising *mi skye ba rnam par gnon*, Skt. *mi skye ba rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Nonarrival *’ong ba med pa rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *’ong ba med pa rnam par gnon pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Nondisappearance *’gro ba med pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *’gro ba med pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## heroic progress *dpa’ bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *sūraṃgama*, An absorption. ## Heroic Purity *rnam dag rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rnam dag rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Sameness *mnyam pa nyid rnam par gnon*, Skt. *mnyam pa nyid rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Signlessness *mtshan ma med pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *mtshan ma med pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Solid Obstructer *dpa’ sra rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *dpa’ sra rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Heroic Strength *dpa’ bo’i stobs*, Skt. *dpa’ bo’i stobs*, A bodhisattva disciple of King Who Transcends the Light of Mount Meru. ## Heroic Tathāgata *de bzhin gshegs pas rnam par gnon*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pas rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## heroic valor *dpa’ bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *śūraṅgama*, The first meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8, also mentioned in other chapters. ## Heroic Valour *dpa’ bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *śūraṅ­gama*, Name of the first meditative stability. ## Heroic Wishlessness *smon pa med pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *smon pa med pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Heroic Without Birth or Death *’chi ’pho med pa rnam par gnon*, Skt. *’chi ’pho med pa rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## heroine *dpa’ mo*, Skt. *vīrā*, A term applied to the central deity of a tantric maṇḍala. ## Heroine of Beings *’gro ba’i dpa’ mo*, Skt. *’gro ba’i dpa’ mo*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## heroism *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, The term vīrya is related to, and often derived from, vīra, which is related to the Latin vir, from which both “virility” and “virtue” are derived. Vīrya brings to mind heroism, valor, virility, courage, and strength. Although vīrya is often translated as “diligence,” we have here chosen to render it “heroism.” ## Heruka *he ru ka*, Skt. *heruka*, A type of bloodthirsty, charnel ground-dwelling being considered threatening to people and practitioners. In the higher classes of Buddhist tantra, the central deity of many maṇḍalas takes the form of a heruka. His practice is taught in The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Herukasaṃnibhā *he ru ka dang mtshungs pa*, Skt. *herukasaṃnibhā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## heshang *hwa shang*, Skt. *upādhyāya*, From the Chinese 和上 (heshang) derived from the Sanskrit upādhyāya, a senior, learned monk. ## Heshang Moheyan Ca. eighth century. A Chinese master of the Chan tradition who tradition holds lost a debate with Kamalaśīla regarding sudden versus gradual paths to awakening. He upheld the view of the sudden path. ## hesitation *the tshom*, Skt. *vi­cikitsā*, Fifth of the five obscurations; second of the three fetters; and fifth of the five fetters associated with the lower realms. ## Hetu *rgyu can*, Skt. *hetu*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Hetudāyikā *rgyu sbyin ma*, Skt. *hetudāyikā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Hetupadma *rgyu pad+mo*, Skt. *hetupadma*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Hevajra *kye’i rdo rje*, Skt. *hevajra*, A wrathful deity of the heruka type. ## Hāhava *ha ha zhes ’bod pa*, Skt. *hāhava*, The first of the eight cold hells, named after the cries of the beings within it. ## hiccoughs *skyigs bu*, Skt. *hikkā*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Hidden *kun tu sbas*, Skt. *kun tu sbas*, Hidden (kept out of sight; concealed), also the name of a bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Hidden by Nāgas *klus sbas*, Skt. *klus sbas*, Father of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Hidden by the Gods *lhas sbed*, Skt. *lhas sbed*, Son of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Hidden Excellent Stability *legs par brtan po sbed*, Skt. *legs par brtan po sbed*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## Hidden Faculties *dbang po sbas pa*, Skt. *dbang po sbas pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajra (794 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Hidden Faculty *dbang sbas*, Skt. *dbang sbas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Acyuta (65 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Hidden Jewel *rin chen sbed*, Skt. *rin chen sbed*, Son of the buddha Siṃhapārśva. ## Hidden Jewels *rin po che sbed pa*, Skt. *rin po che sbed pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Prabhākośa. ## Hidden Moon *zla sbed*, Skt. *zla sbed*, Son of the buddha Duṣpradharṣa. ## Hidden Splendor *gzi brjid sbas*, Skt. *gzi brjid sbas*, Son of the buddha Maṇivajra. ## High and Low *dma’ ba dang mtho ba*, Skt. *dma’ ba dang mtho ba*, A park in Sustained by Fruition. ## High and Seen by Everyone *kun mthong mtho*, Skt. *kun mthong mtho*, A forest in Promotion. ## High Brahmins of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, The second level of the first among the realms of form. ## High Conduct *mtho bar spyod pa*, Skt. *utkarṣacārinī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## High Flier *mthon por ’phur*, Skt. *mthon por ’phur*, Name of a sage. ## High Minded *legs par sems*, Skt. *legs par sems*, A god. ## High Priests of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, The intermediate level of the first concentration. ## High Priests of the Brahmā Realm *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, The second of the three heavens that are the heavens of the first dhyāna in the form realm. ## High Qualities *yon tan mthon po*, Skt. *yon tan mthon po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ugradatta. ## high resolve *lhag pa’i bsam pa*, Skt. *adhyāśaya*, This is a stage in the conception or initiation of the spirit‌ of enlightenment‌. It follows upon the positive thought, or aspiration to attain it, wherein the bodhisattva becomes filled with a lofty determination that he himself should attain enlightenment, that it is the only thing to do to solve his own problems as well as those of all living beings. This high resolve reaches its most intense purity when the bodhisattva simultaneously attains the Path of Insight and the first bodhisattva-stage, the Stage of Joy. The translation follows Lamotte’s happy coinage “haute résolution.” ## High Snow Mountain *gangs mtho ba*, Skt. *gangs mtho ba*, A nāga king. ## High Tone *gdangs mtho ma*, Skt. *gdangs mtho ma*, Mother of the buddha Somacchattra. ## higher cognition *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, The higher cognitions are listed as either five or six. The first five are: clairvoyance (divine sight), divine hearing, knowing how to manifest miracles, remembering previous lives, knowing what is in the minds of others. A sixth, knowing that all defects have been eliminated, is often added. The first five are attained through dhyāna, and are sometimes described as worldly, as they can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis; while the sixth is supramundane and attained only by realization—by bodhisattvas, or according to some accounts only by buddhas. ## higher cognitions *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, The higher cognitions are listed as either five or six. The first five are divine sight, divine hearing, knowing how to manifest miracles, remembering previous lives, and knowing what is in the minds of others. A sixth, knowing that all defects have been eliminated, is often added. The first five are attained through concentration (Skt. dhyāna), and are sometimes described as worldly, as they can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis, while the sixth is supramundane and attained only by realization. ## higher insight *lhag mthong*, Skt. *vipaśyanā*, An important form of Buddhist meditation focusing on developing insight into the nature of phenomena. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other being “stilling.” ## higher knowledge *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, A category of extrasensory perception gained through spiritual practice, in the Buddhist presentation consisting of five types: miraculous abilities, divine eye, divine ear, knowledge of others’ minds, and recollection of past lives. A sixth, knowing that all defilements have been eliminated, is often added. ## higher knowledges *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, Special abilities or modes of cognition that arise from meditative realization. They are traditionally listed as five: divine sight, divine hearing, the ability to know past and future lives, the ability to know the minds of others, and the ability to produce miracles. ## higher perception *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, The higher perceptions are listed as either five or six. The first five are divine sight, divine hearing, knowing how to manifest miracles, remembering previous lives, and knowing the minds of others. A sixth, knowing that all defilements have been eliminated, is often added. The first five are attained through concentration (Skt. dhyāna), and are sometimes described as worldly, as they can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis, while the sixth is supramundane and attained only by realization‍—by bodhisattvas, or according to some accounts, only by buddhas. ## higher perceptions The higher perceptions are listed as either five or six. The first five are clairvoyance (divine sight), divine hearing, knowing how to manifest miracles, remembering previous lives, and knowing what is in the minds of others. A sixth, knowing that all defects have been eliminated, is often added. The first five are attained through meditative concentration (Skt. dhyāna), and are sometimes described as worldly, since they can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis, while the sixth is supramundane and attained only through the realization of bodhisattvas, or, according to some accounts, only by buddhas. ## higher realms Here the Tibetan term “higher realms” (mtho ris) translates the Sanskrit svarga, meaning “heaven” or “heavenly realms.” ## Highest *bla ma*, Skt. *bla ma*, Highest (the topmost or greatest), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Abhyudgataśrī. ## Highest Brahmā *tshangs bla ma*, Skt. *tshangs bla ma*, Mother of the buddha Brahmadatta. ## Highest Brightness *rab tu dang ba*, Skt. *rab tu dang ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pūrṇamati (191 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Highest Clarity *rab gsal*, Skt. *rab gsal*, Father of the buddha Ūrṇa. ## highest deities *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed kyi lha*, Skt. *para­nīrmita­vaśa­vartin*, The deities of this, the sixth level of the gods of the desire-realm, appropriate and enjoy the magical creations of others; hence their name, literally, “who assume control of the emanations of others.” Their abode contains all the wonders created elsewhere and is referred to as a standard of splendor. ## Highest Dharma *chos kyi bla ma*, Skt. *chos kyi bla ma*, Mother of the buddha Anihata. ## Highest Fame *grags bla*, Skt. *grags bla*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vimala (216 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Highest Flower *me tog bla ma*, Skt. *me tog bla ma*, Father of the buddha Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha. ## Highest Heaven *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭha*, The highest of the seventeen heavens of the form realm and the fifth and highest of the five Pure Abodes. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the fourth meditative absorption. See also . ## Highest Insight *shes rab bla ma*, Skt. *shes rab bla ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Highest Intelligence *blo gros bla ma*, Skt. *blo gros bla ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Aṅgaja. ## Highest Jewel *rin chen bla ma*, Skt. *rin chen bla ma*, Father of the buddha Gaṇin. ## Highest Jewels *rin chen bla ma*, Skt. *ratnottara*, A buddha. ## Highest Joy *rab dga’*, Skt. *rab dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Ūrṇa. ## Highest Melody *bla ma’i dbyangs*, Skt. *bla ma’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmamuni (446 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Highest Mind *bla ma sems*, Skt. *bla ma sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## Highest Mountain *lhun po gong na med pa*, Skt. *lhun po gong na med pa*, A buddha. ## Highest Nature *bla ma’i rang bzhin*, Skt. *uttamasvabhava*, A buddha. ## Highest Peace *rab zhi*, Skt. *rab zhi*, Son of the buddha Sughoṣa. ## Highest Practice *spyod pa bla ma*, Skt. *spyod pa bla ma*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Highest Radiance *’od zer bla ma*, Skt. *’od zer bla ma*, Son of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Highest Splendor *tog gi dpal*, Skt. *tog gi dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## Highest Teacher *ston pa bla ma*, Skt. *ston pa bla ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmā (57 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Highest Veneration *shin tu mchod*, Skt. *shin tu mchod*, Father of the buddha Janendra. ## Highest Wisdom *ye shes bla ma*, Skt. *ye shes bla ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## highest worldly dharma *’jig rten gyi chos kyi mchog*, Skt. *laukikāgradharma*, The fourth of the four stages of penetrative insight. ## Highly Accomplished Miraculous Display *rdzu ’phrul shin tu sbyangs pa*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul shin tu sbyangs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vighuṣṭarāja. ## Highly Adorned *rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *rab tu brgyan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Aśoka. ## Highly Astute *shin tu yid gzhungs*, Skt. *shin tu yid gzhungs*, Son of the buddha Daśaraśmi. ## Highly Extolled *rab bsngags pa*, Skt. *rab bsngags pa*, A buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Demonstrator of Consequences attains buddhahood as the tathāgata Lamp of Fire. ## Highly Purified Body *shin tu sbyangs pa’i lus*, Skt. *shin tu sbyangs pa’i lus*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Deva. ## Highly Renowned *shin tu grags pa*, Skt. *shin tu grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnapriya. ## highly secret words *shin tu gsang ba’i gzhi*, Skt. *suguptapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## Highly Trained Mind *shin tu bsgoms pa’i blo*, Skt. *shin tu bsgoms pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Akṣobhya. ## Highly Virtuous *rab tu dge ba*, Skt. *rab tu dge ba*, Father of the buddha Sudhana. ## highway possessors *lam chen ldan*, Skt. *lam chen ldan*, A class of asuras. ## Hiṅgumardana *mchog shing kun rdzi*, Skt. *hiṅgumardana*, A city in the past. ## Hiḍimbā *gro ’khrug ma*, Skt. *hiḍimbā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Hiṇḍinī *bshugs pa ma*, Skt. *hiṇḍinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; a vidyā attendant upon Mañjuśrī; one of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Hill of Fallen Sages *drang srong lhung ba*, Skt. *ṛṣipatana*, A hill near the deer park at Sarnath where the Buddha first taught the Dharma following his awakening. ## Hill of Sages *drang srong gi ri*, Skt. *drang srong gi ri*, A place said in this text to be in Rājagṛha, and therefore presumably not the Ṛṣipatana or Ṛṣivadana located outside Vārāṇasī. ## Hill of the Fallen Sages *drang srong lhung ba*, Skt. *ṛṣipatana*, The hill in Sārnāth, on the outskirts of Vārāṇasī, on which the Deer Park (Mṛgadāva) is situated. This is the place where the Buddha turned the wheel of Dharma for the first time. ## Himagiri *kha ba can gyi ri*, Skt. *himagiri*, Synonymous with Himavat. This “mountain” is actually the entire Himalayan range. ## Himaṇi *gangs kyi nor bu*, Skt. *himaṇi*, The tenth son of King Araṇemin who becomes the bodhisattva Gandhahasti and is prophesied to become the Buddha Suvarṇapuṣpa. ## Himalaya *gangs can*, Skt. *himavat*, The Himalayas. ## Himalayas *kha ba can*, Skt. *himālaya*, The Himalayan mountain range ## himaraṅga Prunus cerasoides. ## Himavat *gangs kyi ri*, Skt. *himavat*, Synonymous with Himagiri. This “mountain” is actually the entire Himalayan range. ## Himavatī *hi ma ka la*, Skt. *himavatī*, Unidentified river, possibly the Kali Gandaki. ## Himavān *gangs ri*, Skt. *himavān*, A mountain. ## Himālaya The mountain or mountain range where Megha resides with his teacher Ratna. ## hindrance *sgrib pa*, Skt. *nīvaraṇa*, The five hindrances are sensual desire, ill will, sloth and torpor, excitement and remorse, and doubt. ## hindrances *sgrib pa*, Skt. *nīvaraṇa*, See “five hindrances.” ## Hiraṇyadā *gser sbyin ma*, Skt. *hiraṇyadā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Hiraṇyagarbha *dbyigs gi snying*, Skt. *hiraṇyagarbha*, This figure is identified in the Blue Annals with Songtsen Gampo, the first Tibetan Buddhist king. ## Hiraṇyakaśipu *hi ra N+ya ka shi bu*, Skt. *hiraṇyakaśipu*, An asura king subjugated by Viṣṇu. ## hiraṇyaparikara The precise identity of this substance is not clear. A literal translation suggests this might simply refer to a large quantity (parikara) of gold coins (hiraṇya), but that reading seems unlikely in this context. ## Hiraṇyavatī *gser ldan*, Skt. *hiraṇyavatī*, Name of a sage, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Hiraṇyavatī River *gser ldan*, Skt. *hiraṇyavatī*, The name of a river. ## histories *de lta byung*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, Accounts of the lives of past buddhas and bodhisattvas. Literally “thus it has happened.” One of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra. More commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine. ## Hitaiṣin *phan par bzhed pa*, Skt. *hitaiṣin*, The 110th buddha in the first list, 110th in the second list, and 111th in the third list. ## Hitakāma *phan ’dod*, Skt. *hitakāma*, A great bodhisattva. ## Hiteṣin *phan bzhed*, Skt. *hiteṣin*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-third) when he becomes a buddha ## Hūṁkāra *hUM mdzad*, Skt. *hūṁkāra*, The name of one of the wrathful forms of Vajrapāṇi; in the Sampuṭodbhava he is also referred to as Krodhavijaya or simply Krodha. ## Ṣṭhālā *ka ba*, Skt. *ṣṭhālā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Hālāhala *ha la ha la*, Skt. *hālāhala*, A krodha accomplished by the brahmin Pāṇini. ## Hīnayāna This is a collective term used by proponents of the Mahāyāna to refer to the Śrāvakayāna and the Pratyekabuddhayāna. The name stems from their goal‍—nirvāṇa and personal liberation‍—being seen as small or lesser than the goal of the Mahāyāna—buddhahood and the liberation of all sentient beings. ## hogweed *pu nar pa*, Skt. *punarnava*, Boerhaavia diffusa. ## Holder of Amazing Glory *ma la dpal du ’dzin pa*, Skt. *ma la dpal du ’dzin pa*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Amra *a mra thogs pa*, Skt. *amradhara*, A yakṣa. ## Holder of Excellent Dharma *dam pa’i chos ’dzin*, Skt. *dam pa’i chos ’dzin*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Great Jewels *rin chen ’chang*, Skt. *rin chen ’chang*, A vidyādhara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Inexhaustible Enjoyments *longs spyod mi zad ’chang*, Skt. *longs spyod mi zad ’chang*, A vidyādhara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Inexhaustible Language and Signs *sgra dang brda zad mi shes pa ’dzin pa*, Skt. *sgra dang brda zad mi shes pa ’dzin pa*, Attendant of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Holder of Infinite Renown *grags pa mtha’ yas ’dzin*, Skt. *grags pa mtha’ yas ’dzin*, Mother of the buddha Pradānakīrti. ## Holder of Infinite Strength *mtha’ yas shugs ’chang*, Skt. *mtha’ yas shugs ’chang*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Holder of Intelligence *blo gros ’chang*, Skt. *blo gros ’chang*, Birthplace of the buddha Buddhimati. ## Holder of Joy *kun dga’ ba ’dzin pa*, Skt. *kun dga’ ba ’dzin pa*, A mountain in Kuru. ## Holder of Knowledge Mantras *rig sngags ’chang*, Skt. *rig sngags ’chang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśoratna. ## Holder of Meru’s Peak *lhun po’i rtse ’dzin*, Skt. *lhun po’i rtse ’dzin*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Holder of Power *shugs ’chang*, Skt. *shugs ’chang*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Madhuvaktra. ## Holder of Qualities *yon tan snod*, Skt. *yon tan snod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Holder of Sacred Nāga Water *klu’i ril pa can*, Skt. *klu’i ril pa can*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Sacred Water Who Accepted the Five Kauravas *sgra mi snyan lnga len ril pa can*, Skt. *sgra mi snyan lnga len ril pa can*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Shooting Stars *skar mda’ ’chang*, Skt. *skar mda’ ’chang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Madhuvaktra. ## Holder of Subtle Qualities *yon tan che phra ’dzin pa*, Skt. *yon tan che phra ’dzin pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kṣemaṃkara. ## Holder of Supreme Gifts *mchog sbyin ’dzin*, Skt. *mchog sbyin ’dzin*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Holder of the Crest of Fame *grags tog ’dzin*, Skt. *grags tog ’dzin*, Mother of the buddha Vaśavartirāja. ## Holder of the Essence Treasury *snying po mdzod ’chang*, Skt. *snying po mdzod ’chang*, Attendant of the buddha Kusumadeva. ## Holder of the Family of Offering and Giving *mchod sbyin rus ’dzin*, Skt. *mchod sbyin rus ’dzin*, A bodhisattva. ## Holder of the Flower of Excellent Qualities *yon tan me tog ’dzin*, Skt. *yon tan me tog ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padmakośa. ## Holder of the Flower of Qualities *yon tan me tog ’chang ba*, Skt. *yon tan me tog ’chang ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpita. ## Holder of the Luminous Sphere *’od kyi dkyil ’khor ’dzin*, Skt. *’od kyi dkyil ’khor ’dzin*, A buddha. ## Holder of the Precious Seal *lag na rin chen phyag rgya*, Skt. *lag na rin chen phyag rgya*, A bodhisattva. ## Holder of the Qualities of Awakening *byang chub yon tan ’dzin pa*, Skt. *byang chub yon tan ’dzin pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gambhīramati. ## Holder of the Qualities of Splendor *yon tan gzi brjid ’chang ba*, Skt. *yon tan gzi brjid ’chang ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samṛddha. ## Holder of the Swords *ral gri’i tshogs can*, A bodhisattva in this sūtra. ## Holder of the Symbols of All Qualities *yon tan thams cad kyi brda ’dzin pa*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad kyi brda ’dzin pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Devasūrya. ## Holder of the Treasury *mdzod ’dzin*, Skt. *mdzod ’dzin*, Attendant of the buddha Durjaya. ## Holder of the Wisdom Treasury *ye shes mdzod ’chang*, Skt. *ye shes mdzod ’chang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Holder of the World *’gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *’gro ba ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kusumanetra. ## Holder of True Qualities *yon tan bden ’dzin ma*, Skt. *yon tan bden ’dzin ma*, Mother of the buddha Viraja. ## Holder of Water Power *chu’i shugs ’dzin*, Skt. *chu’i shugs ’dzin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Holder of Water’s Cause *chu’i rgyu ’dzin*, Skt. *nadīdhara*, A nāga king. ## Holding a Jewel in Hand A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Holding a Wish-Fulfilling Vine by the Head *mgo la ’khri shing thogs pa*, Skt. *mgo la ’khri shing thogs pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## holding cleanly *yongs su dag par ’dzin pa*, Skt. *yongs su dag par ’dzin pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-third week. ## holding clouds *sprin ’dzin*, Skt. *sprin ’dzin*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-fourth week. ## holding impermanence to be permanence *mi rtag pa la rtag par ’dzin pa*, Skt. *a­nitye nitya­viparyāsā*, Fourth of the four misconceptions. ## holding impurity to be purity *mi gtsang pa la gtsang bar ’dzin pa*, Skt. *a­śucau śuci*, First of the four misconceptions. ## Holding Joy and Fame *dga’ ba grags ’dzin ma*, Skt. *dga’ ba grags ’dzin ma*, Mother of the buddha Suraśmi. ## holding non-self to be self *bdag med pa la bdag tu ’dzin pa*, Skt. *an­ātmanyātmā­viparyāsā*, Second of the four misconceptions. ## holding suffering to be happiness *sdug bsngal la bde bar ’dzin pa*, Skt. *duḥkhe sukha­viparyāsā*, Third of the four misconceptions. ## holding the city *grong khyer ’dzin*, Skt. *grong khyer ’dzin*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-fifth week. ## Holding the Lamp of Gnosis A bodhisattva in the buddhafield of Samantabhadra called Light of All Good Qualities. ## Holds the Rains in Her Hands *lag na sbrang chang thogs pa*, Skt. *lag na sbrang chang thogs pa*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Hole Marked by Spinning Wheels *’khor lo ltar yongs su bskor ba mtshan ma’i bar*, Skt. *paribhrāmita­cakrāṅka­vivara*, A place in Ultimate Torment. ## hollow gourd *khog pa*, Skt. *droṇī*, Part of the lute. ## holy Dharma white lotus *dam pa’i chos pad ma dkar po*, Skt. *dam pa’i chos pad ma dkar po*, An absorption. ## Holy Jewel *dkon mchog dam pa*, Skt. *dkon mchog dam pa*, A buddha. ## holy life *tshangs spyod*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, A euphemism for celibacy. ## holy living Lit. “brahma conduct.” In a Buddhist context this term refers to those who have committed themselves to celibacy and the pursuit of a spiritual life. ## homa *sbyin sreg*, Skt. *homa*, The casting of a prescribed offering into a ritual fire. The practice of homa is first attested in pre-Buddhist Vedic literature, and serves as a core, pervasive ritual paradigm in exoteric and esoteric rites in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions into modern times. In Buddhist esoteric rites, the ritual offerings are made repeatedly, with each offering accompanied by a single repetition of the respective mantra. ## Home of Birds *bya nges par gnas pa*, Skt. *bya nges par gnas pa*, A forest on Saṅkāśa. ## Home of Geese *ngang pa’i gnas*, Skt. *ngang pa’i gnas*, One of four parks that surround the city of Radiant. ## Home of Merit *bsod nams khyim lag rkyal*, Skt. *bsod nams khyim lag rkyal*, A captain. ## Home Sweeper *gnas ’phyag*, Skt. *gnas ’phyag*, Attendant of the buddha Anantavikrāmin. ## Honest *gnam po*, Skt. *gnam po*, Honest (truthful and sincere), also the name of a son of the buddha Maṇḍita. ## Honest Intelligence *blo gros drang po*, Skt. *blo gros drang po*, A leader; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Honest Joy *drang por dga’*, Skt. *drang por dga’*, Father of the buddha Varuṇa. ## honey *sbrang rtsi*, Skt. *mākṣika*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. Also used to translate the Sanskrit "madhu." ## Honey Eye *sbrang rtsi’i mig*, Skt. *sbrang rtsi’i mig*, Mother of the buddha Amoghadarśin. ## Honey Gift *sbrang rtsi sbyin*, Skt. *sbrang rtsi sbyin*, Attendant of the buddha Vasudeva. ## honey leaf A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Honey River *sbrang rtsi ’bab pa’i chu bo*, Skt. *sbrang rtsi ’bab pa’i chu bo*, A river in Enjoyment of Scents. ## Honey Vessel *sbrang rtsi’i snod*, Skt. *sbrang rtsi’i snod*, Father of the buddha Śrīdeva. ## Honey Water Forest *sbrang rtsi’i chu’i tshal*, Skt. *sbrang rtsi’i chu’i tshal*, A forest in Dwelling in One Direction. ## Honorable One *btsun pa*, Skt. *bhadanta*, One of the standard epithets of the Buddha Śākyamuni, and also a term of respect used for Buddhist monks, akin to the modern address “bhante.” ## Hook Bearer *lcags kyu can*, Skt. *lcags kyu can*, A goddess. ## Hook Tārā *sgrol ma lcags kyu ma*, Skt. *sgrol ma lcags kyu ma*, A wrathful form of the goddess Tārā. ## hooked knife An implement held by several forms of Mahākāla and a number of forms of the goddesses in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Hor *hor*, Skt. *hor*, A central Asian region, at times referring to Mongolia. ## Horse Cloud Forest *rta’i sprin*, Skt. *rta’i sprin*, A forest on Deer Abode. ## Horse of the Heavenly Bodies *rgyu skar gyi rta*, Skt. *rgyu skar gyi rta*, A great bodhisattva. ## horse-faced people *rta gdong can*, Skt. *turaṃgavadana*, A type of kinnara that has a horse face and the body of a horse. ## hostile magic *byad stems*, Skt. *kākhorda*, See kākhorda. ## hostile māras *bdud phyir rgol ba*, Skt. *māra­pratyarthika*, See “māra.” ## hostile rite A particular class of tantric ritual. ## hostile rites *mngon spyod*, Skt. *abhicāra*, The category of violent rites directed at adversaries or harmful forces; one of the four main categories of ritual activity. ## hosts of grahas *gdon la ’jebs*, Skt. *gdon la ’jebs*, The translation of this term remains tentative but is read here as a potential translation of the Sanskrit compound *grahaprācurya in which the Tibetan has employed an incorrect grammatical particle. An alternate translation that favors the meaning that the term ’jebs pa bears in Tibetan and the Tibetan reading of the compound indicates that this could be either a collective noun or a proper name that translates as “Pleasing to the Grahas.” ## Hot and Fiercely Hot hells *tsha dang rab tsha ba*, Skt. *tapanapratapana*, Two of the eight hot hells: the hell of scorching heat, while being pierced by spears; and the hell of fiercely scorching heat, while being pierced by tridents. ## Hot Hell *tsha ba*, Skt. *tapana*, Sixth of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Inhabitants of this hell are boiled in cauldrons, roasted in pans, beaten with hammers, and skewered with spears as their bodies burst into flame. ## hot springs *ta po ta*, Skt. *tapodā*, ta po ta (or ta la po ta?) is the Tibetan transliteration of the Pali and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit word tapodā (or tapoda), which, in the Pali texts, designates a hot spring outside of ancient Rājagṛha. This site, together with its surrounding area, the tapodārāma (Hot Springs Park), was favored as a bathing place by the early Buddhist saṅgha. The hot springs are in operation, even today, near the Veṇuvana site in Rajgir. ## House of Refined Gold *gser phug gi khang pa*, Skt. *tapanīyagṛha*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## householder *khyim pa*, Skt. *gṛhastha*, Householders are “stay-at-home” (gṛhastha) Buddhist practitioners and meditators who have not completely given up worldly life, in contrast to those who have “gone forth” (pravrajita), i.e., originally itinerant, celibate ascetics, and monks and nuns. ## householder class *khyim bdag gi rigs*, Skt. *gṛha­pati­varṇa*, A subdivision of the vaiśya (mercantile) class of traditional Indian society. ## House-Tunneling Robber *khyim ’bigs rkun po*, Skt. *khyim ’bigs rkun po*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Hovering Bees *bung ba rkang drug rjes su rgyu ba*, Skt. *bung ba rkang drug rjes su rgyu ba*, A lotus pool on the banks of Flow of Beauty. ## how *ji tsam du*, Skt. *tāvatā*, With the meaning of “truly, really, indeed.” ## Howling *ngu ’bod*, Skt. *raurava*, Howling (making a long, loud, wailing cry), also the name of a hell realm. One of the eight hot hells. ## Howling Hell Fourth of the eight hot hells. ## Howling Like a Jackal *wa ltar sgra ’byin*, Skt. *jambukanināda*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## hārā An unidentified ritual substance. ## Hrī­śrī­mañjari­prabhāvā *ngo tsha shes pa’i dpal gyi dog pa’i ’od*, Skt. *hrī­śrī­mañjari­prabhāvā*, A body goddess. ## Hārītī *’phrog ma*, Skt. *hārītī*, A rākṣasī with hundreds of children that the Buddha converted into a protector of children. There is a temple specifically for her in Kathmandu. ## Hārīta *sngon po*, Skt. *hārīta*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Hārīti *sngon po*, Skt. *hārīti*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Hārītāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Hāsavajriṇī *rdo rje bzhad ma*, Skt. *hāsavajriṇī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Hāsinī *bzhad ldan ma*, Skt. *hāsinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Huhuva *a chu zer ba*, Skt. *huhuva*, One of the eight cold hells. ## Hullura *hu lu ru la*, Skt. *hullura*, A nāga king. ## Hulluru *hu lu ru*, Skt. *hulluru*, A certain nāga king converted by Mādhyandina during his missionary work in Kashmir. ## Hulu *hu lu*, Skt. *hulu*, A nāga king. ## Huluḍa *hu lu*, Skt. *huluḍa*, One of the nāga kings. (Huluḍa is one of several possible spellings.) ## Huluhulu *hu lu hu lu*, Skt. *huluhulu*, An unvirtuous nāga king. ## Huluka *gsal mthong*, Skt. *huluka*, A nāga king. ## human *mi*, Skt. *manuṣya*, One of the six rebirth states; see “animal”. ## Human Category *mi yi grangs*, Skt. *mi yi grangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu (923 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## human flesh One of the five types of meat that is offered and consumed, whether literally, as a visualization practice, or both. ## Humble Tranquility *shi gnas gus pa*, Skt. *shi gnas gus pa*, Name of a bodhisattva in a story Buddha tells. ## hundred and eighty unique qualities *ma ’dres pa’i chos brgya brgyad chu*, This term is uncommon in the Kangyur as it seems to appear only in this sūtra and in Toh 555. It is found in Yijing’s Chinese version from which the Tibetan translation of Toh 555 was produced. It may originally have been a reference to the eighteen unique qualities of a buddha. ## Hundred Arches *rta babs brgya pa*, Skt. *rta babs brgya pa*, A city in Godānīya. ## hundred billion trillion *bye ba khrag khrig ’bum*, Skt. *koṭī­niyuta­śata­sahasra*, The expression koṭi­niyuta­lakṣa (bye ba khrag khrig ’bum) is equivalent to 10 to the power of 23, i.e., one hundred billion trillion. ## Hundred Families *rigs brgya*, the forty-two peaceful and fifty-eight wrathful deities. ## Hundred Light Rays *’od zer brgya pa*, Skt. *’od zer brgya pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhapakṣa. ## hundred million *bye ba phrag bcu*, Skt. *daśakoṭi*, Literally ten times ten million, a koṭi being equivalent to ten million. ## Hundred Peaks *parba brgya pa*, Skt. *parba brgya pa*, A mountain in Godānīya. ## hundred sextillion Skt. *koṭīniyutaśatashasra*, A number calculated by multiplying a koṭi (bye ba), or ten million, by a niyuta (khrag khrig), or a hundred billion according to the Abhidharma system (although it is only one million in Classical Sanskrit), and by a śatasahasra (brgya stong), or one hundred thousand, all of which together equals ten to the twenty third power or a hundred sextillion. This term is often used as to express a number so large as to be inconceivable. ## Hundred Syllables *yig brgya*, the [mantra](#mantra) of [Vajrasattva](#vajrasattva), representing the [essence](#essence) of the [Hundred Families](#hundred-families). ## Hundred Tastes *ro brgya pa*, Skt. *ro brgya pa*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Hundreds of Light Rays *’od zer brgya pa*, Skt. *sarvārtha­siddhi*, A buddha. ## hundred-sextillion *bye ba khrag khrig brgya stong*, Skt. *koṭi­niyuta­śata­sahasra*, A number calculated by multiplying a koṭi (bye ba), or ten million, by a niyuta (khrag khrig), or a hundred billion according to the Abhidharma system (although it is only one million in Classical Sanskrit), and by a śatasahasra (brgya stong), or one hundred thousand, all of which together equals ten to the 23rd power or a hundred sextillion. This term is often used as to express a number so large as to be inconceivable. ## Hundredth Moment *skad brgya pa*, Skt. *kṣaṇaśatara*, A god who is the king of lightning in the southern direction. ## hungry ghost *yi dags*, Skt. *preta*, Literally “the departed,” and analogous to the ancestral spirits of the Vedic tradition, the pitṛs, who starve without the offerings of descendants. They live in the realm of Yama, the Lord of Death. In Buddhism they are said to suffer intensely, particularly from hunger and thirst. ## hungry spirit *yi dwags*, Skt. *preta*, One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, considered to be the karmic fruition of past miserliness. They are particularly known to suffer from great hunger and thirst and the inability to acquire sustenance. ## Hura The name of a mountain that is the home of numerous asuras. ## hut of leaves *lo ma'i spyil bu*, Skt. *parṇakuṭikā*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Hutāśanī *sbyin sreg za ba*, Skt. *hutāśanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Hutāśana *hU ta sha na*, Skt. *hutāśana*, “Oblation eater”; another name of Agni, the god of fire. ## Hutārci *sbyin bsreg ’od ’phro*, Skt. *hutārci*, The 497th buddha in the first list, 496th in the second list, and 490th in the third list. ## Āhvayana *’bod byed*, Skt. *āhvayana*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Hyecho Ca. 701–780. A Buddhist monk and translator originally from the Silla kingdom (modern-day Korea), he is famous for his pilgrimage to India. He was a disciple of Amoghavajra, with whom he collaborated in the translation of tantric texts into Chinese. ## hymns and praises *dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa’i sde*, Skt. *geya*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## hypocrisy *tshul ’chos*, Skt. *kuha*, Also translated here as “cheating.” ## iḍā *lug*, Skt. *iḍā*, The left channel above the navel. ## Iḷā The mother of rākṣasas. According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## ṛṣi *drang srong*, Skt. *ṛṣi*, A class of celestial beings, the “sages”; in the convention adopted here, the term when left in Sanskrit denotes a nonhuman sage. The name, in the sense of a celestial sage, occurs also in the name of the constellation “Seven Ṛṣis” (saptarṣi) that corresponds to the seven stars of the Great Bear. ## Ṛṣṭi Skt. *ṛṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## “I” *bdag*, Skt. *ātman*, Also translated here as “self.” ## I claim I am one whose contaminants have ceased *bdag zag pa zad do*, Skt. *kṣīṇāsravasya me pratijānata*, Second of the Buddha’s four fearlessnesses. ## I claim to have attained completely awakened buddhahood *bdag gis yang dag par rdzogs par sangs rgyas so*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddhasya me pratijānata*, First of the Buddha’s four fearlessnesses. ## I claim to have attained genuinely perfect buddhahood *nga yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas so*, Skt. *samyak­saṃ­buddhasya me prati­jānata*, First of the Buddha’s four assurances. ## I claim to have explained the path through which suffering will genuinely cease *ngas sdug bsngal yang dag par zad par ’gyur ba’i lam gang bshad pa*, Skt. *samyagduḥkha­kṣayāya­prati­padākhyātaḥ*, Fourth of the Buddha’s four assurances. ## I claim to have explained those phenomena that cause obstacles *gang yang bdag gis bar chad kyi chos su bstan pa de dag la bsten na/ bar chad kyi chos su myi ’gyur ba de lta bu’i gnas myed*, Skt. *mayāntarāyikā­dharmākhyātaḥ*, Third of the Buddha’s four fearlessnesses. ## I claim to have explained those things which cause obstacles *ngas bar du gcod pa’i chos gang dag bshad pa*, Skt. *mayāntar­āyikā­dharmākhyātaḥ*, Third of the Buddha’s four assurances. ## I claim to have shown the path that leads to realizing the emancipation of the noble and that will genuinely bring an end to suffering for those who make use of it *gang yang bdag gis lam ’phags pa’i ’byung ba rtogs par ’gyur ba de byed pa’i sdug bsngal yang dag par zad par ’gyur bar bstan pa de dag la nan tan byas na/ sdug bsngal yang dag par zad par ’gyur bar myi ’byung ngo*, Skt. *pratipadākhyātāryā­nairyāṇikī­niryāti­karasya samyagduḥkha­kṣayāya*, Fourth of the Buddha’s four fearlessnesses. ## Ṛṣi Gargā Pond *drang srong gar ga’i rdzing*, Skt. *gargā puṣkariṇī*, A pond in Campā ## Iṣṭa One of the sublineages connected with the Kāśyapa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Śiṃśapā Forest *shing sa pa’i tshal*, Skt. *śiṃśapā*, A forest located to the north of the city of Ujjayinī. The śiṃśapā is identified as the tree D albergia sissoo or Indian Rosewood in the Atharva Veda (Monier-Williams 1069.3). ## śiṃśapa Dalbergia sissoo. The shisham tree, also known as Indian rosewood. ## Śibi *shi bi*, Skt. *śibi*, A king who ruled in the palace of Catuṣka before the time of Śākyamuni Buddha. He was a previous incarnation of the Buddha who as a bodhisattva bargained his own flesh and blood away to Śakra (appearing in the guise of a cannibal demon) in return for hearing the verse that appears as the first in the Udānavarga collection. ## icchantika *’dod chen pa*, Skt. *icchantika*, A class of beings who have lost all potential to arrive at buddhahood. Sometimes translated as “incorrigibles.” ## Icchānaṅgalā *’dod pa mthun pa*, Skt. *icchānaṅgalā*, A village. ## Icchānaṅgalā Forest *’dod pa mthun pa’i nags khrod*, Skt. *icchānaṅgalaṃ vanaṣaṇḍam*, A forest near the village Icchānaṅgalā. ## Ṛṣidatta *drang srong sbyin*, Skt. *ṛṣidatta*, A lay follower of the Buddha. ## identification *’du shes*, Skt. *saṃjña*, The mental process of identifying various perceived phenomena. One of the five skandhas. ## identity *rang bzhin*, Skt. *svabhāva*, Svabhāva is usually rendered as “self-nature,” sometimes as “own-being,” both of which have a certain literal validity. However, neither artificial term has any evocative power for the reader who has no familiarity with the original, and a term must be found that the reader can immediately relate to his own world to fulfill the function the original word had in its world. In our world of identities (national, racial, religious, personal, sexual, etc.), “identity” is a part of our makeup; thus, when we are taught the ultimate absence of identity of all persons and things, it is easy to “identify” what is supposedly absent and hence to try to understand what that entails. ## Ṛṣideva *lha yi drang srong*, Skt. *ṛṣideva*, The 407th buddha in the first list, 406th in the second list, and 400th in the third list. ## Iśādhāra *gshol mda’ ’dzin*, Skt. *iśādhāra*, One of seven golden mountains enumerated in Abhidharma cosmology. ## idle talk *tshig kyal pa*, Skt. *saṃbhinnapralāpa*, One of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## Ṛṣiśṛṅga *drang srong rwa*, Skt. *ṛṣiśṛṅga*, A great ṛṣi. ## Ṛṣigiri *drang srong ri*, Skt. *ṛṣigiri*, The name of this unidentified legendary mountain may be inspired by Ṛṣigiri Mountain near Rājgir. ## ignorance *ma rig pa*, Skt. *avidyā*, First of the twelve links of dependent origination, one of the root afflictive emotions (see also “subsidiary afflictive emotions”), it is the root of misapprehension of phenomena as truly existent (Rigzin 311). ## Ignorance Abandoned *gti mug spangs pa*, Skt. *gti mug spangs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Subhadra (493 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## ignorant of the Dharma *ngan pa*, Skt. *ngan pa*, Lacking knowledge of or being ignorant [of the Dharma]. J. S. Negi (Negi 935, s.v. ngan pa) cites a few instances where Tibetan ngan pa represents the Sanskrit semantic field “lack of understanding,” e.g., Bodhi­caryāvatāra (Tib. ngan pa; Skt. ajñaḥ “not knowing,” “devoid of knowledge,” “stupid,” “foolish,” etc.); Jātakamālā (Tib. ngan pa; Skt. jaḍā matiḥ “dull,” “stupid,” “irrational”); Avadāna­kalpalatā (Tib. ngan pa; Skt. mūrkhāḥ “stupid, dull-headed; a fool”). Context suggests that this is one sense of ngan pa in Transformation of Karma when it talks about the Dharma and knowledge thereof. Also translated here as “bad deed.” See also . ## Ṛṣigupta *drang srong sred*, Skt. *ṛṣigupta*, A buddha in the past. ## Ṛiṣi *drang srong*, Skt. *ṛiṣi*, 1. sage, hermit, saint, particularly the famous sages of Indian myth, who had enormous longevity and magical powers. 2. name of a constellation. ## śika Unidentified plant used in pill preparations. The Sanskrit witnesses suggest this may be equivalent to siṃhaka/siṁhikā, the identification of which is also uncertain. ## Ṛṣika *drang srong*, Skt. *ṛṣika*, A nāga king. ## Śikhaṇḍī *rma bya*, Skt. *śikhaṇḍī*, A priest who inspired the merchant brothers, Trapuṣa and Bhallika. ## Śikhaṇḍin *gtsug phud can*, Skt. *śikhaṇḍin*, A yakṣa general. ## Śikharavāsinī *rtse mor gnas ma*, Skt. *śikharavāsinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Śikhin *gtsug gtor can*, Skt. *śikhin*, one of the six [buddha](#buddha)s who preceded [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) in this Fortunate Eon. ## Śikhindhara *gtsug phud ’dzin*, Skt. *śikhindhara*, One of the śakras. ## Śikhīn *gtsug tor*, Skt. *śikhin*, A former buddha. In early Buddhism listed as the second of the seven buddhas, with Śākyamuni as the seventh. The first three buddhas‍—Vipaśyin, Śikhin, and Viśvabhuk‍—appeared in an earlier eon than our own Fortunate Eon, and therefore Śākyamuni is also often referred to as the fourth buddha. Known in Pali as Sikhī. ## ikkharayava An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Śikṣānanda *dga’ ba*, Skt. *śikṣānanda*, 652−710 ce. He went from Khotan to China, where he translated the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. The Tibetan should be bslab pa dga’ ba but translates only the nanda half of the name. ## Śikṣāsamuccaya *bslab pa kun las btus pa*, Skt. *śikṣāsamuccaya*, The “Compendium of Precepts,” in which Śāntideva collects pertinent quotes from the Mahāyāna sūtras and presents them according to a pattern suited for systematic practice. The quotations he included from the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa were the only extant remnants of the original Sanskrit of the Vimalakīrtinirdeśa until the discovery of a Sanskrit text in the Potala Palace in 2002. ## Ikṣumatī *bu ram shing ldan*, Skt. *ikṣumatī*, A river queen. ## Ikṣuvāku *bu ram shing skyes*, Skt. *ikṣuvāku*, A king who was an ancestor of the Śākyans. ## Ikṣvāku *bu ram shing*, Skt. *ikṣvāku*, This is a family lineage that many royal families claimed adherence to. It is the name of an early royal dynasty in India, which is said to be a solar dynasty. Though there are many versions of how the dynasty received its name, they all relate it to the sugar cane (ikṣu). In Buddhism he was said to have been miraculously born from the rishi Gautama’s semen and blood when it was heated by the sun, and subsequently hid among sugar cane. Buddha Śākyamuni was also considered to be in this family line. ## śilapataka Unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Śila­viśuddha­netra *tshul khrims rnam dag dri ldan*, Skt. *śila­viśuddha­netra*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Ilādevī *rab chags lha mo*, Skt. *ilādevī*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## Śilendrabodhi An Indian paṇḍita resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. ## ill will *gnod sems*, Skt. *vyāpāda*, Maliciousness, malevolence, vindictiveness. One of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## ill-colored cloth *kha dog ngan pa*, Skt. *durvarṇa*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. In this case, a "fitting color" has equal shades of blue, yellow, and saffron while "ill-colored" [means](#means) exclusively blue, yellow, or saffron. ## Illuminated *snang ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *snang ba dang ldan pa*, Illuminated (lit up; made bright), also the name of a buddhafield in the western direction of the Tathāgata Illuminator. ## illuminating *snang ba byed pa*, Skt. *ālokakara*, The 53rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Illuminating Array *bkod pa snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *bkod pa snang bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vaśavartirāja. ## Illuminating Crown *rnam par snang byed cod pan*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Illuminating Endowment *ldan snang*, Skt. *ldan snang*, Attendant of the buddha Rāhucandra. ## Illuminating Heights *shin tu mtho gsal*, A bodhisattva. ## Illuminating Identity *bdag nyid snang ba*, Skt. *bdag nyid snang ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Hutārci (942 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Illuminating Insight *shes rab snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *shes rab snang bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha. ## Illuminating Intelligence *snang ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *snang ba’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## Illuminating Joy *dga’ ba rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *dga’ ba rnam par snang ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Somaraśmi. ## Illuminating Liberation *thar pa snang bar byed*, Skt. *thar pa snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Jagadīśvara. ## Illuminating Light *snang ba’i ’od*, Skt. *snang ba’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Raśmirāja. ## Illuminating Light Crest *rnam par snang byed ’od tog*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed ’od tog*, Attendant of the buddha Vijita. ## Illuminating Light of Splendent Fragrances *spos kyi gzi brjid rnam par snang bar byed pa’i ’od*, Skt. *spos kyi gzi brjid rnam par snang bar byed pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Illuminating Light of the Realm of the Dharma *chos kyi dbyings rab tu snang ba’i ’od*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­pratibhāsa­prabha*, An assembly hall of the bodhisattvas. ## Illuminating Merit *bsod nams snang bar byed*, Skt. *bsod nams snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyapriya. ## Illuminating Moon *zla ba snang mdzad*, Skt. *zla ba snang mdzad*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Matimat (760 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Illuminating Possession of Knowledge *shes ldan snang bar byed*, Skt. *shes ldan snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Anuttarajñānin. ## Illuminating Qualities *yon tan snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *yon tan snang bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmabala. ## Illuminating Radiance *’od ’phro snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *’od ’phro snang bar byed pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ketumat. ## Illuminating Splendor *gzi brjid snang bar byed*, Skt. *gzi brjid snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Supārśva. ## Illuminating Sun *nyi ma gsal byed*, Skt. *nyi ma gsal byed*, Mother of the buddha Vimuktacūḍa. ## Illuminating the Dharma *chos dag snang bar byed*, Skt. *chos dag snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Bodhidhvaja. ## Illuminating the Surroundings *nye ’khor kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *nye ’khor kun tu snang ba*, A mountain in Living by Rājanina. ## Illuminating the Teachings *chos rnams snang bar byed*, Skt. *chos rnams snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Yajñasvara. ## Illuminating the World *’jig rten snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *’jig rten snang bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi. ## Illuminating Victory Banner *rnam par snang byed rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Illuminating Virtues *dge ba snang bar byed*, Skt. *dge ba snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi. ## illumination *rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *vairocana*, The 31st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Illumination of All Precious Flowers *rin po che’i me tog thams cad snang ba*, Skt. *rin po che’i me tog thams cad snang ba*, Father of the buddha Puṣpa. ## Illuminator *kun nas snang ba*, Skt. *kun nas snang ba*, Illuminator (one who or that which gives light), also (1) the name of a tathāgata in the western buddhafield Illuminated, and (2) a bodhisattva in the southeastern buddhafield Sorrowless. ## illuminator in all respects *rnam pa thams cad du ’od byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­prabhākara*, A meditative stability. ## illuminator of all phenomena *chos thams cad snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāvabhāsakaro*, The sixth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Illuminator of All Worlds *’jig rten thams cad la ’od byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­prabhā­kara*, Name of the 103rd meditative stability; could also be translated “Illuminator in all Respects.” ## Illuminator of Crests *tog rnams snang bar byed*, Skt. *tog rnams snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhucandra. ## Illuminator of Existence *srid pa gsal ba*, Skt. *srid pa gsal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sukhābha (713 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## illuminator of the profound doctrine *chos zab mo’i ’od byed*, Skt. *gambhīra­dharma­prabhākaro*, The forty-fifth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Illuminator of the Three Worlds *’jig rten gsum du snang ba*, Skt. *’jig rten gsum du snang ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Balanandin. ## Illuminator of the World *’jig rten gsal*, Skt. *’jig rten gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍitakṣetra (487 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## illusion A magical illusion created by a conjurer or illusionist, or the power to create such an illusion. In the context of Buddhist literature, this is not considered to be a sleight of hand or visual trick but the actual appearance of something, such as an elephant or palace, created by magical means. Although this sort of magical illusion appears, it is unreal in the sense that there is no substantial basis for it beyond its magical appearance. In the Mahāyāna in particular, this sort of illusion (māyā created by magical means) is given as one example of how phenomena are empty and yet vividly appear; it is included in several lists of analogies for phenomena’s illusory nature.The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist uniquely describes the Buddha’s miraculous powers in comparison to the powers of Bhadra the illusionist, also describing the Buddha’s power with the term māyā; however, it is declared () that the Buddha’s māyā is superior to Bhadra’s, which is limited and incomplete.Also translated as “power of illusion.” ## illusionist A conjurer, sorcerer, or magician who has the ability to create illusions. See Introduction . ## Illusory *sgyu ma*, Skt. *sgyu ma*, Illusory (based on illusion; not real), also the name of a buddha realm to the east. ## illusory body *sprul pa’i sku*, Skt. *nirmāṇakāya*, Manifestations of the Buddha, particularly as the principal buddha of an age, that are perceivable by ordinary beings. ## Illustrative wisdom *dpe'i ye shes*, [wisdom](#wisdom) attained through spiritual practice which serves as a pointer to introduce true [primal wisdom](#primal-wisdom). ## Śilpavanta *bzo ldan*, Skt. *śilpavān*, “Artistic,” the artistic one; Prince Puṇyabala’s brother who exemplifies craftsmanship. ## Śilpābhijña *bzo mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *śilpābhijña*, A head merchant’s son. ## Śilāpura *rdo grong*, Skt. *śilāpura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## image *gzugs brnyan*, Skt. *pratibimba*, Also translated as “reflection.” ## Image of Mount Sumeru *ri rab ’dra ba*, Skt. *ri rab ’dra ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Light. ## imaginary *kun brtag*, Skt. *parikalpita*, One of the three natures. Same as “conceptualized.” ## imaginary defining characteristic *kun brtags pa’i mtshan nyid*, Skt. *pari­kalpita­lakṣaṇa*, The imaginary defining characteristic corresponds to the attribution of an essence, an inherent entity, to that which is by nature dependent on an other (paratantra) to exist or appear as what it is perceived to be. ## Imaginary Self *bdag brtags*, Skt. *bdag brtags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Imagination *brtags pa’i blo*, Skt. *brtags pa’i blo*, Imagination (the faculty of forming mental images), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## Ḍimbhaka *byis pa*, Skt. *ḍimbhaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Imbued with Resonance *sgra bsgrags pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *ghoṣa­vatī*, Name of the ninety-seventh meditative stability. ## Imi *tshad ldan*, Skt. *imi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## imitate *rjes su skyes pa*, Skt. *anujāta*, This term appears in reference to Subhūti, who is considered to be imitating the Buddha, in the sense that he “takes after” him. This is, of course, not to be understood in the sense of rivalry or competition. ## Immaculate *gos pa med*, Skt. *gos pa med*, Immaculate (perfectly clean or free from flaw), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthabuddhi (382 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Immaculate Accumulation of Perfection and Purity in Accordance with Aspiration *smon lam ji lta ba bzhin du yongs su rdzogs shing dag la rdul med pa bsags pa*, Skt. *smon lam ji lta ba bzhin du yongs su rdzogs shing dag la rdul med pa bsags pa*, Mañjuśrī's future buddha realm when he awakens as Samantadarśin. ## Immaculate Amogha Purity *don yod pa rnam par dag pa dri ma med pa*, Skt. *amogha­viśuddha­vimalā*, A medicinal goddess. ## Immaculate Banner *rdul dang bral ba’i rgyal mtshan*, A world realm in the distant future. ## Immaculate Center of the Sky *nam mkha’i dkyil dri ma med pa rnam par sems pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dkyil dri ma med pa rnam par sems pa*, The tathāgata of the northeastern buddhafield Pure Immaculate Dwelling. ## Immaculate Consecration *dri med dban bskur*, Skt. *dri med dban bskur*, A king and sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Immaculate Fragrant Star of Bright Splendor *rdul med spos snang skar ma’i dpal*, Skt. *rdul med spos snang skar ma’i dpal*, The name of the buddha that the sage Jyotīrasa will become, according to a prophecy by the Buddha. ## Immaculate Hand *phyag dri ma med pa*, Skt. *phyag dri ma med pa*, A buddha. ## Immaculate Heart *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, The world where the twelve thousand nāgas will reach buddhahood. ## Immaculate Intelligence *blo gros rnyog med*, Skt. *blo gros rnyog med*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Hutārci (490 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## immaculate light *’od dri ma med pa*, Skt. *vimalaprabhā*, The 40th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Immaculate Limitless Intelligence *blo mtha’ yas dri med*, Skt. *blo mtha’ yas dri med*, A bodhisattva in the northeastern buddhafield Pure Immaculate Dwelling. ## immaculate moon *zla ba dri ma med pa*, Skt. *candravimala*, The 50th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Immaculate One *dri ma med pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *dri ma med pa dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Radiant Light. ## Immaculate Pure Precious Light, Sovereign of the Uninterrupted Luminous Display of Dharma Endowed with the Factors of Awakening *dri med rnam dag rin chen ’od byang chub kyi yan lag dang ldan pa’ chos rgyun mi ’chad pa’i ’od zer bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dri med rnam dag rin chen ’od byang chub kyi yan lag dang ldan pa’ chos rgyun mi ’chad pa’i ’od zer bkod pa’i rgyal po*, A tathāgata in the eastern buddhafield Endowed with the Vast Display of the Precious Merits of Endless Qualities. ## Immaculate Victory Banner *rdul bral rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rdul bral rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Immaculate Visage *dri ma med pa’i zhal*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i zhal*, A buddha. ## Immaculately Moved by Beings *sems can la g.yo zhing rdul dang bral ba*, Skt. *sems can la g.yo zhing rdul dang bral ba*, A bodhisattva who seeks a prophecy from Śākyamuni. ## Immaterial *rdul bral*, Skt. *rdul bral*, Immaterial (not consisting of matter; incorporeal), also the name of the mother of the buddha Jñānin. ## immature elder *gnas brtan byis pa*, A monk who has been ordained for at least ten years yet still cannot recite the Prātimokṣasūtra or its supplements and is thus not entitled to grant entry into the order, grant ordination, [accept charge of](#accept-charge-of) [novice](#novice)s, give [refuge](#refuge), or [live independently](#live-independently). ## immaturity *skyon*, Skt. *āma*, With respect to bodhisattva great beings, “immaturity” (āma, skyon) suggests rawness—something that is uncooked, unrefined, and flawed—while “maturity” (niyāma, skyon med) implies certitude, refinement, cooking, softening, and flawlessness. ## immeasurable *gzhal du med pa*, Skt. *gzhal du med pa*, In the context of sentient beings being “immeasurable.” One of the ten topics to be expounded to the bodhisattva who has perfected application. ## Immeasurable Array *bkod pa dpag med*, Skt. *bkod pa dpag med*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dyutimat (409 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## immeasurable aspiration *tshad med*, Skt. *aprameya*, See “four immeasurable aspirations.” ## immeasurable attitudes *tshad med*, Skt. *apramāṇa*, See “four immeasurable attitudes.” ## immeasurable contemplations *tshad med pa*, Skt. *apramāṇa*, See “four abodes of Brahmā.” ## Immeasurable Eye *dpag med mig*, Skt. *dpag med mig*, Mother of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Immeasurable Fame *grags pa dpag med*, Skt. *grags pa dpag med*, Son of the buddha Suviniścitārtha. ## Immeasurable Insight *shes rab dpag tu med pa*, Skt. *shes rab dpag tu med pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Muniprasanna. ## Immeasurable Light *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *apramāṇābha*, Second of three heavens of gods on the second concentration level. ## Immeasurable Melody *dbyangs dpag med*, Skt. *dbyangs dpag med*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Flowered. ## Immeasurable Movement *dpag med ’gro*, Skt. *dpag med ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimalaprabha. ## Immeasurable Splendor *gzi brjid dpag med*, Skt. *gzi brjid dpag med*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaṇimukha (390 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## immeasurable states *tshad med pa*, Skt. *apramāṇa*, The four immeasurable states are immeasurable love, immeasurable compassion, immeasurable joy, and immeasurable equanimity. ## immeasurable states of mind *sems kyi tshad med*, Skt. *apramāṇa*, This refers to the four meditations on love (maitrī), compassion (karuṇā), joy (muditā), and equanimity (upekṣā), as well as the states of mind and qualities of being that result from their cultivation. ## Immeasurable Virtue *tshad med dge*, Skt. *apramāṇaśubha*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, second of three levels of the third dhyāna realm. ## immeasurables *tshad med pa*, Skt. *catvāryapramāṇāni*, The four immeasurables: loving-kindness (Tib. byams pa, Skt. maitrī); compassion (Tib. snying rje, Skt. karuṇā); joy (Tib. dga’ ba, Skt. muditā); and equanimity (Tib. btang snyoms, Skt. upekṣā). ## Immediacy Immediacy (the quality of being immediate or without delay), also the sixth of the bodhisattva grounds, understood as ten in number. ## immediate retribution *mtshams med*, Refers to the five acts of immediate retribution (pañcānantarya), for which one will be reborn in hell immediately after death, without any intervening stages: killing an arhat, killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, causing a schism in the monastic community, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata. ## Immense Vista *shin tu mthong ba*, Skt. *shin tu mthong ba*, A royal palace. ## Immersed in Joy *dga’ ba spyod pa*, A householder who was the householder called Bhadradeva in the past, under the Buddha Dīpaṅkara. ## Immortal One *mi ’chi*, Skt. *mi ’chi*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## immortality *bdud rtsi*, Skt. *amṛta*, The ambrosia that prevents death or spiritual death (hence the Tibetan term means “crushes spiritual death”). The Sanskrit term literally means immortality. It is often used metaphorically to mean the Dharma. ## Immovable *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *acalā*, Immovable (not able to be moved; fixed), also the eighth bodhisattva level; see also Acala (the masculine form), another name of the deity Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. ## Immovable Subjugator *mi g.yo rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *mi g.yo rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Immutable *mi ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *mi ’khrugs pa*, Immutable (unchanging; unable to be changed), also the name of the father of the buddha Priyaprasanna. ## Immutable Abiding *gnas pa mi ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *gnas pa mi ’khrugs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Priyaprasanna. ## Immutable Array *bkod pa mi ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *bkod pa mi ’khrugs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sukhita. ## Immutable Beauty *mdzes pa mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *mdzes pa mi g.yo ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Sārodgata. ## Immutable Intelligence *mi g.yo blo gros*, Skt. *mi g.yo blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Dharmakīrti. ## Immutable Mind *mi g.yo’i blo*, Skt. *mi g.yo’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Susthita (88 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## immutable nature of phenomena *chos mi ’gyur ba nyid*, A synonym for emptiness and the realm of phenomena. ## Immutable One *mi ’gyur*, Skt. *mi ’gyur*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Immutable One Endowed with the Original Generation of the Mind *sems dang po bskyed pa ldan pa’i mi ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *sems dang po bskyed pa ldan pa’i mi ’khrugs pa*, A buddha. ## Immutable Splendor *gzi brjid mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *gzi brjid mi g.yo ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vyūharāja. ## Immutable Strength *mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gandhābha. ## Impartial Gaze *mnyam par lta*, Skt. *samadṛṣṭi*, A bodhisattva. ## impeccable *smad du med pa*, Skt. *na jugupsanīya*, Literally, “cannot be disliked.” ## Impeccable Limbs *yan lag ma smad pa*, Skt. *yan lag ma smad pa*, Attendant of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## impediments *bar chad kyi chos*, Skt. *antarāyikadharma*, Personal qualities or circumstances that impede the start of or success in a person's monastic career. ## impelling mantra *sbad pa’i gsang sngags*, A mantra that can be used to impel or incite beings to perform a particular action. ## Impenetrable *tshugs pa med pa*, Skt. *tshugs pa med pa*, Impenetrable (impossible to pass through or enter), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Śūra. ## Impenetrable Dwelling Place *gzings pa’i ’dug gnas*, Skt. *gzings pa’i ’dug gnas*, May, or may not, correspond to the Giñjakāvasatha of other texts. See . ## imperceptible form *rnam par rig byed ma yin pa*, Skt. *avijñaptirūpa*, Entities, such as vows, that are categorized as form composed of the physical elements yet remain imperceptible. ## imperishable *’jig pa med pa*, Skt. *[vivṛta]*, The 48th meditative stability in chapter 8. The translation here follows the Tibetan; in the Sanskrit texts, this meditative stability is vivṛta, “uncovered.” ## imperturbability of all phenomena *chos thams cad mi non pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāstambhita*, The fifth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Imperturbable Intelligence *mi khrugs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *mi khrugs pa’i blo gros*, A sage. ## Impervious *gdul dka’*, Skt. *gdul dka’*, Impervious (not allowing passage through; unaffected), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Highly Renowned. ## Impervious practitioner *chos dred*, let. [Dharma](#dharma) bear. "Someone who has not been tamed by the [Dharma](#dharma), who knows the [Dharma](#dharma) but does not practice it, so that his mind has become stiff..." DICT. someone who only has an intellectual understanding, without any real experience, but considers that he or she knows all about the [Dharma](#dharma). ## ḍimphika *byis pa*, Skt. *ḍimphika*, A class of malevolent spirits. ## impinge upon (to) *glags*, Skt. *avatāra*, (in the expressions ava­tāra na labhate, glags mi rnyed, “no opportunity for … to impinge upon …”). ## implore *rbad*, A term for the imperative commands that appear in a mantra. ## impossible *gnas ma yin*, Skt. *asthāna*, This terms refers to all that is unreasonable and cannot be expected to occur. Among the ten powers of a Buddha, the first is knowing what is tenable and untenable (Skt. sthānāsthāna, Tib. gnas dang gnas ma yin), i.e., the natural laws that govern the world in which we live. ## Impossible to Die *gsod med*, Skt. *nirmarmara*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. Also known as No Death. ## impostor *rku thabs su gnas pa*, Skt. *steyasaṃvāsika*, Someone who pretends to have been ordained though they have not. One class of person barred from joining the renunciate order. ## Improving Intellect *phel ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *phel ba’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## impure conduct *mi tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *abrahmacarya*, This term is the opposite of brahmacarya, “pure conduct” or “holy life,” which denotes the chaste life of those who have renounced the world. The term abrahmacarya therefore refers to sexual conduct, which is regarded as a root downfall for monastics on the śrāvaka path. ## imputation *sgro ’dogs pa*, Skt. *samāropa*, A term that refers to the activity of superimposition or imputing characteristics to things that they do not possess. A paradigm case in Buddhism is the imputation of a singular, self-existent, enduring self to the transient bundle of skandhas that make up a person. ## imputed *kun tu brtags pa*, Skt. *parikalpita*, Conceptual cognition; an alternative translation is “the imaginary.” One of the three natures that are a central philosophy of the Yogācāra tradition. ## in an apprehending manner *dmigs pa’i tshul du*, Skt. *upa­lambha­yogena*, The expression “in an apprehending manner” implies that ordinary persons perceive phenomena as inherently exisiting, whereas bodhisattvas are said to act and teach “without apprehending anything.” On the latter term, see respective glossary entry. ## in brief, as mentioned before *de bzhin du sbyar te*, Skt. *peyālaṃ*, “Et cetera,” “in short,” “in brief”; a résumé of a preceding series of stanzas. Cf. Mahāvyupatti §5435; Edgerton 1953, p. 354a. ## in charge of providing clean drinking water *skom gyi gtsang sbyor*, Skt. *pānakavārika*, One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery. ## In Tune with All Pleasures *’dod pa thams cad rjes su ’thun pa*, Skt. *’dod pa thams cad rjes su ’thun pa*, A forest in Shining in Manifold Ways. ## In Two Minds *yid gnyis can*, Skt. *yid gnyis can*, A buddha realm. ## inaction *bya ba ma yin*, Skt. *akriyā*, Inaction here implies the mistaken view that, owing to emptiness, engagement in virtuous acts is to be avoided. ## inactivity of all phenomena *chos thams cad spyod pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­niśceṣṭa*, The twenty-third of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## inadmissible act *kha na ma tho ba*, Skt. *avadya*, Unwholesome actions that result in suffering. ## in-between worlds *’jig rten gyi bar*, Skt. *lokāntarika*, Permanently dark places in between the four continents. ## incalculable eon *skal pa grangs med pa*, Skt. *asaṃkhyeyakalpa*, The number of years in this eon differs in various sūtras that give a number. Also, twenty intermediate eons are said to be one incalculable eon, and four incalculable eons are one great eon. In that case, those four incalculable eons represent the eons of the creation, presence, destruction, and absence of a world. In this sūtra, buddhas are often described as appearing in a second “incalculable eon.” ## incant *mngon par bsngags*, Skt. *abhimantr*, To imbue something with power by reciting the mantra over it. ## incantation *gzungs*, Skt. *dhāraṇī*, The incantations, or spells, are mnemonic formulas, possessed by advanced bodhisattvas, that contain a quintessence of their attainments, not simply magical charms—although the latter are included. The same term in Sanskrit and Tibetan also refers to a highly developed power present in bodhisattvas that is a process of memory and recall of detailed teachings, best translated “retention” in certain contexts. ## incarnation *sprul pa*, Skt. *nirmāṇa*, See “emanated incarnation.” ## incarnation-body *sprul pa’i sku*, Skt. *nirmāṇakāya*, See “emanated incarnation.” ## Incense Array *spos bkod pa*, Skt. *spos bkod pa*, A buddha realm. ## incense censer A vessel used to offer incense. ## Incense Elephant *glang chen spos kyi bal glang*, Skt. *glang chen spos kyi bal glang*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Incense Flower *spos kyi me tog*, Skt. *spos kyi me tog*, A buddha. ## Incense Glory *spos kyi dpal*, Skt. *spos kyi dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pradīpa (963 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Incense King of the Infinite Mountain *mtha’ yas pa’i lhun po spos kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *mtha’ yas pa’i lhun po spos kyi rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Incense Leader *spos kyi khyu mchog*, Skt. *spos kyi khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Incense Light *spos snang*, Skt. *spos snang*, A buddha realm. ## Incense Mansion *spos kyi khang pa*, Skt. *spos kyi khang pa*, A buddha. ## Incense Master *spos kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *spos kyi dbang phyug*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amoghagāmin (643 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Incense Mountain *spos kyi lhun po*, Skt. *spos kyi lhun po*, A buddha. ## Incense of Joy *dga’ ba’i spos*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i spos*, A buddha realm. ## Incense of Wisdom *ye shes spos*, Skt. *ye shes spos*, A buddha realm. ## Incense Ornament *spos kyis brgyan*, Skt. *spos kyis brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Surabhigandha. ## Incense River *spos chu*, Skt. *spos chu*, A river in the realm of the Four Great Kings. ## Incense Sender *spos rab btang*, Skt. *spos rab btang*, A great bodhisattva. ## Incense Splendor *spos kyi dpal*, Skt. *spos kyi dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Incense Stūpa *spos kyi mchod rten*, Skt. *spos kyi mchod rten*, Mother of the buddha Sugandha. ## Incense Voice *spos kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *spos kyi dbyangs*, Third of the five great kings. ## Incense-Emitting Light The buddha of the world system called Gandhaprabhāsa during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Incessant *mnar med pa*, Skt. *avīci*, Incessant (never ceasing; continuous), also the name of one of the eight hot hells. ## Incessant Hell The lowest hell, the eighth of the eight hot hells. ## Incessant Pain *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, One among the eight hot hells. ## Incessant Torture *mnar med*, Skt. *avīci*, The lowest and worst of the major hot hells according to Buddhist cosmology; see also . ## Incessantly Intense Pain *tshor ba rtag tu ’dus pa*, Skt. *samāhṛta­vedana*, A realm that neigbors the Black Line Hell. (The term Samāhṛtavedana is reading, on the authority of the Tib., samāhūta˚ as samāhṛta˚) ## incinerating all afflicted mental states *nyon mongs pa thams cad sreg pa*, A meditative stability. ## incineration of all afflicted mental states *nyon mongs pa thams cad ma lus par sreg pa*, Skt. *sarva­kleśa­nirdahana*, A meditative stability. ## incineration of all afflictions *nyon mongs pa thams cad ma lus par sreg pa*, Skt. *sarva­kleśa­nirdahana*, A meditative stability. ## inclination *mos pa*, Skt. *adhimukti*, In vernacular Tibetan usage, the term mos pa carries meanings of “respect,” “devotion,” and “faith.” In a sūtra context, it tends to mean “inclination” or “propensity”—the level of interest and aptitude, as well as confidence, of the Buddha’s disciples. It has also been translated here, depending on the context, as “belief” and “aptitude.” See also . ## Incomparable *mtshungs pa med*, Skt. *mtshungs pa med*, Incomparable (beyond comparison; matchless), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇaprabha (30 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Incomparable Buddha Who Is a Splendorous Source of Flowers *sangs rgyas dpe med me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sangs rgyas dpe med me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Incomparable Ground The eighth of the twelve buddha grounds. ## Incomparable Harm *gnod pa dpe med pa*, Skt. *pīḍānupama*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Incomparable Mind *mnyam pa dang mi mnyam pa’i blo*, Skt. *mnyam pa dang mi mnyam pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vardhana. ## Incomparable Strength *shugs mthungs pa med pa*, Skt. *shugs mthungs pa med pa*, A bodhisattva; former incarnation of the Buddha. ## incomprehensibility *mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *anupalambha*, This refers to the ultimate nature of things, which cannot be comprehended, grasped, etc., by the ordinary, conditioned, subjective mind. Hence it is significant that the realization of this nature is not couched in terms of understanding, or conviction, but in terms of tolerance (kṣānti), as the grasping mind cannot grasp its ultimate inability to grasp; it can only cultivate its tolerance of that inability. ## inconceivability *bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *acintyatā*, Lit. “unthinkability,” (on the part of a mind whose thinking is conditioned and bound by conceptual terms). This is essentially synonymous with “incomprehensibility” (see entry). ## inconceivability of all phenomena *chos thams cad bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmācintya*, The twenty-fourth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## inconceivable A term that refers not only to something that cannot be imagined or conceived, generally speaking, but also to something of inconceivably great quantity or quality. ## Inconceivable Array *bkod pa bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *bkod pa bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Father of the buddha Vyūharāja. ## inconceivable liberation *rnam par thar pa bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *acintyavimokṣa*, Inconceivable liberation of the bodhisattvas, a name of the Avataṃsaka, and a subtitle of the Vimala­kīrti­nirdeśa. ## Inconceivable Light *bsam gyis mi khyab ’od*, Skt. *bsam gyis mi khyab ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati (888 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Inconceivable Radiance *snang ba bsam gyis mi khyab pa*, Skt. *acintya­prabhāsa*, A bodhisattva in, and principle protagonist of, The Teaching by the Child Inconceivable Radiance. This is also the name he will have as a buddha in the future, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## inconceivable realm *bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i dbyings*, Skt. *acintyadhātu*, A synonym of ultimate reality. ## Inconceivable Support *bsam gyis mi khyab stegs*, Skt. *bsam gyis mi khyab stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vasuśreṣṭha (951 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## inconspicuous ankle bones *zhabs long mo’i tshigs mi mngon pa*, Skt. *ucchaṅka­pāda­tā*, Seventh of the thirty-two major marks. ## inconspicuous ankles *long bu mi mngon pa*, Skt. *gūḍhagulpha*, Ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## inconspicuous blood vessels and nerves *rtsa mi mngon pa*, Skt. *gūḍhaśira*, Seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## incorrect mental engagement *tshul bzhin ma yin pa’i yid la byed pa*, Skt. *ayoniśomanas­kara*, Identifications and discernments that run counter to the actual nature of things. ## incorrect view *log par lta ba*, One of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## Increaser *'phel byed*, Increaser (one who or that which increases something), also the name of a householder in this sūtra. ## increasing *rgyas pa*, Skt. *pauṣṭika*, A common class of ritual activity (Skt. karman; Tib. las). ## Increasing Joy *dga’ ba ’phel ba*, Skt. *dga’ ba ’phel ba*, The region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Sthavira Cave is located. ## Increasing Majesty *dpal ’phel*, Skt. *dpal ’phel*, The name of a king in the southern region in the distant future. ## Increasing Merit *bsod nams skyes*, Skt. *punyaprasava*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, second of three levels of the fourth dhyāna realm. ## Increasing Purity and Truth *gtsang zhing bden pa’i mtshams ’phel bar mdzad pa*, Skt. *gtsang zhing bden pa’i mtshams ’phel bar mdzad pa*, The name of a tathāgata in a future eon in the world system Refined Purity. ## Increasing Qualities *yon tan ’phel*, Skt. *yon tan ’phel*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Increasing Wealth *nor ’phel*, Skt. *nor ’phel*, A great bodhisattva. ## Increasing Wisdom *ye shes ’phel*, Skt. *ye shes ’phel*, Father of the buddha Jñānaprāpta. ## Indala *dbang ’dzin*, Skt. *indala*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## indefatigable by seeing with great compassion *thugs rje chen po la lta bas yongs su mi skyo ba*, Skt. *thugs rje chen po la lta bas yongs su mi skyo ba*, The name of an absorption. ## indentured servant *btsongs pa*, Skt. *vikrīta*, Someone obtained through sale. ## Indestructible Departure *brdzi ba med gshegs*, Skt. *brdzi ba med gshegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnākara (104 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Indestructible Maṇḍala *rdo rje’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vajra­maṇḍala*, Name of the twenty-third meditative stability. ## Indestructible True Abode *rdo rje yang dag gnas*, Skt. *rdo rje yang dag gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Indestructible Wheel *tshugs pa med pa’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *tshugs pa med pa’i ’khor lo*, Birthplace of the buddha Anihata. ## Indeterminate Array *bkod pa mi gnas pa*, Skt. *bkod pa mi gnas pa*, Attendant of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## indeterminate phenomena *lung ma bstan pa’i chos*, Skt. *avyākṛta­dharma*, Indeterminate phenomena, as found in , include the following: indeterminate physical actions, indeterminate verbal actions, indeterminate mental actions, the indeterminate four primary elements, the indeterminate five sense organs, the indeterminate aggregates, sense fields, sensory elements, and the indeterminate maturations of past actions. ## Indian banyan *n+ya gro d+ha*, Skt. *nyagrodha*, Ficus benghalensis according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Indian bowstring hemp *nA ga da ma na ka*, Skt. *nāgadamana*, Sansevieria roxburghiana. ## Indian heliotrope *ha sti shuN+Ti*, Skt. *hastiśuṇḍī*, Heliotropium indicum (?) ## Indian leadwort Plumbago indica. ## Indian licorice *g+huny+dza*, Skt. *guñjā*, Abrus precatorius. ## Indian mallow In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, the sap from the leaves of this plant is bonded with mercury as part of a collyrium preparation for seeing subterranean chambers. ## Indian mustard Brassica juncea. ## Indian oleander *ka ra bI ra*, Skt. *karavīra*, Nerium indicum. ## Indian pennywort *tshangs ma*, Skt. *brahmī*, Bacopa monnieri. ## Indian sandalwood Santalum album. ## Indian sesbania *dza yan ti*, Skt. *jayantī*, Sesbania sesban. ## Indian spikenard *spang spos*, Skt. *māṃsī*, Nardostachys jatamansi, Nardostachys grandiflora. ## Indian stinging nettle *za’i lo ma*, Skt. *vṛścikapattrikā*, Traquia involucrata. ## Indian valerian Valeriana jatamansi. The root of this plant is used in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra to prepare a concoction that allows one to attain the pill siddhi. ## indication of trust *thong shing yid ches pa*, Skt. *dṛṣṭapratyaya*, This phrase appears in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī in conjunction for ritual actions that allow one to gain the favor of or enthrall kings. ## indigestible food *bza’ nyes*, Skt. *durbhukta*, Food that is made indigestible through malevolent magic or influence. ## indigo *rams*, Skt. *nīlī*, Blue dye extracted from the Indigo plant. ## indigo plant *rams*, Skt. *nīlī*, Indigofera tinctoria. ## individual *gang zag*, Skt. *pudgala*, Also translated as “person” or “personal identity.” ## individual awakening *rang byang chub*, Skt. *pratyekabodhi*, The awakening of pratyekabuddhas, those who realize the conditioned nature of reality on their own, without the instruction of a buddha in their current lifetime. ## individual enlightenment *rang byang chub*, Skt. *pratyekabodhi*, The enlightenment corresponding to pratyekabuddhas. ## individual gateways *sgo so so ba*, Skt. *sgo so so ba*, The six perfections: the perfection of generosity, the perfection of discipline, the perfection of patience, the perfection of diligence, the perfection of concentration, and the perfection of insight. ## Individual Vehicle *theg pa dman pa*, Skt. *hīnayāna*, See “Disciple Vehicle.” ## Indivisible *mi phyed pa*, Skt. *mi phyed pa*, Indivisible (not able to be divided), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Indivisible Joy *mi phyed par dga’*, Skt. *mi phyed par dga’*, Father of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Indomitable *gzhan gyis mi thub*, Skt. *gzhan gyis mi thub*, Indomitable (impossible to subdue or defeat), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍha (37 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Indomitable Color *kha dog zil gyis mi non*, Skt. *kha dog zil gyis mi non*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Harivaktra (992 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Indomitable Countenance *tshugs pa med pa’i bzhin*, Skt. *tshugs pa med pa’i bzhin*, Father of the buddha Susthita. ## Indomitable Fame *zil gyis mi non grags pa*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non grags pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suvayas (338 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Indomitable Fearlessness *mi ’jigs brdzi ba med*, Skt. *mi ’jigs brdzi ba med*, Birthplace of the buddha Kṣemottamarāja. ## Indomitable Gathering *mi thub pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *mi thub pa’i tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhasvara. ## Indomitable Hue *kha dog zil gyis mi non pa*, Skt. *kha dog zil gyis mi non pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Jitaśatru. ## Indomitable Intelligence *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sucittayaśas. ## Indomitable Light *zil gyis mi non pa’i ’od*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Indomitable Power *thu rtsal gzhan gyis mi thub*, Skt. *thu rtsal gzhan gyis mi thub*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vipulabuddhi. ## Indomitable Royal Crest Banner *zil gyis mi non pa’i tog gi rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non pa’i tog gi rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amoghagāmin. ## Indomitable Splendor *tshugs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *tshugs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Indomitable Strength *thub med stobs*, Skt. *thub med stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arhaddeva. ## Indrāṇī See “Aindrī.” ## Indrī *dbang mo*, Skt. *indrī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Indra *brgya byin*, king of the god [realm](#realm) of the [Thirty-three] ## Indra Kauśika “Indra who belongs to the Kuśika lineage.” An epithet of the god Śakra, also known as Indra, the king of the gods in the Trāyastriṃśa heaven. In the Ṛgveda, Indra is addressed by the epithet Kauśika, with the implication that he is associated with the descendants of the Kuśika lineage as their supporting deity. In later epic and Purāṇic texts, we find the story that Indra took birth as Gādhi Kauśika, the son of Kuśika and one of the Vedic poet-seers, after the Puru king Kuśika had performed austerities for one thousand years to obtain a son equal to Indra who could not be killed by others. ## Indraśaila *dbang po’i brag*, Skt. *indraśaila*, A mountain king. ## Indra­śailaguha cave *dbang po’i brag phug*, Skt. *indra­śailaguha*, A cave on Vaidehaka Mountain. ## Indradamana *dbang po ’dul ba*, Skt. *indradamana*, A buddha in the past. ## Indradatta *dbang pos byin*, Skt. *indradatta*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Indra­datta *dbang pos byin*, Skt. *indra­datta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Indradeva A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Indradhvaja *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *indradhvaja*, The 461st buddha in the first list, 460th in the second list, and 454th in the third list. ## Indragaṇa *dbang po’i tshogs*, Skt. *indragaṇa*, The third of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin, who becomes bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, and is prophesied to become Buddha Samantadarśin. ## Indra­ghoṣeśvara­rāja *dbang po’i dbyangs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *indraghoṣeśvara­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Indrajit *dbang po rgyal*, Skt. *indrajit*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Indrajālin *dbang po’i dra ba can*, Skt. *indrajālin*, A bodhisattva who resides in the Campakavarṇā world of the Thus-Gone One Puṣpāvali Vanarāji Kusumitābhijña’s buddha realm, and comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Indraketu *bang po’i tog*, Skt. *indraketu*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made praises in a past life. ## Indra­ketu­dhvaja­rāja *dbang po tog gi rgyal mtshan gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *indra­ketu­dhvaja­rāja*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Indra­ketu­dhvaja­rāja­śrī *dbang po’i tog gi rgyal tshan gyi rgyal po’i dpal*, Skt. *indra­ketu­dhvaja­rāja­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Indrama *dbang ldan*, Skt. *indrama*, The 683rd buddha in the first list, 682nd in the second list, and 674th in the third list. ## Indramati *dbang po’i blo gros*, Skt. *indramati*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Indranemin *dbang po’i mu khyud*, Skt. *indranemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## indranīla *an da rnyil*, Skt. *indranīla*, A type of jewel associated with the god Indra, likely referring to a sapphire. ## Indrapāla Skt. *indrapāla*, See note 52. ## Indraprabha *dbang po’i ’od*, Skt. *indraprabha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Indrapura *dbang grong*, Skt. *indrapura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Indraśrī *dbang po’i dpal*, Skt. *indraśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Indrarāja *dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *indrarāja*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Indra’s cave *dbang po’i brag phug*, Skt. *indraśailaguhā*, The name of a cave on Mount Videha south of Rājagṛha. ## Indra’s crest *dbang po’i dpal*, Skt. *indraketu*, A meditative stability. ## Indra’s Offering *dbang pos byin*, Skt. *dbang pos byin*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Indra’s Rock Cave A cave on Vaidehaka Mountain. ## Indra’s Standard *dbang po’i tog*, Skt. *dbang po’i tog*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Indra’s Web *mig ’phrul*, Skt. *indrajāla*, Traditional Brahmanical term for the illusory structure of mundane reality. ## Indrasena *dbang po sde*, Skt. *indrasena*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Indrasuvirājitā *dbang po ltar shin tu mdzes pa*, Skt. *Indrasuvirājitā*, A buddha realm in which the Tathāgata Indra­ghoṣeśvara­rāja resides. ## Indrayaṣṭi *dbang po’i mchod sdong*, Skt. *indrayaṣṭi*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Indriyeśvara *dbang po’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *indriyeśvara*, A young boy, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 15. ## Indrākṣa *dbang po mig*, Skt. *indrākṣa*, A yakṣa who lives in the hollow of a Sal tree where Śākyamuni meditates. ## Indrāyudhaśikhara *gtsug phud ’ja’ can*, Skt. *indrāyudhaśikhara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Indubitable Deeds *byas pa gdon mi za ba*, Skt. *byas pa gdon mi za ba*, Mother of the buddha Pūjya. ## Indubitable Secret Mantra *gsang sngags gdon mi za ba*, Skt. *gsang sngags gdon mi za ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anantarūpa. ## Indus *sin+du*, Skt. *sindhu*, A river in western India. ## Inescapable Wrathful Brow *khro gnyer mig zur can*, Skt. *khro gnyer mig zur can*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## inexhaustible *zad mi shes pa*, Skt. *akṣaya*, The 43rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## inexhaustible basket *mi zad pa’i za ma tog*, Skt. *mi zad pa’i za ma tog*, The name of a dhāraṇī. ## inexhaustible casket *mi zad pa’i za ma tog*, Skt. *akṣayakaraṇḍā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## inexhaustible cornucopia *zad mi shes pa’i za ma tog*, Skt. *akṣayakaraṇḍa*, The 100th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Inexhaustible Crest *mi zad pa’i tog*, Skt. *mi zad pa’i tog*, Son of the buddha Bhāgīrathi. ## Inexhaustible Intellect *mi zad blo*, Skt. *mi zad blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Inexhaustible Intelligence *blo gros mi zad pa*, Skt. *blo gros mi zad pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Akṣaya. ## Inexhaustible Intelligence Regarding the Symbols of Form *gzugs kyi brda zad mi shes pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *gzugs kyi brda zad mi shes pa’i blo gros*, Father of the buddha Jñānakośa. ## Inexhaustible Leader *zad mi shes pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *zad mi shes pa’i khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Inexhaustible Merit *bsod nams mi zad pa*, Skt. *bsod nams mi zad pa*, A universal monarch. ## Inexhaustible Prince *mi zad sras po*, Skt. *mi zad sras po*, Father of the buddha Akṣaya. ## Inexhaustible Radiance *’od zer mi zad pa*, Skt. *’od zer mi zad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Akṣaya. ## Inexhaustible Sound *sgra mi zad*, Skt. *sgra mi zad*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmavāsa. ## Inexhaustible Treasury *mdzod mi zad pa*, Skt. *mdzod mi zad pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Inexhaustible Wealth *nor mi zad*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## inexpiable sin *mtshams med pa*, Skt. *ānantarya*, See “five inexpiable sins.” ## Inexpressible *brjod du med pa*, Inexpressible (impossible to express in words), also the name of a bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Inexpressible Intention *dgongs pa brjod kyis mi lang ba*, Skt. *dgongs pa brjod kyis mi lang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Non-grasping. ## Inexpressible One A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Infant *byis pa*, Skt. *byis pa*, Infant (a very young child or baby), also the name of a brahmin youth. ## Infatuation with One’s Body *rang lus kyi rgyags pa*, Skt. *rang lus kyi rgyags pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## infer *rjes su dpag pa*, Skt. *anumāna*, In Buddhism, inference is one of the two sources of valid knowledge (pramāṇa), the other being direct perception (pratyakṣa). ## Inferior Class *rigs mchog ma yin pa*, Skt. *rigs mchog ma yin pa*, Name of a sage in a story the Buddha tells. ## Inferior Intelligence *blo gros ngan*, Skt. *blo gros ngan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇagaṇa. ## inferior realms of cyclic existence *ngan song*, Skt. *apāya*, Also translated here as “lower realms.” ## Infinite *mtha’ yas*, Skt. *mtha’ yas*, Infinite (limitless or endless), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka. ## Infinite Abiding *gnas pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *gnas pa mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnapradatta. ## Infinite Abode *mtha’ yas gnas*, Skt. *mtha’ yas gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Trailokyapūjya. ## Infinite Absence of Ignorance *gti mug med pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *gti mug med pa mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## Infinite and Endless Incense Mountain *lhun po mtha’ yas mu med spos*, Skt. *lhun po mtha’ yas mu med spos*, A buddha. ## Infinite Appearances *mtha’ yas snang ba*, Skt. *mtha’ yas snang ba*, A buddha. ## Infinite Armor *go cha mtha’ yas*, Skt. *go cha mtha’ yas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Array *bkod pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *bkod pa mtha’ yas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anunnata (45 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Array of Joy *dga’ ba bkod pa mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba bkod pa mtha’ yas pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Uttīrṇapaṅka. ## Infinite Array of Qualities *yon tan bkod pa mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *yon tan bkod pa mtha’ yas pa*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Infinite Aspiration *mos pa mtha yas*, a future [Buddha](#buddha), the last of the thousand [Buddha](#buddha)s who will appear in this present [Good Kalpa](#good-kalpa). ## Infinite Aspirations *smon lam mtha’ yas*, Skt. *smon lam mtha’ yas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Clarity *gsal ba mtha’ yas*, Skt. *gsal ba mtha’ yas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahita (254 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Cloud Forms *sprin gzugs mtha’ yas*, Skt. *sprin gzugs mtha’ yas*, A tathāgata. ## Infinite Color *kha dog mtha’ yas*, Skt. *kha dog mtha’ yas*, A nāga king. ## Infinite Colors *kha dog dpag med*, Skt. *kha dog dpag med*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Varuṇa (72 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Crest *mtha’ yas tog*, Skt. *mtha’ yas tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Adīna. ## Infinite Departure *mtha’ yas gshegs*, Skt. *mtha’ yas gshegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sumati (306 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Diligence *brtson ’grus mtha’ yas*, Skt. *brtson ’grus mtha’ yas*, Past buddha who taught the meditative absorption that is the teaching of the The Good Eon. ## Infinite Dimensions and Accumulations *tshad tshogs mtha’ yas*, Skt. *tshad tshogs mtha’ yas*, A buddha realm. ## Infinite Eloquence *spobs pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *spobs pa mtha’ yas*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Infinite Endeavor *brtson pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *brtson pa mtha’ yas*, A buddha. ## Infinite Essence *mtha’ yas snying po*, Skt. *mtha’ yas snying po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Excellence *bzang po mtha’ yas*, Skt. *bzang po mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Subhadra. ## Infinite Eye *spyan ni mtha’ yas*, Skt. *spyan ni mtha’ yas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍitavikrama (302 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Eyes *spyan mtha’ yas*, Skt. *spyan mtha’ yas*, A buddha. ## Infinite Fame *grags pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *grags pa mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Acyuta. ## Infinite Flow *dpag tu med pa ’bab pa*, Skt. *dpag tu med pa ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Infinite Flowers *me tog mtha’ yas*, Skt. *me tog mtha’ yas*, The world system of the Buddha Agrapradīpa in The Dhāraṇī of Agrapradīpa. ## Infinite Form *mtha’ yas gzugs*, Skt. *mtha’ yas gzugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitalocana (173 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Glory *mtha’ yas dpal*, Skt. *mtha’ yas dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyeṣṭha. ## Infinite Hand *mtha’ yas lag*, Skt. *mtha’ yas lag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anupamarāṣṭra. ## Infinite Hands *lag pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *lag pa mtha’ yas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Insight *shes rab mtha’ yas*, Skt. *shes rab mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bodhyaṅgapuṣpa. ## Infinite Intelligence *blo gros mtha’ yas*, Skt. *blo gros mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sunetra. ## Infinite Jewel *rin chen mtha’ yas*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Well Adorned with the Factors Conducive to Awakening. ## Infinite Jewel Armor *rin po che’i go cha mtha’ yas*, Skt. *rin po che’i go cha mtha’ yas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Jewel Array *rin chen mtha’ yas bkod*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas bkod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇya­pradīpa­rāja. ## Infinite Jewel Leader *rin chen mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Infinite Jewel Light *rin chen mtha’ yas ’od*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Damajyeṣṭha. ## Infinite Jewels *rin chen mtha’ yas ma*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas ma*, Mother of the buddha Ratnapāṇi. ## Infinite Lamp *sgron ma mtha’ yas*, Skt. *sgron ma mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Raśmirāja. ## Infinite Leader *mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, Skt. *mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Leader with the Armor of Revealing the Flower of Buddhahood *khyu mchog mtha’ yas sangs rgyas kyi me tog kun tu ston pa’i go cha*, Skt. *khyu mchog mtha’ yas sangs rgyas kyi me tog kun tu ston pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Light *’od mtha’ yas*, Skt. *’od mtha’ yas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaprabha (202 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Light Rays *’od zer mtha’ yas*, Skt. *’od zer mtha’ yas*, A buddha. ## Infinite Lord of Light *’od dbang mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *’od dbang mtha’ yas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Infinite Mass *phung po mtha’ yas*, Skt. *phung po mtha’ yas*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## Infinite Melody *mtha’ yas dbyangs*, Skt. *mtha’ yas dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhasvara. ## Infinite Mind *mtha’ yas blo*, Skt. *mtha’ yas blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānābhibhū (172 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Miraculous Display *rnam par ’phrul pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa mtha’ yas*, A buddha. ## Infinite Miraculous Qualities *yon tan rdzu ’phrul mtha’ yas*, Skt. *yon tan rdzu ’phrul mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Infinite Mountain *lhun po mtha’ yas*, Skt. *lhun po mtha’ yas*, A buddha. ## infinite ocean *rgya mtsho mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *samudrāparyanta*, The eleventh of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Infinite Ornament *mtha’ yas brgyan*, Skt. *mtha’ yas brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja. ## Infinite Pain *tshor ba mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantaduḥkha*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Infinite Potential *rigs mtha’ yas*, Skt. *rigs mtha’ yas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Power *mthu rtsal mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mtha’ yas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sutīrtha. ## Infinite Presence of Meaning *don yod mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *don yod mtha’ yas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jagadmati. ## Infinite Purity *dri med mtha’ yas*, Skt. *dri med mtha’ yas*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Golden. ## Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nandeśvara. ## Infinite Radiance *’od zer mtha’ yas*, Skt. *’od zer mtha’ yas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇakīrti (121 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## infinite recitation *mtha’ yas par ’khyil pa*, Skt. *mtha’ yas par ’khyil pa*, Name of a dhāraṇī. ## Infinite Renown *snyan pa grangs med pa*, Skt. *snyan pa grangs med pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arhatkīrti. ## Infinite Resplendence *gzi brjid dpag tu med*, Skt. *gzi brjid dpag tu med*, A buddha. ## Infinite Roar *nga ro mtha’ yas*, Skt. *nga ro mtha’ yas*, Mother of the buddha Amṛta. ## Infinite Shores *mtha’ yas pha rol*, Skt. *anantapārā*, A river in hell. ## Infinite Sinking into the Ground *sar ’bying mtha’ yas*, Skt. *ananta­majjana­bhūmi*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Infinite Source of Wisdom *ye shes kyi ’byung gnas mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *ye shes kyi ’byung gnas mtha’ yas pa*, Father of the buddha Jñānin. ## infinite space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *gaganāparyata*, The tenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## infinite spinning *’khyil ba mtha’ yas*, Skt. *anantāvartā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Infinite Splendid Qualities *yon tan gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Skt. *yon tan gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇadharma. ## Infinite Splendor *gzi mtha’ yas*, Skt. *gzi mtha’ yas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhacandra (323 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Infinite Splendor of Rāhu *sgra gcan gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Skt. *sgra gcan gzi brjid mtha’ yas*, Son of the buddha Puṣya. ## Infinite Supreme Melody *dbyangs mchog mtha’ yas*, Skt. *dbyangs mchog mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yajñasvara. ## Infinite Taming *rtul ba mtha’ yas*, Skt. *rtul ba mtha’ yas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Teacher *ston pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *ston pa mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnottama. ## Infinite Torture *tshor ba tshad med pa*, Skt. *mahāpramāṇa­vedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Infinite Transformer *mtha’ yas sgyur*, Skt. *mtha’ yas sgyur*, A great bodhisattva. ## Infinite Treasury *mdzod mtha’ yas*, Skt. *mdzod mtha’ yas*, Father of the buddha Mahāpriya. ## Infinite Vision *mtha’ yas mthong ba*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Infinite Wish to Benefit *phan ’dod mtha’ yas*, Skt. *phan ’dod mtha’ yas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Matimat. ## Infinite Worship *mchod pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *mchod pa mtha’ yas*, Birthplace of the buddha Udāragarbha. ## Infinitely Long Torture *sdug bsngal mtha’ yas mang ba*, Skt. *apāra­dīrgha­vedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Infinitely Luminous Bodily Beauty *lus shin tu rnam par ’byes pa ’od mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *lus shin tu rnam par ’byes pa ’od mtha’ yas pa*, Mother of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## infinitude of all phenomena *chos thams cad mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāparyanta*, The seventh of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Infinity of Consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatana*, Second of four states in the formless realm. ## Infinity of Space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, First of four states in the formless realm. ## Infused with the Fragrance of Flowers *me tog gi dris bsgos pa*, Skt. *me tog gi dris bsgos pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one One like a Jewel Wheel and Fire. ## inhabitants of the desire realm *’dod pa na spyod pa*, Skt. *kāmāvacara*, The lowest of the three realms of samsara: desire, form, and formless. ## inhabitants of the form realm *gzugs na spyod pa*, Skt. *rūpāvacara*, Beings living in the form realm rather than the desire or formless realms. ## inherent existence *rang bzhin*, Skt. *sva­bhāva*, This term denotes the ontological status of phenomena, according to which they are attributed with existence in their own right, inherently, in and of themselves, objectively, and independent of any other phenomena such as our conception and labelling. The absence of such an ontological reality is defined as the true nature of reality, emptiness. ## inherent nature *rang bzhin*, Skt. *prakṛti*, rang bzhin (also rendered here as “inherent existence”) literally means “own-being” and can be used in an ordinary sense to denote the most fundamental or characteristic quality, property, or nature of things. In Mahāyāna literature it is also used in several different ways in the examination of the ontological status of phenomena, most frequently in statements denying that phenomena may ultimately possess any such existence or nature, objectively in their own right, apart from ignorantly attributed concepts and designations. However, in the Yogācāra system and later literature the incompleteness of an ontological status is described in three or more successive levels or aspects that also use modulations of the same term.--> The Tibetan term rang bzhin (also rendered here as “inherent existence”) literally means “own-being” and can be used in an ordinary sense to denote the most fundamental or characteristic quality, property, or nature of things. In Mahāyāna literature it is also used in several different ways in the examination of the ontological status of phenomena, most frequently in statements denying that phenomena may ultimately possess any such existence or nature, objectively in their own right, apart from ignorantly attributed concepts and designations. See an exception to the attested Sanskrit source at . ## initial consideration *rtog pa*, Skt. *vitarka*, Also translated here as “thought construction.” ## initial joy *dang po’i dga’ ba*, Skt. *prathamānanda*, The first joy. ## initial mental application *rnam par rtog pa*, Skt. *vitarka*, Initial mental application” is one of the factors in the first meditative concentration that is absent in those that follow. See also ## initiation *dbang*, Skt. *abhiṣeka*, A ritual initiation into the maṇḍala and practice system of a specific tantric deity. The term means “to anoint,” as it evokes Indic rites of royal coronation that involve sprinkling consecrated water. ## innate joy *lhan cig skyes pa’i dga’ ba*, Skt. *sahajānanda*, Although referred to as the “fourth” in the fourfold division of the joys, the innate joy does not fit into a sequential order in quite the same way as the other three joys. It is first discerned when the supreme joy gives way to the joy of cessation, and is gradually extended through practice until it becomes ever present. ## Innate (wisdom, joy, etc.) *lhan skyes*, Skt. *sāhaja*, lit. born together, meaning that [wisdom](#wisdom), joy, and [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa) in general are latently present even as we experience ignorance, suffering and [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra). The two aspects of one and the same nature are "born together", but perceived as opposites by unenlightened minds. ## inner absorption *nang du yang dag ’jog pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃlayana*, This term can mean both physical seclusion and a meditative state of withdrawal. ## inner and outer constituents *nang dang phyi’i dngos po*, Skt. *nang dang phyi’i dngos po*, Various inner bodily parts and outer material things that may be requested from bodhisattvas. ## inner and outer emptiness *phyi nang stong pa nyid*, Skt. *adhyātma­bahirdhā­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## inner circle *dkyil 'khor*, Skt. *maṇḍalaka*, A demarcated area within a larger [boundary](#boundary). An official [act](#act) of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) requires a "[consensus](#consensus)" of all monks present within the monastery's boundaries or of a quorum of monks within an "inner circle." ## inner cycle The three cycles of twenty years that occur within the larger sixty-year cycles. ## inner emptiness *nang stong pa nyid*, Skt. *adhyātma­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses. ## inner robe *na bza’*, Skt. *antarvāsa*, The undergarment covering the lower body. One of the three Dharma robes (tricīvara, chos gos gsum). ## Inner Vastness *nang yangs pa*, Skt. *nang yangs pa*, A lake in Supreme Strength. ## innermost *snying po*, Skt. *snying po*, Lit “heart” or “marrow.” ## Innumerable *grangs las ’das pa*, Skt. *grangs las ’das pa*, Innumerable (too many to be counted), also the name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## inopportune states *mi khom pa*, Skt. *akṣaṇa*, The Sanskrit literally means “without leisure”; this refers to being born in a state in which one will not have the opportunity to meet with a buddha or their teachings. Eight situations are typically listed: (1) being born in a hell realm, (2) as an animal, (3) as a hungry ghost, (4) as a long-life god, (5) in a borderland or non-Buddhist country, (6) having wrong views, (7) as someone with impaired faculties who is unable to understand the teachings, or (8) in a time or place where no buddha has come. ## Insatiable *ngoms mi myong*, Skt. *ngoms mi myong*, Insatiable (impossible to satisfy), also the name of a river in Dwelling on Summits. ## Insentient Beings *’du shes med pa’i sems can*, Skt. *asaṃjñāsatva*, A class of beings in the form realm, and the thirteenth heaven of the form realm on a level just below the devas of the Pure Abodes. The Insentient Beings are characterized by having a body but no conscious experience at all; this state is the karmic result of an ordinary or worldly form of the fourth meditative absorption called the attainment of the meditative state without consciousness. See also . ## Inseparable *dbyer med*, Skt. *dbyer med*, Inseparable (unable to be separated), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Ugraprabha. ## Inseparable Universe *mi 'byed 'jig rten*, our world, the field of activity of [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). ## insight As the sixth of the six perfections, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality‍. In other translations it is sometimes rendered as “wisdom”; however, we have reserved this latter term for the translation of jñāna. In other contexts it refers to the mental factor responsible for ascertaining the specific qualities of a given object, or whether it should be taken up or rejected. ## Insight and Excellent Attention *shes rab legs sems pa*, Skt. *shes rab legs sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāpraṇāda. ## insight consort A term for the consort—whether actual, imagined, or spontaneously realized—with which an initiated practitioner engages in sexual yoga in Buddhist tantric literature. This particular term invokes the general principle that the female half of the tantric couple is the perfect embodiment of insight or prajñā. ## Insight Crown *shes rab gtsug*, Skt. *shes rab gtsug*, Attendant of the buddha Aṅgaja. ## Insight Free from Doubt *shes rab gdon mi za*, Skt. *shes rab gdon mi za*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa. ## Insight Gift *shes rab byin*, Skt. *shes rab byin*, Birthplace of the buddha Aśoka. ## Insight Joy *shes rab dga’*, Skt. *shes rab dga’*, Mother of the buddha Prajñāgati. ## insight lamp *shes rab sgron ma*, Skt. *prajñā­pradīpa*, An absorption. ## insight meditation *lhag mthong*, Skt. *vipaśyanā*, An important form of Buddhist meditation focusing on developing insight into the nature of phenomena. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other being “calm abiding.” ## Insight of Liberation *thar pa’i shes rab*, Skt. *thar pa’i shes rab*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­raśmi (933 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Insight Power *shes rab stobs*, Skt. *shes rab stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśaketu. ## insight-wisdom The third of the four initiations in the higher tantras. ## inspiration *dbugs ’byin pa*, Skt. *āśvāsadātā*, The thirty-second of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Inspired by Peace *rab tu zhi ba la mos pa*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## inspired eloquence The trait of being able to speak readily and fluently and with inspiration and confidence about the Dharma and, indeed, in any teaching situation. Connected with the Sanskrit term pratibhā, which can have the sense of coming into view, appearing to the mind, becoming clear, and thus it has the sense of brilliance and clarity of thought expressed in speech. ## inspired speech The quality of intelligence, inspiration, and confident knowledge that allows one to teach and talk in the most appropriate way, even for very long stretches of time. ## inspired to speak *spobs*, See “eloquence.” ## inspired utterance A genre of Buddhist literature, included in the list of both nine or twelve types. There is a specific text in the Pali canon that compiles a number of such stories, which give a short prose narrative concluding with the Buddha giving an inspired utterance in verse. The Udāna in Chinese does not include the frame story, but only the verses. ## Inspiring Love for the Dharma *chos la dga’ ba bkod pa*, Skt. *chos la dga’ ba bkod pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Instant Revival Upon Death *shi ma thag tu ’tsho ba*, Skt. *sama­mṛtyu­jīvita*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. Alternatively referred to as Life Isochronous with Death. ## instantaneous clear realization *skad cig ma gcig gis mngon par rtogs pa*, Skt. *eka­kṣaṇābhisamaya*, Seventh of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## Instantaneous Light *tsu te kwang*, Skt. *kṣaṇaprabha*, A god who is the king of lightning in the western direction. ## Instiller of Confidence *spos kyis rgyags mdzad*, Skt. *spos kyis rgyags mdzad*, A buddha. ## Instiller of Faith *dad par byed*, Skt. *dad par byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhamati. ## Instiller of Faith in Noble Beings *’phags pa dad par byed*, Skt. *’phags pa dad par byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhavapuṣpa. ## Instiller of Faith in the Sages *drang srong dad par byed*, Skt. *drang srong dad par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Āryapriya. ## Instiller of Faith in the Spiritual Training of Speech *rnal ’byor ngag la dad byed*, Skt. *rnal ’byor ngag la dad byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## Instiller of Faith in the Truth *bden la dad par byed*, Skt. *bden la dad par byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇendra. ## Instiller of Faith in the World *’jig rten dad par byed pa*, Skt. *’jig rten dad par byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Laḍitanetra. ## Instiller of Joy *dga’ byed*, Skt. *dga’ byed*, Father of the buddha Madhuvaktra. ## Instiller of Understanding *kun tu go byed*, Skt. *kun tu go byed*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Instilling Faith in Liberation *thar par dad par byed*, Skt. *thar par dad par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Druma. ## Instilling Faith in Meditators *bsam gtan pa la dad byed*, Skt. *bsam gtan pa la dad byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## Instilling Faith in the Gods *lha rnams dad par byed*, Skt. *lha rnams dad par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyamati. ## Instilling Faith in the Truth *bden la dad par byed*, Skt. *bden la dad par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhāgīratha. ## instinct *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsanā*, The subconscious tendencies and predilections of the psychosomatic conglomerate. This most obvious word is seldom used in this context because of the hesitancy of scholars to employ “scientific” terminology. ## instruct sentient beings *sems can rnams la rjes su ston par mdzad*, Skt. *sattvānu­śāsaka­tā*, Sixty-seventh of the eighty minor marks. ## instruction A genre of Buddhist literature, one of the common list of twelve types. It has been used to refer to scholastic treatises as well as texts that give practice instructions. ## instructions *gtan la bab par bstan pa’i sde*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## instructor *slob dpon*, Skt. *ācārya*, Along with the position of [preceptor](#preceptor), this is one of two official positions created by the [Buddha](#buddha) to ensure that new monks would receive sufficient training. The [Buddha](#buddha) specified five types of instructor: instructors of [novice](#novice)s, [privy advisor](#privy-advisor)s, [officiant](#officiant)s, [givers of instruction](#givers-of-instruction), and [recitation instructor](#recitation-instructor)s. ## instructor of novices *dge tshul gyi slob dpon*, Skt. *śrāmaṇerācārya*, An [instructor](#instructor) who grants [refuge](#refuge) and the [novice](#novice) precepts. One of five types of [instructor](#instructor)s named by the [Buddha](#buddha) when asked to elaborate on the role of an [instructor](#instructor). ## Insuperable *zil gyis mi non pa*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non pa*, Insuperable (impossible to overcome), also the name of a king of the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations. ## intellect *’du shes*, Skt. *samjñā*, See “aggregate.” ## Intellect Hard to Approach *bsnyen par dka’ ba’i blo*, Skt. *bsnyen par dka’ ba’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Intellect of Pure Conduct *spyod pa rnam dag blo gros*, Skt. *spyod pa rnam dag blo gros*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Intellect Perceiving the Buddha *sangs rgyas mngon sum blo gros*, Skt. *sangs rgyas mngon sum blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## Intellect That Removes All Locks *bur ma sel ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *bur ma sel ba’i blo gros*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## intelligence *blo gros*, Skt. *mati*, Also translated as “understanding.” ## Intelligence and Proper Attention *blo gros legs sems*, Skt. *blo gros legs sems*, Attendant of the buddha Vidyutketu. ## Intelligence Crest *blo gros tog*, Skt. *blo gros tog*, Mother of the buddha Pradyotarāja. ## Intelligence Free from Confusion *blo gros ’khrul pa med*, Skt. *blo gros ’khrul pa med*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pratibhāna­kīrti. ## Intelligence Free from Doubt *the tshom med pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *the tshom med pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhāgīrathi. ## Intelligence Free from Suffering *mya ngan med pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa’i blo gros*, A great bodhisattva. ## Intelligence Free from Unevenness *mi mnyam pa med pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *mi mnyam pa med pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arthamati. ## Intelligence in Practice *spyod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *spyod pa’i blo gros*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mati (89 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intelligence of an Ocean of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen rgya mtsho’i blo gros*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen rgya mtsho’i blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Uttīrṇapaṅka. ## Intelligence of Meaningful Accomplishment *don grub blo gros*, Skt. *don grub blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Samṛddhayaśas. ## Intelligence of Peace *zhi ba yi blo gros*, Skt. *zhi ba yi blo gros*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Balatejojñāna (846 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intelligence of the Lord of Qualities *yon tan dbang po blo gros*, Skt. *yon tan dbang po blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Guṇendrakalpa. ## Intelligence of the Revealer of the Mind of the Ocean of Qualities *yon tan gyi rgya mtsho’i blo can nges par ston pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *yon tan gyi rgya mtsho’i blo can nges par ston pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## Intelligence of Unobscured Teaching *sgrib pa med par ston pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sgrib pa med par ston pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Intelligence of Virtuous Rule *dge dbang blo gros*, Skt. *dge dbang blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Deveśvara. ## Intelligence Resounding as a Lion’s Roar *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs blo gros*, Skt. *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs blo gros*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Intelligence That Conquers All Suffering and Darkness *mya ngan dang mun pa thams cad ’joms pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *mya ngan dang mun pa thams cad ’joms pa’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## Intelligence That Renounces All Objects *yul thams cad las nges par ’byung ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *yul thams cad las nges par ’byung ba’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## Intelligence That Reveals Inexhaustible Language *sgra skad zad mi shes par ston pa’i blo gros can*, Skt. *sgra skad zad mi shes par ston pa’i blo gros can*, Son of the buddha Sulocana. ## Intelligence That Reveals the Invincible Gathering *thub pa med pa’i tshogs ston pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *thub pa med pa’i tshogs ston pa’i blo gros*, Father of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## Intelligence That Reveals the Meaning *don ston blo gros*, Skt. *don ston blo gros*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthitārtha. ## Intelligence That Teaches without Attachment to Language *sgra la chags pa med par ston pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sgra la chags pa med par ston pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jyeṣṭhavādin. ## Intelligent *blo ldan*, Skt. *blo ldan*, Intelligent (having or showing intelligence), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhugupta. ## Intelligent Acumen *spobs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *spobs pa’i blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Deva. ## Intelligent Adherence *blo gros legs gnas*, Skt. *blo gros legs gnas*, Attendant of the buddha Vimatijaha. ## Intelligent Aspiration *smon lam khyad par blo gros*, Skt. *smon lam khyad par blo gros*, A bodhisattva from King Jewel Mound’s buddha realm. ## Intelligent Conduct of the Sages *drang srong spyod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *drang srong spyod pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## Intelligent Endowment with Qualities *blo gros yon tan can*, Skt. *blo gros yon tan can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prabhūta. ## Intelligent Light *’od kyi blo gros*, Skt. *’od kyi blo gros*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Intelligent Light of Insight Displaying Power *shes rab kyi snang bas stobs pa bstan pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *shes rab kyi snang bas stobs pa bstan pa’i blo gros*, A great bodhisattva. ## Intelligent Lightning *glog gi blo gros*, Skt. *glog gi blo gros*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Intelligent Listener *gsan pa’i blo ldan*, Skt. *gsan pa’i blo ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pūjya (787 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intelligent Mind *blo gros sems*, Skt. *blo gros sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthāmaśrī (364 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intelligent Movement *blos ’gro ba*, Skt. *blos ’gro ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇavisṛta. ## Intelligent One *blo can*, Skt. *blo can*, A wandering ascetic mentioned in connection with what is likely a story of a past life of the Buddha. ## Intelligent Power *blo gros mthu rtsal*, Skt. *blo gros mthu rtsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prabhūta. ## Intelligent Relinquishment through Seeing *mthong bas spong ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *mthong bas spong ba’i blo gros*, Attendant of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Intelligent Sky *nam mkha’i blo gros*, Skt. *nam mkha’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Intense Austerities *dka’ thub drag*, Skt. *dka’ thub drag*, Birthplace of the buddha Ugradatta. ## Intense Harm *gnod pa drag pa*, Skt. *caṇḍaghora*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Intense Heat *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana*, One of the great hells; see also . ## Intense Heat from All Directions *phyogs thams cad rab tu sreg pa*, Skt. *sarva­dikpratāpa*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## intense joy *dga’ bral dga’ ba*, Skt. *viramānanda*, The third joy, interpreted as intense joy in the Kālacakra system, where it supplants the joy of cessation of the Yoginī Tantra. While both these meanings can be derived from the Sanskrit viramānanda, the Tibetan dga’ bral dga’ ba seems to reflect only the joy of cessation. ## Intense Splendor *gzi brjid drag pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid drag pa*, Name of a sage in a story the Buddha tells. ## intense subjugation *rnam par gnon pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāviṣkambhaṇa*, This term is used with specific reference to the subjugation of physical, emotional, and psychological factors that disturb the mind. ## Intensely Hot Hell *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana*, One of the eight hot hells. ## intent *mos pa*, Skt. *adhi­mukti*, Also translated here as “inclination,” “will,” and “volition.” ## intent on a dwelling that has not been apprehended *gnas dmyigs su myed pa la brtson pa*, Skt. *anilaniyata*, A meditative stability. ## Intent on Accomplishing Aims through Steadfast Skill *rtsal brtan don grub dgongs pa*, Skt. *rtsal brtan don grub dgongs pa*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Free from Sorrow. ## Intent on Accomplishing the Array of Beauty *bkod pa mdzes par sgrub par sems pa*, Skt. *bkod pa mdzes par sgrub par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mayūraruta. ## Intent on Bringing Satisfaction and Joy to All Beings of the World *’jig rten pa thams cad mgu zhing mngon par dga’ bar sems pa*, Skt. *’jig rten pa thams cad mgu zhing mngon par dga’ bar sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Devarāja. ## Intent on Freedom from Delusion *’khrul pa med par sems pa*, Skt. *’khrul pa med par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhugupta. ## Intent on Going Beyond the Lower Realms *ngan song las ’das par sems pa*, Skt. *ngan song las ’das par sems pa*, Son of the buddha Devarāja. ## Intent on Great Diligence *brtson ’grus cher dgongs*, Skt. *brtson ’grus cher dgongs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhugupta (966 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intent on Helping *phan par dgongs*, Skt. *phan par dgongs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthitārtha (709 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intent on Praise by the Entire World *’jig rten thams cad kyis bsngags par sems pa*, Skt. *’jig rten thams cad kyis bsngags par sems pa*, Attendant of the buddha Devasūrya. ## Intent on Seeing Countless Eons *bskal pa grangs med mthong bar sems*, Skt. *bskal pa grangs med mthong bar sems*, Father of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## Intent on Supreme Sound *sgra mchog sems pa*, Skt. *sgra mchog sems pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pārthiva (600 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Intent on the Beautiful Mode *’gros mdzes sems pa*, Skt. *’gros mdzes sems pa*, Father of the buddha Sukrama. ## intention *’dun pa*, Skt. *chanda*, One of the four bases of miraculous power. ## Intentional Gift *bsam pas byin*, Skt. *bsam pas byin*, Mother of the buddha Dharmamati. ## interdependence *rten ’brel*, Skt. *pratītyasamut­pāda*, A mode of describing the relative nature of phenomena, in which each phenomenon arises in dependence upon causes and conditions. In many contexts, the term refers specifically to the twelve links of interdependent origination that describe the process of being bound in cyclic existence: ignorance, formation, consciousness, name and form, the six sense bases, contact, feeling, craving, appropriation, becoming, birth, and old age and death. ## intermediate eon *bar gyi bskal pa*, Skt. *antarakalpa*, This eon is one cycle of the increase and decrease of the life span of beings. It is also called “a small eon.” It consists of four ages, or yugas, and the last is the kaliyuga. ## intermediate kalpa *bskal pa bar ma*, Skt. *antarakalpa*, This kalpa is one cycle of the increase and decrease of the lifespan of beings. It is also called a “small kalpa.” It consists of four ages, or yugas. ## Intermediate state *bar do*, Skt.*antarābhava*, term used for the various stages of experience between death and the next, with a wider interpretation that includes the various states of consciousness in life. Four intermediate states are distinguished: 1) the natural intermediate state of this life (*rang bzhin skyes gnas [bar](#bar) do*), 2) the intermediate state of the moment of death (*'chi kha'i [bar](#bar) do*), 3) the [intermediate state of absolute reality](#intermediate-state-of-absolute-reality) (*chos nyid [bar](#bar) do*), and 4) the [intermediate state of becoming](#intermediate-state-of-becoming) (*srid pa'i [bar](#bar) do*); or, to make six intermediate states, two more particular states, within the first, can be added: 5) the intermediate state of dream (*rmi lam [bar](#bar) do*) and 6) the intermediate state of meditative [concentration](#concentration) (*bsam gtan [bar](#bar) do*). ## intermediate state between death and rebirth *bar ma do*, Skt. *antarābhava*, A transitional, discarnate state of a sentient being between death and rebirth, classically said to last up 49 days; its existence was and is not accepted by all Buddhist schools (not, e.g., by the Theravādins). ## Intermediate state of absolute reality *chos nyid [bar](#bar) do*, [intermediate state](#intermediate-state) during which absolute reality manifests as pure forms of peaceful or wrathful aspect, according to one's own individual [tendencies](#tendencies). ## Intermediate state of becoming *srid pa'i [bar](#bar) do*, the [intermediate state](#intermediate-state) during which the force of [karma](#karma) propels one towards one's next rebirth in [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra). AT: [intermediate state](#intermediate-state) of possibilities, [intermediate state](#intermediate-state) of existence. ## internal differentiation *nang rab tu ’byed pa*, Skt. *nang rab tu ’byed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its fourth week. ## interpretable meaning *drang don*, Skt. *neyārtha*, See “definitive meaning.” ## interrupting the rains *dbyar ral*, Skt. *chinnavarṣā*, If a monk does not fulfill his pledge to remain at a site for the duration of the earlier or later rains, his rains retreat has been “interrupted.” Such “interruptions” in the rain retreat violate the pledge to stay in one place. ## intersex person *skyes nas ma ning*, Skt. *jātipaṇḍaka*, Someone born with both male and female sexual organs. One of the five types of [person labeled a paṇḍaka](#person-labeled-a-paṇḍaka), all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order. ## intervening summary *bar sdom*, Skt. *antaroddāna*, A summary or synopsis in verse form comprising a list of topics or keywords. One of several types of summary (uddāna) characteristic of the vinaya and abhidharma literature and also found in longer sūtras of the Dīrghāgama and (less often) Madhyamāgama. An intervening summary, found less often than the other types, typically summarizes the subject matter of a topical subsection of which it may also mark the end. See also Uddāna-->. ## intoxicant *bcos pa’i chang*, Drink made from any source which has the power to intoxicate. ## intoxicated One who is still under the influence of the “intoxicants” (āsrava), of which there are sometimes said to be four: “lust” (kāma), “becoming” (bhava), “ignorance” (avidyā), and “views” (dṛṣṭi) ## Intoxicating Abode *myos gnas*, Skt. *myos gnas*, A forest in Distinguished in Many Colorful Ways. ## intrinsic nature *rang bzhin*, Skt. *svabhāva*, This term (also rendered here as “inherent existence” and “inherent nature”) literally means “own-being” and can be used in an ordinary sense to denote the most fundamental or characteristic quality, property, or nature of things. In Mahāyāna literature it is also used in several different ways in the examination of the ontological status of phenomena, most frequently in statements denying that phenomena may ultimately possess any such existence or nature, objectively in their own right, apart from ignorantly attributed concepts and designations. However, in the Yogācāra system and later literature the incompleteness of an ontological status is described in three or more successive levels or aspects that also use modulations of the same term; see “three natures.” ## introduction *gleng gzhi*, Skt. *nidāna*, The introductory section of a sūtra or other Buddhist scripture that establishes the time and setting of the discourse. ## introduction to the letters *yi ge la ’jug pa*, Skt. *akṣarapraveśa*, One aspect of a set of forty-four syllables listed at as dhāraṇī gateways. See also “gateways to the letters.” ## introductions *gleng gzhi*, Skt. *nidāna*, Sixth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## inverted conduct *sdom pa phyin ci log pa*, Skt. *viparīta­saṃvara*, Refers to unconventional practices of a tantric yogin. ## investigate *so sor brtag*, Skt. *praty­avekṣate*, Also translated here as “determine.” ## investigating *rtog pa*, Skt. *vitarka*, Also translated here as “mental engagement.” ## investigation *dpyod pa*, Skt. *vicāra*, In our text, the specific quality of vicāra is to remain mindful of nimitta in the sense of “mentally watching” or noting them without engaging in a more discursive way. ## investigation of phenomena *chos rnam par ’byed pa*, Skt. *dharma­pravicaya*, One of the factors of awakening. ## investiture *nye [bar](#bar) sgrub pa*, Skt. *upanaya*, The rite by which one is inducted into the novitiate and confirms a candidate's status as a [novice](#novice) in the Buddhist order of renunciates. ## Invincible Invincible (unable to be defeated), also the name of the fifth of the bodhisattva grounds, here understood as ten in number. ## Invincible Army *thub pa med pa’i sde*, Skt. *thub pa med pa’i sde*, Birthplace of the buddha Cakradhara. ## Invincible Banner of Victory *mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, A buddha from the past. ## Invincible Gathering *tshogs kyis mi thub*, Skt. *tshogs kyis mi thub*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇaprabha (503 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Invincible Light *thub pa med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *thub pa med pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Cakradhara. ## Invisible *mi mthong ba*, Skt. *mi mthong ba*, Invisible (unable to be seen), also the name of a river on Eye Garland. ## invisible crown *spyi gtsug bltar mi mthong ba*, Skt. *anavalokitamūrdhata*, One of the features of a tathāgata, sometimes included as an additional characteristic of the uṣṇīṣa (q.v.) and sometimes as a separate sign, either within the major and minor marks or in addition to them. Although sometimes explained with the sense almost of a prohibition against looking down on a tathāgata from above, it is more usually linked to the idea that the uṣṇīṣa extends upwards so far that its top is literally out of sight. Its mention in this text relates to the overall stature of a tathāgata, presumably in more than one sense. ## Invisible Summit *rtse rtse mi snang*, Skt. *rtse rtse mi snang*, A mountain near the asura city Double Pleasure. ## Invisible Wrists *tshigs mi mngon*, Skt. *tshigs mi mngon*, A nāga king. ## invitation to the buddha field The name of an absorption that Śākyamuni Buddha uses to invite the Seven Thus-Gone Ones to his buddha field. ## invited on a whim *'phral la bos pa*, Skt. *autpātika*, To be invited to eat on a whim is an acceptable way to receive food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## invited to a banquet *mgron du bos pa*, Skt. *nimantraṇaka*, Food served at a banquet to which one has been invited is an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## involuntary reincarnation *nying mtshams sbyor ba*, Skt. *prati­saṃdhi*, The rebirth process that is maintained and perpetuated on the basis of past actions. ## involuntary reincarnation through propensities *bag chags dang mtshams sbyor*, Skt. *vāsanānu­saṃdhi*, The mundane process of rebirth within cyclic existence, impelled by the propensities of past actions. ## Ṛṣipatana *drang srong lhung ba’i gnas*, Skt. *ṛṣipatana*, Literally “landing place of sages,” the name of the deer park near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha first taught the Dharma following his awakening. ## Ṛṣipatana Deer Park *drang srong ri dwags kyi nags*, Skt. *ṛṣipatana mṛgadāva, ṛṣivadana mṛgadāva*, the site near [Vārāṇasī](#vārāṇasī) where the [Buddha](#buddha) first turned the [wheel of Dharma](#wheel-of-dharma) and former abode of the [Buddha](#buddha) [Kāśyapa](#kāśyapa). ## Ṛṣiprasanna *drang srong gsal ba*, Skt. *ṛṣiprasanna*, The 944th buddha in the first list, 943rd in the second list, and 934th in the third list. ## Śirī *dpal ldan ma*, Skt. *śirī*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## śirīṣa Acacia sirissa. The siris tree, also known as woman’s tongue. ## Ṛṣirakṣitikā *drang srong srung ma*, Skt. *ṛṣirakṣitikā*, A great piśācī. ## Śiramara *shi ri ma ta*, Skt. *śiramara*, A goddess. ## Śirībala *dpal gyi stobs*, Skt. *śirībala*, A king in the distant past. ## Śiri *dpal*, Skt. *śiri*, A nāga king. ## Śirika *dpal can*, Skt. *śirika*, A nāga king. ## iron aperture *lcags kyi sgo*, Skt. *lcags kyi sgo*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its thirtieth week. ## iron beak A reference to, or epithet of, the garuḍas, on account of their sharp beaks. ## iron bolt *dbang po’i phur pa*, Skt. *indrakīla*, More literally rendered as “Indra’s stake,” the term indrakīla is used in Indic architectural treatises to refer to any pin, nail, or bolt used to firmly bind other architectural features together. The term can also be used to refer generically to a mountain, likely due to its similar firm and unwavering nature. ## Iron Plates *lcags gleg*, Skt. *ayaspaṭṭa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Iron Vase *lcags kyi bum pa*, Skt. *ayaskumbha*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Iron Wilderness *lcags tshal dgon pa*, Skt. *ayovanakāntāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## ironwood flowers *nA ga ge sar*, Skt. *nāgakeśara*, Mesua ferrea. Evergreen tree up to 100 feet tall. Known as Assam ironwood, Ceylon ironwood, Indian rose chestnut, Cobra’s saffron, and nāgakesara. The flowers are large and fragrant, with four white petals and a yellow center. ## Irreproachable *smad du med pa*, Skt. *smad du med pa*, Irreproachable (beyond criticism or blame), also the name of the realm of the Buddha Protector of Glory. ## Irreproachable Armor *ma smad pa’i go cha*, Skt. *ma smad pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Irreproachable Body *lus ma smad*, Skt. *lus ma smad*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnapāṇi. ## Irreproachable Renown *grags pa ma smad pa*, Skt. *grags pa ma smad pa*, Name of a buddha. ## Irreproachable Splendor *gzi brjid ma smad pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid ma smad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ugratejas. ## irresponsible chatter *tshig kyal pa*, Skt. *abaddhapralāpa*, Seventh of ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered as “nonsensical chatter.” ## irreversibility *phyir mi ldog pa*, A stage on the bodhisattva path at which the practitioner will never turn back, or be turned back, from progress toward the full awakening of a buddha. ## irreversible *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avaivartika*, The term avaivartika should not be confused with anāgamin. While the first is a Mahāyāna term referring to someone “not turning back,” i.e., irreversibly established on the path to full awakening, the other is a term referring to one who will not return to this world again after death but will attain arhatship in one of the highest heavens. ## irreversible eyes *phyir mi ldog pa’i mig*, Skt. *avivartya­cakṣur*, The thirtieth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Irreversible Wheel *phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo*, A great bodhisattva. ## irreversible wheel of the Dharma *phyir mi ldog pa’i chos kyi ’khor lo*, Skt. *avaivartika­dharma­cakra*, The fact that the Dharma is not a single dogma, law, or fixed system, but instead an adaptable body of techniques available for any living being to aid in his development and liberation is emphasized by this metaphor. This wheel is said to turn by the current of energy from the needs and wishes of living beings, and its turning automatically converts negative energies (e.g., desire, hatred, and ignorance) to positive ones (e.g., detachment, love, and wisdom). ## irreversibly established on the path to buddhahood *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avaivartika*, The term avaivartika should not be confused with anāgamin. While the first is a Mahāyāna term referring to someone “not turning back,” i.e., irreversibly established on the path to full awakening, the other is a Hīnayāna term referring to an arhat of the third level who will not return to this world again. ## Island of Begburchepa *gling begs bur chad pa*, Skt. *gling begs bur chad pa*, An island in or near the kingdom of Kaliṅga. “Begburchepa” is a phonetic rendering of the Tibetan, which has no known Skt. equivalent and is unclear in meaning. ## Isle of Jewels *rin po che’i gling*, Skt. *rin po che’i gling*, A mountain in the sea far beyond Jambudvīpa ## Isolated Highlands *’brog tu rnam par chad pa*, Skt. *’brog tu rnam par chad pa*, A city in Videha. ## isolation *dben pa*, Skt. *viveka*, This may refer to either literal, bodily isolation, i.e., seclusion, or to the isolation of the mind from certain (usually undesirable) mental factors. The two senses are related, and as the relationship between the two senses is both implicitly and explicitly thematized in Buddhist texts, a single translation for both the more “outer” and the more “inner” forms of isolation is here meant to respect a clearly intended suggestion found throughout Buddhist literature. The term can also refer to conceptual isolation, i.e., discernment. ## itivṛttaka *’di lta bu ’das pa*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means accounts of the lives of past buddhas and bodhisattvas. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Śiśu *byis pa*, Skt. *śiśu*, Could be one of Vākāṭaka kings. ## Iṣudhara *mda’ thogs*, Skt. *iṣudhara*, The son of Daṇḍadhara (more commonly Daṇḍapāṇi) and brother of Yaśodharā and Venerable Aniruddha. His name in Tibetan, mda’ thogs, is rendered here with the potential back-translation Iṣudhara . ## śiśumāra *shi shu mA ra*, Skt. *śiśumāra*, A sea monster; lit. “the child-killer,” the Gangetic porpoise or dolphin (Monier-Williams). ## Śiva One the primary brahmanical gods. Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra notes that the deity Śiva, presumably in his form as Mahākāla, acts as a protector of the Buddhist teachings. ## Śiva Mahādeva *grong khyer sum brtsegs dgra bo*, Skt. *tripurāri*, A Hindu deity. ## Śivabhadra *zhi ba bzang po*, Skt. *śivabhadra*, A yakṣa general. ## Ṛṣivadana A place in the Deer Park (Mṛgadāva) outside Vārāṇasī where the Buddha Śākyamuni first turned the wheel of Dharma. The name, meaning “speech of ṛṣis (sages or seers),” may refer to a story that in this same place during the time of the previous buddha, Kāśyapa, five hundred seers (in some versions pratyekabuddhas) uttered prophecies and attained nirvāṇa on hearing that the Buddha Śākyamuni was to come. Also known as Ṛṣipatana. ## Śivadūtī *pho nya mo zhi ba*, Skt. *śivadūtī*, One of the kṛtī (or kṛti) spirits. ## śivaliṅga *rtags*, Skt. *śivaliṅga*, A physical representation of god Śiva in the form of his penis planted in a circular base representing the vagina. ## Śivapurādhāna *zhi ba’i grong len*, Skt. *śivapurādhāna*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Śivarāgra *zhi ’dzin mchog*, Skt. *śivarāgra*, A brahmin, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 52. ## Śivasudaṃṣṭra *zhi ba dang mche bzang*, Skt. *śivasudaṃṣṭra*, This could be an extended name of Sudaṃṣṭra, the son of Kṛṣṇa. ## ivory tree *cang skyer*, Skt. *kuṭaja*, Holarrhena pubescens. ## Śiṣyaka *slob ma can*, Skt. *śiṣyaka*, Son of the brahmin Agnidatta in the country of Pāṭaliputra, a monk and Tripiṭaka master whose murder at the hands of Sūrata’s disciples hastens the Dharma’s disappearance from this world. ## Jé A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Jaṭā *ral pa ma*, Skt. *jaṭā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jaṃbu Forest *’jam bu’i tshal*, Skt. *’jam bu’i tshal*, A peak on Sumeru. ## Jackal *wa*, Skt. *wa*, Jackal (a wild dog-like animal), also the nickname of the child of wealthy householders in Śrāvasti, so called because of his penchant for eating excrement and drinking urine. After taking instruction from the philosophical extremist Pūraṇa Kāśyapa, who admired his ostenisible austerities, he heard the Dharma from the Buddha, went forth, and manifested arhatship. ## jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus. The jackfruit tree. ## Jagaddala *dza gad+dA la*, Skt. *jagaddala*, An important Buddhist monastery located in Bengal (modern day Bangladesh), founded by King Rāmapāla (ruled 1077–1120 ce). ## Jagadindrarāja *’gro ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *jagadindrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jagadmati *’gro ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *jagadmati*, The 938th buddha in the first list, 937th in the second list, and 928th in the third list. ## Jagadraśmi *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *jagadraśmi*, The 234th buddha in the first list, 233rd in the second list, and 233rd in the third list. ## Jagadīśvara *’gro ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *jagadīśvara*, The 928th buddha in the first list, 927th in the second list, and 918th in the third list. ## Jaṅgamā *’gro ba ma*, Skt. *jaṅgamā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Jaga­mantra­sāgara *’gro skad rgya mtsho*, Skt. *jaga­mantra­sāgara*, The hundred-and-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Jaganmitra *’gro ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *jaganmitra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Jagatīdhara *gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *jagatīdhara*, A kṣatriya. ## Jagatīṃdhara *’gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *jagatīṃdhara*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Jagatindhara *’gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *jagatindhara*, A bodhisattva layman of Vaiśālī, who is saved by Vimalakīrti from being fooled by Māra posing as Indra. This bodhisattva is mentioned in Mvy, No. 728, and in the Rāṣṭra­pāla­paripṛccha (Toh 62, in the Ratnakūṭa; see Lamotte, p. 204, n. 120 and Vienna Buddhist Studies Translation Group, trans., The Questions of Rāṣṭrapāla, ). ## Jagatīndhara *’gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *jagatīndhara*, Literally “Bearer of the World.” A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Jagatpūjita *gros mchod*, Skt. *jagatpūjita*, The 640th buddha in the first list, 639th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Jagatpālinī *’gro ba bskyong ma*, Skt. *jagatpālinī*, ‟Protectress of the World,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Jagattoṣaṇa *skye bo dga’ mdzad*, Skt. *jagattoṣaṇa*, The 830th buddha in the first list, 829th in the second list, and 819th in the third list. ## jaggery *bur mar*, Skt. *guḍa*, The “lump” (guḍa) of solidified molasses that is made with the juice of sugar cane. ## Jaṅghā *byin pa can*, Skt. *jaṅghā*, A short form of Jaṅghākāśyapa, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Jaṅghā Kāśyapa *byin pa ’od srung*, Skt. *jaṅghā kāśyapa*, Close Śravaka disciple of the Buddha. ## Jaṅghākāśyapa *’dzang ga ka shas*, Skt. *jaṅghākāśyapa*, The identity of this person is unknown. In Benares he offered a meal to a pratyekabuddha, but only after the appropriate mealtime had passed; due to that, when he became a noble person himself, he arrived too late to obtain any food during the morning alms round. ## Jahnu *rgyal byed*, Skt. *jahnu*, A rishi of ancient India, who was said to have swallowed the Ganges when it first appeared, and then on being supplicated allowed it to come out of his ear. ## Jaṭiṃdhara *ral pa ’dzin*, Skt. *jaṭiṃdhara*, A head merchant and physician in the distant past. (Toh 555: Jaladhara; chu ’dzin) ## Jaimini *’dza’ man*, Skt. *jaimini*, A rishi who was a pupil of Vyāsa, the first master of the Sāmaveda and the source of the Mīmāṃsā tradition. ## Jain *gcer bu pa*, Skt. *nirgrantha*, In Buddhist texts, a term often used to refer to the community around the Jain teacher Jñātiputra, but can refer to the Jain tradition generally. Their practices, as presented in Buddhist literature, focused on intense asceticism as a means to mitigate the consequences of past actions and on nonaction as a means to prevent future ramifications. ## Jakra Jakra is a location near present day Degé, Kham, associated with Jakra monastery, which was converted from the Drigung school to the Sakya school in the thirteenth century. Formerly a residence of the kings of Ling, it became the summer palace of the Degé royalty some generations prior to the time of Tenpa Tsering. ## Jalabhuja *chu la spyod*, Skt. *jalabhuja*, The third of the five young brahmin attendants of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Sārthavādi, the 1,002nd of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## Jalacara *chu na spyod pa*, Skt. *jalacara*, Name of a yakṣa. ## jalacaraḍivva An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Jaladhara *chu ’dzin*, Skt. *jaladhara*, A head merchant and physician in the distant past. ## Jalaṃdhara *chu ’dzin*, Skt. *jalaṃdhara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Jala­dhara­garjita­ghoṣa­susvarana­kṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitābhi­jña­ *’brug sgra sbyangs snyan skar ma’i rgyal po me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *jala­dhara­garjita­ghoṣa­susvarana­kṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitābhi­jña­*, A buddha in the distant past. Also the name of a prince in the distant past. ## Jalagarbha *chu’i snying po*, Skt. *jalagarbha*, The younger son of Jalavāhana and Jalāmbuja­garbhā. ## Jalandhar *chu ’dzin*, Skt. *jaladhara*, An ancient city in northern India, possibly the present-day Jalandhar in the Punjab region. Here it is identified as the region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Teaching with Hands Folded་is located. ## Jalataraṅga *chu rlabs*, Skt. *jalataraṅga*, A future buddha. ## Jalavāhana *chu ’bebs*, Skt. *jalavāhana*, A learned physician in the distant past and son of Jaṭiṃdhara who, as a result of performing Dharma recitations while standing in a lake, ensured the rebirth of ten thousand fish into the paradise of Trāyastriṃśa. He was the Buddha in a previous life. ## Jalendrā *chu dbang*, Skt. *jalendrā*, A deity in Ekajaṭā’s maṇḍala. ## Jalendra *chu dbang*, Skt. *jalendra*, This seems to be another name for Jambhala. ## Jalāgamā *chu skyes*, Skt. *jalāgamā*, The name of the river in this story, which means “Arriving Water.” ## Jalūkā *srin bu pad pa*, Skt. *jalūkā*, A forest. ## Jalāmbara *chu’i gos*, Skt. *jalāmbara*, The elder son of Jalavāhana and Jalāmbuja­garbhā. ## Jalāmbujagarbhā *chu’i pad ma’i mdzod*, Skt. *jalāmbujagarbhā*, The wife of Jalavāhana. ## Jalāmbuja­garbhā *chu’i pad ma’i snying po*, Skt. *jalāmbujagarbhā*, The wife of Jalavāhana. ## Jalānantaścara *chu nang spyod*, Skt. *jalānantaścara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## jalu root The exact identity of this plant remains unclear, but it is possible that this is a shortened form for lajjālu, or the sensitive plant (Mimosa pudica), also known as touch-me-not. ## Jamadagni *’dza’ mag ni*, Skt. *jamadagni*, One of the seven great rishis of ancient India. Also known as the father of Paraśurāma, the sixth incarnation of Viṣṇu. ## Jambū *’dzam bu*, Skt. *jambū*, Legendary river carrying the golden fruit fallen from the legendary jambu (“rose apple”) tree. ## Jambū River *’dzam bu’i chu klung*, Skt. *jambūnada*, The rivers that flow down from the immense lake at the foot of the legendary Jambu tree, including the Ganges. The fruits of that tree are made of gold and are carried down by the rivers through Jambudvīpa. Such gold is considered the best kind. ## Jambū river gold *’dzam bu’i gser*, Skt. *jāmbū­nada­suvarṇa*, A particularly fine type of gold deposited in the Jambū river, sometimes said to be remains of the fruits from the rose-apple trees growing there which fall into the river and are consumed. ## Jambūcchāya *’dzam bu’i grib ma*, Skt. *jambūcchāya*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the eighth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Jambūdvīpa *’dzam bu gling*, Skt. *jambūdvīpa*, The continent (dvīpa) on which we live which, according to ancient South-Asian cosmology, is shaped like a jambū fruit (probably Syzygium cumini, the jambolan, Malabar plum, or Java plum; or possibly S. amarangense, the Java apple, rose-apple, or wax jambu). ## Jambha *’dzam bha*, Skt. *jambha*, An asura. ## Jambhaka *rmugs byed*, Skt. *jambhaka*, A name of a spirit or class of spirits; variously identified as a type of demon that lives in magical weapons or that causes illness. ## Jambhalā *dzam+b+ha la*, Skt. *jambhalā*, A deity in Ekajaṭā’s maṇḍala. ## Jambhala *gnod ’dzin*, Skt. *jambhala*, A yakṣa king associated with wealth and often identified with Kubera/Vaiśravaṇa. ## Jambhala, the Lord of Waters *dzam bha la chu dbang*, Skt. *jambhalajalendra*, This seems to be another name of Jambhala. ## Jambhanī *dzam+b+ha ni*, Skt. *jambhanī*, A goddess invoked to crush wayward beings. ## Jambūnada *’dzam bu’i chu klung*, Skt. *jambūnada*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Jambūprabha *’dzam bu’i ’od*, Skt. *jambūprabha*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Jambu *’dzam bu*, Skt. *jambu*, Legendary river carrying the golden fruit fallen from the legendary jambu (“rose apple”) tree. This term is used as an adjective for the gold found in rivers. ## Jambu continent *’dzam bu’i gling*, Skt. *jambudvīpa*, The southern continent according to Buddhist cosmology, where humans live. ## Jambu Golden Victory Banner Golden Appearance *’dzam bu gser gyi rgyal mtshan gser du snang ba*, Skt. *Jambu­suvarṇa­dhvaja­kanaka­prabha*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: gser tog ’od) ## Jambu Golden Victory Banner That is Golden in Appearance *’dzam bu gser gyi rgyal mtshan gser du snang ba*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: Suvarṇaketuprabha; gser tog ’od) ## Jambu Movement *’dzam bu ’gro*, Skt. *’dzam bu ’gro*, Son of the buddha Gandheśvara. ## Jambu River *’dzam bu chu klung*, Skt. *jāmbūnada*, The Sanskrit here literally means “from the Jambu River,” and in this text it describes the gold (Skt. suvarṇa, Tib. gser) of this mythical river. The river was said to carry the golden fruit fallen from the legendary jambu tree after which the southern continent is named. ## Jambu river gold *’dzam bu chu bo’i gser*, Skt. *jāmbu­nada­suvarṇa*, The remains of the golden fruit fallen from the legendary jambu tree and carried away by this divine river. It is considered to be a particularly fine type of gold. ## Jambudhvaja *’dzam bu rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jambudhvaja*, An alternative name for Jambudvīpa (“Rose-Apple Continent”), which means “Rose-Apple Banner.” ## Jambudvīpa *'dzam bu gling*, the southern continent, one of the four main "continents" in ancient Indian cosmology, the one in which we live. In some contexts this name refers to South Asia, and in others to the world in a general sense. ## Jambu­dvīpa *’dzam bu gling*, Skt. *jambu­dvīpa*, The name of the southern continent in Buddhist cosmology, signifying either the known human world, or sometimes more specifically the Indian subcontinent. The name comes from the jambu (“rose apple” or “black plum”) tree said to grow near Lake Anavatapta in the continent’s northern mountains, considered to be the source of the four great rivers of India. ## Jambudvīpa Garland *’dzam bu’i gling gi phreng ba*, Skt. *’dzam bu’i gling gi phreng ba*, An island to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Jambudvīpa years *’dzam bu’i gling gi tshe lo’i grangs*, Skt. *’dzam bu’i gling gi tshe lo’i grangs*, The length of a year as experienced by a sentient being born on Jambudvīpa in the desire realm. ## jambul tree *’dzam bu’i shing*, Skt. *jambāvṛkṣa*, Syzygium cumini. At present mainly called the jambul tree, it is the Indian version among the various species of rose apple trees. ## Jambūvana *’dzam bu’i tshal*, Skt. *jambūvana*, “Rose-Apple Tree Park.” The name of the park in which the Buddha Ratnagarbha teaches King Araṇemin and his family and subjects. ## Jamgak Pakṣi Also known as Chim Jampaiyang (mchims ’jam pa’i dbyangs). A student of Chomden Rikpai Raldri who served as preceptor at the court of the Yuan emperor Buyantu Khan (known in Chinese as Renzong, r. 1311–20). He provided material assistance for the compilation of the Old Narthang manuscript Kangyur. ## Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thayé 1813–1899. A well-known and prolific Tibetan master who promoted a non-sectarian (ris med) approach to Buddhist study and practice. ## Jamgön Kongtrul (the Great), Lodrö Thayé *jam mgon kong sprul blo gros mtha' yas* (1813 - 1899) was a great teacher of the non-sectarian movement and was responsible, with Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, for compiling several great collections of teachings and practices from all traditions, including the *Treasury of Rediscovered Teachings* (*rin chen gter mdzod*). ## Jampa Phuntsok Jampa Phuntsok (late sixteenth century) was one of the sons of the sixth Degé king. He greatly expanded the Degé kingdom’s territory by incorporating neighboring regions and is credited with founding Lhundrup Teng. ## Jampaiyang A monk who compiled the catalog that would come to be known as the Narthang Kangyur ## jamun Eugenia jambolana, also known as Java plum, black plum, and jambolan. ## Jamyang Gawai Lodrö The secretary to the Degé king, Tenpa Tsering. ## Jamyang Loter Wangpo 1847-1914. A master of the Sakya tradition. ## Janaka *skyed pa po*, Skt. *janaka*, A virtuous nāga king who was a bodhisattva. ## Jana­pada­kalyāṇī *yul gyi bzang mo*, Skt. *jana­pada­kalyāṇī*, Name of a princess in a story the Buddha tells. ## Janasthāna The name of a region in central India, situated in the basin of the Godāvarī River in the present-day state of Mahārāṣṭra. ## Janendra *skye dbang*, Skt. *janendra*, The 311th buddha in the first list, 310th in the second list, and 305th in the third list. ## Janendrakalpa *skye dbang mtshungs*, Skt. *janendrakalpa*, The 155th buddha in the first list, 154th in the second list, and 154th in the third list. ## Janendrarāja *skye dbang rgyal po*, Skt. *janendrarāja*, The 975th buddha in the first list, 974th in the second list, and 965th in the third list. ## Jang A historical kingdom in the southeast of Tibet, in the present-day Chinese province of Yunnan. Also known as Jang Satham (’jang sa tham), Naxi, or Lijiang. ## Jangchub O *byang chub ’od*, Skt. *(not in the skt. source of the mmk)*, The nephew of Lha Lama Yeshe O, a king of the Yarlung imperial Tibetan line who ruled in the Western Tibetan kingdom of Gugé. Jangchub O is famously remembered for inviting the Indian teacher Atiśa to come to Tibet on his uncle’s orders. He was likely born in the early 11th century. ## Jangsho *jang sho*, Skt. *jang sho*, A senior minister at the court of the Chinese king Cayang. ## Janmacitra *skye ba sna tshogs pa*, Skt. *janmacitra*, A nāga. ## Janārdana *skye bo ’tshe*, Skt. *janārdana*, A nāga king. ## jantupiśācī The juice or sap (rasa) of this substance appears as an ingredient in the preparation of a collyrium for attaining invisibility in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. The precise identity of this substance is not clear. ## Jaṭāpura *ral pa can grong*, Skt. *jaṭāpura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## jar *gdos bu*, Skt. *ghaṭikā*, The Sanskrit term ghaṭikā, has two meanings, “water-jar, bucket” and “small stick.” For full details see . ## Jarjaramukhī *rgan mo gdong*, Skt. *jarjaramukhī*, ‟One with an Aged Face,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Jarāyana *rga ba ’byung*, Skt. *jarāyana*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Jasmine *sna ma’i me tog*, Skt. *sumanā*, Jasmine (a fragrant white flowering plant), also a child of householders in Śrāvastī, eventually ordained. At the time of his entrance into the womb and again upon his birth a rain of jasmine flowers fell. He went on to attain arhatship and various spiritual qualities from the cause of having scattered loose jasmine petals over, and having made offerings and prayers to reliquary stūpas in a previous life. ## Jasmine Flower *sna ma’i me tog*, Skt. *sna ma’i me tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Viṣāṇin. ## jaundice *mkhris nad*, Skt. *pittadoṣa*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Java *dag byed*, Skt. *yava*, The island of Java, part of the Indonesian archipelago. ## Ājñava *shes pa can*, Skt. *ājñava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Javanemin *shugs kyi mu khyud*, Skt. *javanemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Jayā *rgyal ba*, Skt. *jayā*, Name of a world system in the northern direction, where the buddha Jayendra teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Jaya The twenty-eighth in the sixty-year cycle of Vedic astrology. The name literally translates as “victory.” ## Jayadatta *rgyal bas byin*, Skt. *jayadatta*, Lit. “Victory Given.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Jayā, in the northern direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## Jayaṃgama *rgyal bar gyur pa*, Skt. *jayaṃgama*, The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Jayaghoṣa *rgyal ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *jayaghoṣa*, A thus-gone one from whom the buddha Śakyāmuni received a dhāraṇī called victorious in one of his previous lives. ## Jayakara *rgyal bar byed pa*, Skt. *jayakara*, An unknown figure who is said to be one of three brothers, along with Madhukara and Siddhikarasarvārtha­sādhana ## jayalabdha *rgyal ba thob pa*, Skt. *jayalabdha*, Lit. “gained the victory.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Jayamati *rgyal ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *jayamati*, A bodhisattva and monastic teacher of a past eon; the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī in a former life. ## Jaya­mati *rgyal ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *jaya­mati*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jaya­mukha­kātyāyanī *ka ta ya na rgyal ba’i bzhin can ma*, Skt. *jaya­mukha­kātyāyanī*, ‟Kātyāyanī Face of Victory,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Jayanandin *rgyal bas dgyes*, Skt. *jayanandin*, The 348th buddha in the first list, 347th in the second list, and 342nd in the third list. ## Jayantī *rgyal*, Skt. *jayantī*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Jayanta Skt. *jayanta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jayaprabhā *rgyal ba’i ’od*, Skt. *jayaprabhā*, King Śrīsena’s wife. ## Jayaprabha *rgyal ba’i ’od*, Skt. *jayaprabha*, Presumably a member of the royal dynasty in Kaliṅgavana. He is said to have donated the parkland that Bhikṣuṇī Siṃha­vijṛmbhitā dwells in. Also the name of a king in another world realm in the distant past. ## Jayaprabhurāja *rgyal ba’i rje dpon*, Skt. *jayaprabhu*, A king; the context suggests that he is a king of the nāgas or the asuras. ## jayara An unidentified ingredient used in ritual and alchemical applications ## Jayarakṣita Eighth- to ninth-century Tibetan translator. ## Jayasaṃkhya *rgyal ba’i grangs*, Skt. *jayasaṃkhya*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jayasena *rgyal ba’i sde*, Skt. *jayasena*, Name of a past king, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Jayasena the Swordsmith *mtshon mgar rgyal sde*, Skt. *mtshon mgar rgyal sde*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Jayasoma *rgyal ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *jayasoma*, The future name of the eastern realm Abhirati when the Buddhas Akṣobhya and Suvarṇapuṣpa are succeeded by the Buddha Nāga­vinarditeśvara­ghoṣa. ## Jayavaiśraya *rgyal ba’i gnas rab*, Skt. *jayavaiśraya*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Jayavatī *rgyal ldan ma*, Skt. *jayavatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jayendra *rgyal ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *jayendra*, Lit. “Victorious Indra.” A buddha in a world system called Jayā, in the northern direction. ## Jayoṣṇīṣa *rgyal ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *jayoṣṇīṣa*, One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings. ## Jayoṣmāyatana *rgyal ba’i drod kyi skye mched*, Skt. *jayoṣmāyatana*, A brahmin, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 12. ## Jayottama *rgyal ba dam pa*, Skt. *jayottama*, A head merchant who is the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 26. ## Jayāvatī *rgyal ba can*, Skt. *jayāvatī*, A realm to the west of the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s realm in which resides the Buddha Jitendriya­viśāla­netra. ## jealousy *phrag dog*, Skt. *īrṣyā*, The mental state of jealousy, īrṣyā is sometimes translated as “envy.” It is classified as one of the twenty subsidiary afflictions (upakleśa). ## Jeṣṭhā *snron*, Skt. *jeṣṭhā*, A constellation in the west, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Jeta *dze ta*, Skt. *jeta*, A short form of Jetavana, a park in Śrāvastī, the capital of Kosala, which had been owned by Prince Jeta. Anāthapiṇḍada bought it from him at a high price in order to offer it to the Buddha as a place to house the monks during the monsoon period, thus creating the first Buddhist monastery. See also “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park.” ## Jeta Grove *rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal*, Skt. *jetavana*, A name of one of the first Buddhist monasteries, which is located outside of Śrāvastī. The monastery is also known as Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park. Anāthapiṇḍada, a merchant and benefator of the Buddha, bought the land from Prince Jeta and donated it to the saṅgha. It is said that both names are mentioned to acknowledge their mutual efforts in building the monastery. It was there that the Buddha spent several rainy seasons and gave discourses there that were later recorded as sūtras. ## Jetadhvaja *dze ta’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jetadhvaja*, An alternative name for Jetavana Park in Śrāvastī, the capital of Kosala, which had been owned by Prince Jeta. Anāthapiṇḍada bought it from him at a high price in order to offer it to the Buddha as a place to house the monks during the monsoon period, thus creating the first Buddhist monastery. See also “Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park.” ## Jeta’s Grove *rgyal byed kyi tshal*, Skt. *jetavana*, See “Prince Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park.” ## Jetavana *rgyal byed kyi tshal*, Skt. *jetavana*, See "[Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada's Park](#jetavana-anāthapiṇḍadas-park)." ## Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada's Park *rgyal rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga' ra ba*, Skt. *jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ*, One of the first Buddhist monasteries, located in a [park](#park) outside [Śrāvastī](#śrāvastī), the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kośala in northern India. This [park](#park) was originally owned by Prince Jeta, hence the name [Jetavana](#jetavana), meaning Jeta's grove. The wealthy merchant Anāthapiṇḍada, wishing to offer it to the [Buddha](#buddha), sought to buy it from him, but the prince, not wishing to sell, said he would only do so if Anāthapiṇḍada covered the entire property with gold [coin](#coin)s. Anāthapiṇḍada agreed, and managed to cover all of the [park](#park) except the entrance, hence the name Anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ, meaning Anāthapiṇḍada's [park](#park). The place is usually referred to in the [sūtra](#sūtra)s as "Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada's park," and according to the Saṃghabhedavastu the [Buddha](#buddha) used Prince Jeta's name in first place because that was Prince Jeta's own unspoken wish while Anāthapiṇḍada was offering the [park](#park). Inspired by the occasion and the [Buddha](#buddha)'s use of his name, Prince Jeta then offered the rest of the property and had an entrance gate built. The [Buddha](#buddha) specifically instructed those who recite the [sūtra](#sūtra)s to use Prince Jeta's name in first place to commemorate the mutual effort of both benefactors. Anāthapiṇḍada built residences for the monks, to house them during the monsoon season, thus creating the first Buddhist monastery. It was one of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s main residences, where he spent around nineteen rainy season retreats, and it was therefore the setting for many of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s discourses and events. According to the travel accounts of Chinese monks, it was still in use as a Buddhist monastery in the early fifth century ᴄᴇ, but by the sixth century it had been reduced to ruins. ## Jetavana, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park *rgyal rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ*, Known also as Jetavana, this was an important early site for the Buddha’s growing community. Anāthapiṇḍada, a wealthy patron of the Buddha, purchased the park, located outside Śrāvasti, at great cost, purportedly covering the ground with gold, and donated it to the saṅgha. It was there that the Buddha spent several rainy seasons and gave discourses there that were later recorded as sūtras. It was also the site for one of the first Buddhist monasteries. ## Jetsün Drakpa Gyaltsen *rje btsun grags pa rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rje btsun grags pa rgyal mtshan*, 1147–1216. Fifth throne-holder of Sakya monastery. ## Jetsun Drakpa Gyaltsen Jetsun Drakpa Gyaltsen (1147–1216) was the third of the Sakya patriarchs. ## Jetsun Mila *rje brtsun mi la* (1040 - 1123), Tibet's great yogī and poet, whose biography and spiritual songs are among the best loved works in Tibetan Buddhism. One of the foremost [disciple](#disciple)s of [Mārpa](#mārpa), he is among the great masters at the origin of the [Kagyupa](#kagyupa) school. ## Jewel *rin chen*, Skt. *rin chen*, Jewel (a precious stone), also the name of a son of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## Jewel Array *rin chen bkod*, Skt. *rin chen bkod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇicūḍa (82 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Banner *rin chen rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rin chen rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigatatamas. ## Jewel Conduct *rin po che spyod pa*, Skt. *rin po che spyod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Jaya. ## Jewel Crest *rin po che’i tog*, Skt. *rin po che’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pradīparāja. ## Jewel Crest Banner *rin chen tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rin chen tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Jewel Crest Light *rin chen tog ’od*, Skt. *rin chen tog ’od*, Father of the buddha Laḍitakrama. ## Jewel Crown *gtsug na rin po che*, Skt. *gtsug na rin po che*, Mother of the buddha Ratnakrama. ## Jewel Crown Ornament *rin chen gtsug tor*, Skt. *rin chen gtsug tor*, A buddha in the distant past. ## jewel cusp *rin chen mtha’*, Skt. *ratnakoṭi*, The 60th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Jewel Door *rin chen sgo*, Skt. *rin chen sgo*, A world system. ## Jewel Ear *dbyig rna*, Skt. *dbyig rna*, One of the eight yakṣa generals. ## Jewel Edge *rin chen so*, Skt. *rin chen so*, Father of the buddha Pradīpa. ## Jewel Essence *rin chen snying po*, Skt. *rin chen snying po*, Attendant of the buddha Kāñcanaprabha. ## Jewel Eye *rin chen mig*, Skt. *rin chen mig*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnapāṇi. ## Jewel Eyes *rin po che’i mig*, Skt. *rin po che’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Jewel Facets *rin po che’i ngos*, Skt. *rin po che’i ngos*, Birthplace of the buddha Supakṣa. ## jewel family *rin po che’i rigs*, Skt. *ratnakula*, One of the five buddha families, it is presided over by the Tathāgata Ratnasambhava. ## Jewel Fire *rin chen me*, Skt. *rin chen me*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jewel Flame *rin chen me*, Skt. *rin chen me*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Luminous Gem. ## Jewel Flower *rin chen me tog*, Skt. *rin chen me tog*, Attendant of the buddha Siṃhasvara. ## Jewel Forest *nor bu’i nags*, Skt. *nor bu’i nags*, (1) A forest in Endowed with Migration (nor bu’i nags). (2) A forest on the upper level of Living on the Peak (rin po che’i nags). ## Jewel Foundation *rin po che’i rmang*, Skt. *rin po che’i rmang*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Fully Arrayed. ## Jewel Fragrance of the End of Existence *srid mtha’ nor bu’i spos*, Skt. *srid mtha’ nor bu’i spos*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṣema (546 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Friends *rin po che’i grogs po*, Skt. *rin po che’i grogs po*, A mountain between Kuru and Godānīya. ## Jewel Garland-Bearing Brahmā *tshangs pa rin chen phreng ba ’chang*, Skt. *tshangs pa rin chen phreng ba ’chang*, A Brahmā youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Jewel Gathering *rin chen tshogs*, Skt. *rin chen tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnottama. ## Jewel Gift *rin chen gtong*, Skt. *rin chen gtong*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śīlaprabha (853 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Giving *rin chen gtong*, Skt. *rin chen gtong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Marutskandha. ## Jewel Glory *rin chen dpal*, Skt. *rin chen dpal*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnaśrī. ## Jewel Hand *rin po che’i lag pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i lag pa*, Father of the buddha Puṇyabāhu. ## Jewel Heap Merit Voice *rin po che’i phung po yon tan gyi sgra*, A buddha. ## jewel heart *rin chen snying po*, A meditative stability. ## Jewel Holder *rin chen ’chang ba*, Skt. *rin chen ’chang ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vidyutketu. ## Jewel Horse *rin po che’i rta*, Skt. *rin po che’i rta*, A buddha. ## Jewel Intelligence *nor gyi blo gros*, Skt. *nor gyi blo gros*, A brahmin youth. ## Jewel Islands *rin po che’i gling*, Skt. *rin po che’i gling*, An ocean off Jambudvīpa. ## Jewel Joy *rin chen dga’*, Skt. *rin chen dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Jewel Lamp *rin chen sgron*, Skt. *rin chen sgron*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Subuddhi (424 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Light *rin chen ’od*, Skt. *rin chen ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṛtavarman (376 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Light of Qualities *yon tan rin chen ’od*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen ’od*, Mother of the buddha Samṛddhayaśas. ## Jewel Mansion *rin chen khang pa*, Skt. *rin chen khang pa*, A buddha. ## Jewel Master *rin chen dbang phyug*, Skt. *rin chen dbang phyug*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jewel Merit *bsod nams rin chen ma*, Skt. *bsod nams rin chen ma*, Mother of the buddha Śreṣṭha. ## Jewel Mind *rin chen blo*, Skt. *rin chen blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## jewel mine *dkon mchog ’byung gnas*, Skt. *ratnā­kara*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## Jewel Mode *rin chen ’gros*, Skt. *rin chen ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Parvatendra. ## Jewel Moon *nor bu zla ba*, Skt. *nor bu zla ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mokṣatejas (626 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Mountain *rin po che’i lhun po*, Skt. *rin po che’i lhun po*, Father of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Jewel Movement *dbyig ’gro ma*, Skt. *dbyig ’gro ma*, Mother of the buddha Rāhubhadra. ## Jewel Ocean *rin po che’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *rin po che’i rgya mtsho*, Son of the buddha Ratnottama. ## Jewel of Compassion and Freedom from Ignorance *snying rje dang gti mug med pa rin po che*, Skt. *snying rje dang gti mug med pa rin po che*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## Jewel of Exalted Light *rin po che mngon du ’phags pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *rin po che mngon du ’phags pa’i ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Jewel of Intelligence *rin chen blo gros*, Skt. *rin chen blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Jewel of Joy *nor bu dga’*, Skt. *nor bu dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Ugra. ## Jewel of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i rin po che*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i rin po che*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## Jewel of Peace *rin chen rab zhi*, Skt. *rin chen rab zhi*, Son of the buddha Dhyānarata. ## Jewel of Sal Trees *sA la’i rin po che*, Skt. *sA la’i rin po che*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jewel of Supreme Fame *rin chen mchog tu grags*, Skt. *rin chen mchog tu grags*, Attendant of the buddha Bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa. ## Jewel of Universal Renown *phyogs grags rin chen*, Skt. *phyogs grags rin chen*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnaprabhāsa. ## Jewel Peak *rin chen tog*, Skt. *rin chen tog*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Victory Banner at the Peak. ## Jewel Platforms *nor bu’i stegs bu*, Skt. *nor bu’i stegs bu*, A lake in Total Pleasure. ## Jewel Possessor *rin chen can*, Skt. *rin chen can*, Mother of the buddha Pratibhāna­kīrti. ## Jewel Protector *rin chen skyong*, Skt. *rin chen skyong*, A world system in the southern direction. ## Jewel Radiance *rin chen ’od zer*, Skt. *rin chen ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siddhārtha (257 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jewel Riches *rin po che ’byor pa*, Skt. *rin po che ’byor pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Samṛddhajñāna. ## Jewel Rocks *rin po che’i rdo ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i rdo ba dang ldan pa*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Jewel Sal Tree *rin chen sA la*, Skt. *rin chen sA la*, A buddha. ## Jewel Shore *rin po che’i ’gram*, Skt. *rin po che’i ’gram*, A forest in Supreme Strength. ## Jewel Source *rin po che’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *rin po che’i ’byung gnas*, Son of the buddha Samṛddhajñāna. ## Jewel Splendor *rin chen gzi brjid*, Skt. *rin chen gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maṇicūḍa. ## jewel state *rin po che nyid*, A meditative stability. ## Jewel Strength *rin chen stobs*, Skt. *rin chen stobs*, Son of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## jewel summit *ri’i gtsug na nor bu*, Skt. *ri’i gtsug na nor bu*, A bird in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Jewel Supports *nor bu rkang*, Skt. *nor bu rkang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Atibala. ## jewel treasure *rin po che’i mdzod*, Skt. *rin po che’i mdzod*, An absorption. ## Jewel Treasury *rin chen mdzod*, Skt. *rin chen mdzod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anihata. ## Jewel Tree *rin chen ljon pa*, Skt. *rin chen ljon pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## Jewel Uṣṇīṣa *rin chen gtsug tor*, Skt. *rin chen gtsug tor*, Mother of the buddha Ratnakīrti. ## Jewel World *rin po che dang ldan pa*, The realm of the Buddha Ratnaketu. ## Jewel Worthy of Worship *rin chen mchod ’os*, Skt. *rin chen mchod ’os*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Varuṇa (631 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Jeweled Array *rin po che bkod pa*, Skt. *rin po che bkod pa*, The name of a pavilion emanated by the Buddha. ## Jeweled Crown A nāga king. ## Jeweled Light The fifth of the twelve buddha grounds. ## Jeweled Maṇḍala *rin chen dkyil ’khor can*, Skt. *rin chen dkyil ’khor can*, A bodhisattva. ## Jeweled Palm Tree *rin chen ta la la*, Skt. *rin chen ta la la*, A bodhisattva. ## Jeweled Parasol *rin chen gdugs*, Skt. *rin chen gdugs*, A buddha. ## Jeweled Staff Holder *rin chen khar ba can*, Skt. *rin chen khar ba can*, A bodhisattva. ## Jeweled Victory Banner *rin po che’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rin po che’i rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Jewel-Water Keeper *nor bu’i chu can rnams kyis ’dzin pa*, Skt. *nor bu’i chu can rnams kyis ’dzin pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Jāṅgulī Skt. *jāṅgulī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Jigme Lingpa *'jigs med gling pa* (1729 - 1798), the master who discovered the Longchen Nyingtik (*klong chen snying thig*), the Heart-essence of the Vast Expanse, the [spiritual treasure](#spiritual-treasure) whose preliminary practices *The Words of My Perfect Teacher* explains. A prodigy who became immensely learned with almost no [study](#study), he aroused his [wisdom](#wisdom) mind in a series of long meditation retreats and received the Heart-essence of the Vast Expanse in a series of visions of [Longchenpa](#longchenpa), the great fourteenth-century [lama](#lama) who was in fact his principal teacher. Having first mastered the teachings himself, he passed them to a few close [disciple](#disciple)s capable of [becoming](#becoming) pure holders of the doctrine, among them [Patrul Rinpoche](#patrul-rinpoche)'s own teacher, Jigme Gyalwai Nyugu. He is considered to be a combined [emanation](#emanation) of [Vimalamitra](#vimalamitra), [King Trisong Detsen](#trisong-detsen) and Gyalse Lharje. [Patrul Rinpoche](#patrul-rinpoche) is often considered to be the [emanation](#emanation) of Jigme Lingpa's speech. ## Jigten Sumgon "Jigten Sumgon and the Drikung lineage are best known for the set of teachings known as The Five Profound [Path](#path)s of [Mahāmudrā](#mahāmudrā). Some of Jigten Sumgon's sayings were collected by Sherab Jungne into what is known as the Gongchig (Wylie transliteration: dgongs gcig, "the single intention") a profound philosophical compendium that further developed in commentary works written in following generations. Some of Jigten Sumgon's teachings were collected by another [disciple](#disciple) into what is known as The Heart of the [Great Vehicle](#great-vehicle)'s Teachings (theg chen bstan pa'i snying po)." [src](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigten_Sumg%C3%B6n) ## Jihma *yon po*, Skt. *jihma*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jihva *lce ldan*, Skt. *jihva*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jikten Sumgyi Gönpo Jikten Gönpo Rinchen Pal (1143–1217) was the founder of the Drigung Kagyü lineage. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## Jāṭilikā *ral bu can*, Skt. *jāṭilikā*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## jina *rgyal ba*, Skt. *jina*, An epithet for a buddha meaning “victorious one.” YJ rarely uses this epithet and instead mostly uses 佛 fo (“buddhas”) or 王 wang (“kings”). ## Jinamati Skt. *jinamati*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Jinamitra *dzi na mi tra*, Skt. *jinamitra*, Jinamitra was invited to Tibet during the reign of King Trisong Detsen (khri srong lde btsan, r. 742–98 ce) and was involved with the translation of nearly two hundred texts, continuing into the reign of King Ralpachen (ral pa can, r. 815–38 ce). He was one of the small group of paṇḍitas responsible for the Mahāvyutpatti Sanskrit–Tibetan dictionary and also author of the Nyāya­bindu­piṇḍārtha (Toh 4233), which is contained in the Tengyur (bstan ’gyur) collection. ## jinaputra *rgyal ba’i sras*, Skt. *jinaputra*, “Son of the Jina.” While it is a synonym for bodhisattva, jinaputra is used more frequently in this sūtra. ## Jinarṣabha *rgyal ba’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *jinarṣabha*, A yakṣa general and the son of Vaiśravaṇa. Also listed as a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Jinarāja *rgyal ba’i rgyal*, Skt. *jinarāja*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: ’dam bu rgyal) ## Jinavaktra *dmag tshogs las rgyal*, Skt. *jinavaktra*, A buddha in the past. ## Jingyi Nyingpo *byin gyi snying po*, A Tibetan translator. ## Jingyön’s Innermost Hundred Thousand A manuscript translation of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines that appears to have been named after Senalek Jingyön, the fortieth king of Tibet. ## Ājita Skt. *ājita*, One of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, identified with Ādityavarman. ## Jitaśatru *dgra rgyal*, Skt. *jitaśatru*, The 839th buddha in the first list, 838th in the second list, and 828th in the third list. ## Jitapāśa *rgyal ba’i zhags pa*, Skt. *jitapāśa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jitendriya *dbang po thul*, Skt. *jitendriya*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jitendriya­viśāla­netra *dbang po thul ba yangs pa’i spyan*, Skt. *jitendriya­viśāla­netra*, A buddha in a western realm who sends bodhisattvas to make offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha and Mahākāruṇika. ## Jitāri *dgra thul*, Skt. *jitāri*, A buddha in the past. ## Jiṣṇu *ngang tshul*, Skt. *jihnu*, One of the kings of Nepal, possibly Jiṣṇugupta of the seventh century. ## Jājvalin *rab ’ba’*, Skt. *jājvalin*, A brahmin who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Jālandhara The name of a country. This region is also identified as one of the primary “seats” (pīṭha) from which the tantric revelations of the Mahāyoga- and Yoginītantras were first disseminated. ## Jālinī *dra ba can*, Skt. *jālinī*, The daughter of Prince Viśvantara. ## Jālinīprabha A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Jāmadagni *dza ma da g+ni*, Skt. *jāmadagni*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## jñāmaka *sha ma ka*, Skt. *jñāmaka*, Meaning unclear. See Ludvik 2007, p. 310. ## jāmaka *dzA ma ka*, Skt. *jāmaka*, A class of supernatural beings. This term is perhaps better read as yāmaka. ## Jāmbū *’dzam bu*, Skt. *jāmbū*, A river whose gold is believed to be especially good. ## Jāmbū River *’dzam bu*, Skt. *jāmbū*, A divine river whose gold is believed to be especially fine. ## Jāmbūnada A royal capital in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Ratnāṅga, ruled by the king Sudarśana. ## Jāmbūnada­prabhāsa *’dzam bu’i chu bo’i gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *jāmbūnada­prabhāsa*, Mahākātyāyana’s name when he becomes a buddha in the distant future. Also rendered in Sanskrit in a shorter form as “Jāmbūnadābhāsa,” (Tibetan remains the same). ## Jāmbū­nada­prabhāsa­vatī *’dzam bu chu klung gi mdog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *jāmbū­nada­prabhāsa­vatī*, An eastern buddha realm. ## Jāmbū­nada­tejorāja *’dzam bu chu klung gi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *jāmbū­nada­tejorāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jāmbūnadābhāsa *’dzam bu’i chu bo’i gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *jāmbūnadābhāsa*, See “Jāmbūnada­prabhāsa.” ## Jñānabala *ye shes kyi stobs*, Skt. *jñānabala*, A cakravartin king countless eons in the past. ## Jñāna­bala­parvata­tejas *ye shes kyi stobs kyi ri bo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *jñāna­bala­parvata­tejas*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## Jñānabhāskara *ye shes nyi ma*, Skt. *jñānabhāskara*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. He is not mentioned anywhere else in the Kangyur. ## Jñāna­bhāskara­tejas *ye shes nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *jñāna­bhāskara­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jñānabimba *ye shes gzugs*, Skt. *jñānabimba*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Jñānabuddhi *ye shes ri bo’i blo*, Skt. *jñānabuddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñānacīvara *ye shes chos gos*, Skt. *jñānacīvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānadarśana *ye shes mthong ba*, Skt. *jñānadarśana*, A buddha. ## Jñānadevakośa A translator during the imperial period. ## Jñānadhvaja *ye shes rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jñānadhvaja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the nineteenth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Jñānagarbha The Indian preceptor who, along with Lui Gyaltsen, revised the translation of The Prophecy of Dīpaṅkara. It is unlikely, but not impossible, that this is the famous eighth-century scholar. (See Eckel 2019, pp. 261–62.) ## Jñāna­garbha *ye shes kyi snying po*, Skt. *jñāna­garbha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñānaghoṣa *ye shes dbyangs*, Skt. *jñānaghoṣa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānagocara *ye shes spyod yul*, Skt. *jñānagocara*, A buddha. ## Jñānagupta *ye shes sbas*, Skt. *jñānagupta*, A buddha. ## Jñāna­śikharārci­megha *ye shes spo’i ’od ’phro sprin*, Skt. *jñāna­śikharārci­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Jñānaka *shes ldan*, Skt. *jñānaka*, Name of a child born into a merchant family in Vaiśālī, whose story is told in this sūtra. In his previous life, he was a god who foresaw his own rebirth as a pig. Seeking help from the Buddha, he goes for refuge in the Three Jewels, and succeeds to be reborn as a human. According to the Buddha’s prophecy, he will become the buddha known as King of Foremost Knowing. ## Jñānakūṭa *ye shes brtsegs*, Skt. *jñānakūṭa*, The 605th buddha in the first list, 604th in the second list, and 598th in the third list. ## Jñānaketu *ye shes tog*, Skt. *jñānaketu*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Jñānaketu (the bodhisattva) *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *jñānaketu*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñānaketu (the buddha) *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *jñānaketu*, The name of a buddha in the distant past. ## Jñānaketudhvaja *ye shes tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jñāna­ketudhvaja*, The name that Siṃha and his five hundred attendants will take when they become buddhas in the future, according to the Buddha’s prophecy. This name varies significantly in the Chinese versions of Siṃha’s Questions (see verse 48 and ). ## Jñānaḍākinī *ye shes mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *jñānaḍākinī*, “Wisdom Ḍākinī,” one of the five ḍākinīs associated with the five buddha families. ## Jñānakośa *ye shes mdzod*, Skt. *jñānakośa*, The 669th buddha in the first list, 668th in the second list, and 660th in the third list. ## Jñānakoṣa *ye shes kyi mdzod*, Skt. *jñānakoṣa*, A buddha. ## Jñānakrama *ye shes go rims*, Skt. *jñānakrama*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānakīrti *ye shes grags pa*, Skt. *jñānakīrti*, The 508th buddha in the first list, 508th in the second list, and 501st in the third list. ## Jñāna­kusumavi­raja­samucchraya­bodhīśvara *ye shes me tog rdul bral byang chun dbang phyub yang dag mtho*, Skt. *jñāna­kusumaviraja­samucchraya­bodhīśvara*, A buddha during a kaliyuga in the eastern realm Jvālapratisaṃkhyā, who had passed into nirvana and whose Dharma had ended before the time of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Jñāna­maṇḍala­prabhāsa *ye shes dkyil ’khor snang ba*, Skt. *jñāna­maṇḍala­prabhāsa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jñānamati *ye shes blo*, Skt. *jñānamati*, A buddha in the distant past in chapter 36 (translated ye shes blo), and the twenty-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past in chapter 37 (translated ye shes blo gros). ## Jñāna­mati *ye shes kyi blo gros*, Skt. *jñāna­mati*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñānameru *ye shes lhun*, Skt. *jñānameru*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Jñānamerudhvaja *ye shes lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jñānamerudhvaja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## jñānamudrā *ye shes phyag rgya*, Skt. *jñānamudrā*, See “wisdom mudrā.” ## Jñāna­parvata­dharma­dhātu­dikpratapana­tejorāja *ye shes ri bo’i ’od chos kyi dbyings su snang ba’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *jñāna­parvata­dharma­dhātu­dikpratapana­tejorāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jñānapāṇi *lag na ye shes*, Skt. *jñānapāṇi*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñānaprabha *ye shes ’od*, Skt. *jñānaprabha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñāna­prabha *ye shes kyi ’od*, Skt. *jñāna­prabha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñānaprabhāsa *ye shes snang ba*, Skt. *jñānaprabhāsa*, A buddha countless eons in the past. ## Jñānapradīpa *ye shes sgron ma*, Skt. *jñānapradīpa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānapravāḍa *ye shes rgyas pa*, Skt. *jñānapravāḍa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānapriya *ye shes dgyes*, Skt. *jñānapriya*, The 445th buddha in the first list, 444th in the second list, and 438th in the third list. ## Jñānaprāpta *ye shes brnyes*, Skt. *jñānaprāpta*, The 690th buddha in the first list, 689th in the second list, and 680th in the third list. ## Jñāna­śrī *ye shes kyi dpal*, Skt. *jñāna­śrī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñānaśrī *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *jñānaśrī*, The 449th buddha in the first list, 448th in the second list, and 442nd in the third list. ## Jñāna­śrī (the bodhisattva) *ye shes kyi dpal*, Skt. *jñāna­śrī*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñāna­śrī (the buddha) *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *jñāna­śrī*, The name of the twenty-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Jñāna­śirī. ## Jñānaśūra *ye shes dpa’ ba*, Skt. *jñānaśūra*, A past buddha who eons previously had been King Mahābala. Also the name of one of the two hundred buddhas Śākyamuni had received the samādhi teaching from in previous lifetimes. ## Jñānaraśmi *ye shes ’od zer*, Skt. *jñānaraśmi*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñāna­raśmi­jvalana­cūḍa *’od zer ’bar ba’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *jñāna­raśmi­jvalana­cūḍa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jñāna­raśmi­megha­prabha *ye shes ’od gzer gyi sprin gyi ’od*, Skt. *jñāna­raśmi­megha­prabha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jñānaraśmirāja *ye shes kyi ’od zer*, Skt. *jñānaraśmirāja*, In the Ratnaketudhāraṇī, he is one of the six “directional” tathāgatas. ## Jñānarata *ye shes dgyes*, Skt. *jñānarata*, The 908th buddha in the first list, 907th in the second list, and 898th in the third list. ## Jñānaratna *ye shes rin chen*, Skt. *jñānaratna*, The 905th buddha in the first list, 904th in the second list, and 895th in the third list. ## Jñānarāśi *shes phung*, Skt. *jñānarāśi*, The 529th buddha in the first list, 529th in the second list, and 522nd in the third list. ## Jñānarāja *ye shes rgyal po*, Skt. *jñānarāja*, The 626th buddha in the first list, 625th in the second list, and 618th in the third list. ## Jñāna­śrī­puṇya­prabhā *ye shes phun sum tshogs pa’i bsod nams ’od*, Skt. *jñāna­śrī­puṇya­prabhā*, A night goddess in a world in the eastern direction in a past kalpa. A previous life of the night goddess Praśanta­ruta­sāgara­vatī. ## Jñānaruci *ye shes bzhed pa*, Skt. *jñānaruci*, The 738th buddha in the first list, 737th in the second list, and 727th in the third list. ## Jñānaruta *ye shes nga ro*, Skt. *jñānaruta*, The 765th buddha in the first list, 764th in the second list, and 754th in the third list. ## Jñānasaṃbhava *ye shes yang dag ’byung*, Skt. *jñānasaṃbhava*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñāna­saṃbhavabala­rāja *ye shes ’byung ba stobs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *jñāna­saṃbhavabala­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñāna­saṃbhārodgata *ye shes rgya mtshos ’phags pa*, Skt. *jñāna­saṃbhārodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñānasaṃnicaya *ye shes yang dag bstsags*, Skt. *jñānasaṃnicaya*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## jñānasattva *ye shes sems dpa’*, Skt. *jñānasattva*, The deity that merges with and empowers its form, the samayasattva, visualized by the practitioner. ## Jñānasena Eighth- to ninth-century Tibetan monk, preceptor, and translator commonly known by his Tibetan name, Yeshé Dé (ye shes sde). ## Jñānasāgara *ye shes rgya mtsho*, Skt. *jñānasāgara*, The 713th buddha in the first list, 712th in the second list, and 702nd in the third list. ## Jñānasāgara­rāja *ye shes rgya mtsho’i rgyal po*, Skt. *jñānasāgara­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānasiddhi Skt. *jñānasiddhi*, An Indian paṇḍita who was resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. ## Jñāna­siṃha­ketu­dhvaja­rāja *ye shes seng ge’i dpal gyi rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Skt. *jñāna­siṃha­ketu­dhvaja­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Jñānasūrya *ye shes nyi ma*, Skt. *jñānasūrya*, The 257th buddha in the first list, 256th in the second list, and 256th in the third list. ## Jñāna­sūrya­tejas *ye shes nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *jñāna­sūrya­tejas*, A bodhisattva in the distant past. ## Jñāna­suvimala­garjiteśvara *ye shes shin tu dri med sgrogs pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *jñāna­suvimala­garjiteśvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñāna­tāpasuviśuddha­guṇā *ye shes kyi chu shin tu rnam par dag pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *jñānatāpasuviśuddha­guṇā*, The northern realm in which the bodhisattva Samantabhadra, the eighth son of King Araṇemin, is prophesied to become a buddha. ## Jñānavairocana *ye shes rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *jñānavairocana*, A śrāvaka in the distant past. ## Jñāna­vairocana­garbha *ye shes rnam par snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *jñāna­vairocana­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Jānavajra *dzA na ba dzra*, Skt. *jānavajra*, An Indian master, whose precise dates are unknown, and who wrote a commentary on the Entry into Laṅka Sūtra. ## Jñānavajraketu *ye shes rdo rje’i tog*, Skt. *jñāna­vajraketu*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Siṃha­vijṛmbhiteśvara­rāja to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Jñāna­vajra­tejas *ye shes rdo rje’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *jñāna­vajra­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñāna­vajra­vijṛmbhiteśvara­ketu *The buddha whom the bodhisattva Samantabhadra*, Skt. *jñāna­vajra­vijṛmbhiteśvara­ketu*, The buddha whom the bodhisattva Samantabhadra, the eighth son of King Araṇemin, is prophesied to become. ## Jñānavara *ye shes mchog ma*, Skt. *jñānavara*, The 428th buddha in the first list, 427th in the second list, and 421st in the third list. ## Jñānavatī *ye shes ldan*, Skt. *jñānavatī*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Jñānavikrama *shes mthu rtsal*, Skt. *jñānavikrama*, The 587th buddha in the first list, 586th in the second list, and 580th in the third list. ## Jñānavimala *ye shes dri med*, Skt. *jñānavimala*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñāna­virajavega *ye shes rdul bral shugs*, Skt. *jñāna­virajavega*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānavīrya *ye shes brtson’grus*, Skt. *ye shes brtson’grus*, A great bodhisattva. ## Jñānābala *ye shes stobs*, Skt. *jñānābala*, A buddha countless eons in the past. ## Jñānābhibhū *zil non ye shes*, Skt. *jñānābhibhū*, The 173rd buddha in the first list, 172nd in the second list, and 172nd in the third list. ## Jñānin *ye shes ldan*, Skt. *jñānin*, The 695th buddha in the first list, 694th in the second list, and 685th in the third list. ## Jñānākara *ye shes ’byung gnas*, Skt. *jñānākara*, The 100th buddha in the first list, 100th in the second list, and 101st in the third list. ## Jñānākaracūḍa *ye shes ’byung gnas gtsug phud*, Skt. *jñānākaracūḍa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Jñānodgata *ye shes kyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *jñānodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## jñānolka *ye shes sgron ma*, Skt. *jñānolka*, Lit. “knowledge firebrand.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Jñānolkāvabhāsa­rāja *ye shes skar mda’ snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *jñānolkāvabhāsa­rāja*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## Jñānottama *ye shes mchog*, Skt. *jñānottama*, A monk and Dharma preacher. ## Jñānottara­jñānin *shes pa dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *jñānottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñānārci *ye shes ’od ’phro*, Skt. *jñānārci*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Jñānārci­jvalita­śarīra *ye shes ’od ’phro ’bar ba’i sku*, Skt. *jñānārci­jvalita­śarīra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Jñānārci­śrī­sāgara *ye shes ’od ’phro ba dpal gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jñānārci­śrī­sāgara*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Jñānārci­sāgara­śrī *ye shes ’od ’phro rgya mtsho dpal*, Skt. *jñānārci­sāgara­śrī*, The hundredth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Jñānārci­sāgara­śiri. ## Jñānārciḥsāgara­śrī *ye shes ’od ’phro rgya mtsho’i dpal*, Skt. *jñānārciḥsāgara­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Jñānārci­teja­śrī *ye shes ’od ’phro gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *jñānārci­teja­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Jñānārci­teja­śiri. ## Jñānāvabhāsa­tejas *ye shes snang ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *jñānāvabhāsa­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jñānāvatī *ye shes ldan*, Skt. *jñānāvatī*, A princess countless eons ago. ## Joden Namkha Lhunsang Son of the third Degé king, A Nga, and elder brother to the fourth Degé king, Yagyal Pal. ## joint progression The joint progression of an asterism with the moon, meaning that the moon neither trails behind the asterism nor precedes it. ## joints are elegant *tshigs mdzes pa*, Skt. *śubha­sandhi­tā*, Sixtieth of the eighty minor marks. ## joints are extended *tshigs ring ba*, Skt. *dīrgha­sandhi­tā*, Sixty-first of the eighty minor marks. ## joints of their bodies are well articulated *sku’i tshigs legs par ’brel pa*, Skt. *su­saṃ­baddha­gātra­tā*, Seventieth of the eighty minor marks. ## Jonang Lotsāwa Lodrö Pal *jo nang lo tsA ba blo gros dpal*, Skt. *jo nang lo tsA ba blo gros dpal*, A great fourteenth century (1299–1354) Jonangpa scholar of Sanskrit and translator, student of Dolpopa, who had earlier studied at Sangphu and Sakya. He is best known for his revised translations, made with Sabzang Mati Paṇchen, of the Kālacakra­tantra and Vimala­prabhā. ## Jowo *jo bo*, lit. lord. A title often used by Tibetans for the Indian [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita) [Atīśa](#atīśa). ## Jowo and Śākya *jo shag rnam gnyis*, [Jowo](#jowo) Mikyö Dorje and [Jowo](#jowo) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni), two statues of the [Buddha](#buddha) brought to Tibet respectively by the Nepalese and Chinese princesses whom [King Songtsen Gampo](#songtsen-gampo) married in the 7th century. ## Jowo Rinpoche *jo wo rin po che*, a statue representing [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) at the age of 12, in the Jokhang [temple](#temple) in Lhasa. ## joy *dga’ ba*, Skt. *prema*, One of the four practices of spiritual practitioners and one of the four immeasurables (the other three being: loving-kindness or love, compassion, and equanimity. ## Joy and Fame *dga’ dang grags*, Skt. *dga’ dang grags*, Son of the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati. ## Joy for the World *’jig rten dga’*, Skt. *’jig rten dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmaketu (389 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Joy Free from Suffering *mya ngan med dga’*, Skt. *mya ngan med dga’*, Father of the buddha Brahmā. ## Joy Garland King *phreng rgyal po*, Skt. *phreng rgyal po*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Joy Holder *dga’ ’dzin*, Skt. *dga’ ’dzin*, Son of the buddha Arthakīrti. ## Joy in Abiding by the Training *dul gnas dga’*, Skt. *dul gnas dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhu. ## Joy in Concentration *bsam gtan dga’ ba*, Skt. *bsam gtan dga’ ba*, Son of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Joy in Existence *srid dga’*, Skt. *srid dga’*, Son of the buddha Kṣemottamarāja. ## Joy in Factors of Awakening *byang chub yan lag dga’ ba*, Skt. *byang chub yan lag dga’ ba*, Mother of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Joy in Liberation *thar pa dga’*, Skt. *thar pa dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gaṇendra. ## Joy in Realization *rtogs dga’*, A god of the Pure Abodes. ## Joy in Teaching *ston par dga’*, Skt. *ston par dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Vimuktilābhin. ## Joy in Virtue *dge ba dga’*, Skt. *dge ba dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Joy of Awakening *byang chub dga’*, Skt. *byang chub dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nāgaprabhāsa (162 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## joy of cessation *khyad par dga’ ba*, Skt. *viramānanda*, The third of the four types of joy. ## Joy of Good People *skyes bu bzang dga’*, Skt. *skyes bu bzang dga’*, Mother of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Joy of Indra *brgya byin dga’ ba*, Skt. *brgya byin dga’ ba*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Joy of Liberation *thar dga’*, Skt. *thar dga’*, Son of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­raśmi. ## Joy of Splendid Jewels *rin chen gzi brjid dga’*, Skt. *rin chen gzi brjid dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthitabuddhi. ## Joy of the Highest Peace *rab zhi dga’*, Skt. *rab zhi dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sughoṣa. ## Joy of the Sages *drang srong dga’ ba*, Skt. *drang srong dga’ ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śaśin. ## Joy of the Supreme Vehicle *theg mchog dga’*, Skt. *theg mchog dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmahastin. ## Joy of the Vidyādharas *rig pa ’dzin pa dga’ ba*, Skt. *rig pa ’dzin pa dga’ ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Joy of the Worthy *dgra bcom dga’*, Skt. *dgra bcom dga’*, Mother of the buddha Śāntagati. ## Joy of the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom dga’*, Skt. *dgra bcom dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhavapuṣpa. ## Joy of Truth *bden dga’*, Skt. *bden dga’*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Joy of Wisdom *ye shes dga’*, Skt. *ye shes dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pūjya. ## Joy Wish *dga’ ’dod*, Skt. *dga’ ’dod*, A prince who in a future life became the buddha Anunnata. ## Joyful Joyful (full of joy), also the name of the first of the bodhisattva grounds, here understood as ten in number. ## Joyful and Wise *bde gnas blo gros*, Skt. *bde gnas blo gros*, A king. ## Joyful Buddha *sangs rgyas dgyes pa*, Skt. *sangs rgyas dgyes pa*, A world system. ## Joyful Calm Abiding *zhi gnas dga’*, Skt. *zhi gnas dga’*, Mother of the buddha Praśānta. ## Joyful Child of the Wealth God *nor lha’i bu dga’*, Skt. *nor lha’i bu dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Sugaṇin. ## Joyful Conduct *bde spyod*, Skt. *bde spyod*, A ruler of a stronghold in the future. ## Joyful Eloquence *dga’ spobs*, Skt. *dga’ spobs*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Joyful Emanation *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇarati*, The Heaven of Joyful Emanation, or “delighting in emanations” is the second highest (or fifth) of the six heavens of the desire realm. ## Joyful Entrance *bde bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *bde bar ’jug pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Departed to a Jewel Lotus. Likely the same as the world system Beautiful Entrance. ## Joyful Excellent Sight *legs mthong dga’*, Skt. *legs mthong dga’*, Son of the buddha Cāritraka. ## Joyful Face *bzhin dga’*, Skt. *bzhin dga’*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Joyful Faith in the Sacred Dharma *dam pa’i chos la dga’ mos*, Skt. *dam pa’i chos la dga’ mos*, A world system in the southern direction. ## Joyful Fame *grags pa dgyes*, Skt. *grags pa dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Satyaketu (551 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Joyful Garland *dgod phreng*, Skt. *dgod phreng*, A peak on Sumeru. ## Joyful Gods *lha rnams dga’ ba*, Skt. *lha rnams dga’ ba*, A pond in Continuous Movement. ## Joyful High King *dga’ bas mtho ba’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: ’phags par dga’ ba) ## Joyful King *rab tu dga’ ba’i rgyal po*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Joyful Knowledge *shes dga’*, Skt. *shes dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Laḍitavyūha. ## Joyful Light *snang bar dgyes pa*, Skt. *snang bar dgyes pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Adoṣa (719 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Joyful Magic *'phrul dga'*, Skt. *Nirmāṇarata*, a god [realm](#realm) in the World of Desire (on the fifth level of [Gods](#gods) of Desire) in which the [gods](#gods) can magically produce whatever they need. See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## Joyful Maiden *dga’ ldan ma*, Skt. *dga’ ldan ma*, One of King Inexhaustible Merit’s queens. ## Joyful Merit *bsod nams dga’*, Skt. *bsod nams dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Sujāta. ## Joyful Mind *yid bde ba*, Skt. *yid bde ba*, A world system in the southern direction. ## Joyful Possession of Qualities *nyams dga’ yon tan can*, Skt. *nyams dga’ yon tan can*, Birthplace of the buddha Vimatijaha. ## Joyful Renowned Diamond *rdo rje grags pa dga’ ba can*, Skt. *rdo rje grags pa dga’ ba can*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Glory of Being Renowned for Superior Skill That Brings Satisfaction resides. ## Joyful Sight *dga’ mthong*, A king. ## Joyful Sustenance *bde bar ’tsho ldan*, Skt. *bde bar ’tsho ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Joyful to Behold The name of a prince, son of King Śaṅkha, a future rebirth of Aśokadattā’s mother, Moonlit, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Joyless Thought *bsam pa dga’ med*, Skt. *ānandanirāśa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. Alternatively referred to as No Hope of Joy (kun dga’ la re ba med pa) in the Tibetan text. ## Joyous *dga’ bo*, Skt. *dga’ bo*, Joyous (full of joy; joyful), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the second buddha Kusuma. ## Joyous Abiding *gnas la dga’*, Skt. *gnas la dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gagana. ## Joyous Abode *gnas dga’*, Skt. *gnas dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Meghasvara. ## Joyous Accumulation *tshogs dga’*, Skt. *tshogs dga’*, Son of the buddha Śaśivaktra. ## Joyous Acumen *dga’ ba’i spobs pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i spobs pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Joyous Beauty *sdug dga’*, Skt. *sdug dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śrīprabha. ## Joyous Birds *bya rnam par dga’ ba*, Skt. *bya rnam par dga’ ba*, (1) A forest in Continuous Movement (bya rnam par dga’ ba). (2) A pond in Continuous Movement (bya mngon par dga’ ba). ## Joyous Birdsong *bya’i sgra mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *bya’i sgra mngon par dga’ ba*, A part of the Forest of Joy. ## Joyous Bliss *dga’ ba bde ba*, Skt. *dga’ ba bde ba*, Fourth of the five great kings. ## Joyous Child of the Wealth God *nor lha’i bu dga’*, Skt. *nor lha’i bu dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Abhyudgata. ## Joyous Delights *sdug dga’*, Skt. *sdug dga’*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Glorious Supremely Renowned Intense Subduer resides. ## Joyous Discipline *tshul khrims dga’*, Skt. *tshul khrims dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pramodyakīrti. ## Joyous Divine Child *lha dga’ phrug gu*, Skt. *lha dga’ phrug gu*, Father of the buddha Bahudevaghuṣṭa. ## joyous effort *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, In this sūtra, the tenth of the ten factors that lead to awakening. Often translated as “diligence” or “perseverance,” it involves taking delight in virtue and enthusiasm for engaging in virtuous deeds. It is listed among the five faculties (indriya), eleven virtuous mental factors, and as the fourth of the six perfections of a bodhisattva. ## Joyous Endeavor *bde bar gzhol*, Skt. *bde bar gzhol*, Father of the buddha Guṇārci. ## Joyous Excellence *bzang po dga’*, Skt. *bzang po dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Joyous Expert *mkhas dga’*, Skt. *mkhas dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitadhara. ## Joyous Faith *dga’ ba dad*, Skt. *dga’ ba dad*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha. ## Joyous Fame *grags dga’*, Skt. *grags dga’*, Son of the buddha Amitayaśas. ## Joyous Flow *dga’ bar ’bab pa*, Skt. *dga’ bar ’bab pa*, A river in the Swan Forest. ## Joyous Focus *dmigs pa dga’*, Skt. *dmigs pa dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahāyaśas. ## Joyous Force *shugs dga’*, Skt. *shugs dga’*, Son of the buddha Pratimaṇḍita­locana. ## Joyous Forest *kun dga’ ba*, Skt. *kun dga’ ba*, A forest on Deer Abode. ## Joyous Garland of Jambu Gold *rab tu dga’ ba’i ’dzam bu’i phreng ba*, Skt. *rab tu dga’ ba’i ’dzam bu’i phreng ba*, A gandharva colony on Mount Sāra. ## Joyous Gathering *dga’ ba stsogs pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba stsogs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Manujacandra. ## Joyous God *dga’ bas lha*, Skt. *dga’ bas lha*, Father of the buddha Vijitāvin. ## Joyous Gods *lha dga’*, Skt. *lha dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Joyous Grove *dga’ ba’i tshal*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i tshal*, A forest on the southern face of Sumeru. ## Joyous Higher Realms *mtho ris dga’ ba*, Skt. *mtho ris dga’ ba*, A river that flows between the two Anūna mountains. ## Joyous Imagination *kun brtags par dga’ ba*, Skt. *kun brtags par dga’ ba*, Alternative name of the lake Expansive. ## Joyous in All Regards *kun tu dga’*, Skt. *kun tu dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānaratna. ## Joyous Knowledge *shes dga’*, Skt. *shes dga’*, Son of the buddha Maṇidharman. ## Joyous Leader *kha lo sgyur dga’*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Joyous Light *dga’ ’od*, Skt. *dga’ ’od*, Son of the buddha Bhānumat. ## Joyous Listening *snyan dga’*, Skt. *snyan dga’*, Son of the buddha Pūrṇamati. ## Joyous Love *byams dga’*, Skt. *byams dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Maṇicaraṇa. ## Joyous Magnetizer of All *dbang du ma gyur pa ma yin pas yid mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *dbang du ma gyur pa ma yin pas yid mngon par dga’ ba*, A ruler of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Joyous Melody *dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Son of the buddha Sarvārtha­darśin. ## Joyous Melody of Excellent Qualities *yon tan dbyangs dga’*, Skt. *yon tan dbyangs dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ghoṣadatta. ## Joyous Melody of Insight *shes rab dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *shes rab dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Trailokyapūjya. ## Joyous Merit *bsod nams dga’*, Skt. *bsod nams dga’*, Father of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi. ## Joyous Mind *blo dga’*, Skt. *blo dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siddhārtha. ## Joyous Miracles *rdzu ’phrul dga’*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigatakāṅkṣa. ## Joyous Moon *zla ba dga’ ba*, Skt. *zla ba dga’ ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Joyous Mountain *dga’i ba’i ri’i nags*, Skt. *dga’i ba’i ri’i nags*, A forest on Upward Ocean. ## Joyous Movement *’gro ba dga’*, Skt. *’gro ba dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rativyūha. ## Joyous Nāga Girls *klu’i bu mo mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *klu’i bu mo mngon par dga’ ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Joyous Play *rtsed mo dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtsed mo dga’ ba*, A forest on Heap in the Stream. ## Joyous Practice *dga’ spyod*, Skt. *dga’ spyod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Joyous Proclamation *dga’ ba sgrogs*, Skt. *dga’ ba sgrogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmadatta. ## Joyous Qualities *yon tan dga’*, Skt. *yon tan dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dyutimat. ## Joyous Realm *dga' ldan*, see [Tuṣita heaven](#tuṣita-heaven). ## Joyous Relinquishment *spong dga’*, Skt. *spong dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Joyous Roar *dga’ ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitayaśas. ## Joyous Ruler *dga’ ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Gaṇendra. ## Joyous Sage of Victorious Gatherings *tshogs rgyal dga’ ba drang srong*, Skt. *tshogs rgyal dga’ ba drang srong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Lokaprabha. ## Joyous Sight *mthong dga’*, Skt. *mthong dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnākara. ## Joyous Smoke *du ba dga’ ba*, Skt. *du ba dga’ ba*, A river on Forest Garlands. ## Joyous Star *skar ma dga’*, Skt. *skar ma dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Velāma. ## Joyous Summit Visitor *rtse mo la ’jug par dga’ ba*, Skt. *rtse mo la ’jug par dga’ ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Joyous Teacher *ston dga’*, Skt. *ston dga’*, Son of the buddha Susvara. ## Joyous to Behold *mthong na dga’ ba*, Skt. *mthong na dga’ ba*, Pools that surround the summit of All Worlds. ## Joyous Training *dga’ ’dul*, Skt. *dga’ ’dul*, Birthplace of the buddha Maṅgala. ## Joyous Truth *bden dga’*, Skt. *bden dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Duṣpradharṣa. ## Joyous Understanding *rtogs dga’*, Skt. *rtogs dga’*, Father of the buddha Maṇicūḍa. ## Joyous Victor *rgyal dga’*, Skt. *rgyal dga’*, A great bodhisattva. ## Joyous View *lta dga’*, Skt. *lta dga’*, Mother of the buddha Asaṅga. ## Joyous Vision *dga’ bar gzigs*, Skt. *dga’ bar gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhudeva (114 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Joyous Water God *chu lha dga’*, Skt. *chu lha dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Joyous Wealth *dga’ ’byor*, Skt. *dga’ ’byor*, Father of the buddha Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha. ## Joyous Wisdom *dga’ ba blo*, Skt. *dga’ ba blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhadatta. ## Joyous Women *bud med dga’ ba*, Skt. *bud med dga’ ba*, A forest at Sudharma. ## Joyous World *’jig rten mngon dga’*, Skt. *’jig rten mngon dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahita. ## Joyous Worship *dga’ bas mchod*, Skt. *dga’ bas mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## Joyous Worship by the World *’jig rten dga’ bas mchod*, Skt. *’jig rten dga’ bas mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnakrama. ## Joyous Worship of the Worthy *dgra bcom dga’ mchod*, Skt. *dgra bcom dga’ mchod*, Mother of the buddha Jitaśatru. ## Joyous Worthy One *dgra bcom dga’*, Skt. *dgra bcom dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Joyous Yearning *dga’ sred*, Skt. *dga’ sred*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhu. ## joyweed Monier-Williams identifies this as Achyranthes triandra, which is synonymous with sessile joyweed or Alternanthera sessilis. ## jātaka *skyes pa’i rabs*, Skt. *jātaka*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means accounts of the Buddha’s previous lifetimes. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## jātaka tale One of the genres of Buddhist literature, included as one of both the nine or twelve types. Jātakas are like avadānas and pūrvayogas in that they tell about past lives, but they are sometimes distinguished from the other types of past-life stories in that they typically tell stories about the past lives of the Buddha. ## Ājñātakauṇḍinya *kun shes kauN+Di n+ya*, Skt. *ājñātakauṇḍinya*, A court priest in the Buddha’s father’s kingdom who predicted the Buddha’s enlightenment, he later became one of the Buddha’s five companions in asceticism. These five renounced the Buddha (then Siddhartha) when he abandoned asceticism, but after his enlightenment they became his disciples. Kauṇḍinya famously was the first to comprehend the Buddha’s teaching, and in that way became the first (after the Buddha) to gain the status of an arhat. ## Ājñāta­kauṇḍinya *kun shes kau N+Di nya*, Skt. *ājñāta­kauṇḍinya*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. He was one of the five companions who joined Prince Siddhārtha while practicing austerities and attended his first turning of the wheel of Dharma at the Deer Park, after the Buddha’s awakening. As he was the first to understand the teachings on the four truths, he received the name Ājñāta­kauṇḍinya, meaning “Kauṇḍinya who understood.” Also known simply as Kauṇḍinya. ## Jātavedas *me*, Skt. *jātavedas*, Another name for Agni, the god of fire. ## Jñātiputra *gnyen gyi bu*, Skt. *jñātiputra*, See "[Jñātiputra, the Nirgrantha](#jñātiputra-the-nirgrantha)." ## Jñātiputra, the Nirgrantha *gnyen gyi bu gcer bu*, Skt. *nirgrantha jñātiputra*, One of the six [tīrthika](#tīrthika) teachers contemporaneous with [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). According to some, one and the same with Mahāvira, the last Tīrthaṅkara of the Jains. ## Jātūkarṇya The name of a family lineage. ## Jātukarṇa One of the lineages within the Yajurveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Jātukarṇya One of the sublineages connected with the Vāsiṣṭha lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Ju Mipham Gyatso *’ju mi pham rgya mtsho*, Skt. *’ju mi pham rgya mtsho*, A famous polymath of the Tibetan Ancient (rnying ma) tradition (1846-1912) whose collected writings fill thirty-three volumes. ## Jujjuka *ngan to re*, Skt. *jujjuka*, A brahmin. See also . ## jujube Ziziphus jujuba or Ziziphus mauritiana. A small deciduous tree or shrub with edible fruits. The leaf of jujube is from three to seven centimeters long and from one to three centimeters wide. ## Jungpo *'byung po*, a class of malignant spirits. ## junior exemplar *ches gzhon pa*, Skt. *kaniṣṭha*, An exemplar is one who has one or another of the twenty-one sets of five qualities given in "The Chapter on Going Forth." ## Jupiter Skt. *bṛhaspati*, See “Bṛhaspati.” ## Just Like Milk *’o ma dang mtshungs par ’jug pa*, Skt. *’o ma dang mtshungs par ’jug pa*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Jīva *tsho ba*, Skt. *jīva*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## jīvañjīvaka *shang shang*, Skt. *jīvañjīvaka*, A mythical two-headed bird that is said to live in the snowy mountains. It is described in Buddhist texts as having a melodious song and is depicted in Buddhist art as resembling a pheasant. ## jīvaṃjīvaka *shang shang te’u*, Skt. *jīvaṃjīvaka*, A type of bird, often identified as the Grey Peacock Pheasant. ## Jīvañjīva’s Cry *shang shang te’u yi skad ’byin*, Skt. *shang shang te’u yi skad ’byin*, A gandharva king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Jīvaka A highly skilled healer and personal physician of the Buddha Śākyamuni and King Bimbisāra, he figures into many stories of the Buddha and his disciples and is often, as here, referred to as the “king of physicians” or “king of medicine.” ## Ājīvaka *kun tu ’tsho ba*, Skt. *ājīvaka*, A religious mendicant of the Indian sect founded by Gosāla Maṅkhaliputra. ## Jvalanī *’bar ma*, Skt. *jvalanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Jvalanaśrīśa *me yi dpal*, Skt. *jvalanaśrīśa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jvalanāntaratejorāja *mchog tu rgyal ba’i ’od*, Skt. *jvalanāntaratejorāja*, A deity in the Trāyastriṃśa paradise. ## Jvalanāntara­tejo­rāja *’bar ba’i khyad par gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *jvalanāntaratejorāja*, A deity in the Trāyastriṃśa paradise. (Toh 556: ’bar ba’i khyad par gyi gzi brjid kyi rgyal po; Toh 555: mchog tu rgyal ba’i ’od) ## jvalanolka *me sgron*, Skt. *jvalanolkā*, Lit. “fire meteor.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Jvalanārciḥ­parvata­śrī­vyūha *me’i ’od ’phro ri’i dpal gyi rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *jvalanārciḥ­parvata­śrī­vyūha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jvalitatejas *gzi brjid ’bar ba*, Skt. *jvalitatejas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## jvarā *rims nad*, Skt. *jvarā*, Fever; a class of spirits causing fever. ## Jvara *rims*, Skt. *jvara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Ājīvika *kun tu 'tsho ba'i rigs*, Skt. *ājīvika*, A [tīrthika](#tīrthika) order. ## Jvāla­kuṇḍeśvara­ghoṣa *me lce thab khung dbang phyug*, Skt. *jvāla­kuṇḍeśvara­ghoṣa*, The name of one thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Jvālapratisaṃkhyā *’od zer so sor rtog pa*, Skt. *jvālaprati­saṃkhyā*, An eastern buddha realm where during a kaliyuga the Buddha Jñāna­kusumavi­raja­samucchraya­bodhīśvara appeared and passed into nirvāṇa before the time of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Jvālā­mālinoṣṇīṣa *bar bali phreng bar bsam*, Skt. *jvālā­mālinoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities, possibly the same as Jvaloṣṇīṣa. ## Jvālāmukhī *dza la mu khi*, Skt. *jvālāmukhī*, “Flaming Mouth.” One of the eight nāga queens. ## Jvāloṣṇīṣa *“Blazing Uṣṇīṣa*, Skt. *jvāloṣṇīṣa*, “Blazing Uṣṇīṣa,” the mantra of the tathāgata Śālendra­rāja. ## Jvālāpiśācī *sha za mo ’bar ma*, Skt. *jvālāpiśācī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Jyaiṣṭha The third lunar month that falls within the period of May–June, when the full moon is in the Jyeṣṭhā asterism. ## Jyeṣṭhā *smron*, Skt. *jyeṣṭhā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Antares in the occidental tradition. ## Jyeṣṭha *gtso bo*, Skt. *jyeṣṭha*, The 159th buddha in the first list, 158th in the second list, and 158th in the third list. ## Jyeṣṭhadatta *gtso bos byin*, Skt. *jyeṣṭhadatta*, The 585th buddha in the first list, 584th in the second list, and 578th in the third list. ## Jyeṣṭhakūṭa *gtso bo brtsegs*, Skt. *jyeṣṭhakūṭa*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Highest Summit.” ## Jyeṣṭhavādin *mchog gsung*, Skt. *jyeṣṭhavādin*, The 685th buddha in the first list, 684th in the second list, and 676th in the third list. ## Jyotī *’od*, Skt. *jyotī*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Jyotidhvaja *snang ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jyotidhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Jyotigandha *skar ma’i dri*, Skt. *jyotigandha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the third) when he becomes a buddha. ## Jyotigarbha *skar ma’i snying po*, Skt. *jyotigarbha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-ninth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Jyotiṣka *skar mkhan*, Skt. *jyotiṣka*, The 123rd buddha in the first list, 123rd in the second list, and 124th in the third list. ## Jyotiṃkara *gsal mdzad*, Skt. *jyotiṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jyotiṣmat *snang ldan*, Skt. *jyotiṣmat*, The 885th buddha in the first list, 884th in the second list, and 875th in the third list. ## Jyotipāla *skar ma skyong*, Skt. *jyotipāla*, The first of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmins. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Krakucchanda, the first buddha in the Bhadraka eon. ## Jyotiṣpāla *me gso*, Skt. *jyotiṣpāla*, A brahmin youth who was the Buddha in a former life and later named Mahāgovinda. ## Jyotiṣprabhā *skar ’od*, Skt. *jyotiṣprabhā*, Name of a buddha. ## Jyotiḥprabha *skar ’od*, Skt. *jyotiḥprabha*, Refers to the king Jyotiṣprabha in verse. ## Jyotiṣprabha *skar ’od*, Skt. *jyotiṣprabha*, The 711th buddha in the first list, 710th in the second list, and 700th in the third list. ## Jyotiṣprabha (the bodhisattva) *skar ma’i ’od*, Skt. *jyotiṣprabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jyotiṣprabha (the king) *skar ma’i ’od*, Skt. *jyotiṣprabha*, A king in another world in the distant past. A past life of King Śuddhodana. Also called Jyotiḥprabha in verse. ## Jyotiṣprabha­pāla *skar ’od skyong*, Skt. *jyotiṣprabha­pāla*, The name of a brahmin youth who appears in the Buddhist Jātakas. ## Jyotiśrī Skt. *jyotiśrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jyotiraśmi *snang ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *jyotiraśmi*, A bodhisattva sent by the Buddha Vimalateja­guṇa­rāja to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Jyoti­raśmirājendra *snang ba’i ’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *jyoti­raśmirājendra*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jyotirarci­nayanā *snang ba ’od ’phro mig*, Skt. *jyotirarci­nayanā*, Refers to night goddess Pramudita­nayana­jagad­virocanā. ## Jyotirdhvaja *skar ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jyotirdhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Jyotiśrīgarbha *snang dpal snying po*, Skt. *jyotiśrīgarbha*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. He is not mentioned anywhere else in the Kangyur. ## Jyotirjvalanārciḥ­śrī­garbha *’od ’bar zhing ’phro ba’i dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *jyotirjvalanārciḥ­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Jyotis A future realized one whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Jyotiḥsaumya­gandhāvabhāsa­śrī *skar ’od zhi ba’i spos snang dpal*, Skt. *jyotiḥsaumya­gandhāvabhāsa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Jyotis­saumya­gandhāvabhāsa­śrī *’od kyi zla ba dri snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *jyotis­saumya­gandhāvabhāsa­śrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Jyotivaruṇā *’od zer chu’i lha*, Skt. *jyotivaruṇā*, The guardian deity of the gate at the Buddha’s monastery near Rājagṛha. ## Jyotīrasa *skar ma la dga’ ba*, Skt. *jyotīrasa*, A buddha who in accord with his prayers became a buddha in a kaliyuga at the time of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. He is only seven thumbs in size in the realm Aṅguṣṭhā where the beings are the height of a thumb. ## Jyotīrāma *skar ma la ni dgyes*, Skt. *jyotīrāma*, The 757th buddha in the first list, 756th in the second list, and 746th in the third list. ## Jyotsnā *zla ’od ma*, Skt. *jyotsnā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Jyotsna *zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *jyotsna*, One of the rāśis. ## Jyotīśvara *snang ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *jyotīśvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ké A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, it's one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Kāśī *ka shi*, Skt. *kāśī*, The old name for [Vārāṇasī](#vārāṇasī). ## Kāṇā Skt. *kāṇā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Śākī *rig ldan*, Skt. *śākī*, A brahmin woman who briefly hosts Prince Siddhārtha after he leaves his home. ## Kṛṣṇā Draupadī *gnag dang stabs myur srid*, Skt. *kṛṣṇā draupadī*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Kṛṣṇa *nag po*, Skt. *kṛṣṇa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ākāśa *nam mkha’*, Skt. *ākāśa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ḍāka *mkha 'gro*, lit. moving through space, or *dpa' bo*, hero. [Tantric](#tantric) equivalent of [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva). Male equivalent of [ḍākinī](#ḍākinī). ## Ṛkṣa *’byor pa*, Skt. *ṛkṣa*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the grahas. ## kṣaṇa A measure of time defined as consisting of one hundred twenty tatkṣaṇas. Sixty kṣaṇas make one lava (defined as a thirtieth part of a muhūrta), which means that the duration of one kṣaṇa is 1.6 seconds. In the Abhidharmakośa (III 88), Vasubandhu defines the terms kṣaṇa and tatkṣaṇa inversely, stating that one hundred twenty kṣaṇas make one tatkṣaṇa. ## Kaḍaṅgara *lhag par brtson*, Skt. *kaḍaṅgara*, A lay brother living in Nādikā. ## Kaṇṭaka *tsher ma*, Skt. *kaṇṭaka*, One of [Upananda](#upananda)'s two [novice](#novice)s whose homoerotic play led the [Buddha](#buddha) to forbid allowing two [novice](#novice)s to live together. ## kaṭaka *ka ta ka*, Skt. *kaṭaka*, Strychnos potatorum; clearing nut. ## Kaṭaṅkaṭa Skt. *kaṭaṅkaṭa*, A yakṣa general. ## kaṭaṅkaṭamālinī *ka Tang ka Ta’i tshogs can*, Skt. *kaṭaṅkaṭamālinī*, A class of supernatural beings ## kaṇṭakamālinī *tsher ma ’don pa*, Skt. *kaṇṭakamālinī*, A class of supernatural beings. ## kaṭakamālinī *re lde ’don pa*, Skt. *kaṭakamālinī*, A class of supernatural beings. Please see concerning the relationship between the Sanskrit and Tibetan terms. ## Kaṇṭakasthala Forest *gnas tsher ma can gyi nags*, Skt. *kaṇṭakasthala­mṛga­dāva*, A forest in Sunrise in Kosala. See also ## kaṭaḍākinī *lus mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *kaṭaḍākinī*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Kaṭamorakatiṣya *ka ta mo ra ka ti sha*, Skt. *kaṭamorakatiṣya*, One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha. ## Kaṭapūtanā *lus srul mo*, Skt. *kaṭapūtanā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## kaṭapūtanī A female kaṭapūtana. ## kaṭapūtana *lus srul po*, Skt. *kaṭapūtana*, A subgroup of pūtanas, a class of disease-causing spirits associated with cemeteries and dead bodies. The name probably derives from the Skt. pūta, “foul-smelling,” as reflected also in the Tib. srul po. The smell of a kaṭapūtana, as its name suggests, could resemble a corpse (kaṭa). The morbid condition caused by pūtanas comes in various forms, with symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, skin eruptions, and festering wounds, the latter possibly explaining the association with bad smells. ## kaṭapūtana graha A type of “possessor,” or demon. ## kaṭavāsinī *lus chags ma*, Skt. *kaṭavāsinī*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Kṛṣṇabandhu *nag po’i phyogs*, Skt. *kṛṣṇabandhu*, Lit. “Friend of the Dark.” An epithet of Māra. ## Kacaṅgalā *ka tsang ga la*, Skt. *kacaṅgalā*, A woman who was the Buddha’s mother in a former life. ## Kacaṅkalā *ka tsang ka la*, Skt. *kacaṅkalā*, A woman who, because she had previously been the Buddha’s mother for five hundred lifetimes, saw him as her son and ran to embrace him. Then, hearing the Dharma from him, she became ordained and manifested arhatship, and the Buddha declared her foremost among nuns who interpret the sūtras. ## Kacchapī *rus sbal can*, Skt. *kacchapī*, A river queen. ## kachnar *a ti muk ta ka*, Skt. *atimuktaka*, Phanera variegata. One of the most beautiful and aromatic of Indian trees, also known as orchid tree, mountain ebony, and camel’s foot tree. ## Kañcika *kon tsi*, Skt. *kañciku (gilgit ms.)*, Appears to mean “a person from Kañci.” Unidentified. Possibly a description of Pūrna, who is next in the list of the Buddha’s disciples. Alternatively this may be Kaccāna, also known as Kaccāyana, but principally as Katyayāna, one of the Buddha’s ten principal pupils. ## Kadampa *bka' gdams pa*, the first of the schools of the [New Tradition](#new-tradition), which followed the teachings of [Atīśa](#atīśa). It stressed compassion, [study](#study) and pure discipline. Its teachings were continued by all other schools, in particular the [Gelugpa](#gelugpa), which is also known as the New Kadampa school. ## Kūṭadantī *so brtsegs*, Skt. *kūṭadantī*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 555: so brtsegs ma) ## Kūṭadantinī *so brtsegs ma*, Skt. *kūṭadantinī*, A goddess in this sūtra. ## Kūṭadaṃṣṭra *mche ba gtsigs*, Skt. *kūṭadaṃṣṭra*, A yakṣa general. ## ākāśa­dhātvaparyanta *nam mkha’i khams mu med pa*, Skt. *ākāśa­dhātvaparyanta*, Lit. “limitless space element.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kadru The mother of nāgas. According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## Kaduścara *mdzes spyod*, Skt. *kaduścara*, A lord of the asuras who prays to be Samudrareṇu’s attendant when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Ānanda. ## Kṛṣṇadvaipāyana *gnyis ’thung nag po’i bu*, Skt. *kṛṣṇadvaipāyana*, A great ṛṣi. ## Ākāśagarbha *nam mkha’i snying po*, Skt. *ākāśagarbha*, The titular figure of the present sūtra. An important bodhisattva, his name means “essence of space.” He is one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha.” ## Kṛṣṇagautama *gau ta ma nag po*, Skt. *kṛṣṇagautama*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Ākāśaghoṣa *nam mkha’ sgrogs*, Skt. *ākāśaghoṣa*, A Licchavī youth. ## Kagyupa *bka' brgyud pa* one of the schools of the [New Tradition](#new-tradition), which followed the teachings brought to Tibet from India by [Mārpa](#mārpa) the Translator in the 11th century and transmitted to [Milarepa](#milarepa). There are several branches of the Kagyu school. ## Kaṭha One of the lineages within the Yajurveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Kaṇṭhaka *bsngags ldan*, Skt. *kaṇṭhaka*, Prince Siddhārtha’s horse. ## Kaṇṭhamāla *mgul phreng*, Skt. *kaṇṭhamāla*, King of the “necklaces” (a class of asuras). ## Kaiṭabha *shes gsal*, Skt. *kaiṭabha*, The study of the prescribed rules for Brahmanical rites. It is one of the subjects a learned brahmin is supposed to have mastered. ## Kaśika cloth *ka shi ka nas byung ba’i gos*, Skt. *kāśikavastra*, Cotton from Vārāṇasī, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kashi, renowned as the best. ## Kailāśa *ti se*, Skt. *kailāśa*, Mount Kailash, often considered the earthly representation of Mount Meru, the central world-axis in numerous South Asian cosmographies. In its role as the center of the cosmos, Mount Kailash is considered to be the dwelling place of numerous Buddhist and non-Buddhist deities including the Hindu god Śiva, the tantric Buddhist god Cakrasaṃvara, Kubera, and others. The mountain is considered sacred to Hindus, Buddhists, and Bönpos. ## Kailāśa Horn *ti se’i rwa*, Skt. *ti se’i rwa*, A mountain north of Jambudvīpa. ## Kailash *ti se gangs*, Skt. *kailāsa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kailāsa *ti se’i ri*, Skt. *kailāsa*, Mount Kailash, often considered the earthly representation of Mount Meru, the central world-axis in numerous South Asian cosmographies. In its role as the center of the cosmos, Mount Kailash is considered to be the dwelling place of numerous Buddhist and non-Buddhist deities including the Hindu god Śiva, the tantric Buddhist god Cakrasaṃvara, Kubera, and others. The mountain is considered sacred to Hindus, Buddhists, and Bönpos. ## Kailāsa­śikhara­vāsinī *ti se yi ni rtse mo na*, Skt. *kailāsa­śikhara­vāsinī*, “Dwelling on the top of Sumeru”; it is not clear whether it refers here to Pārvatī or to one of the Buddhist goddesses. ## Kaṇima One of the lineages within the Yajurveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Kaineya *kai ne ya*, Skt. *kaineya*, A clairvoyant sage who lived with five hundred devotees in the forests of the Adumā region and spent time on the banks of Lake Mandākinī. His nephew was the sage Śaila. ## Kaivartaputra The name of a king. ## Śākaja *shAkya’i skyes*, Skt. *śākaja*, An ally of King Śrī. ## kañjaru An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Ākāśa­jñānārtha­pradīpa *nam mkha’i ye shes don gyi sgron ma*, Skt. *ākāśa­jñānārtha­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## kakali An unidentified ritual substance. ## kakkola *ka k+ko la*, Skt. *kakkola*, A code word for the female genital organ. Taken literally, refers to an aromatic plant and the perfume made from it. ## Kakuda Kātyāyana *ka tyA'i bu nog can*, Skt. *kakuda kātyāyana*, One of the six [tīrthika](#tīrthika) teachers contemporaneous with [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). Also rendered here as "Kakuda, a descendant of [Kātyāyana](#kātyāyana)." ## Kakutsunda *’khor ba ’jig*, Skt. *kakutsunda*, One of the tathāgatas. ## kalā A measure of time defined as consisting of sixteen kāṣṭhās. Thirty kalās make one nāḍikā, which means that the duration of one kalā is forty-eight seconds. ## Kalaśī *bum pa can*, Skt. *kalaśī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Śākala One of the lineages within the Ṛgveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Kalaśa *gA dA hA ya hi*, Skt. *kalaśa*, Unidentified. ## Kalahapriya *’thab dga’ ba*, Skt. *kalahapriya*, A yakṣa general. ## kalala *mer mer po*, Skt. *kalala*, The embryo in the first week of gestation. ## kalandaka bird *bya ka lan+da ka*, Skt. *kalandaka*, A type of bird. ## Kalandaka Forest *ka lan da ka*, Skt. *kalandaka*, A grove or forest within the Veṇuvana near Rājagṛha, where Buddha Śākyamuni spent several monsoon retreats and delivered many Great Vehicle teachings. In other texts it is known as the Kalandakanivāsa or °nivāpa, the dwelling place or feeding ground of kalandaka—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels. ## Kalandakanivāpa *ka lan da ka'i gnas*, Skt. *kalandakanivāpa*, A place where the [Buddha](#buddha) often resided, within the [Bamboo Park](#bamboo-park) (Veṇuvana) outside Rajagṛha that had been donated to him. The name is said to have arisen when, one day, King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra) fell asleep after a romantic liaison in the [Bamboo Park](#bamboo-park). While the king rested, his [consort](#consort) wandered off. A snake (the reincarnation of the [park](#park)'s previous owner, who still resented the king's acquisition of the [park](#park)) approached with malign intentions. Through the king's tremendous [merit](#merit), a gathering of kalandaka‍—crows or other birds according to Tibetan renderings, but some Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest flying squirrels‍—miraculously appeared and began squawking. Their clamor alerted the king's [consort](#consort) to the danger, who rushed back and hacked the snake to pieces, thereby saving the king's life. King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra) then named the spot Kalandakanivāpa ("Kalandakas' Feeding Ground"), sometimes (though not in the Vinayavastu) given as Kalandakanivāpa ("Kalandakas' Abode") in their honor. The story is told in the Saṅghabhedavastu (Toh 1, ch.17, Degé Kangyur vol.4, folio 77.b et seq.). ## Kalandaka­nivāpa *bya ka lan da ka’i gnas pa*, Skt. *kalandaka­nivāpa*, Literally, “The Squirrel Feeding Ground.” A location within the Veṇuvana where the Buddha stayed. The place received its name from the many squirrels living there, being fed by humans. It should be noted that Tibetan translations misunderstand the Sanskrit term kalandaka to be a kind of bird (Tib. bya). ## Kalanda­kanivāpa *bya ka lan da ka gnas*, Skt. *kalanda­kanivāpa*, Literally, “The Squirrel Feeding Ground.” A location within the Veṇuvana where the Buddha stayed. The place was given its name by King Bimbisāra after being saved from being attacked by a snake there by the squawking of many kalandaka—flying squirrels, Sanskrit and Pali sources suggest, but crows or other birds according to the Tibetan rendering. ## Kalandakanivāpa in the Veṇuvana *’od ma’i tshal bya ka lan da ka gnas pa*, Skt. *veṇuvana kalandakanivāpa*, Kalandaka­nivāpa means “feeding place of the kalandakas,” and kalandaka may refer either to a flying squirrel or to a bird, as explained by differing sources. The Kalandakanivāpa was a place within the bamboo grove near Rājagṛha where the Buddha regularly stayed and gave teachings. It was situated on land donated by King Śreṇya Bimbisāra of Magadha and, as such, was the first of several landholdings donated to the Buddhist community during the time of the Buddha. ## Kalandakanivāsa *bya ka lan da ka gnas pa*, Skt. *kalandakanivāsa*, Literally “the dwelling place of kalandakas.” A location within the Bamboo Grove where the Buddha stayed. The alternative Sanskrit Kalandakanivāpa means “where food offerings are made to kalandakas.” It is said that the place was given its name by King Bimbisāra after he was rescued from a snake attack there. Pali sources suggest he was saved by the squawking of many kalandaka or flying squirrels. In Tibetan translation these were called “kalandaka birds” (bya). ## Kalaśoda *bum chu can*, Skt. *kalaśoda*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Kalaśodarī *bum lto ma*, Skt. *kalaśodarī*, A great piśācī. ## Kalaśodara *bum pa’i lto*, Skt. *kalaśodara*, A yakṣa general. ## kalaviṅka *ka la ping ka*, Skt. *kalaviṅka*, An Indian bird renowned for its beautiful song. There is some uncertainty regarding the identity of the kalaviṅka, as some dictionaries declare it to be a type of Indian cuckoo (probably Eudynamys scolopacea, also known as the asian koel) or a red and green sparrow (possibly Amandava amandava, also known as the red avadavat). Within the Buddhist sūtras, the bird is usually linked to its pleasing or striking voice. In some cases, it has also taken on mythical characteristics, being described as part human, part bird. ## kalaviṅka bird Skt. *kalaviṅka*, In Buddhist literature refers to a mythical bird with the head of a human and the body of a bird. The kalaviṅka’s call is said to be far more beautiful than that of all other birds and so compelling that it could be heard even before the bird has hatched. The call of the kalaviṅka is also used as an analogy to describe the voice of the Buddha. ## Kale The name of a king. ## Kali *ka ling*, Skt. *kali*, An evil king. ## Kaliṅga The name of a country along the eastern coast of the Indian subcontinent, roughly corresponding to the present-day state of Orissa. ## Kaliṅgarāja *ka ling ga’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kaliṅgarāja*, A buddha. ## Kaliṅgavana *ka ling ga’i nags tshal*, Skt. *kaliṅgavana*, A town in South India. ## Kaliyuga The fourth in a repeating cycle of four eons, in which the lives of beings are short and the world is afflicted by famine, illness, and war. This is our current eon. ## Kalmāṣadamya *khra bo ’dul*, Skt. *kalmāṣadamya*, A village. ## Kalmāṣapada *rkang bkra*, Skt. *kalmāṣapada*, The cannibal prince who was born from the rape of king Sudāsa by a ferocious lioness and developed a taste for the flesh of human children. In the story alluded to here, the cannibal prince sets out to imprison one thousand princes to slaughter, but the bodhisattva Prince Candra intervenes and manages to turn the cannibal prince’s mind toward virtue so that he releases all his captives. This version of the story is found in Āryaśūra’s Jātakamālā, Jātaka 31, Toh 4150, folio 118.a. ## Kalmāṣapāda *rkang bkra po*, Skt. *kalmāṣapāda*, A yakṣa general. ## Kalpa *bskal pa*. A great kalpa, which corresponds to a cycle of formation and destruction of a universe, is divided into eighty intermediate kalpas. An intermediate kalpa is composed of one small kalpa during which the span of life, etc., increases and one small kalpa during which it decreases. ## Kalyāṇacūḍa *dge ba’i gtsug*, Skt. *kalyāṇacūḍa*, The 804th buddha in the first list, 803rd in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Kalyāṇaka One of six wicked mendicants in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Vipaśyin. ## kalyāṇamitra *dge ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *kalyāṇamitra*, The Sanskrit can mean “good friend” or “beneficial friend.” The Tibetan can mean “virtuous friend” or “friend of virtue.” A title for a teacher of the spiritual path. ## Kamala *pad+ma*, Skt. *kamala*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## kaśmala *sdig pa’i sems dang ldan pa*, Skt. *kaśmala*, A class of impure spirits. ## Kamala­dala­vimala­nakṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitābhi­jña *pad ma’i ’dab ma dri ma med pa skar ma’i rgyal po me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *kamala­dala­vimala­nakṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitābhi­jña*, A buddha in a realm far away in the eastern direction. ## Kamala­dala­vimala­nakṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitā­bhijña *pad ma’i ’dab ma ltar dri ma med pa rgyu skar rgyal po mngon par shes pa’i me tog shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *kamala­dala­vimala­nakṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitā­bhijña*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Kamalagupta *ka ma la gub ta*, Skt. *kamalagupta*, An Indian scholar who was involved in a number of translations during the eleventh century in Tibet. ## Kamalaśīla *ka ma la shI la*, Skt. *kamalaśīla*, Indian Buddhist master (713–763) who came to Tibet in the late 8th century. Said to have been assassinated after a debate with the representatives of Chinese Buddhism. A later legend has him return to India and come back in another body in the eleventh century as the master Padampa Sangye. ## Kamalalocanī *pad+ma’i mig can ma*, Skt. *kamalalocanī*, ‟Lotus-Eyed One,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Kamalapāṇi *phyag na pad+ma*, Skt. *kamalapāṇi*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Kamalaraśmi *pad+ma’i ’od*, Skt. *kamalaraśmi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kamalākṣī *pad+ma’i spyan*, Skt. *kamalākṣī*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Lotus-Like Eyes,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Kamaloṣṇīṣa *pad+ma’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *kamaloṣṇīṣa*, One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings. ## Kambalā *la ba can*, Skt. *kambalā*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## Kambala Skt. *kambala*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kambaleśvara *snam bu’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *kambaleśvara*, A nāga king. This might be another name for the attested nāga king Upakambala. See Edgerton (1985). ## Kambojī *g.yo ldan ma*, Skt. *kambojī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering; one of the four guardian goddesses who can be indicated to a fellow practitioner by her pledge sign. ## Kamboja *kam bo dza*, Skt. *kamboja*, A land in the north of Jambūdvīpa, included in some Pali texts as one of the sixteen great kingdoms of ancient India at the time of the Buddha. Also attested in early non-Buddhist literature as a land corresponding to part of contemporary Afghanistan. In this text, the term kāmbojikā, “from Kamboja,” is used to describe a group of girls (kanyā). ## Kambudhāra *dung thogs*, Skt. *kambudhāra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kambugrīvā *dung mgrin ma*, Skt. *kambugrīvā*, A great piśācī. ## kambukāminī *lus chags ma*, Skt. *kambukāminī*, A class of supernatural beings. ## ākāśamūli An unidentified ritual ingredient. Possibly a plant of the Pistia genus. ## Kṣamottara *bde mchog*, Skt. *kṣamottara*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Kampa *sa ’gul*, Skt. *kampa*, God of earthquakes. ## Kampila *’ug pa*, Skt. *kampila*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. He was one of the Buddha’s arhat disciples, a former king, renowned as foremost among those who teach monks. This spelling is attested in the present text but in other texts his name is spelled Mahākapphiṇa, Kapphiṇa, Kapphina, Kaphiṇa, Kasphiṇa, Kaṃphina, Kaphilla, or Kaphiṇḍa. ## Kampilya *g.yo ba ’dzin*, Skt. *kampilya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kaśmīra *kha che’i yul*, Skt. *kaśmīra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## ākāśamātṛ *nam mkha’i ma mo*, Skt. *ākāśamātṛ*, “Sky mother”; a class of female spirits. ## Kanaka *gser*, Skt. *kanaka*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. Possibly also a shortened form of the name of the tathāgata Kanakamuni. ## Kanakabhujendra *gser gyi lag pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *kanakabhujendra*, A son of the king Suvarṇabhujendra. ## Kanaka­bhujendra *gser gyi lag pa’i dbang*, Skt. *kanakabhujendra*, A son of the king Suvarṇa­bhujendra. ## Kanakadhvaja *gser gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kanakadhvaja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fiftieth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Kanaka­jāla­kāya­vibhūṣita *gser gyi dra bas sku rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *kanaka­jāla­kāya­vibhūṣita*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Kanakalocana *gser spyan*, Skt. *kanakalocana*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-ninth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Kanaka­maṇi­parvata­ghoṣa *gser rin po che’i ri’i dbyangs*, Skt. *kanaka­maṇi­parvata­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Kanaka­maṇi­parvata­tejobhadra *gser rin po che’i ri bo gzi brjid bzang po*, Skt. *kanaka­maṇi­parvata­tejobhadra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Kanaka­megha­pradīpa­dhvajā *gser gyi sprin sgron ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kanaka­megha­pradīpa­dhvajā*, A buddha realm in the east. ## Kanakamuni *gser thub*, Skt. *kanakamuni*, One of the six [buddha](#buddha)s who preceded [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) in this Fortunate Eon. ## Kanaka­muni *gser thub*, Skt. *kanaka­muni*, The second buddha in our Bhadra kalpa. ## Kanakaparvata *gser gyi ri bo*, Skt. *kanakaparvata*, The 129th buddha in the first list, 129th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Kanakaprabhā *gser ’od can*, Skt. *kanakaprabhā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Shines like Gold,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Kanakaprabha *gser ’od*, Skt. *kanakaprabha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kanakaprabhāsvara *gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *kanakaprabhāsvara*, A son of the king Suvarṇabhujendra. ## Kanaka­prabhāsvara *gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *kanakaprabhāsvara*, A son of the king Suvarṇa­bhujendra. ## Kanaka­prabhā­svara *gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *kanaka­prabhā­svara*, A son of the king Suvarṇabhujendra. ## Kanakaraśmi Skt. *kanakaraśmi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kanakarāśi *gser gyi phung po*, Skt. *kanakarāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kanakavarṇa *gser mdog*, Skt. *Kanakavarṇa*, “Golden Hue.” The name of a king in the distant past. This king was a former life of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kanakavatī *gser ldan ma*, Skt. *kanakavatī*, ‟Golden One,” one of the eight great yakṣiṇīs. ## Kanaka­vatī *gser yod pa*, Skt. *kanaka­vatī*, The realm of the Buddha Śantābha. ## Kanaka­vimala­prabhā *gser ltar dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *kanaka­vimala­prabhā*, A world realm in the eastern direction. Also called Kanaka­vimala­prabhā­vyūha. ## Kanaka­vimala­prabhā­vyūha *gser ltar dri ma med pa’i ’od kyi rgyan*, Skt. *kanaka­vimala­prabhā­vyūha*, A world realm in the eastern direction. Also called Kanaka­vimala­prabhā. ## Kanakendra *gser gyi dpung pa’i dbang*, Skt. *kanakendra*, A son of the king Suvarṇabhujendra. ## Kanakārcis *gser gyi mdog ’od ’phro ba*, Skt. *kanakārcis*, The world of the past buddha Mervabhyudgata­rāja. ## Kanakārci­śuddha­vimala­tejas *gser mdog gzi brjid dri ma med pa rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *kanakārciḥ­śuddha­vimala­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Kanakāvatī *gser can*, Skt. *Kanakāvatī*, “Golden One.” The royal capital from which King Kanakavarṇa ruled over the whole of Jambudvīpa in the distant past. ## Kandarpa *’dam gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *kandarpa*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Kaniṣṭha *tha chung*, Skt. *kaniṣṭha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kaniṣka *ka nis ka*, Skt. *kaniṣka*, A king of the Kushan empire in the second century ce. ## Kanthā *yul gan tha*, Skt. *kanthā*, A country in the northern region. ## Kanthaka *bsngags ldan*, Skt. *kanthaka*, A horse of the Bodhisattva. ## Kanthaka’s Return *bsngags ldan slar btang ba*, Skt. *bsngags ldan slar btang ba*, A shrine built to commemorate the Buddha’s going forth. ## Kanyā *bu mo*, Skt. *kanyā*, Virgo (zodiac sign and constellation). ## Kanya Skt. *kanya*, The lord of the rāśis. ## Kanyakubja *kan n+ya kub tsa*, Skt. *kanyakubja*, The name of an important ancient Indian city identified as modern Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh, India. ## Kṛṣṇapakṣa *nag po’i phyogs*, Skt. *kṛṣṇapakṣa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## kaparda *’gron bu*, Skt. *kaparda*, A shell used as a coin. ## Kaphiṇa *ga bin*, Skt. *kaphiṇa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight great śrāvakas. ## Kaphina *ka pi na*, Skt. *kaphina*, A great śrāvaka disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni, he was a principal teacher of the monastic saṅgha. ## Kapiñjalāda “One who eats francolins.” The name of a sage begotten by the sage Vasiṣṭha with an outcaste woman named Akṣamālā, as stated in Aśvaghoṣa’s Buddhacarita (4.77, Toh 4156). ## Kapilā The wife of the sage Vasu, who first spoke the famous Sāvitrī or Gāyatrī mantra. ## Kapila *ser skya*, Skt. *kapila*, The name of a monk identified as a contemporary of Śākyamuni who taught an impure Dharma. ## Kapilabhadrā *ser skya bzang mo*, Skt. *kapilabhadrā*, A famous nun who was the wife of Mahākāśyapa for twelve years prior to their ordination. ## Kapilavastu *ser skye'i gnas*, Skt. *kapilavastu*, The Śākya capital, where Siddhārtha Gautama was raised. ## Kapilavāstu *ser skya’i grong khyer*, Skt. *kapilavāstu*, A town. ## Kapilāhvaya *ser skya’i gnas*, Skt. *kapilāhvaya*, See “Kapilavastu.” ## Kapāla *ka pa la*, a [bowl](#bowl) made with the top of a skull. ## Ākāśapāla *nam mkha’ skyong*, Skt. *ākāśapāla*, A Licchavī youth. (Toh 555: nam mkha’ skyabs) ## Kapāli *kra pa li*, Skt. *kapāli*, The area of Vārāṇasī where Maitreya (as Ajita) is said to have been born. ## Kapālinī *thod can*, Skt. *kapālinī*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Kapphiṇa *ka bi na*, Skt. *kapphiṇa*, The Buddha encourages Kapphiṇa to attend the restoration rite even though he has incurred no offenses. Thereafter, the Buddha then describes how the boundaries of a monastic site are to be demarcated. ## Ākāśa­pratiṣṭhita *nam mkha’ la gnas pa*, Skt. *ākāśa­pratiṣṭhita*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Karāḍa *ma rungs pa*, Skt. *karāḍa*, A yakṣa general. ## Karṇa *rna ba*, Skt. *karṇa*, King of Kanyakubja before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## karṣa *zho*, Skt. *karṣa*, An ancient Indian weight that is the equivalent of about nine grams or around one third of an ounce. ## Ākara *’byung gnas*, Skt. *ākara*, A buddha realm. ## Ākarṣaṇī *’gugs byed ma*, Skt. *ākarṣaṇī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## kṛśara oil *snying po gsum gyi mar*, Skt. *kṛśara*, The Sanskrit term kṛśara (or kṛsara) refers to a dish made of sesame together with a mixture of rice, peas, and spices. The Tibetan seems to understand this as a type of oil (Tib. mar) and appears to have preserved a corrupted reading that reflects the Sanskrit back-translation *trisara. ## Ākarṣaṇa­dhāriṇī *’gugs par byed pa’i gzungs ma*, Skt. *ākarṣaṇa­dhāriṇī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Karabhuja *lo thang spyod*, Skt. *karabhuja*, The first of the five young brahmin attendants of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Dṛḍhasvara, the thousandth of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## karada *ka ra da*, Skt. *karada*, A bird of a red color whose voice has been described as like thunder or the sound of a drum. ## Karadharavikrama *sku mchog rnam par gnon*, Skt. *karadharavikrama*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## karahāṭa *shing ka ra hA Ta*, Skt. *karahāṭa*, Meyna spinosa. ## Karahāṭaka *gser gyi lag pa*, Skt. *karahāṭaka*, A location attested in early Indic literature, believed to be in the modern Maharashtra region. ## karañja Pongamia glabra. The pongam tree, also known as the Indian beech. ## Karakarṇī *lag rna*, Skt. *karakarṇī*, A son of King Ikṣuvāku. ## Karchen Jangchup Bum The son of Pema Tensung and father of Ngu Chödorwa. ## kardavajramali An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## kardoñjana The identity of this substance is not clear. ## Karṇika *kar+N+Ni ka*, Skt. *karṇika*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## karṇikāra Pterospermum acerifolium. The bayur tree. ## Karkaṭaka *sbal ba*, Skt. *karkaṭaka*, Cancer (zodiac sign and constellation). ## karketana *ke ke ru*, Skt. *karketana*, A stone sometimes identified as cat’s eye. ## Karkoṭa *kak+ko Ta*, Skt. *karkoṭa*, A nāga king. ## Karkoṭaka *kak+ko Ta*, Skt. *karkoṭaka*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Karkoṭakamukhī *karkote mu khi*, Skt. *karkoṭakamukhī*, “One with the Face of Karkoṭa.” One of the eight nāga queens. ## Karālī *lag ’gro ma*, Skt. *karālī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Karāladantī *so brod ma*, Skt. *karāladantī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Karma *las*. We have generally preferred to say "the [effects of actions](#effects-of-actions)," "actions and their effects" or the "[principle of cause and effect](#principle-of-cause-and-effect)." Karma literally [means](#means) simply "action," but is often used loosely to mean the result produced by past actions (*las kyi 'bras bu,* Skt. *karmaphala*). ## Karma Chagme *karma chags med* (16th century), famous [lama](#lama) of the [Kagyupa](#kagyupa) school who united the teaching of his school and those of the [Nyingmapas](#nyingmapa) and was the tutor of the treasure-discoverer [Namcho Mingyur Dorje](#namcho-mingyur-dorje). ## karma family *las kyi rigs*, Skt. *karmakula*, One of the five buddha families, it is presided over by the Tathāgata Amoghasiddhi. ## Karma Kaṃtsang Karma Kaṃtsang is another way to refer to the Karma Kagyü lineage that began with the first Karmapa, Düsum Khyenpa (1110–93). ## Karma Mipham Sönam Rapten A king of Jangyul (d. 1647). ## Karma Pakṣi Karma Pakṣi (1204–83) was second in the line of Karmapa incarnations. His recognition as the reincarnation of the first Karmapa, Dusum Khyenpa (1110–93), is regarded as the beginning of the tulku tradition in Tibet. ## Karma Paldrub Born in the seventeenth century, he was a lineage holder of literary and grammatical teachings. ## Karmaśa *ka ra ma sha*, Skt. *karmaśa*, An arhat. ## Karmadā *las sbyin ma*, Skt. *karmadā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## karmadhāraya Skt. *karmadhāraya*, Type of Sanskrit compound. ## Karmaḍākinī *las kyi mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *karmaḍākinī*, A deity in Vajraḍākinī’s maṇḍala. ## karmamudrā *las kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *karmamudrā*, See “action mudrā.” ## Karmapa *kar ma pa*, name of a series of great [lama](#lama)s of the [Kagyupa](#kagyupa) school, whose lineage of reincarnations goes back to Dusum Khyenpa (1110 - 1193). The Karmapas were the first [tulkus](#tulku) recognized in Tibet. ## Karmapa Chödrak Gyatso As the seventh Karmapa, Chödrak Gyatso (1454–1506) was the head of the Karma Kagyü school. He was an accomplished practitioner and a prolific scholar who spent much of his life in retreat. He was nevertheless very socially engaged and worked to put an end to military conflicts, finance bridge construction, instruct people to give up hunting and fishing, and restore Buddhist iconography, specifically the central Buddha statues at Bodhgaya and Tshurpu. ## Karmapa III, Rangjung Dorjé *rang ’byung rdo rje*, Skt. *rang ’byung rdo rje*, (1284–1339). An important master in the Karma Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism (karma bka’ brgyud). He is considered the third master in the lineage to have the title of Karmapa. ## Karmaphalā *las ’bras ma*, Skt. *karmaphalā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Karmaraṅga *ka da raM tsa*, Skt. *karmaraṅga*, This seems to be the ancient name of Arakan, or what is now the Rakhine State in Myanmar. ## Karmarāja Skt. *karmarāja*, Another name of the king Vṛtsudhāna. ## Karmavajra *rdo rje las*, Skt. *karmavajra*, An alternative name for Īrṣyā Yamāri. ## karmic actions to be experienced in other lives *lan grangs gzhan la myong bar ’gyur ba’i las*, Skt. *apara­paryāya­vedanīya*, One of the three types of karma whose results are experience neither in the present nor the next, but the subsequent lives. The other two types are the “karma that ripens in this life” (dṛṣṭa­dharma­vipāka or dṛṣṭa­dharma­vedanīya) and the “karma that is to be experienced in the immediately following life” (upapadya­vedanīya). ## karmic dispositions *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, One of the five aggregates; the very subtle karmic tendencies that give shape to an individual’s saṃsāric experience. In Abhidharma literature there are typically fifty-one saṃskāras. ## Karmic energy *las kyi rlung*, [energy](#energy) determined by one's [karma](#karma), as opposed to *ye shes kyi rlung*, the [energy](#energy) connected with [wisdom](#wisdom). ## karmic fruition The complex process of the ripening or maturation of karma, i.e., the development of the karmic result (Tib. las kyi ’bras bu) of karmically relevant actions committed with body, speech, and mind, by virtue of the power of the action as cause and supporting conditions. ## karmic imprint *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsanā*, These are imprints left by actions in consciousness, which condition its future character and disposition. ## karmic influence *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, Literally “inflow.” These are karmic influences that prompt an individual to act in a certain way, leading to the accumulation of karma. ## karmic obscuration *las kyi sgrib pa*, Skt. *karmāvaraṇa*, The emotional and cognitive veils that create impediments in one’s life and prevent one from seeing the nature of reality. ## karmic obscurations The persistent physical, mental, or emotional obstacles to spiritual progress. ## Karmic obscurations (obscurations of past actions) *las kyi sgrib pa*, Skt. *karmāvaraṇā*, [obscurations](#obscurations) created by [negative action](#negative-action)s. See [obscurations](#obscurations). ## karmic predispositions *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, This term denotes the deep-seated predispositions inherited from past actions and experiences, some of which function in association with mind, while others do not. Karmic predispositions are critical to the Buddhist understanding of the causal dynamics of karma and conditioning. It is the collection of such countless predispositions by afflicted mental states that constitutes the obscuration of misconceptions concerning the known range of phenomena, the total eradication of which occurs only when full awakening or buddhahood is achieved. ## karmic result *las kyi ’bras bu*, Skt. *karmaphala*, Literally meaning the “fruit” of action(s), karmic result denotes rebirth and karmic punishment and reward as a consequence of, and in accordance with the moral character of, one’s actions. ## karmic ripening *las kyi rnam par smin pa*, The complex process of the ripening of karma, i.e., the development of the karmic result (las kyi ’bras bu) of karmically relevant actions committed with body, speech, and mind by virtue of the power of the action as cause and supporting condition. ## karmic stains *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, Literally, “inflows,” these are negative karmic influences. ## Karmārapāṭaka *las kyi brang*, Skt. *karmārapāṭaka*, One of the pīlavas. ## Karnāṭaka *kar Na*, Skt. *karnāṭa*, A country corresponding to modern Karnataka State in India. ## karnikara *kar ni*, Skt. *karṇikāra*, Pterospermum acerifolium. Other names include bayur, muchakunda, muchalinda, and dinner-plate tree. ## Karoṭapāṇi *lag na gzhong thogs*, Skt. *karoṭapāṇi*, One of the three classes of yakṣas at the base of Sumeru, below the paradises of the mahārājas, as part of the lowest class of paradises in the desire realm. Their name means “those who have basins in their hands.” They are said to be at the very base of Sumeru, and worry that the rising ocean is going to flood them. Because they are continually bailing out water with the basins, they are unable to follow the path to enlightenment. ## karoṭapāṇi yakṣa A class of yakṣa whose name means “having bowls in their hands.” ## karṣāpaṇa A coin that varied in value according as to whether it was made of gold, silver, or copper. ## karpūra *ha la sa*, Skt. *karpūra*, Possibly corresponds to the Borneo camphor tree. See Ludvik 2007, p. 315. ## Karpāsī forest *ras bal can gyi tshal*, Skt. *karpāsīvana*, Where [Buddha](#buddha) converted a noble band of sixty youths. ## Śūkarāsyā *phag gi gdong*, Skt. *śūkarāsyā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## Karīti The name of a people in ancient India. The Tibetan rendering means “theatre performers.” ## kartri knife *gri gug*, Skt. *kartri*, A ritual knife meant for flaying skin. ## Karuṇā *snying rje*, Skt. *karuṇā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Karuṇa *snying rje ldan*, Skt. *karuṇa*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Karuṇa­puṇḍarīka *snying rje can dang pad+ma dkar po*, Skt. *karuṇa­puṇḍarīka*, It is not clear whose name this is. ## Karuṇatejas *thugs rje’i ’od*, Skt. *karuṇatejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## karuli An unidentified substance. ## Karuṇāmati *snying rje’i blo*, Skt. *karuṇāmati*, Youngest son of the universal monarch Nimiṃdhara. ## Karuṇāvicintin *rtag tu snying rje sems*, Skt. *karuṇāvicintin*, The name of King Mahā­karuṇā­cintin as given in verse. ## Kṛṣṇa’s Offering *gling bu can*, Skt. *gling bu can*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kasadizé *tshong ’dus ka sa di ze*, Skt. *tshong ’dus ka sa di ze*, A market in Virtuous Castle. ## Kashmir *kha che*, Skt. *kaśmīra*, The area known today as the Kashmir Valley, situated between the Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. In this chapter, it is identified as the region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Sudarśaka is located. ## ākāśaspharaṇa *nam mkha’ khyab par byed pa*, Skt. *ākāśaspharaṇa*, Lit. “pervading space.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kathendra *gsung dbang*, Skt. *kathendra*, The 793rd buddha in the first list, 792nd in the second list, and 782nd in the third list. ## Kathok Dorjeden Katok monastery was founded by Katok Dampa Deshek in Horpo, Kham, in 1159. It is the oldest of the six mother Nyingma monasteries and is one of the twenty-four sacred sites of Kham. ## Kathokpa Dampa Kathokpa Dampa Deshek (1122–92) was the founder of Kathok monastery. His elder brother was Pakmodrupa Dorjé Gyalpo. He is one of the “three men from Kham” (khams pa mi gsum), three famous students of Gampopa from eastern Tibet. ## Kṣatriya *rgyal rigs*, one of the four classes of the ancient Indian social system, the class of kings and warriors. ## Katyāyanī *ka tya’i bu*, Skt. *katyāyanī*, A god. ## Kauśala The name of a country in the north of the Indian subcontinent, it covered the area north of the city of Ayodhya in the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh. Also spelled Kośala. ## Kauśalyā *ko sa la*, Skt. *kauśalyā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kauberī *lus ngan gyi chung ma*, Skt. *kauberī*, A great mātṛkā. ## Kauṣṭhila One of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, known for his skill in analytical reasoning. Also called Mahākauṣṭhila. ## Kau­śika *kau shi ka*, Skt. *kau­śika*, An epithet of Indra. ## Kauśika *kau shi ka*, Skt. *kauśika*, The name by which the Buddha (and other interlocutors) address Śakra (q.v.). Kauśika is a Brahmanical clan name, and its use as a personal name for Śakra is said to be a reference to his identity in his previous human rebirth. For more details of Śakra’s role in this text, see . ## Kauśikama *kau shi ka ma*, Skt. *kauśikama*, A river on Excellence of Exquisite Intelligence. ## Kauṇḍinya *kauN+Di n+ya*, Skt. *kauṇḍinya*, One of the five excellent companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the [Buddha](#buddha) first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer [Park](#park) in Sarnath. Kauṇḍinya immediately realized its import and entered the stream, shortly thereafter [becoming](#becoming) an [arhat](#arhat). ## Kauṇḍinyagotra *kauN+Di n+yas rigs*, Skt. *kauṇḍinyagotra*, Name of a past buddha. The Sanskrit literally means “one belonging to Kauṇḍinya’s lineage/family/clan.” ## Kauṇḍinyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Kauṇḍiṇyārcis *kauN+Di n+ya ’od ’phro ba*, Skt. *kauṇḍiṇyārcis*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Kauñjarā *glang chen ma*, Skt. *kauñjarā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Kaṭuka *ka Tu ka*, Skt. *kaṭuka*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Kaulita *pang nas skyes*, Skt. *kaulita*, Another name of Maudgalyāyana. ## Kauśāmbī *kau shAm bI*, Skt. *kauśāmbī*, Home to a group of troublesome monks who quarreled with monks from Vaiśālī. ## Kauśāmbi An ancient city that was the capital of Vatsa, a region down the Ganges River from Rājagṛha. ## Kaumārī *gzhon nu ma*, Skt. *kaumārī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Kaumārapaurikā *gzhon nu’i grong khyer*, Skt. *kaumārapaurikā*, One of the two auxiliary pīlavas. ## Kaunḍinya *kauN+Di n+ya*, Skt. *kaunḍinya*, A buddha. ## kaupīna *dkris ma’i gos bzang*, Skt. *kaupīna*, A small piece of cloth covering just the genitals. ## Kaurava *ko’u ra pa*, Skt. *kaurava*, The hundred sons of King Dhṛtarāśtra, who were the enemies of their cousins, the Pāṇḍava brothers. Their family name means they are the descendants of the ancient King Kur (as were the Pāṇḍava brothers). Their battle is the central theme of the Mahābhārata, India’s greatest epic. ## Kauravya *kau rab bya*, Skt. *kauravya*, (1) The king of the country of Kuru. (2) A king in the past. ## Kautūhalika *ltad mo can*, Skt. *kautūhalika*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Kauthubha A sublineage of the Sāmavedins. ## Kauthuma One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition and one of the sublineages connected with the Gautama lineage. ## Kautsa The brahmin lineage that descends from the sage Kutsa. ## Kauverī *lus ngan phyogs*, Skt. *kauverī*, The term is used as a reference to the northern direction, which is governed by the deity Kubera. ## Kauverdu *ke’u wer du*, Skt. *kauverdu*, A bodhisattva of the past. ## Kṛṣṇavajra *nag po rdo rje*, Skt. *kṛṣṇavajra*, An Eleventh or Twelfth century Buddhist commentator. Wrote Recollection: a commentary on the Mahāmāyā Tantra. ## Ākāśavat *nam mkha’ bzhin*, Skt. *ākāśavat*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: bsam pa nam mkha’ ci bzhin) ## Ākāśa­viśuddha­prajña *nam mkha’ rnam dag shes rab*, Skt. *ākāśa­viśuddha­prajña*, A deva. (Toh 555: nam mkha’i blo gros rnam par dag pa) ## Kawa Paltsek *ska ba dpal brtsegs*, An important early Tibetan translator and editor who was also one of the twenty-five principal disciples of Guru Padmasambhava. ## Kaya *ka ya*, Skt. *kaya*, A member of the Śākya clan. ## Kṣaya Skt. *kṣaya*, One of the grahas. ## Kaṣāyadhvajā *ngur smrig gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kaṣāyadhvajā*, Kaṣāyadhvajā (Saffron-Colored Banners) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Vajra­sāra­pramardin. ## Kaṣāyadhvaja *ngur smrig gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kaṣāyadhvaja*, The eastern realm in which Vāyuviṣṇu, the eldest of the thousand Veda-reciting pupils of Samudrareṇu, will become the Buddha Śalendrarāja. ## Kaśyapa *’od srung*, Skt. *kaśyapa*, An Indian sage, also known as Pūraṇa Kaśyapa, who maintained the doctrine of non-action (akriyāvāda). Not to be confused with one of the Buddha’s foremost disciples, who had the same name. ## kṣayāpagata *zad pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *kṣayāpagata*, Lit. “free from exhaustion.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kāberi *kA be ri*, Skt. *kāberi*, A river in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Kābīra *kA bI ra*, Skt. *kābīra*, A forest in Promotion. ## Kāñcī *’ching bu*, Skt. *kāñcī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## kācalindika *ka tsa lin di ka*, Skt. *kācalindika*, A frequent simile for softness, thought to refer either (1) to the down of the kācilindika or kācalindika bird (see Lamotte, Etienne, La Concentration de la Marche Héroïque, Bruxelles: Peeters 1975, p. 261, n321), or (2) to a tropical tree bearing silken pods, similar to kapok, from which garments were made, and identified (Monier Williams p. 266) with Abrus precatorius. ## Kāñcana The name of a country. ## Kāñcanadhvaja *gser gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kāñcanadhvaja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Kāñcanamālā “She Who Has a Golden Garland.” The daughter of King Kṛkin of Vārāṇasī in the distant past. ## Kāñcanamālikā *gser phreng can*, Skt. *kāñcanamālikā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Garlanded with Gold,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Kāñcanaparvata *gser gyi ri bo*, Skt. *kāñcanaparvata*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Kāñcanaprabha *gser gyi ’od*, Skt. *kāñcanaprabha*, The 614th buddha in the first list, 613th in the second list, and 607th in the third list. ## Kāñcanavarṇa *dri med dag pa’i gser gyi mdog can*, Skt. *kāñcanavarṇa*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Kācarā *mi bzad ma*, Skt. *kācarā*, A great rākṣasī. ## kācilindika *ka tsa lin di ka*, Skt. *kācilindika*, An epithet for softness, usually applied to cloth, and probably in reference, directly or metaphorically, to the down of the kācilindika bird. See Lamotte, Etienne. La Concentration de la Marche Héroïque. Bruxelles: Peeters (1975), p. 261, n. 321. The Mahāvyutpatti includes the term using the variant spelling kācalindika. ## kācilindika cloth *gos ka tsa lin di ka*, Skt. *kācilindika*, A very soft substance. The Tibetan translators added “cloth” (gos) to the term. ## Kṛṣṇācārya *nag po spyod pa*, one of the eighty-four [Mahāsiddhas](#mahāsiddha) of India. ## Keśa *skra can*, Skt. *keśa*, One of the asuras. ## Keśaranandin *ze ba dga’ ba*, Skt. *keśaranandin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Keśarin *ral pa can*, Skt. *keśarin*, A king, one of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Keśavā *skra ldan ma*, Skt. *keśavā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Keśava *skra ’dra*, Skt. *keśava*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Keen Intelligence *blo gros sems pa*, Skt. *blo gros sems pa*, Attendant of the second buddha Kusuma. ## keep it in mind *zung shig*, Skt. *dhāraya*, (cf. Sanskrit text in Matsuda 2013, p. 940 ad Lamotte VIII.41). Dhāraya is a causative imperative of dhṛ-. ## keeper of the seals *dam bzhag pa, phyag rgya pa*, Skt. *mudrāvāra*, The terms phyag rgya pa and dam bzhag pa are synonyms refering to one of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery. ## keeping it in mind *gzungs*, Skt. *dhāraṇī*, Also rendered here as “dhāraṇī,” “formula.” ## Keśin *rngog ldan*, Skt. *keśin*, A supernatural horse (bodhisattva), also known as Valāhassa, who saved shipwrecked persons from the island of man-eating rākṣasīs. See Rouse 1895, p. 127. ## Keśinī *skra ldan ma*, Skt. *keśinī*, Young woman appointed by King Śākya Suprabuddha to look after the hair of his daughters Mahā­māyā and Māyā (the Buddha’s mother and aunt, respectively). ## Kekaya The name of a people in northern India who were located around the Jhelum River in the Punjab. ## Kekāpino *ke kA pi no*, Skt. *kekāpino*, A land to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## Kelikilī *ki lI ki lI*, Skt. *kelikilī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. Kelikilī appears to be a variant of the name Kelikilā, identified by multiple lexicographers as Rati, the wife of Kāmadeva. ## Kelikila *ki lI kI la*, Skt. *kelīkila*, A yakṣa appearing in some of the paintings of Amoghapāśa. Also described as “great vajravināyaka” and “great king.” Kelikila is also associated with Śiva and referred to by the name Mahākelikila. ## Kelin Skt. *kelin*, A yakṣa appearing in some of the paintings of Amoghapāśa. ## Kelīkīla The name of a yakṣa. ## Kṣemā *bde ba*, Skt. *kṣemā*, Lit. “Security.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Kṣema *dge ba*, Skt. *kṣema*, The 553rd buddha in the first list, 553rd in the second list, and 546th in the third list. ## Kṣemacitri *bde bkra*, Skt. *kṣemacitri*, One of the kings of the asuras. ## Kṣemadā *bde sbyin ma*, Skt. *kṣemadā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Kṣemadatta *bde bas byin*, Skt. *kṣemadatta*, A bodhisattva in the distant past. ## Kṣemaṅkarā *bde byed ma*, Skt. *kṣemaṅkarā*, Princess of Vārāṇasī, child of King Brahmadatta (present), elder sibling of Prince Kṣemaṅkara. ## Kṣemaṃkara *bde mdzad*, Skt. *kṣemaṃkara*, A buddha in the past. Note that there appear to be three distinct buddhas with the name Kṣemaṃkara as is listed at . See also . ## Kṣemaṅkara *bde byed*, Skt. *kṣemaṅkara*, The son of King Brahmadatta (present) of Vārāṇasī and the younger brother of Princess Kṣemaṅkarā. ## Kṣemapriya *dge dgyes*, Skt. *kṣemapriya*, The 937th buddha in the first list, 936th in the second list, and 927th in the third list. ## Kṣemarāja *bde ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kṣemarāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Kṣemavatī *bye ba ldan*, Skt. *kṣemavatī*, The mother of Suvarṇottamaprabhāsā, who was married to King Bimbisāra. She is likely to be the same person as Khemā in the Pali Canon, one of Bimbisāra’s consorts who became an arhat and bhikṣuṇī. See also . ## Kśemottamā *bde ldan*, Skt. *kṣemottamā*, Lit. “Most Secure.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Kṣemottamarāja *dge mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *kṣemottamarāja*, The 375th buddha in the first list, 374th in the second list, and 369th in the third list. ## Kṣemāvatī *bde ba yod pa*, Skt. *kṣemāvatī*, A four-continent world in the distant past. ## Keśāntā *skra mthar byed ma*, Skt. *keśāntā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Keśānta *skra mthar byed*, Skt. *keśānta*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Kṣepa *’phen pa*, Skt. *kṣepa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## kesara *ke sa ra*, Skt. *keśara*, Kesara can be the name of several species of plants. ## Kesarin *ral pa can*, Skt. *kesarin*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Ketacīvara­saṃbhṛta­rāja *gnas kyi gos bstsags rgyal po*, Skt. *ketacīvara­saṃbhṛta­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ketaka *ke ta ka*, Skt. *ketaka*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Ketaka Fragrance *ke ta ka’i dris bsgos pa*, Skt. *ketaka*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Ketako *ke ta ko*, Skt. *ketako*, A land in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Ketapuri *gnas pa’i grong khyer*, Skt. *ketapuri*, The personal name of the Brahmā in the world and era of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## kṣetra *zhing*, Skt. *kṣetra*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## Kṣetrālaṃkṛta A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Ketu “The Tail.” The celestial body personified as a serpent demon’s tail, which, according to ancient Indian astronomical conceptions, was responsible for lunar eclipses. ## Ketudhvaja *tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ketudhvaja*, The 823rd buddha in the first list, 822nd in the second list, and 812th in the third list. ## Ketumat *dpal can*, Skt. *ketumat*, An unidentified mountain only mentioned in this sūtra. Possibly an alternative name for one of the seven golden mountain ranges encircling Sumeru. ## Ketuprabhā *dpal gyi ’od*, Skt. *ketuprabhā*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara. ## Ketuprabha *tog ’od*, Skt. *ketuprabha*, The 552nd buddha in the first list, 552nd in the second list, and 545th in the third list. ## Ketuśrī *dpal gyi dpal*, Skt. *ketuśrī*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Keturājñī *tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *keturājñī*, A wife of the ancient king Prajñāsārathi. ## Keturāja *tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *keturāja*, A buddha. ## Keturāṣṭra *yul ’khor tog*, Skt. *keturāṣṭra*, The 674th buddha in the first list, 673rd in the second list, and 665th in the third list. ## Ketusvara *tog gi sgra*, Skt. *ketusvara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ketuvatī *tog ldan ma*, Skt. *ketuvatī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Kevalaka *dag pa*, Skt. *kevalaka*, A region in Magadha. ## key *lde mig kyog po*, Skt. *kuñcikā*, Forms part of a pair with “lock” (Tib. lde mig). ## key lever *dbyug gu skam ka*, Skt. *ajapadaka­daṇḍakā*, Used for opening windows. ## Keyūrā *dpung rgyan ma*, Skt. *keyūrā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Keyūrabala *dpung rgyan stobs*, Skt. *keyūrabala*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Keyūravatī *dpung rgyan ldan ma*, Skt. *keyūravatī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## kūṭāgāra *pho brang brtsegs pa*, Skt. *kūṭāgāra*, Distinctive Indian assembly hall or temple with one ground-floor room and a high ornamental roof, sometimes a barrel shape with apses but more usually a tapering roof, tower, or spire, it contains at least one additional upper room within the structure. Kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber” and is short for kūṭāgāraśala, “hall with an upper chamber or chambers.” The Mahābodhi temple in Bodhgaya is an example of a kūṭāgāra. ## kūṭāgāra hall *khang pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *kūṭāgāra*, Distinctive Indian assembly hall or temple with one ground-floor room and a high ornamental roof, either a barrel shape with apses or, more usually, a tapering roof as a tower dome or spire, containing at least one additional upper room within the structure. Kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber” and is short for kūṭāgāraśala (“hall with an upper chamber or chambers”). The Mahābodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an example of a kūṭāgāra. ## Kūṭāgāraśālā An important early monastery outside Vaiśālī. Many texts specify, as in this sūtra, that it was located on the banks of the Monkey Pond (q.v.), while others (several Mahāyāna sūtras and the Theravādin literature) place it in the Mahāvana (“Great Forest”), also on the outskirts of Vaiśālī. The name Kūṭāgāraśālā means “hall with an upper chamber” or “gabled hall.” It refers to a temple with one ground-floor room and at least one additional upper room within the structure. ## kāṣṭhā A measure of time defined as consisting of eight lavas. Sixteen kāṣṭhās make one kalā, which means that the duration of one kāṣṭhā is three seconds. ## Khaṇḍā See “Khaṇḍaruhī.” ## Khāśa *nam mkha’ srung*, Skt. *khāśa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Khaśa *kha sha*, Skt. *khaśa*, The Central Asian city-state more commonly known in Tibetan as li yul and in English as Khotan. Here mentioned as the region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Gośṛṇga is located. ## Khaṇḍa *dum bu*, Skt. *khaṇḍa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Khaṣa *kha sha*, Skt. *khaṣa*, An alternative name for the ancient kingdom of Khotan which was located on the southern branch of the Silk Road that passed through the Tarim Basin. The kingdom, which was an important oasis and center for trade, existed during the first millennium ᴄᴇ. ## Khaṇḍadravja *khaN Da dra ba bya*, Skt. *khaṇḍadravja*, One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha. ## Khaṇḍadravya *khan da drab bya*, Skt. *khaṇḍadravya*, One of four cronies of Devadatta. ## Khaṣadroṇi *lang ba*, Skt. *khaṣadroṇi*, Unidentified; the Tibetan translation could suggest the island of Langkawi. The Sanskrit text may be corrupt. ## Khaṇḍaka *dum bu pa*, Skt. *khaṇḍaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Ākhaṇḍala *mi phyed pa*, Skt. *ākhaṇḍala*, (Indra) ## Khaṇḍarohā *dum skyes ma*, Skt. *khaṇḍaroha*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## Khaṇḍaruhī One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Khadira *seng ldeng pa*, Skt. *khadira*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Khadiraka *seng ldeng can*, Skt. *khadiraka*, One of the seven golden mountains. ## Khadiravaṇika *seng ldeng nags pa*, Skt. *khadiravaṇika*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Khadiravanika *seng ldeng nags pa*, Skt. *khadiravanika*, A monk (bhikṣu) and disciple of the Buddha. ## Khadyota *srin bu me khyer*, Skt. *khadyota*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Khaḍga *ral gri*, Skt. *khaḍga*, One of the rāśis. ## Khagamati *nam mkha’i blo gros*, Skt. *khagamati*, A nobleman in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Khaḍgapaṭṭiśā *ral gri ma dang paT+Ti sa*, Skt. *khaḍgapaṭṭiśā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Khaḍgapāṇi *ral gri gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *khadgapāṇi*, “Sword Yamāri.” An attendant figure/ deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Khaḍgasoma *ral gri zla ba*, Skt. *khaḍgasoma*, One of the māras. ## Khaḍgavajra *rdo rje ral gri*, Skt. *khaḍgavajra*, Another name for Khaḍgapāṇi. ## Khaja *’theng po*, Skt. *khaja*, One of the grahas. ## Śṛṅkhalā *lu gu rgyud ma*, Skt. *śṛṅkhalā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Khalatika *kha la ti ka*, Skt. *khalatika*, Name of a mountain in present day Bihar, possibly at Barabar. The mention of it in this sūtra, as its setting, is the only mention at all in the Kangyur. ## Khalvavāhana One of the sublineages connected with the Māṇḍavya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Kham Located in eastern Tibet, Kham is today considered one of the three main provinces (chol kha gsum) of Tibet. Referred to in some earlier sources as “Lower Dokham” (mdo khams smad). ## Khampa Lotsāwa Bari Chödrak *khams pa lo tsA wa ba ri chos grags*, Skt. *khams pa lo tsA wa ba ri chos grags*, 1040–11; the Tibetan translator and second throne-holding Sakya heirarch, also known as Bari Lotsāwa or Rinchen Drak (rin chen grags) who, along with this and many other texts, also translated ninety-three sādhanas that are grouped together under his name in the Tengyur. ## Khampa Lungpa *khams pa lung pa (sgang sha'kya yon tan) (1025 - 1115), a [Kadampa](#kadampa) [lama](#lama), one of [Drom Tönpa's](#drom-tönpa) principal [disciple](#disciple)s. ## Kharak Gomchung, (Geshe) *kha rag sgom chung*, an 11th century [Kadampa](#kadampa) [lama](#lama), [disciple](#disciple) of [Geshe](#geshe) Potowa. His name [means](#means) "Little Meditator of Kharak," and he was famous for his perseverance and strict application of the teachings. It is said that he received the teachings of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection) and achieved the rainbow body. ## Kharakarṇa *rna rtsub*, Skt. *kharakarṇa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kharaskandha *rab sim byed*, Skt. *kharaskandha*, An asura king. (Toh 555: bong bu dpung; Toh 556, Degé: rab tshim byed; Toh 557, Yunglo and Peking: rab sil byed) ## Kharjūrikā *’bra go can*, Skt. *kharjūrikā*, A village. ## Kharopoṣta *bong srung sel*, Skt. *kharopoṣta*, A yakṣa general. ## Khasa *kha sha*, Skt. *khasa*, A tribe of people from the northwest of India and central Asia who were significant in ancient India and are described in the Mahābhārata as having taken part in the Kurukṣetra war on the side of the Kurus against the Paṇḍavas. The Purāṇic literature generally describes them in a negative light, as barbarians. They are often mentioned in Buddhist literature and presently maintain Khasa culture in Himachal Pradesh. ## Khasarpāṇi The name of a country. ## khaskhas grass *u shi ra*, Skt. *uśīra*, Vetiveris zizanioides. ## Kāṣṭhavāṭa *shing thags can*, Skt. *kāṣṭhavāṭa*, [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana)'s birthplace. ## Khāṇḍava Forest *khan da ba yi tshal*, Skt. *khāṇḍavavana*, A forest that is burned to the ground by Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna in the conclusion to the first book (ādiparvan) of the Mahā­bhārata. ## Khaṭvāṅga a trident with many symbolic ornaments. ## khaṭvāṅga staff A staff with a skull on top, it is said to resemble the foot of a bedstead (khaṭu). It is carried to indicate that one stands outside of society. ## khecarī *mkha’ spyod*, Skt. *khecarī*, A type of ḍākinī (literally, “sky traveller”). ## Khedrub Jé 1385–1438. A famous Tibetan scholar trained in the Sakya school and the Kadampa lineage. He later became one of the foremost disciples of Tsongkhapa (tsong kha pa; 1357–1419). He became the third throne holder of Ganden monastery after Tsongkhapa, and posthumously was declared the first Paṇchen Lama (paN chen bla ma). ## Khedrup Jé *mkhas grub rje*, Skt. *mkhas grub rje*, One of the principal pupils of Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug tradition. Also retrospectively know as the first Panchen Lama (b. 1385−d. 1438). ## Khenchen Chim See “Chim Chenpo Namkha Drak.” ## khichri *zan dron*, Skt. *kulmāṣa*, A nourishing porridge that is made by boiling rice and lentils together. ## Khön Nāgendra Rakṣita A Tibetan translator during the imperial period. ## khoṭī The seeds of this plant are used to prepare pills and a collyrium that grant the ability to see subterranean chambers. Possibly identified as Boswellia thurifera. ## Khotan *li yul*, Skt. *li yul*, An ancient kingdom, located on the southern branch of the Silk Route that passed through the Tarim Basin. The kingdom, which was an important oasis and center for trade, existed during the first millennium ce. ## Khotika The name of a sage. ## Khārā *khA rA*, Skt. *khārā*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## khārī *khal*, Skt. *khārī*, A measure of capacity for commodities, especially barley, etc. (1 khal = 20 bre). See . ## Khu, Ngok and Drom the three main [disciple](#disciple)s of [Atīśa](#atīśa). Their full names are Khuton Tsondru Yungdrung, Ngok Lekpai Sherab, and Drom Gyalwai Jungne ([Drom Tönpa](#drom-tönpa)). ## kāṇṭāhāvīkaja An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Ākhyadivya *grags bzang*, Skt. *ākhyadivya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śāṅkhāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Khyātikarī *grags byed ma*, Skt. *khyātikarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Khyungpo Yudri There is little biographical information about Khyungpo Yudri but he seems to have been a scholar and scribe from the imperial period (eighth–ninth century) who was responsible for developing many of the common Tibetan scripts. He is said to have continued the calligraphic tradition of the famous translator Kawa Paltsek. ## Kāśi *kA shi*, Skt. *kāśi*, Country whose capital was Vārāṇasī, in the Buddha’s time it had been absorbed into Kośala. Its monarch was Brahmadatta (past). ## Kiśaṭṭa The name of a people in ancient India, possibly the same people as the Kisaṣṭas or Kisadyas mentioned in the Vāyupurāṇa (XLV 110). ## Kiṃbhīra *ci ’jigs*, Skt. *kiṃbhīra*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Kiñcaka *cung zad pa*, Skt. *kiñcaka*, A nāga king. ## Ākiñcanya *ci yang med pa*, Skt. *ākiñcanya*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Kiñcinī *cung zad can*, Skt. *kiñcinī*, A nāga king. ## kidney bean *sran ma*, Skt. *māṣa*, Phaseolus mungo, Vigna mungo. ## kiṃkarī Skt. *kiṃkarī*, Female kiṃkara. ## Kiṃkara *mngag gzhug pa*, Skt. *kiṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## kiṅkara *mngag gzhug*, Skt. *kiṅkara*, A class of supernatural beings who are utilized in service of the practitioner. ## Kiṃkarottama *mngag gzhug mchog*, Skt. *kiṃkarottama*, ‟Best Servant,” one of the eight bhūta kings. ## Kila *phur ba*, wrathful [deity](#deity), the activity aspect of all the [Buddhas](#buddha), a manifestation of [Vajrasattva](#vajrasattva). Practice related to this [deity](#deity) is based on the four aspects of [Kila](#kila), those of the ritual object, compassion, bodhicitta and awareness-wisdom. ## Killer of Haughty Obstructers *dgra rig dregs ’joms gsod*, Skt. *dgra rig dregs ’joms gsod*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## killing *gsad pa*, Skt. *māraṇā*, A ritual activity for eliminating enemies, both human and non-human; also, one of the four main categories of ritual activity. ## killing and extracting *gsad pa dang dgug pa*, The name of a meditative absorption. ## killing maṇḍala *gsad pa’i dkyil ’khor*, A maṇḍala that is used to perform the ritual action of killing. ## killing mantra *bsad pa’i gsang sngags*, A mantra that is used to perform the ritual action of killing. ## killing of living creatures *srog gcod pa*, Skt. *prāṇātighāta*, First of the ten non-virtuous actions. ## killing rite A particular class of tantric ritual. ## Kimbhīra A yakṣa of Rājagṛha who interacts with the Buddha in chapter 2 of the Bodhisatva­piṭaka. ## Kimi *ci smra*, Skt. *kimi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## kimpaka *bran pa*, Skt. *kimpaka*, A class of malevolent spirits. ## kimpala *kim pa la*, Skt. *kimpala*, A musical instrument of an unidentified kind, though sometimes translated as “cymbals.” ## Kimphala *kib pa la*, Skt. *kimphala*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kimpilā *kim pi la*, Skt. *kimpilā*, (1) A village. (2) A forest near the village of Kimpilā. ## Kimpila *kim pi la*, Skt. *kimpila*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## kimpāka *kim pa ka*, Skt. *kimpāka*, A fruit that looks appealing and has a delicious taste, but is poisonous when eaten. According to Chandra Das, it is the cucurbitaceous plant Trichosanthes palmata; also possibly Cucumis colocynthis. ## Kimīśvarabīja *ci’i dbang phyug sa bon*, Skt. *kimīśvarabīja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ḍākinī *mkha' 'gro ma*, lit. moving through space. The feminine principle associated with [wisdom](#wisdom). This term has several [levels](#levels) of meaning. There are or ordinary ḍākinīs who are beings with a certain degree of spiritual power, and [wisdom](#wisdom) ḍākinīs who are fully realized. See [three roots](#three-roots). ## King *rgyal po*, Skt. *rgyal po*, King (a male ruler of a country), also the name of a son of the buddha Pramodyakīrti. ## King Apex of Flawless Vision *dri med spyan tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *dri med spyan tog gi rgyal po*, Name of a buddha. ## King Arrangement of Manifold Precious Virtues Without End A buddha at the time of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. ## King Array of Pure Prayers *smon lam rnam par bkod pa’i rgyal po*, The name prophesied for the bhikṣus who will attain buddhahood in the eon Difficult to Conquer King of Radiance, in the realm called Vimalaprabhā. (Toh 555: Praṇidhāna­vyūhalaṃkāra­rāja; smon lam gyi bkod pas brgyan pa’i rgyal po) ## King Avabhāsakara *rgyal po snang byed*, Skt. *avabhāsakararāja*, “Illuminating,” the name Prince Puṇyabala receives when he is coronated as a king. ## King Bandhumat *rgyal po gnyen ldan*, Skt. *bandhumat*, A king during the life of the previous Buddha Vipaśyin. ## King Beyond Doubt *rnam par gdon mi za ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par gdon mi za ba’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anupamavādin. ## King Fearless Powerful Array *spobs pa chen pos bkod pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: spobs pa chen po’i rgyan gyi rgyal po) ## King Free from Suffering *mya ngan med pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa’i rgyal po*, Birthplace of the buddha Vijita. ## King Jewel Mound *nor bu brtsegs rgyal po*, Skt. *nor bu brtsegs rgyal po*, A buddha from the west. ## King Maheśvara *dbang phyug chen po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dbang phyug chen po’i rgyal po*, A buddha from the northeast. ## King Observing Liberation *thar pa la dmigs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *thar pa la dmigs pa’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## King of Adorned Cities *grong khyer brgyan pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *grong khyer brgyan pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha realm. ## King of Aṅga *ang ga’i rgyal po*, The King of Aṅga was the pre-eminent ruler in the eastern Gangetic region at the time of the [Buddha](#buddha)’s birth. His [defeat](#defeat) at the hands of Prince [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra) of [Magadha](#magadha) is narrated at the start of the Pravrajyāvastu. ## King of All Śāla Trees *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po ’byung ba*, Skt. *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po ’byung ba*, A buddha from the north. ## King of All Qualities’ Light Rays *yon tan thams cad kyi ’od zer gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarvaguṇa*, Past buddha who lived countless eons ago. ## King of All Symbols and Language *brda skad thams cad kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *brda skad thams cad kyi rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpa. ## King of Ascertaining Insight *shes rab rnam par nges pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *shes rab rnam par nges pa’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## King of Astrologers *skar mkhan rgyal po*, Skt. *skar mkhan rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Citraraśmi. ## King of Banyan Trees *nya gro dha’i rgyal po*, Skt. *nya gro dha’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Beautiful Splendor Stainless Reputation *legs ’od dri med grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kuśalaprabhavimalakīrtirāja*, A buddha. ## King of Bliss *bde ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bde ba’i rgyal po*, A great bodhisattva. ## King of Causes *rgyu’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rgyu’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Clarity *gsal rgyal*, Skt. *gsal rgyal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpaketu (525 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Clear and Unmistaken Conduct *spyod pa ma ’khrul gsal ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *spyod pa ma ’khrul gsal ba’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Sulocana. ## King of Definite Golden Luster *gser ’od rnam par nges pa’i rgyal po*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## King of Doctors *sman pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sman pa’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Acyuta. ## King of Excellent Qualities *yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *yon tan rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amṛtaprabha (793 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Faith *dad pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dad pa’i rgyal po*, Birthplace of the buddha Rājan. ## King of Fame *rnam grags rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam grags rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vegajaha (985 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Foremost Knowing *mkhyen gtso rgyal po*, Skt. *mkhyen gtso rgyal po*, Name that the child Jñānaka will bear when he becomes a buddha in future. ## king of gandharvas *dri za’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gandharvarāja*, Identified as Citraratha throughout mythological literature. ## King of Gods *lha yi rgyal po*, Skt. *lha yi rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sarvārtha­darśin (217 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Great Cloud’s Rain Thoroughly Purified *sprin chen char gyi rgyal po yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *mahā­megha­viśuddhivarṣa­rāja*, A bodhisattva. ## King of Great Fame *grags chen rgyal po*, Skt. *grags chen rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Pradānakīrti. ## King of Great Gods *lha chen rgyal po*, Skt. *lha chen rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candrapradīpa. ## King of Horses *rta’i rgyal po*, An epithet for the deity Hayagrīva. ## King of Humans *mi yi rgyal po*, Skt. *mi yi rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rājan. ## King of Illumination *snang ba’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## king of jewels *nor bu’i rgyal po*, Skt. *maṇirāja*, The most supreme of jewels, typically used as an epithet for diamonds. ## King of Śālas *sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sA la’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Druma. ## King of Leaders *kha lo sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## King of Liberated Mind *thar sems rgyal po*, Skt. *thar sems rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Sukhacittin. ## King of Light *’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *’od kyi rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Light Rays *’od zer rgyal po*, Skt. *’od zer rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Limitless Display *bkod pa dpag tu med pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bkod pa dpag tu med pa’i rgyal po*, A future buddha. ## King of Lion’s Play *seng ge rnam par rol pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *seng ge rnam par rol pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## King of Majestic Impermanence *mi rtag gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *mi rtag gzi brjid rgyal po*, A world system. ## King of Majestic Nobility *gzi brjid ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Marks *mtshan gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *mtshan gyi rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arciskandha (449 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Medicine *sman gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sman gyi rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajrasena. ## king of meditative stabilities *ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *samādhirāja*, A meditative stability. ## King of Melody *dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Mind *sems kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *cittarāja*, Name of the bodhisattva who teaches this and other chapters in The Ornaments of the Buddhas. ## King of Mount Meru’s Lofty Summit *ri rab kyi rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ri rab kyi rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Mount Sumeru *ri rab mchog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *sumeru­vara­parvata­rāja*, A bodhisattva. ## King of Mountains *ri rgyal*, Skt. *ri rgyal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sañjayin. ## King of Noble Wisdom *ye shes ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Obstructing Beings *bgegs kyi rgyal po*, An epithet for Curved Trunk Vināyaka. ## king of physicians An epithet of a buddha. ## King of Pleasant Music *rangs byed kyi rol mo’i sa ’dzin*, Skt. *rangs byed kyi rol mo’i sa ’dzin*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## King of Power *mthu rtsal rgyal po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## King of Powerful Conduct *mthu rtsal spyod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal spyod pa’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Mayūraruta. ## King of Qualities *yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *yon tan rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Priyaṅgama (71 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Renown *rnam par bsgrags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par bsgrags pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## King of Renowned Power *rnam par bsgrags pa’i stobs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par bsgrags pa’i stobs kyi rgyal po*, A great bodhisattva. ## King of Retention *gzungs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *gzungs kyi rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyapradīpa. ## King of Royal Sal Trees *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Sages *thub pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *munirāja*, An epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Muni is an ancient title, derived from the verb man (“to contemplate”), given to someone who has attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. ## King of Sal Trees *sA la’i dbang po*, Skt. *sA la’i dbang po*, A buddha. ## King of Seers *dus dpog rgyal po*, Skt. *dus dpog rgyal po*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## King of Sāla *sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sA la’i rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with the King of Stars. ## King of Sāla Trees *sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sA la’i rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa (160 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Splendor *dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, Skt. *dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, A buddha from the east. ## King of Splendors *dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, Skt. *dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## King of Superior Diligence *brtson ’grus mngon du ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *brtson ’grus mngon du ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Superior Flowers *me tog mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *me tog mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Superior Jewels *rin chen mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rin chen mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Superior Lotuses *pad ma mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *pad ma mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha realm. ## King of Superknowledge with Noble Awakening *mngon par shes pa’i rgyal po byang chub ’phags*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa’i rgyal po byang chub ’phags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Devarāja. ## King of Supernatural Perception Who Revels in the Exalted Mind of the Sea of Dharma One of the Seven Thus-Gone Ones. ## King of Supreme Fragrance *spos mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *spos mchog rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Ṛṣideva. ## King of Supreme Mount Meru *lhun po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## King of Supreme Stable Presence *rab mchog rab tu gnas pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rab mchog rab tu gnas pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Supreme Taste *ro mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *ro mchog rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇiprabhāsa. ## King of Supreme Virtue *dge mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *dge mchog rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Asita. ## King of the Array *bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Roca (994 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of the Array of Empowering Wisdom *ye shes stobs byed bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes stobs byed bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## King of the Array of Offerings through Conduct in the World *’jig rten gyi spyod pa bas mchod pa’i bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *’jig rten gyi spyod pa bas mchod pa’i bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Sūrya. ## King of the Blooming Flowers of Radiant Splendor *’od zer gyi gzi brjid me tog kun tu rgyas pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *’od zer gyi gzi brjid me tog kun tu rgyas pa’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vararūpa. ## King of the Certainty of Insight and Acumen *shes rab spobs pa rnam par nges pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *shes rab spobs pa rnam par nges pa’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pūjya. ## King of the Drum’s Melody *rnga dbyangs rgyal po*, Skt. *rnga dbyangs rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Luminous. ## King of the Fathomless Array *bkod pa dpag tu med pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bkod pa dpag tu med pa’i rgyal po*, Mother of the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara. ## King of the Gathering *tshogs can rgyal po*, Skt. *tshogs can rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mālādhārin. ## King of the High Lotus Summit *pad ma’i rtse mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *pad ma’i rtse mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of the High Summit *rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of the Hundred Thousandfold Factors of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che brgya stong gi yan lag gi rgyal po*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che brgya stong gi yan lag gi rgyal po*, Birthplace of the buddha Tejorāja. ## King of the Immense Lamp *lhun po’i sgron me’i rgyal po*, Skt. *lhun po’i sgron me’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## King of the Inconceivable *bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *acintyarāja*, A bodhisattva who is the primary speaker in Toh 268. ## King of the Śākyas *shA kya’i rgyal po*, Skt. *shA kya’i rgyal po*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## King of the Lamp of Dharma *chos kyi sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *chos kyi sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Dharmadatta. ## King of the Lamp of Excellent Sight *legs mthong sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *legs mthong sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Ratnapriya. ## King of the Lord of Mountains *ri dbang gi rgyal po*, Skt. *ri dbang gi rgyal po*, A buddha residing in the southern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## King of the Lunar Lamp *zla ba’i sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *zla ba’i sgron ma’i rgyal po*, A buddha from the past. ## King of the Melodious Lion’s Roar *seng ge rnam par sgrogs pa’i sgra dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *seng ge rnam par sgrogs pa’i sgra dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## King of the Meru Lamp *lhun po mar me’i rgyal po*, Skt. *lhun po mar me’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## King of the Mind *sems kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sems kyi rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Maṅgala. ## King of the Mind’s Wisdom *blo’i ye shes kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *blo’i ye shes kyi rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## King of the Monkeys *spre’u rnams kyi ni rgyal po*, A yakṣa king. ## King of the Mountain of Gold and Jewels *gser dang rin po che’i ri bo’i rgyal po*, The name of the future buddha Ruciraketu will become. ## King of the Ornament Array of Liberation *thar pa’i rgyan bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *thar pa’i rgyan bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## King of the Ornamented Array *rgyan bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rgyan bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bahudevaghuṣṭa. ## King of the Pure Circle of the Moon *zla ba’i dkyil ’khor rnam dag rgyal po*, Skt. *zla ba’i dkyil ’khor rnam dag rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of the Pure Ear Ornaments of Space *mkha’i rna cha gdub ’khor rnam par dag pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mkha’i rna cha gdub ’khor rnam par dag pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of the Pure Sphere *rnam par dag pa’i dkyil ’khor rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par dag pa’i dkyil ’khor rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of the Qualities of Liberation *thar pa’i yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *thar pa’i yon tan rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇadharma. ## King of the Roar of the Grounds *sa’i nga ro rgyal po*, Skt. *sa’i nga ro rgyal po*, A great bodhisattva. ## King of the Seven *bdun pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *saptirāja*, An epithet of the deity Paramāśva. ## King of the Sāla Abiding in the Precious Lotus *rin po che’i pad ma la rab tu gnas pa sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rin po che’i pad ma la rab tu gnas pa sA la’i rgyal po*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Pleasant Melodious Sound. ## King of the Solar Lamp *nyi ma’i sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *nyi ma’i sgron ma’i rgyal po*, The name of bodhisattva Cloud Voice when he becomes a buddha. ## King of the Source of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs ’byung ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *brtul zhugs ’byung ba’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Vijita. ## King of the Splendid Light of Deep Accumulations of Gold *gser stug po bsags pa’i ’od gzi brjid kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *gser stug po bsags pa’i ’od gzi brjid kyi rgyal po*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## King of the Splendid Light of Excellent Gold *gser bzangs nges ’od gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *gser bzangs nges ’od gzi brjid rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## King of the Splendor of Excellent Body *lus bzangs gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *lus bzangs gzi brjid rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## King of the Splendor of Liberated Abandonment *rnam par grol bas spong ba’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par grol bas spong ba’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cāritratīrtha. ## King of the Splendor of the Stainless Moon *zla ba dri ma med pa’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *zla ba dri ma med pa’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of the Stainless Heap *sgrib pa med par brtsegs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sgrib pa med par brtsegs pa’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## King of the Star Mound Adorned with Signs *mtshan gyis brgyan pa skar ma brtsegs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mtshan gyis brgyan pa skar ma brtsegs pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva from King of All Śāla Trees’ buddha realm. ## King of the Summit of Power of the Victory Banner *dbang po’i tog gi rgyal mtshan gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *dbang po’i tog gi rgyal mtshan gyi rgyal po*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Exquisitely Joyful. ## King of the Superknowledge of the Flower of Wisdom *ye shes me tog mngon par shes pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes me tog mngon par shes pa’i rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Uttīrṇapaṅka. ## King of the Supreme Refuge *skyabs mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *skyabs mchog rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jīvaka. ## King of the Tip of the Flash of Lightning *glog ’od tog gi rgyal*, Skt. *glog ’od tog gi rgyal*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Flash of Lightning. Likely an alternate name for the thus-gone one King of the Tip of the Lamp of Lightning. ## King of the Tip of the Lamp of Lightning *glog gi sgron ma tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *glog gi sgron ma tog gi rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Flash of Lightning. ## King of the Well-Settled Treasury of Peace *gter legs par gnas pa zhi ba rgyal po*, Skt. *gter legs par gnas pa zhi ba rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Victorious. ## King of the World *’jig rten dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *’jig rten dbang phyug rgyal po*, A buddha. ## King of Thunderous Voice *’brug sgra’i dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *’brug sgra’i dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, A buddha from the past. ## King of Timely Knowledge *dus mkhyen rgyal po*, Skt. *dus mkhyen rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anupamavādin (675 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## King of Trees *ljon pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *ljon pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## King of Truth *bden pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bden pa’i rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Avabhāsadarśin. ## king of vidyās *rig pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vidyārāja*, This epithet can refer to individual mantras (vidyā) as well as deities—typically those attending upon Vajrapāṇi; most of the time the mantra and the deity are one and the same, but, in some contexts, the focus may be on either one or the other. If the focus is on the mantra or its corresponding deity, the term has been translated as king of vidyās, and if it is on the class of deities and is used in the plural, it has been translated as vidyārāja . Vidyārāja can also be a deity name. ## King of Virtue *dge ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dge ba’i rgyal po*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmacchattra. ## King of Wealth *’byor pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *’byor pa’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Samṛddha. ## King of Wisdom *ye shes rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Śaśin. ## King of Wisdom Light *ye shes ’od zer rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes ’od zer rgyal po*, King of Wisdom Light is a buddha who inhabits a buddhafield. ## King Pile of Courage *spobs brtsegs rgyal po*, Skt. *gandhavara*, A buddha. ## King Precious Moonlight of Pure Virtue *dge ba dri ma med pa rnam dag rin chen zla ’od rgyal po*, Skt. *dge ba dri ma med pa rnam dag rin chen zla ’od rgyal po*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## King Resplendent Untarnished Jewel of Striking Color Who Has Perfect Conduct One of the Seven Thus-Gone Ones. ## King Rhythm of a Lion’s Roar *seng ge’i nga ro rnga sgra’i rgyal po*, Skt. *seng ge’i nga ro rnga sgra’i rgyal po*, A buddha of a past eon. ## King Roaring Sea of Renown in the Dharma One of the Seven Thus-Gone Ones. ## King Roaring Splendor of Mastery Who Is Adorned with Lotuses, the Moon, and Jewels One of the Seven Thus-Gone Ones. ## King Senalek *sad na legs*, Skt. *sad na legs*, Also commonly known by the names Senalek Jingyön (sad na legs mjing yon) and Mutik Tenpo (mu tig bstan po), he was a Tibetan king who reigned ca 800/804–15. He was the youngest son of King Trisong Detsen (khri srong lde btsan, r. 742–98). ## King, Subject and Friend *rje 'bangs grogs gsum*, King [Trisong Detsen](#trisong-detsen), the great translator [Vairotṣana](#vairotṣana) and the [ḍākinī](#ḍākinī) [Yeshe Tsogyal](#yeshe-tsogyal). ## King Śuddhodana *rgyal po zas gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhodana*, The father of the Buddha. ## King Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Goodness *bzang po’i tog gi rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Skt. *bzang po’i tog gi rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Supreme Goodness. Likely the same as the thus-gone one Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Goodness. ## King Who Holds the Peak of Great Mount Meru The name of a bodhisattva. ## King Who Is Ornamented by the Arrangement of Prayers *smon lam gyi bkod pas brgyan pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *praṇidhāna­vyūhālaṃkāra­rāja*, The name prophesied for the bhikṣus who will attain buddhahood in the eon Difficult to Conquer King of Radiance, in the realm called Vimalaprabhā. ## King Who Is Superior Due to Freedom from Fear and Timidity in Any Activity Since First Generating the Mind of Awakening *dang po bskyed pa yid la mdzad pa rnam grangs bsnyengs pa dang bag tsha ba dang bral bas mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha in the southern direction in the present. ## King Who Rules the Peak of Meru *lhun po’i rtse mo rdob pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *lhun po’i rtse mo rdob pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## King Who Transcends His Boundless Domain *spyod yul dpag tu med pa las yang dag par ’das pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *spyod yul dpag tu med pa las yang dag par ’das pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha from the past. ## King Who Transcends the Light of Mount Meru *ri rab kyi ’od las yang dag par ’das pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ri rab kyi ’od las yang dag par ’das pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha from the past. ## King Yola *rgyal po yo la*, Skt. *rgyal po yo la*, A king in Khotan. Identified by Thomas (1935, p. 25) as Yehu-la. ## king’s counselor *sngags pa*, Skt. *mantrin*, See “mantrin.” ## Ḍākinījālasaṃvara *mkha’ ’gro ma’i dra ba’i sdom pa*, Skt. *ḍākinījālasaṃvara*, An elaborate name of the deity Saṃvara; its meaning varies according to different interpretations. ## Kinkikirāta *kin+ki ki rA tA*, Skt. *kinkikirāta*, A barbaric people in Jambudvīpa. ## kinnarī *mi’am ci mo*, Skt. *kinnarī*, A class of semidivine beings, whose male counterpart is the kinnara. They resemble humans to the degree that their very name—which means “Is that a man?”—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. ## kinnara *mi’am ci*, Skt. *kinnara*, A class of semidivine beings that resemble humans to the degree that their very name—which means “Is that a man?”—suggests some confusion as to their divine status. Kinnaras are mythological beings found in both Buddhist and Hindu literature, where they are portrayed as creatures half human and half animal (horse or bird). They are also usually depicted as highly skilled celestial musicians. ## Kinnara Melody *mi’am ci’i dbyangs*, Skt. *mi’am ci’i dbyangs*, Mother of the buddha Mayūra. ## Kintu *kin du*, Skt. *kintu*, A brahmin mentioned in connection with what is likely a story of a past life of the Buddha. ## Kṣiprakarī *myur du byed ma*, Skt. *kṣiprakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## kiṃpuruṣa *skyes bu ’am ci*, Skt. *kiṃpuruṣa*, A race of beings said to live in the Himalayas who have bodies of lions and human heads. ## kiraṇa *g.yengs byed*, Skt. *kiraṇa*, A class of spirits related to kākhordas. ## Kirāta *tsi ra ta*, Skt. *kirāta*, The name of an indigenous community attested in Sanskrit literature going back into the Vedic period. ## Kāśisundarī *kA shi mdzes ldan ma*, Skt. *kāśisundarī*, “Beauty of Kāśi.” Princess of Vārāṇasī, child of Brahmadatta (present), who was extraordinarily beautiful and desired by six royal suitors. When her father announced she would choose her own spouse, she “chose” the Buddha, went forth, and manifested arhatship. ## Kṣiteśvara Skt. *kṣiteśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kṣiti Skt. *kṣiti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kṣitigarbha *sa’i snying po*, Skt. *kṣitigarbha*, “Essence of Earth,” one of the “eight close sons of the Buddha,” and one of the most popular bodhisattvas in East Asia. In China he has been venerated in particular for his ability to rescue beings reborn in the hells, and in Japan as a protector of children and travelers. ## Kṣiti­garbha *sa’i snying po*, Skt. *kṣiti­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Kṣitipāṇi *sa’i phyag*, Skt. *kṣitipāṇi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kṣititoya *sa chu*, Skt. *kṣititoya*, One of the māras. ## kiṃśuka *king shu ka*, Skt. *kiṃśuka*, Butea frondosa, also known as flame of the forest; a tree with bright red flowers. ## Kiulang *ki’u lang*, Skt. *ki’u lang*, An image of the Buddha. ## kiṇva A fermenting agent used in producing liquor. ## Kūjaka Jalapatha *lam chu sgra can*, Skt. *kūjaka jalapatha*, A mountain. ## kāñjika *rang skyur*, Skt. *kāñjika*, The name for a number of plants and substances such as a fermented rice gruel, a medicinal plant, an edible legume, or a kind of creeping plant. ## Kākī *bya rog ma*, Skt. *kākī*, A great piśācī. ## Kṛkī *kr-i kI*, Skt. *kṛkī*, Monarch who covered Buddha Kāśyapa’s reliquary stūpa and the surrounding area with four kinds of jewels to the distance of one mile. ## Kākaṭi *kha la byin*, Skt. *kākaṭi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kākanāda *gser ngad can*, Skt. *kākanāda*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## kākhorda A term used in hostile magical rites that can alternatively refer a class of nonhuman being or type of magical device employed against the target of the rite. They are often mentioned together with kṛtyās, who serve a similar function. ## Kūṭākhya *brtsegs pa’i mtshan*, Skt. *kūṭākhya*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kṛkin A king of a Vārāṇasī in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Kāśyapa. ## kāṅkṣocchedana *nem nur gcod pa*, Skt. *kāṅkṣocchedana*, Lit. “that cuts off doubt.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## kākodumbarikā *khwa dang ’dra ba’i shing u dum bA ra*, Skt. *kākodumbarikā*, Ficus oppositifolia. ## Kālī A fearsome, wrathful goddess venerated in both non-Buddhist and Buddhist traditions. Here an epithet for Śrīdevī Mahākālī. ## Kāla *nag po*, Skt. *kāla*, The Kāla Mountains of Bhāratvarṣa (i.e., India) are listed in the Mahābhārata as the mountain ranges Vindhya (separating the Deccan from north India), Mahendra (the eastern Ghats), Malaya (southern half of the Western Ghats), Sahya (the northern half of the Western Ghats), Rakṣavat (northeast extension of the Vindhya), Pāripātra, and the Sūktimat (or Śuktimat), which is presumably another name for the one remaining significant mountain range, the Arbuda in the northwest. ## Kāla Mṛgāraputra *ri dags ’dzin gyi bu nag po*, Skt. *kāla mṛgāraputra*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Kālacakra One of the most important tantric cycles practiced in Tibet, it contains a unique and influential description of the cosmology of the universe. ## Kālagata *dus las ’das*, Skt. *kālagata*, A world system. ## Kālaka *nag po*, Skt. *kālaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## kālakūṭa *kA la ku Ta*, Skt. *kālakūṭa*, A deadly poison that originated when the gods and asuras churned the oceans to create the nectar of immortality. ## kālakūṭa poison *nag po brtsegs pa’i dug*, Skt. *kālakūṭa*, A type of vegetable poison typically listed among poisonous substances in Āyurvedic literature. The terms is also used as synonym for the halāhala poison. ## Kālaka’s Grove *nag po’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *kālakārāma*, Grove offered to the Buddha by Kālaka, a wealthy man of Sāketa. ## Kālapāśā *dus kyi zhags pa can ma*, Skt. *kālapāśā*, Literally, “the noose of time,” the term generally refers to the noose wielded by Yama, the lord of death. Because this term is in the feminine, it is likely meant to refer to the personification of that noose as a rākṣasī. ## Kālaparvata Literally “black mountain.” According to traditional Buddhist cosmology, the Nine Black Mountains are found on the northern edge of the continent of Jambudvīpa. There are three sets of three peaks, and behind them lies the great snow mountain that is the source of the Ganges River. A description of this cosmology can be found in chapter three of the Abhidharma­kośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. ## Kālarūpa *kA la rU pa*, Skt. *kālarūpa*, “Black Form.” This seems to be an epithet of Mūrdhaṭaka, one of the wrathful emanations of Mañjuśrī. ## Kālarātrī *dus kyi mtshan mo*, Skt. *kālarātrī*, The seventh of the nine forms of Durgā, also worshiped in tantric Buddhism. ## Kālasūtra *thig nag po*, Skt. *kālasūtra*, The second of the traditional Buddhist list of eight hot hells—the “black cord” hell. Explanations vary as to whether these cords or wires cut through a person, burn them, or mark them for cutting up. ## Kālava Skt. *kālava*, When used in the plural, this is the name of an ancient country. ## kleśa *nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *kleśa*, In Classical Sanskrit, kleśa means “pain,” “torment,” or “affliction.” As a technical term in Buddhist Sanskrit the word takes on the specialized meanings “impurity” or “depravity” which refers to a number of negative qualities of the mind that contribute to sentient beings’ continued existence in saṃsāra. The basic three kleśas are ignorance, attachment, and aversion. ## Kāleya-Maitrāyaṇīya The name of a Vedic school. ## Kāliñjara *ka lany+dzi*, Skt. *kāliñjara*, Name of a country; inhabitant of this country. ## Kālikā One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Kālika *nag po*, Skt. *kālika*, The [nāga](#nāga) king who lauded Siddhārtha after he gave up his austerities and prepared to sit under the bodhi tree. ## Kālikasūtra *nag po yod pa’i mdo*, Skt. *kālikasūtra*, No Sanskrit sūtra with this title is known. The title may correspond with the name Kālaka or Kokālika, a partisan of Devadatta (see AN X.87); see Kudo 2004, p. 229, n. 2. ## Kīlikīla *kI li kI la*, Skt. *kīlikīla*, An esoteric deity, often included in the class of wrathful (krodha) deities. ## Kālodāyin *nag po ’char ldan*, Skt. *kālodāyin*, According to the Pāli tradition, he was the the son of King Śuddhodana’s family priest or minister (purohita) and was a playmate of the young Siddhārtha in their early childhood. As a counselor to Śuddhodana, he was sent by the Buddha’s father to invite the recently enlightened son to pay a visit to his former home. ## Kāmā *kA mA*, Skt. *kA mA*, One of the sixteen great kingdoms of ancient India. ## kūṣmāṇḍa *grul bum*, Skt. *kūṣmāṇḍa*, A disease-causing demon, with an etymology of “little warm egg,” also used for benevolent deities. However, the Tibetan term used in the Kāraṇḍavyūha is more commonly used (as in the Mahavyutpatti concordance) to translate kumbhanda, a humanoid being with an animal’s head that dwells in the sea. ## Kāmadevī *’dod pa’i lha mo*, Skt. *kāmadevī*, A deity in Vajrānaṅga’s maṇḍala. ## Kāmadeva *’dod lha*, Skt. *kāmadeva*, God of love; the name of a vetāla. ## Kūṣmala *kum b+ha la*, Skt. *kūṣmala*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Kāmaśreṣṭha *’dod pa’i gtso bo*, Skt. *kāmaśreṣṭha*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Kāmarūpī *’dod pa’i gzugs can ma*, Skt. *kāmarūpī*, The name of a yakṣiṇī. ## Kāmarūpa *kA ma rU pa*, Skt. *kāmarūpa*, One of the two kṣetras. ## Kāmarūpin *’dod dgur sgyur ba’i gzugs can*, Skt. *kāmarūpin*, A mountain. ## Kāmaśāstra *’dod pa’i bstan bcos*, Skt. *kāmaśāstra*, A treatise on love. ## Kāmavajriṇī *’dod pa’i rdo rje dang ldan ma*, Skt. *kāmavajriṇī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Kāmbojī *kam po dzi*, Skt. *kāmbojī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Kāmeśvarī *’dod pa’i dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *kāmeśvarī*, ‟Goddess of Desire,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs as well as one of the eight great yakṣinīs. ## Kāmeśvara *’dod pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *kāmeśvara*, Literally, “Lord of Desire.” Name of Kubera/Vaiśravaṇa. ## Kṛmi *srin bu*, Skt. *kṛmi*, A nāga king. ## Kṛmiśa *srin bu gnas*, Skt. *kṛmiśa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kṛmila *srin bu can*, Skt. *kṛmila*, A mountain king. ## Kāminī *’dod ldan ma*, Skt. *kāminī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Kāmpisiṃha A king. ## Kṛṣnagotamaka *gau ta ma ni nag po*, Skt. *kṛṣnagotamaka*, A nāga king. ## Ākāśānantya *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas*, Skt. *ākāśānantya*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## kneecaps are elegant *pus mo’i lha nga dag mdzes par gyur pa*, Skt. *cāru­niṣpanna­jānu­maṇḍala­tā*, Third of the eighty minor marks. ## Künga Gyatso Künga Gyatso was one of the sons of the sixth Degé king, Pönchen Könchok Lhunthup. He ordained and became a renowned practitioner. ## Künga Rinchen The fifth Degé king, Künga Rinchen (b. late sixteenth century; d. early seventeenth century) was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-fifth generation. He was the first of the Degé kings to have monastic vows. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## Künga Sangpo Ngorchen Künga Sangpo (1382–1456) is a central figure in the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism. He founded Ngor Ewaṃ Chöden monastery, and the Sakya Ngor tradition with which Lhundrup Teng was affiliated. ## Knot of Joy *be’u dga’*, Skt. *be’u dga’*, Son of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Knower of Existence *srid pa shes pa rtogs pa*, Skt. *srid pa shes pa rtogs pa*, A king and sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Knower of the Gathering *bsdu ba mkhyen pa*, Skt. *bsdu ba mkhyen pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vratatapas (448 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Knower of the Meaning *don ni dgongs pa*, Skt. *don ni dgongs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidyutketu (509 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Knower of the Origin as Related to Knowledge of the Past *sngon kyi mtha’ shes pa kun ’byung ba shes pa yongs su rtogs pa*, Skt. *sngon kyi mtha’ shes pa kun ’byung ba shes pa yongs su rtogs pa*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Knower of the Past *sngon kyi mtha’ shes pa yongs su rtogs pa*, Skt. *sngon kyi mtha’ shes pa yongs su rtogs pa*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Knower of the Vedas *rig byed shes pa*, Skt. *rig byed shes pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## knower of the world Skt. *lokavid*, An epithet of a buddha. Here it is the sixth epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected when experiencing fear, trepidation, or terror. ## Knowing neither Increase nor Decrease *spar ’chums ma yin*, Skt. *spar ’chums ma yin*, A great bodhisattva. ## knowledge *shes rab*, Skt. *prajñā*, In this text shes rab seems to mean primarily knowledge (defined as insight and understanding one has gained through studying and experience), specifically knowledge of the teachings of the Buddha in general, and of karmic cause and effect in particular (Cf. Edgerton, BHSD, s.v. prajñā: “(Skt., and Pāli paññā), knowledge: three kinds, śrutamayī, cintāmayī, and bhāvanāmayī”, i.e., knowledge consisting in listening to the teachings, reflecting on them, and meditation (cultivating or internalizing the teachings). Also translated here as “knowledge of the Dharma.” See also . ## knowledge and seeing of liberation Both knowing and directly accessing liberated knowing; the fifth of the five undefiled aggregates that are characteristic of noble ones. ## knowledge and vision of liberation Both fully knowing and directly accessing the knowledge of liberation; the fifth of five qualities of the Saṅgha (the others being discipline, samādhi, wisdom, and liberation) that are also described in other texts as the five undefiled (or beyond-worldly) aggregates (skandha) characteristic of noble ones. ## knowledge from prayer *smon nas shes pa*, Skt. *praṇidhijñāna*, See also . ## Knowledge Gift *shes byin*, Skt. *shes byin*, Son of the buddha Jñānarāśi. ## knowledge holder *rig ’dzin*, Skt. *vidyādhara*, See “vidyādhara.” ## knowledge in accord with sound *sgra ji bzhin shes pa*, Skt. *yathāruta­jñāna*, Eleventh of the eleven knowledges. ## knowledge incantation *rig sngags*, Skt. *vidyā*, A type of incantation or spell used to accomplish a ritual goal. This can be associated with either ordinary attainments or those whose goal is awakening. ## Knowledge Joy *shes dga’*, Skt. *shes dga’*, Son of the buddha Sujñāna. ## knowledge mantra *rig sngags*, Skt. *vidyā*, A type of incantation used in meditative and ritual contexts. ## knowledge of a knower of path aspects *lam gyi rnam pa shes pa nyid kyi shes pa*, Skt. *mārgākāra­jñatā­jñāna*, Also referred to as “knowledge of paths,” it is the knowledge of a bodhisattva. ## knowledge of all aspects *rnam pa thams cad mkhyen pa nyid*, Skt. *sarvākāra­jñatā*, See “three types of omniscience.” ## knowledge of all the dharmas *thams cad shes pa*, Skt. *sarvajñatā*, Literally “knowledge of all” or “all-knowing,” but here rendered “knowledge of all the dharmas” rather than “omniscience.” In the Prajñāpāramitā literature, this is a technical term that refers to the full extent of knowledge realized by arhats and pratyekabuddhas, comprising particularly their understanding of the absence of a self in the aggregates, sense fields, and sensory elements. The term might intertextually refer to a discourse found in the Saṁyutta Nikāya/Saṁyuktāgama (SN 35:23/SĀ 319) in which the Buddha describes “the all” as the twelve sense fields. It is the third of the eight main topics or “clear realizations” of The Ornament of Clear Realization. ## knowledge of dharma *chos shes pa*, Skt. *dharmajñāna*, See also . ## Knowledge of Gathering *bsdu ba’i blo mnga*, Skt. *bsdu ba’i blo mnga*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vighuṣṭarāja (532 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## knowledge of mastery *’dris pa shes pa*, Skt. *paricayajñāna*, Tenth of the eleven knowledges. ## knowledge of nonduality *gnyis su med pa shes pa*, Skt. *advayajñāna*, Eighth of the eleven knowledges. ## knowledge of other minds *pha rol gyi sems shes pa*, Skt. *para­citta­jñāna*, Third of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of path aspects *lam gyi rnam par shes pa nyid*, Skt. *mārgākārajñatā*, See “three types of omniscience.” ## knowledge of paths *lam gyi rnam pa shes pa nyid*, Skt. *mārgajñatā*, See “three types of omniscience.” Also referred to as the “knowledge of a knower of path aspects,” it is the knowledge of a bodhisattva. ## knowledge of phenomena *chos shes pa*, Skt. *dharmajñāna*, Seventh of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of phenomena that is subsequently realized *rjes su rtogs pa shes pa*, Skt. *anvayajñāna*, Eighth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of relative appearances *kun rdzob shes pa*, Skt. *saṃ­vṛti­jñāna*, Fourth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of suffering *sdug bsngal shes pa*, Skt. *duḥkhajñāna*, First of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of the aspects of the path *lam gyi rnam pa shes pa nyid*, Skt. *mārgākāra­jñatā*, A key term in the Prajñā­pāramitā texts denoting the form of omniscience (‘knowing all’) that bodhisattvas progressively attain, the knowledge of all paths, including knowledge not only of their own path but also of the paths of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas. However, note that although this term is used with this meaning (and can be glossed as the second of the eight topics elucidated in the Abhisamayālaṃkāra), in the original formulation of the eight topics in the Abhisamayālaṃkāra the term used is simply mārgājñāta (lam shes pa nyid), “knowledge of the paths.” ## knowledge of the cessation *’gog pa shes pa*, Skt. *nirodhajñāna*, Third of the eleven knowledges. ## knowledge of the cessation of suffering *’gog pa shes pa*, Skt. *ni­rodha­jñāna*, Seventh of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of the conventional *kun rdzob shes pa*, Skt. *saṃvṛtijñāna*, Ninth of the eleven knowledges. ## knowledge of the Dharma *shes rab*, Skt. *prajñā*, See entry “knowledge” and also . ## knowledge of the extinction of contaminants *zad par shes pa*, Skt. *kṣayajñāna*, Fifth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of the origin *kun ’byung ba shes pa*, Skt. *samudayajñāna*, Second of the eleven knowledges. ## knowledge of the origin of suffering *kun ’byung ba shes pa*, Skt. *samudayajñāna*, Second of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge of the path *lam gyi rnam pa shes pa nyid*, Skt. *mārgākāra­jñatā*, A key term in the Prajñā­pāramitā texts denoting the (incomplete) equivalent of omniscience that bodhisattvas progressively attain, including knowledge not only of their own path but also of the paths of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas. It is the second of the eight main topics or “clear realizations” of The Ornament of Clear Realization. In this text it is explained clearly in chapter 58 at -. ## knowledge of the relative *kun rdzob shes pa*, Skt. *saṃvṛtijñāna*, Ninth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## Knowledge of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs shes*, Skt. *brtul zhugs shes*, Father of the buddha Amitalocana. ## knowledge that contaminants will not arise again *mi skye ba shes pa*, Skt. *anutpādajñāna*, Sixth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge that contaminants will not be regenerated *mi skye ba shes pa*, Skt. *an­ut­pāda­jñāna*, Tenth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge that engages in subtlety *phra ba la ’jug pa’i mkhyen pa*, Skt. *sūkṣma­praveśa­jñāna*, The various aspects of the knowledge that engages in subtlety of conduct, etc. include the knowledge that engages with subtle transmigration at the time of death, the knowledge that engages with subtle processes of rebirth, and the knowledge that engages with subtle buddha activities—emanation, renunciation, manifestly perfect enlightenment, turning the wheel of the sacred doctrine, consecrating the lifespan, passing into final nirvāṇa, and so forth. (See also .) ## knowledge that is definitive *ji lta ba bzhin shes pa*, Skt. *yathā­jñāna*, Eleventh of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge that is masterful *’dris pa shes pa*, Skt. *paricayajñāna*, Tenth of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## knowledge that is semantic *sgra ji bzhin shes pa*, Skt. *yathāruta­jñāna*, Eleventh of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## Knowledge Wealth *shes ’byor*, Skt. *shes ’byor*, Attendant of the buddha Sujñāna. ## knowledge words *shes pa’i tshig*, Skt. *jñānapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## Knowledgeable *shes can*, Skt. *shes can*, Knowledgeable (having much knowledge), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Vigatakāṅkṣa. ## Knowledgeable Worship *shes ldan mchod*, Skt. *shes ldan mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānarāśi. ## known bandit or thief *chom rkun par grags pa*, One of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order. ## Kṣānti *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, A buddha realm. ## Kṣāntibala *bzod pa’i stobs*, Skt. *kṣāntibala*, Name of the Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a sage practicing bodhisattva conduct. ## Kṣānti­maṇḍala­pradīpa *bzod ’khor sgron ma*, Skt. *kṣānti­maṇḍala­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Kṣāntinemin *bzod pa’i mu khyud*, Skt. *kṣāntinemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Kṣānti­pradīpa­śrī *bzod pa’i sgron ma dpal*, Skt. *kṣānti­pradīpa­śrī*, The ninety-fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Kṣānti­pradīpa­śirī. ## Kṣāntivādin *bzod par smra ba*, Skt. *kṣāntivādin*, A sage who appears in the Jātakas. ## Koṇaka *mtshams can*, Skt. *koṇaka*, A village. ## Kośalā *ko sha lA*, Skt. *kośalā*, A river in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Kośala *ko sa la*, Skt. *kośala*, An ancient kingdom, northwest of Magadha, abutting Kāśi, whose capital was Śrāvastī. During the Buddha’s time it was ruled by Prasenajit. It presently corresponds to an area within Uttar Pradesh. ## koṭampa cloth *ko tam pa'i ras*, Skt. *koṭambaka*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. A low-grade cloth made from kotampa fibers or kausheyam [silk](#silk) and [linen](#linen) or cotton weave. ## Koṣṭhila *stod rings*, Skt. *koṣṭhila*, Maternal uncle of [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and son of [Māṭhara](#māṭhara). He went south to [study](#study) Lokāyata philosophy with [Tiṣya](#tiṣya). He later returned to [study](#study) Lokāyata philosophy with an order of wandering [ascetic](#ascetic)s, pledged not to cut his nails so long as he upheld Lokāyata philosophy and became known as [Dīrghanakha](#dīrghanakha), "He Who Has Long Fingernails." ## Koṭikarṇika Skt. *koṭikarṇika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Koṭivarṣa *bye ba ’dab*, Skt. *koṭivarṣa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kokalika *ko ka li ka*, Skt. *kokalika*, The name of a monk identified as a contemporary of Śākyamuni who taught an impure Dharma. ## Koṅkana *kong ka na*, Skt. *koṅkana*, One of the power places. ## Kokila *ko ki la*, Skt. *kokila*, An asura in one of the variants of the maṇḍala of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. ## Kokālika *ko ka li ka*, Skt. *kokālika*, One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha. ## Kolita *pang nas skyes*, Skt. *kolita*, The name given to [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana) by his relatives because it seemed to them he had come to them from the lap of the [gods](#gods). ## Koluka *gzi can*, Skt. *koluka*, A nāga king. ## Kośāmba The name of a king. ## Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye *kong sprul blo gros mtha’ yas*, Skt. *kong sprul blo gros mtha’ yas*, A famous Tibetan scholar practitioner of the nineteenth century. ## Konākamuni Skt. *konākamuni*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Kṣoṇo *Sho No*, Skt. *kṣoṇo*, A river in Jambudvīpa. ## Korabha *rtsom*, Skt. *korabha*, A deva who made offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Koraṇḍo *ko raN+Do*, Skt. *koraṇḍo*, A land in Godānīya. ## Kosala *ko sa la*, Skt. *kosala*, An ancient kingdom, northwest of Magadha, abutting Kāśi, whose capital was Śrāvastī. During the Buddha’s time it was ruled by King Prasenajit. ## Koshé Castle *mkhar ko shed*, Skt. *mkhar ko shed*, An ancient settlement in the western part of Khotan. ## Kourava *ko’u ra ba*, Skt. *kourava*, A land in the east of Jambudvīpa. ## Kouṭubha *kau Tub+haH*, Skt. *kouṭubha*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Koṭīviṃśa *bye ba nyi shu pa*, Skt. *koṭīviṃśa*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Koṭīviṃśakarṇa Also known as Śroṇa Koṭīviṃśa (Pali: Soṇa Koḷivisa). He was very wealthy and pampered prior to becoming a disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni, to the extent that soft hair grew on the soles of his feet, yet as a monk he became known for his exertion. ## Kovida Skt. *kovida*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## kovidāra A tree that is said to have been grown in the heavens, possibly Bauhinia variegata. ## Kṛpā *brtse ba*, Skt. *kṛpā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kāpiśī *ka pu sha*, Skt. *kāpiśī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kāpiṣṭhalāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Māṇḍavya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Kāpiñjaleya A sublineage of the Sāmavedins. ## kāpālika *mi’i thod pa can*, Skt. *kāpālika*, A sect of Śaiva ascetics who are known for their cremation ground practices and aesthetics. ## Kāpālin *thod pa can*, Skt. *kāpālin*, An epithet, or one of the emanations, of Śiva. ## kīra An unidentified substance. ## Kāraṅgī *tshon ngan ma*, Skt. *kāraṅgī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Kārṣaka *zhing pa*, Skt. *kārṣaka*, A village. ## Krakucchanda *'khor ba 'jig*, Skt. *krakucchanda*, One of the six [buddha](#buddha)s who preceded [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) in this Fortunate Eon. ## Kramavinardita­rāja *rim gyis sgrogs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kramavinardita­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Krīḍana *rtse med*, Skt. *krīḍana*, One of the grahas. ## Kṣāranadī *chu bo rab med*, Skt. *kṣāranadī*, “Caustic River,” one of the hells. ## krandanā *ngu ’bod*, Skt. *krandanā*, “Crying one,” a class of female spirits. ## Kṣīrasa *’o ma ’dzag.*, Skt. *kṣīrasa*, A mendicant who asks King Ambara, a previous life of Śākyamuni, for his hands. ## Krati Skt. *krati*, The context suggests that this is a class of powerful beings. ## Kratu One of the seven principal sages in the brahmanical tradition. According to The Exemplary Tale of Śārdūlakarṇa, he is the putative head of the Atharvaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Krauñca Skt. *krauñca*, A mountain split by Kārttikeya. ## Krauñcāna *krung krung sgra can*, Skt. *krauñcāna*, A village or town. See also . ## Kṣāravarcani­kuñjitā *’gyur byed mi gtsang bstsags*, Skt. *kṣāravarcani­kuñjitā*, A realm with the five degeneracies in which the bodhisattvas Saṃrocana and Prahasitabāhu, both pupils of the Buddha Śākyamuni, are prophesied to become buddhas. ## kravyāda *sha rjen*, Skt. *kravyāda*, “Carrion eater,” a class of flesh-eating spirits. ## ākārābhinirhāra *rnam pa mngon par sgrub pa*, Skt. *ākārābhinirhāra*, Lit. “accomplishing aspects.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## kriyā *mdzad pa*, Skt. *kriyā*, A mere ritual performance (in contradistinction to karman, which is the same performance aiming at a particular outcome). The term is also used to denote a class of tantras, the Kriyā tantras. ## Kriyā (yoga) *bya ba*, the first of the three outer [tantras](#tantra), the fourth of the nine [vehicle](#vehicle)s. In this type of practice the stress is mainly put on correct external behavior and cleanliness. ## Kriyātantra *bya ba’i rgyud*, Skt. *kriyātantra*, A class of tantric scripture that generally features elaborate rites directed toward both mundane goals‍—such as health, prosperity, and protection‍—and to the ultimate goal of liberation. In this class of tantra, the practitioners do not identify themselves with the deity as in other classes of tantra, but rather seek their power, assistance, and intervention in pursuit of their goals. The Mañjuśrī­mūla­kalpa and Amoghapāśa­kalpa­rāja exemplify this class of tantra. ## kārākāra *bya ba byed pa*, Skt. *kārākāra*, Lit. “does what needs to be done.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kūrma *ru sbal*, Skt. *kūrma*, One of the avatars of Viṣṇu. ## Kūrma lineage A lineage of kings. ## Kūrmajā *rus sbal skyes ma*, Skt. *kūrmajā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## ākārānavakāra *rnam pa dor ba med pa*, Skt. *ākārānavakāra*, Lit. “not forsaking any aspect.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## krośa A measure of distance defined as being equal to one thousand bows, presumably about 1.8 kilometers. It is considered to be the distance a voice can reach in “calling” (krośa). In the Abhidharmakośa (III 87), Vasubandhu defines a krośa as consisting of five hundreds bows, and he comments that it is the minimum distance at which a hermitage should be situated from the nearest village. ## Kṣīroda *’o ma’i chu*, Skt. *kṣīroda*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## krodha *khro bo*, Skt. *krodha*, A wrathful deity, usually on the sambhogakāya level; appears to be synonymous with krodharāja or mahākrodha. ## Krodhanā *khro mo*, Skt. *krodhanā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Krodhapāśa *khro bo zhags pa*, Skt. *krodhapāśa*, Another name of Krodhāṅkuśa. ## Krodharāja *khro bo’i rgyal po*, Skt. *krodharāja*, “Lord of Wrath,” usually an epithet of Vajrapāṇi but also applied to other wrathful deities, such as the wrathful lords of the four families—tathāgata, lotus, jewel, and vajra. In the AP it is mainly used to refer to the wrathful aspect of Amoghapāśa; in this sense he is called, on at least one occasion, Amogha­krodha­rāja. ## Krodha­rājāṅkuśa *khro bo’i rgyal po lcags kyu*, Skt. *krodha­rājāṅkuśa*, Seems to be an elaboration of the name Krodhāṅkuśa. ## Krodhavajra Skt. *krodhavajra*, ‟Vajra of Anger,” one of the epithets of Bhūtaḍāmara. ## Krodhavijaya *khro bo rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *krodhavijaya*, An epithet of a wrathful form of Vajrapāṇi. ## Krodhāṅkuśī *khro bo chen po lcags kyu*, Skt. *krodhāṅkuśī*, A goddess associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Krodhāṅkuśa *khro bo lcags kyu*, Skt. *krodhāṅkuśa*, One of the wrathful emanations of Amoghapāśa. ## kārṣāpaṇa *kAr ShA pa Na*, Skt. *kārṣāpaṇa*, A coin that varied in value according as to whether it was made of gold, silver, or copper. It is presumably the latter, lower-value one that is being referred to here. ## kārṣāpana A coin that varied in value according as to whether it was made of gold, silver, or copper. ## Kīrtī *grags pa*, Skt. *kīrtī*, A great ṛṣi. ## Kārtavīrya Skt. *kārtavīrya*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Kīrti *grags pa*, Skt. *kīrti*, One of the bullocks of the merchant brothers, Trapuṣa and Bhallika. ## Kārtika Skt. *kārtika*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Kīrtikīrti *grags pa dang grags pa ’dren pa*, Skt. *kīrtikīrti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kīrtimat *grags pa can*, Skt. *kīrtimat*, World of the tathāgata Viśālakīrti. ## Kīrtiprabha *grags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *kīrtiprabha*, A buddha. ## Kīrtirāja *grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kīrtirāja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-third) when he becomes a buddha. ## Kīrtivatī *snyan ldan ma*, Skt. *kīrtivatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kārttika *ston zla tha chung*, Skt. *kārttika*, The lunar month in autum which falls in October-November, which in general Indian tradition was considered the most powerful time to perform good actions. ## Kārttikeya *ka rti ka*, Skt. *kārttikeya*, Kārttikeya (alt. Skanda) is the son of Śiva and Pārvatī. Like Gaṇapati, Kārttikeya is said to lead the gaṇas in battle against demonic beings and is considered a god of war. ## Kīrtīśvaraghoṣa *’od zer bral ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *kīrtīśvaraghoṣa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Kīrtīśvararāja *grags pa’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *kīrtīśvararāja*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Kāruṇika *snying rje can*, Skt. *kāruṇika*, This name refers to two people in this text: (1) A captain; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. (2) A prince; a former incarnation of the buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Kāruṇya *snying rje*, Skt. *kāruṇya*, One of the two pīlavas. ## kāsa *ka sa*, Skt. *kāsa*, The grass Saccharum spontaneum, native to Indian subcontinent. ## ākāśāsaṃga­vimukti­nirupalepa *nam mkha’ ltar chags pa med pas rnam par grol zhing gos pa med pa*, Skt. *ākāśāsaṃga­vimukti­nirupalepa*, Lit. “unattached, liberated, and uncovered like space.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kṛtajña *drin gzo*, Skt. *kṛtajña*, Known in the Avadāna literature as a previous life of the Buddha, his name is translated there as byas shes. In that tale, his brother (a previous life of Devadatta) gouges out his eyes. Nonetheless, a princess chooses him for a husband and is banished by her father, the king. When she speaks the words of truth of her love for him, one of Kṛtajña’s eyes is restored. When he speaks the words of truth that he has no hate for his brother, his other eye is restored, and he is enthroned by the king as his successor. YJ’s translation is slightly different and does not feature Kṛtajña as a personage but rather as an adjective (報恩語 bao’en yu “words of repaying kindness”). ## Kṛtavarman *go bgos*, Skt. *kṛtavarman*, The 383rd buddha in the first list, 382nd in the second list, and 376th in the third list. ## Kṛtādhikāra *lhag par bya ba byas pa*, Skt. *kṛtādhikāra*, A king. ## Kūtākṣa *brtsegs mig*, Skt. *kūtākṣa*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Kṛtāntadarśin *mdzad mtha’ gzigs*, Skt. *kṛtāntadarśin*, The 981st buddha in the first list, 980th in the second list, and 971st in the third list. ## Kṛtārtha *don mdzad*, Skt. *kṛtārtha*, The 980th buddha in the first list, 979th in the second list, and 970th in the third list. ## Kṛtārthadarśin *don mdzad gzigs*, Skt. *kṛtārthadarśin*, The 188th buddha in the first list, 187th in the second list, and 187th in the third list. ## Kṛttikā *smin drug*, Skt. *kṛttikā*, A constellation in the east, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Kṛtāvin level *byas pa rtogs pa can gyi sa*, Skt. *kṛtāvibhūmi*, Lit. “Have Done the Work to Be Done.” The seventh of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. It is equivalent to the level of a worthy one. See “ten levels.” ## kṛtyā A class of nonhuman being, often female, who are ritually summoned to perform injurious acts against the target of the rite. They are often mentioned together with khākorḍas, who serve a similar function. ## kṛtyā rite *bsgyur ba’i las*, Skt. *kṛtyākarma*, Rites of hostile magic that employ kṛtyās, a type of supernatural being, as magical agents. Taken literally, the Tibetan term sgyur ba’i las would mean “the karma/activities of transformation.” ## kṛtyā rites *bsgyur ba’i las*, Skt. *kṛtyākarma*, Rites of hostile magic that employ kṛtyās, a type of supernatural being, as magical agents. ## kṛtya *gshed byed*, Skt. *kṛtya*, A spirit one can request, by making offerings, to destroy others. Usually female, with this sūtra having the sole instance of a male entity. There are also references to humans who have this power. ## Kātyarṣabha *brtson pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *kātyarṣabha*, A lay brother living in Nādikā. ## kātyāyanī *ka ta ya na*, Skt. *kātyāyanī*, Usually an epithet of the goddess Durgā, in the Bhūtaḍāmara Tantra this term refers to a class of wild and powerful female spirits. ## Kātyāyana Indian [Arhat](#arhat) who was a [disciple](#disciple) of the [buddha](#buddha) and wrote down one [section](#section) of the [Abhidharma](#abhidharma). ## Kātyāyana Who Gathers *’dus pa’i kA tyA ya na*, Skt. *’dus pa’i kA tyA ya na*, See “Kātyāyana.” ## Kātyāyanaputra *kA tyA ya na’i bu*, Skt. *kātyāyanaputra*, See “Kātyāyana.” ## Kātyāyanīputra *kA t+yA’i bu*, Skt. *kātyāyanīputra*, See “Kātyāyanī.” ## Kātyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Kuśa *ku sha*, Skt. *kuśa*, A prince who was the Buddha in a former life. ## kuśa grass *ku sha*, Skt. *kuśa*, Desmostachya bipinnata. A type of grass often used for religious ceremonies. ## Kuṇḍalahāriṇī *rna can ma*, Skt. *kuṇḍalahāriṇī*, One of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Kuṇḍala­kātyāyanī *ka ta ya na rna cha can*, Skt. *kuṇḍala­kātyāyanī*, ‟Kātyāyanī with Earrings,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Kuśalaprabha *dge ba’i ’od*, Skt. *kuśalaprabha*, The 704th buddha in the first list, 703rd in the second list, and 693rd in the third list. ## Kuśalapradīpa *dge ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *kuśalapradīpa*, The 858th buddha in the first list, 857th in the second list, and 847th in the third list. ## Kuṇḍalin *thab sbyor can*, Skt. *kuṇḍalin*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Kuṇapa *ro myogs*, Skt. *kuṇapa*, “Rotting Corpse,” one of the cold hells. ## Kubala Grove *ku ba la’i tshal*, Skt. *kubala*, A grove in Promotion ## Kubera Skt. *kubera*, The king of yakṣas and an important wealth deity, he is also one of the Four Great Kings in Buddhist cosmology. In this capacity he is commonly known as Vaiśravaṇa, the guardian of the northern quarter. ## Kuberakāntā *ku be ra’i snying du sdug ma*, Skt. *kuberakāntā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Kublai Khan Kublai Khan (1215–94) reigned over the Mongol empire from 1260 to 1294 and founded the Yuan dynasty in China. Based on his priest-patron (mchod yon) relationship, he entrusted both political and religious authority over Tibet to the head of the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, Drogön Chögyal Phakpa. ## Kuśāgrapura *ku sha’i mchog gi grong*, Skt. *kuśāgrapuri*, The one-time capital of ancient Magadha. ## Kuhā *gya gyu*, Skt. *kuhā*, A river queen. ## Kuṇṭhā *gtum mo*, Skt. *kuṇṭhā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Kuṣṭha *mdze*, Skt. *kuṣṭha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Kuhara The name of a mountain. ## Kuṭi *khang khyim can*, Skt. *kuṭi*, The hamlet from which Maitreya comes. ## kuśika *ku shi kA*, Skt. *kuśika*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Kuśinagarī *ku sha’i grong khyer*, Skt. *kuśinagarī*, Village in the country of Mallā where the Buddha passed into parinirvāṇa. ## Kuśinagara *ku shi na*, Skt. *kuśinagara*, The capital of the Malla kingdom, in the vicinity of which the Buddha passed into parinirvāṇa. ## Kuñjara *glang po che*, Skt. *kuñjara*, One of the rāśis. ## Kuñjaramati *ba lang mo’i blo gros*, Skt. *kuñjaramati*, ‟Excellent Mind,” the name of a female spirit summoned in a sādhana. ## Kuñjaro *kuny+dza ro*, Skt. *kuñjaro*, A mountain in the sea south of Jambudvīpa. ## Kuśākṣī *ku sha lta bu’i mig can*, Skt. *kuśākṣī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Kukkuṭapādaka *ri bya gag rkang*, Skt. *kukkuṭapādaka*, A mountain. ## Kukkuṭācīra *kuk+ku TA tsI ra*, Skt. *kukkuṭācīra*, A forest on Forest Garlands. ## Kukkuripa *ku ku ri pa*, Skt. *kukkuripa*, Counted among the most famous of the Indian Buddhist Mahāsiddhas and renowned for his association with packs of dogs (kukkura), he is a central figure in a number of tantric lineages, specifically of the Guhya­samāja Tantra and Mahā­māyā Tantra. He was active sometime between the eighth and tenth centuries. ## Kukūla *mas ma me mur*, Skt. *kukūla*, One of the hells. ## kuṇāla *ku na la*, Skt. *kuṇāla*, Bird with beautiful eyes that lives on Mount Sumeru. ## Kulakā *ku la kA*, Skt. *kulakā*, A rākṣasī living in Ramayo. ## Kulasundarī *rigs mdzes ma*, Skt. *kulasundarī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa; also a tantric goddess prominent in the Śrīvidyā tradition. ## Kulatā *ku lu tA*, Skt. *kulatā*, One of the auxiliary charnel grounds. ## Kuleśvara *rigs sngags kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *kuleśvara*, ‟Lord of the Family,” one of the eight bhūta kings. ## Kuliśavatī *rdo rje ldan ma*, Skt. *kuliśavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Kuliśika *rdo rje can*, Skt. *kuliśika*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Kulika *rigs ldan*, Skt. *kulika*, The name of one of the eight nāga kings who obey the eight deities in Gaṇapati’s nine-section maṇḍala. ## Kulikeśvarī One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## kulmāṣa *zan dron*, Skt. *kulmāṣa*, Sour gruel. ## kuṣmāṇḍa *grul bum*, Skt. *kuṣmāṇḍa*, Another name for kumbhāṇḍa, a class of nonhuman beings. ## kumbhāṇḍā A female kumbhāṇḍa. ## kumbhāṇḍī A female kumbhāṇḍa. ## Kumbha *bum pa*, Skt. *kumbha*, One of the kings of rākṣasas; Aquarius (the zodiac sign and the constellation); a south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra. ## kumbhāṇḍa *grul bum*, Skt. *kumbhāṇḍa*, A class of dwarf beings subordinate to Virūḍhaka, one of the Four Great Kings, associated with the southern direction. The name uses a play on the word āṇḍa, which means “egg” but is also a euphemism for a testicle. Thus, they are often depicted as having testicles as big as pots (from khumba, or “pot”). ## Kumbhaka Skt. *kumbhaka*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kumbhakarṇa *bum rna*, Skt. *kumbhakarṇa*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Kumbhakārī *rdza byed ma*, Skt. *kumbhakārī*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## Kumbhodara *bum lto bo*, Skt. *kumbhodara*, A yakṣa general. ## Kumbhīrā Skt. *kumbhīrā*, The name of a mātṛkā in Great Cool Grove. ## Kumbhīra *chu srin kun b+hi ra*, Skt. *kumbhīra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kumbhīramukha *chu srin kun b+ha ra’i gdong*, Skt. *kumbhīramukha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kumārī A general term for a young girl or an epithet for the goddess Durgā. Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra refers to a group of kumārīs who can be depicted on a cloth canvas and then worshiped (see “seven kumārīs”). ## kumāra *gzhon nu*, Skt. *kumāra*, Apart from the usual meaning and usages (such as being a title of Mañjuśrī, etc.), this also seems to be the name of a class of nonhuman beings. The term is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “divine youth.” ## Kumārabhṛta *gzhon nu’i tshul*, Skt. *kumārabhṛta*, One of the previous incarnations of Māra. ## Kumārabhṛta, the physician *'tsho byed gzhon nu*, Skt. *jīvaka kumārabhṛta*, Jīvaka is a title meaning "physician." Kumārabhṛta [means](#means) "raised by the prince," in this case Prince Abhaya, who was said to have fostered the future physician. He was personal physician to King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra) and the [Buddha](#buddha). He asked that ill persons would not be accepted into the order, for it would prove too great a burden on the king's treasury, which paid for all the treatment he administered, and his own health. ## Kumārajīva *kumārajīva*, Skt. *kumārajīva*, A Buddhist monk and scholar from the Kingdom of Kucha, who was active in China. One of the greatest translators of Buddhist texts. He lived between 344–413 ce. ## Kumārakalaśa *ku mA ra ka la sha*, Skt. *kumārakalaśa*, The name of an Indian preceptor and teacher who lived during the early Sarma (gsar ma) period (c. 11th century) and worked on the Tibetan translation of the Mañjuśrī­mūla­tantra. ## Kumārakāśyapa *gzhon nu ’od srung gi bu*, Skt. *kumārakāśyapa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kumāravardhana *yul gzhon nu bskyed pa*, Skt. *kumāravardhana*, A country. See also . ## kumuḍa flesh The identity of this type of meat is not clear. ## Kumuda *ku mu da*, Skt. *ku mu da*, Attendant of the buddha Gaganasvara. ## Kumuda Essence *ku mu da yi snying po*, Skt. *ku mu da yi snying po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhasvara. ## Kumuda Flowers *me tog ku mu da*, Skt. *kumuda*, A river in Dwelling on Summits. ## Kumuda­vicitramaha *ku ma dA’i dus ston sna tshogs can*, Skt. *kumuda­vicitramaha*, A certain bird that lived on Gandhamādana Mountain, who died with thoughts of joy toward the Buddha and therefore took rebirth as a god. ## Kumudākara *ku mu da’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *kumudākara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kundaśrī *me tog kun da’i dpal*, Skt. *kundaśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## kundhalicilī An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Kunga Lekrin *kun dga’ legs rin*, Skt. *kun dga’ legs rin*, A fifteenth century Sakya scholar, nephew of Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo. ## Kunikaṇṭha *mgrin ngan*, Skt. *kunikaṇṭha*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## kunāla *ku na la*, Skt. *kunāla*, Himalayan bird with beautiful bright eyes. ## Kunpang Chödrak Palzang *kun spangs chos grags dpal bzang*, Skt. *kun spangs chos grags dpal bzang*, A great fourteenth century Jonangpa scholar, practitioner, and translator (1283–1363), who had earlier studied at Sakya, with Butön at Zhalu, and with Tharpa Lotsāwa at Sangphu, before becoming the first major disciple of Dolpopa. ## Kuntī *mdung can*, Skt. *kuntī*, A rākṣasī known only from this sūtra. ## Kunta *bdung*, Skt. *kunta*, Another name of the king Ājita. ## Kuntadaṃṣṭrā *me tog kun da’i mche ba can*, Skt. *kuntadaṃṣṭrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Kuntalā *ku ta la*, Skt. *kuntalā*, A yakṣiṇī in the maṇḍala of Ekajaṭā. ## Kuṇḍopadāna *yul chu mig can*, Skt. *kuṇḍopadāna*, A country. ## Kṣuradhārā *spu gri so*, Skt. *kṣuradhārā*, “Razor Blade,” one of the hells. ## Kurava *sgra mi snyan*, Skt. *kurava*, In ancient Buddhist cosmology, the northern of the four continents in the cardinal directions, that of “Unpleasant Sound.” ## kurchi Holarrhena pubescens. ## Kurkuṭārāma Gardens *khyim bya ba’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *kurkuṭārāma*, A garden frequented by Devadatta and his followers. ## Kuru The name of a region in the north of the Indian subcontinent, situated among the plains of the Yamunā River to the east of present-day Delhi. ## Kurukṣetra *sgra ngan zhing*, Skt. *kurukṣetra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Kurukullā *ku ru kulle*, Skt. *kurukullā*, A deity in the maṇḍala of Yamāri. Her practice is taught in The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Kurukulla *ku ru ku la*, Skt. *kurukulla*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Kurutararka *rgyal ngan rgyal gnyi*, Skt. *kurutararka*, A yakṣa general. ## Kusa *ku sha*, a kind of grass considered auspicious, because the [Buddha](#buddha) sat on a cushion of it when he attained [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## Kusumā *me tog ma*, Skt. *kusumā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs; also, a goddess of flowers invoked in a mantra. ## Kusuma *me tog*, Skt. *kusuma*, The 10th buddha in the first list, 10th in the second list, and 10th in the third list. ## Kusumadatta *me tog byin*, Skt. *kusumadatta*, The 244th buddha in the first list, 243rd in the second list, and 243rd in the third list. ## Kusumadeva *lha yi me tog*, Skt. *kusumadeva*, The 104th buddha in the first list, 104th in the second list, and 105th in the third list. ## Kusumadhvaja *me tog rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kusumadhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Kusumagaṇi *me tog tshogs can*, Skt. *kusumagaṇi*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Kusumagarbha *me tog mchog*, Skt. *kusumagarbha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Kusumaketu *me tog dpal*, Skt. *kusumaketu*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## kusuma­kośa *me tog gi mdzod*, Skt. *kusuma­kośa*, A magical tree, the name of which means “treasure of flowers.” ## Kusumanetra *me tog spyan*, Skt. *kusumanetra*, The 197th buddha in the first list, 196th in the second list, and 196th in the third list. ## Kusumanilayā *ku mud la gnas ma*, Skt. *kusumanilayā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Kusumaparvata *me tog ri bo*, Skt. *kusumaparvata*, The 164th buddha in the first list, 163rd in the second list, and 163rd in the third list. ## Kusumaprabha *me tog ’od*, Skt. *kusumaprabha*, The 842nd buddha in the first list, 841st in the second list, and 831st in the third list. ## Kusumapura *me rtog can*, Skt. *kusumapura*, Another name of Pāṭaliputra. ## Kusuma­pura­vāsinī *me tog gi grong khyer la gnas ma*, Skt. *kusuma­pura­vāsinī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Kusumaśrī *me tog dpal*, Skt. *kusumaśrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Kusumaraśmi *me tog ’od zer*, Skt. *kusumaraśmi*, The 53rd buddha in the first list, 53rd in the second list, and 54th in the third list. ## Kusuma­śrī­garbha *me tog rgyas pa dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *kusuma­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Kusumarāśi *me tog brtsegs*, Skt. *kusumarāśi*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Kusumarāṣṭra *yul ’khor me tog*, Skt. *kusumarāṣṭra*, The 412th buddha in the first list, 411th in the second list, and 405th in the third list. ## Kusuma­tala­garbha­vyūhālaṃkāra *gzhi me tog gi snying po’i rgyan gyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *kusuma­tala­garbha­vyūhālaṃkāra*, An ocean of universes that includes our Sahā universe of a thousand million worlds and the even greater assembly of universes called Prabhāsa­vairocana. It has elsewhere been interpreted to be an alternative name for the Sahā universe. ## Kusumavicitra *me tog sna tshogs*, Skt. *kusumavicitra*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Kusumbharatnā *le brgan rtsi dang rin chen ma*, Skt. *kusumbharatnā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Saffron Jewel,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## kusumābhikīrṇa *me tog bkram pa*, Skt. *kusumābhikīrṇa*, Lit. “on account of which flowers have been strewed.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kusumeśvarā *me tog gi dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *kusumeśvarā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Kusumottama A future buddha whose name is attested in the Mañjuśrī­mūlakalpa. ## Kusumottara­jñānin *me tog dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *kusumottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Kusumārci­sāgara­pradīpa *me tog ’od ’phro rgya mtsho sgron*, Skt. *kusumārci­sāgara­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Kusumāvatī *me tog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *kusumāvatī*, “Rich in Flowers,” one of the pure abodes presided over by the tathāgata Saṃkusumita Rajendra; in the MMK it is also the abode of Mañjuśrī. ## Kuśāvatī *rtswa can*, Skt. *kuśāvatī*, A city. ## ākāśāvasthita *nam mkha’i gnas la gnas pa*, Skt. *ākāśāvasthita*, Lit. “abiding in space.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Kāvelī Skt. *kāvelī*, A river queen. ## Kāverī *kA be rI*, Skt. *kāverī*, A river in Jambudvīpa. ## Kāviśa *mang yul*, Skt. *kāviśa*, This seems to be one of the Himalayan countries; the Tibetan translation essentially means the front range of the Himalayas. ## Kāṇvāyana *mig mi ’dzums kyi bu*, Skt. *kāṇvāyana*, The descendants of the ṛṣi Kaṇva. ## Kāya *sku*, see [three kāyas](#three-kāyas), [four kāyas](#four-kāyas), [five kāyas](#five-kāyas). ## Kāṣāya *ngur smrig*, Skt. *kāṣāya*, A realm to the north of the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s realm in which resides the Buddha Lokeśvararāja. ## Śākya *shakya*, Skt. *śākya*, Name of the ancient tribe in which the Buddha was born as a prince; their kingdom was based to the east of Kośala, in the foothills near the present-day border of India and Nepal, with Kapilavastu as its capital. ## Śākya Ö Tibetan monk and translator of this sūtra. ## Śākya clan The clan into which the Buddha was born. ## Śākya followers *shAkya pa*, Skt. *shAkya pa*, In the sūtra this term used by non-Buddhists to refer to Buddhists. ## Śākya Gomīrāja *shAkya btsun pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śākya gomīrāja*, A buddha. ## Śākya Lodrö *shAkya blo gros*, Skt. *(not in the skt. source of the mmk)*, The name of an important translator who was active during the early Sarma (gsar ma) period (c. 11th century). ## Śākya Suprabuddha *shAkya rab sad*, Skt. *śākya suprabuddha*, King of Vṛji, father of Buddha Śākyamuni’s mother Mahā­māyā. See “Suprabuddha.” ## Śākya Yeshé Śākya Yeshé, commonly known as Drokmi Lotsāwa (’brog mi lo tsā ba), was a Tibetan translator from Lhatsé in Western Tsang and an important figure in the Lamdré (Tib. lam ’bras) lineage. Drokmi’s dates are uncertain, but Tibetan literature offers a range of possible dates, beginning in 990 ce and ending in 1074 ce. One of his principal teachers was the Indian paṇḍita Gayādhara. ## Śākyaṛṣabha *shA kya mkhyu mchog*, Skt. *śākyaṛṣabha*, Literally, “the Bull of the Śākyas.” This is similar to Śākyamuni, “the Sage of the Śākyas,” the Śākyas being the Buddha’s clan. ## Kāṣāyadhvajā *ngur smrig gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *kāṣāyadhvajā*, A buddha realm in the north. ## kāya­kali­saṃpramathana *lus kyi skyon yang dag par sel ba*, Skt. *kāya­kali­saṃpramathana*, Lit. “overcomes physical flaws.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Śākyamuni *sha kya thub pa*, the [Buddha](#buddha) of our time, who lived around the 5th century B.C. ## Śākyan *shAkya*, Skt. *śākya*, In general, describes those belonging (like the Buddha Śākyamuni) to the Śākya people or lineage of the kingdom centered on Kapilavastu, but also used by extension as an epithet of monastics who are followers of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Kāśyapa *'od srung*, the third of the thousand [Buddha](#buddha)s of this present [kalpa](#kalpa) the one before [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). Kāśyapa is also the name of one of [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni)'s [Śrāvaka](#śrāvaka) [disciple](#disciple)s, who became the [Buddha](#buddha)'s successor on his passing. ## Kāśyapa (buddha) *’od srung*, Skt. *kāśyapa*, Buddha of a previous age. Not to be confused with the monk Kāśyapa of Buddha Śākyamuni’s order, nor with Uruvilvā Kāśyapa, Nadī Kāśyapa, or Pūraṇa Kāśyapa, nor with Nirgrantha Kāśyapa, nor Foremost Kāśyapa. ## Kāśyapa (monk) *’od srung*, Skt. *kāśyapa*, See “Mahā­kāśyapa.” ## Kāśyapa (Nirgrantha) *’od srung*, Skt. *kāśyapa*, Given name of “Nirgrantha Kinsman of the Kāśyapas.” Not to be confused with Kāśyapa, buddha of a previous age; the monk Kāśyapa of Buddha Śākyamuni’s order; nor with Uruvilvā Kāśyapa, Nadī Kāśyapa, or Pūraṇa Kāśyapa; nor Foremost Kāśyapa. ## Kāśyapakumāra *’od srung gzhon nu*, Skt. *kāśyapakumāra*, One of the elders mentioned in The Four Boys’ Absorption as being present at the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. He is to be distinguished from the disciple Mahākāśyapa who, it is said, was not present. ## Śākyaprabha Skt. *śākyaprabha*, An Indian paṇḍita who was resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. ## Śākyaśrī A Kashmiri master, Śākyaśrībhadra (1127–1225) was the last abbot of the great Nālandā monastery in India. Later in his life he traveled to Tibet and taught a number of Tibetan students, including Sakya Paṇḍita. He is credited with authoring twenty-three texts that are included in the Tengyur. ## Śākyaśrībhadra Skt. *śākyaśrībhadra*, 1127–1225, an influential Kashmiri paṇḍita who visited Tibet from 1204–13. ## Śākyasiṃha *shAkya sing ha*, Skt. *śākyasiṃha*, An Indian scholar who was a contemporary of Kawa Paltsek. He was among the translators of The Sutra of Nandika into Tibetan. He also translated the Buddha­makuṭa­sūtra (Toh 274) along with the Tibetan translator Devendrarakṣita. ## Śākyavardhana *shA kya ’phel*, Skt. *śākyavardhana*, A yakṣa that was the protective deity for the Śākya clan, which was the Buddha’s clan. The Śākyas had a temple devoted to him and he is represented in sculpture as being present at his birth. ## Kyo Öjung The eleventh century Tibetan translator and adept involved in the translation of the present text and the transmission of Vajrabhairava/Yamāntaka lineages in Tibet. ## Kāṇḍyāyana Skt. *kāṇḍyāyana*, A great ṛṣi. ## Śālā *gnas ma*, Skt. *śālā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## laḍḍū *la du*, Skt. *laḍḍū*, A kind of sweetmeat made of coarsely ground gram or other pulse or of corn flour, mixed with sugar and spices, and fried in ghee or oil (Monier-Williams). ## Lāḍa *lA dA*, Skt. *lāḍa*, A country corresponding in area to modern Gujarat. ## Lāṭa The name of a country. ## Śīla *ngang tshul*, Skt. *śīla*, The king identified with Śīlāditya Dharmāditya I of the Maitraka dynasty. ## Śūla *gzer nad*, Skt. *śūla*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Śāla Eye *sA la’i mig*, Skt. *sA la’i mig*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Satyaketu. ## Śāla King *sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sA la’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Samṛddha. ## Śāla Lady *sA la bdag*, Skt. *sA la bdag*, Mother of the buddha Ugra. ## Śāla Light *sA la’i ’od*, Skt. *sA la’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Harṣadatta. ## Śāla Ruler *sA la’i dbang po*, Skt. *sA la’i dbang po*, Birthplace of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## śāla tree *shing sA la*, Skt. *śāla*, A widespread species of tall trees in forests of the Indian subcontinent, either Vatica robusta or Shorea robusta. ## laṭakī An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## label *ming du btags*, Skt. *lokasaṃjñā*, Mahāvyutpatti 6558. ## Śīlabhadra *tshul khrims bzang po*, Skt. *śīlabhadra*, A king in Jambudvīpa, Musulundha’s rebirth. ## śālabhañjikā *sa la ’joms ma*, Skt. *śālabhañjikā*, A term used for a courtesan. In the Bhūta­ḍāmara Tantra this term refers to a class of nonhuman female beings. ## laboring class *dmangs rigs*, Skt. *śūdravarṇa*, Fourth of the four classes of traditional Indian society. ## lac *rgya skyegs*, Skt. *alaktaka*, The resinous secretion of the coccid or scale insect, which can be used for dyeing and as a wax. ## lac dye *rgya skyegs kyi khu ba*, Skt. *lākṣa*, A dye made from the insect Laccifer lacca. ## lack of parsimony as preceptors *slob dpon gyi dpe mkhyud med pa*, Skt. *anācāryamuṣṭi*, Literally “not being a tight-fisted teacher,” this term denotes a teacher who freely gives appropriate teachings to their disciples. ## lacking a self *bdag med pa*, Skt. *anātman*, The view that there is no inherently existent self, whether dependent on or independent of the five aggregates. ## Śīladhvaja *tshul khrims rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *śīladhvaja*, “Banner of Discipline;” the name of the person who sponsored the writing of the manuscript of the JAA. ## ladle *blugs gzar*, Skt. *śruva*, A ritual implement. ## Śāladūtī *sA la pho nya mo*, Skt. *śāladūtī*, One of the vidyā goddesses, possibly the same as Vajraśālavatī. ## Lady Adorned by Clouds *sprin gyis rnam par brgyan ma*, Skt. *sprin gyis rnam par brgyan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Bearer of Great Clouds’ Water *sprin chen po’i chu ’dzin ma*, Skt. *sprin chen po’i chu ’dzin ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Bright Cloud *sprin gsal ma*, Skt. *sprin gsal ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Bringing Harvest *lo thog ’ongs sgrub ma*, Skt. *lo thog ’ongs sgrub ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Born *sprin ’byung ma*, Skt. *sprin ’byung ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Dweller *sprin bzhugs ma*, Skt. *sprin bzhugs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Garland Wearer *sprin gyi phreng ba mnga’ ma*, Skt. *sprin gyi phreng ba mnga’ ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Home *sprin la gnas bcas ma*, Skt. *sprin la gnas bcas ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Mount *sprin bcibs ma*, Skt. *sprin bcibs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Roar *sprin sgrogs ma*, Skt. *sprin sgrogs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cloud Source *sprin gyi ’byung gnas ma*, Skt. *sprin gyi ’byung gnas ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Cool *bsil reg ma*, Skt. *bsil reg ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Dragon’s Roar *’brug sgrogs ma*, Skt. *’brug sgrogs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Endowed with a Great Cloud Garland *sprin chen phreng ldan ma*, Skt. *sprin chen phreng ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Endowed with Nine Heads *dbu dgu dang ldan ma*, Skt. *dbu dgu dang ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Great Cloud Water Bearer *sprin chen chu ’dzin*, Skt. *sprin chen chu ’dzin*, A goddess. ## Lady Holding Clouds as Offerings *mchod phyir sprin thogs ma*, Skt. *mchod phyir sprin thogs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Mountain Dweller *ri sul na bzhugs ma*, Skt. *ri sul na bzhugs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Mounted on Arrayed Clouds *sprin bkod pa la bcibs ma*, Skt. *sprin bkod pa la bcibs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady of Fine Worship *legs mchod ma*, Skt. *legs mchod ma*, Mother of the buddha Śrīprabha. ## Lady of Joy *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug*, Mother of the buddha Sūrata. ## Lady of Śāla Trees *sA la’i bdag*, Skt. *sA la’i bdag*, Mother of the buddha Hutārci. ## Lady of Powerful Qualities *yon tan mthu bdag*, Skt. *yon tan mthu bdag*, Mother of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## Lady of Splendor *gzi brjid bdag mo*, Skt. *gzi brjid bdag mo*, Mother of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Lady of the Expanse A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Lady of the Great Array *bkod mchog*, The wife of a householder in this sūtra. ## Lady of the Land *sa yi bdag mo*, Skt. *sa yi bdag mo*, Mother of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Lady of the Stars *rgyu skar bdag mo*, Skt. *rgyu skar bdag mo*, Mother of the buddha Anantayaśas. ## Lady of Virtues *dge ba’i dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *dge ba’i dbang phyug ma*, Mother of the buddha Trailokyapūjya. ## Lady Possessed of Clouds *sprin ldan ma*, Skt. *sprin ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Possessed of Great Clouds *sprin chen ldan ma*, Skt. *sprin chen ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Roar *sgra sgrogs ma*, Skt. *sgra sgrogs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Seasonal Cloud *dus sprin ma*, Skt. *dus sprin ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Swift Departure *shin tu mgyogs par bzhud ma*, Skt. *shin tu mgyogs par bzhud ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Wearing Cloud-Like Raiment *sprin lta bu’i na bza’ man bsam*, Skt. *sprin lta bu’i na bza’ man bsam*, A goddess. ## Lady Who Abides in Vast Clouds *rgya chen sprin bzhugs ma*, Skt. *rgya chen sprin bzhugs ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Who Holds All Slitherers *lag gis ’gro thams cad ’dzin ma*, Skt. *lag gis ’gro thams cad ’dzin ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Who Holds the Six Extracted Essences *pon tra bcud kyis len drug ’dzin ma*, Skt. *pon tra bcud kyis len drug ’dzin ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Who Incites Nāgas *klu’i tshogs la skul ma*, Skt. *klu’i tshogs la skul ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Who Manifests the Great Nāgas *klu chen rnam par rol mdzad ma*, Skt. *klu chen rnam par rol mdzad ma*, A goddess. ## Lady Who Masters the Dharma *chos kyi dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *chos kyi dbang phyug ma*, Mother of the buddha Laḍitāgragāmin. ## Lady Who Rules the Demigods *lha ma yin dbang bdag mo*, Skt. *lha ma yin dbang bdag mo*, Mother of the buddha Rāhu. ## Lady Whose Domain Is a Great Storm *tshub ma chen po spyod yul ma*, Skt. *tshub ma chen po spyod yul ma*, A goddess. ## Lady with a Cloud Crown *sprin gyi cod pan ldan ma*, Skt. *sprin gyi cod pan ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady with a Garland of Lightning *klog tshogs phreng ldan ma*, Skt. *klog tshogs phreng ldan ma*, A goddess. ## Lady with the Domain of All Strong Poisons *dug drag po thams cad spyod yul ma*, Skt. *dug drag po thams cad spyod yul ma*, A goddess. ## Laṅgala One of the sublineages connected with the Kautsa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Laghukālacakratantra Skt. *laghukālacakratantra*, Mañjuśrī Yaśas’s condensed version of the Paramādibuddha. ## Lagna One of the sublineages connected with the Kautsa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Laḍita *mdzes pa*, Skt. *laḍita*, The 790th buddha in the first list, 789th in the second list, and 779th in the third list. ## Laḍitagāmin *mdzes gshegs*, Skt. *laḍitagāmin*, The 987th buddha in the first list, 986th in the second list, and 977th in the third list. ## Laḍitakṣetra *zhing bzang*, Skt. *laḍitakṣetra*, The 494th buddha in the first list, 493rd in the second list, and 487th in the third list. ## Laḍitakrama *mdzes gshegs*, Skt. *laḍitakrama*, The 809th buddha in the first list, 808th in the second list, and 797th in the third list. ## Laḍitanetra *spyan sdug pa*, Skt. *laḍitanetra*, The 556th buddha in the first list, 556th in the second list, and 549th in the third list. ## Laḍitavikrama *mdzes par gshegs*, Skt. *laḍitavikrama*, The 308th buddha in the first list, 307th in the second list, and 302nd in the third list. ## Laḍitavyūha *bkod pa mdzes*, Skt. *laḍitavyūha*, The 820th buddha in the first list, 819th in the second list, and 809th in the third list. ## Laḍitāgragāmin *mchog tu mdzes par gshegs*, Skt. *laḍitāgragāmin*, The 728th buddha in the first list, 727th in the second list, and 717th in the third list. ## Lañjanī The name of a goddess in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Laṅkā *lang ka*, Skt. *laṅkā*, Present-day Śrī Laṅkā; the capital city of this island. ## Laṅka The name of an ancient kingdom located to the south of Mount Sumeru and commonly identified as the island of Śrī Laṅka. ## Lakṣaṇa­bhūṣita­gātra *sku mtshan gyis rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­bhūṣita­gātra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Lakṣaṇa­meru *mtshan gyi*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­meru*, A buddha in the distant past. See mtshan gyi is in error for mtshan ri-->. ## Lakṣaṇa­parvata­vairocana *mtshan gyi ri bo rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­parvata­vairocana*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Lakṣaṇa­śrī­parvata *mtshan gyi dpal ri bo*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­śrī­parvata*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Lakṣaṇa­rucira­supuṣpitāṅga *mtshan yid du ’ong ba’i me tog gi yan lag shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­rucira­supuṣpitāṅga*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Lakṣaṇa­sūrya­cakra­samanta­prabha *mtshan gyi nyi ma’i ’khor lo kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­sūrya­cakra­samanta­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Lakṣaṇa­sumeru *mtshan nyid ri rab*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­sumeru*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Lakṣaṇa­vibhūṣita­dhvaja­candra *mtshan gyi rnam par brgyan pa’i rgyal mtshan zla ba*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­vibhūṣita­dhvaja­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## lakṣana­pariśodhaṇa *mtshan nyid yongs su sbyong ba*, Skt. *lakṣana­pariśodhaṇa*, Lit. “purification of marks.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Laṅkapura The name of a city and its surrounding territory. Traditionally identified as the land of the rākṣasas (srin yul). ## Laṅkapuri Rākṣasas *lang ka’i grong khyer na nges par gnas pa’i srin po*, Skt. *lang ka’i grong khyer na nges par gnas pa’i srin po*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Lake Anavatapta *ma dros pa*, Skt. *anavatapta*, The mythical Lake Anavatapta is said to be at the center of Jambudvīpa, the continent on which we reside. The great rivers of Jambudvīpa are said to flow from this lake. It is often associated with Lake Manasarovar in Tibet, which lies in close proximity to Mount Kailash. ## Lake Mandākinī *mtsho dal gyis ’bab*, Skt. *mandākinī*, The Mandākinī river, which translates as “the slow-flowing” river, is the name of a specific tributary of the Ganges that flows through the Kedāranātha valley in the Himālayas, as well as a name that might be used for other rivers (Monier-Williams 788.2). The term is assumed to refer to a lake in this case (and not a river) because the Tibetan uses the term mtsho. ## Lake Mapham Also known as Lake Mānasarovar, Lake Mapham is a high-altitude freshwater lake in the vicinity of Mount Tisé sacred to Bönpos, Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus. ## Lake Namtso Chukmo One of the four famous lakes of Tibet. Located in Damshung (’dam gzhung) county, not far from Lhasa. ## Lake Nuptso Also known as Yardrok Yumtso (yar ’brog g.yu mtsho), Lake Nuptso is located in present-day Nakartse (sna dkar rtse) county in Tibet. Its name derives from the Nub (snubs) clan that inhabited the surrounding regions. ## Lake of Jewels *dbyig mtsho*, Skt. *dbyig mtsho*, An arhat monk whose past virtuous deeds ripened into countless glories both human and divine. ## Lake Tri Shö Also known as Lake Kokonor or Qinghai Lake, meaning Blue Lake. Located in present-day Qinghai province, west of Xining. There appears to be a wide variety of alternative spellings for the lake’s name, which suggests its origin in pre-written oral culture. According to the Dungkar Dictionary, the name Tri Shö derives from an oral legend that the families living in that area numbered in the tens of thousands (khri) and as the lake appeared out of the earth they fell (shor) inside. ## Laṅkeśvara *lang ka’i bdag*, Skt. *laṅkeśvara*, A yakṣa general. ## Lakhe *gla khe*, kind of tree with a sweet [bark](#bark). ## Śūlakālī *rtse mo nag mo*, Skt. *śūlakālī*, One of the yoginīs invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Lakṣmī *dpal mo*, Skt. *lakṣmī*, The goddess of good fortune; also, one of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Lakṣmaṇa *kyi mtshan nyid*, Skt. *lakṣmaṇa*, The younger brother of Rāma. ## Lakṣmīvatī *dpal ldan ma*, Skt. *lakṣmīvatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Lakṣmyākarṣaṇa­śrī *phun sum tshogs pa ’gugs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *lakṣmyākarṣaṇa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Laṅkāpūrī *lang ka pu ri*, Skt. *laṅkāpūrī*, The name of the city of Laṅkā, which is mythologized as the ancient capital of Śrī Laṅkā. ## Lakuṭa *dbyig pa*, Skt. *lakuṭa*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## lalanā *brkyang ma*, Skt. *lalanā*, The prāṇa channel on the left side of the body. ## Lalitavyūha *rtse ba bkod pa*, Skt. *lalitavyūha*, A bodhisattva who resides in the Vimala world in the Thus-Gone One Vimala­prabhāsa’s buddha realm, and comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Lama *bla ma*, Skt. *guru*, 1. spiritual teacher, explained as the contraction of *bla na med pa*, "nothing superior." 2. often used loosely for Buddhist monks or [yogīs](#yogī-or-yoginī) in general. ## Lama Drupang Tsawa No definitive information on Drupang Tsawa could be located. ## Lama Karma Samdrup A son of Lhunthup. ## Lama Kunchöpa A Buddhist master. ## Lama Lhasung A son of Lhunthup who became a monk. ## Lama Palden Sengé One of two sons of the first Degé king, Bothar Lodrö Topden. Lama Palden Sengé (d.u.) became a monk and studied at Ngor Ewaṃ Chöden in Tsang before later founding Nyingön monastery back in Kham. ## Lama Tashi Gyatso *bla ma bkra shis rgya mtsho*, A descendent of Dorjé Lhundrup. ## Lambā *’phyang ma*, Skt. *lambā*, A rākṣasī known as such only in this sūtra. She is, however, listed in the tantra The Great Peahen Incantation along with Hārītī as one of ten piśācīs who protected the Buddha while he was in the womb. ## lambikā *phyang ba*, Skt. *lambikā*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Lambodara *lto ’phyang po*, Skt. *lambodara*, A yakṣa general. ## lambswool *be'u phrug*, Skt. *saumilakā*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Lambura *’phyang ba*, Skt. *lambura*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lamburaka *’phyang ba’i tshul*, Skt. *lamburaka*, A nāga king. ## Lamburu *’phyang ba*, Skt. *lamburu*, A nāga king. ## Ālambāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Lamentations *a chu zer ba*, Skt. *huhuva*, Lamentations (expressions of grief or sorrow), also the name of one of the cold hells. ## Lamp *mar me*, Lamp (a device that gives light), also the name of the Buddha in a past life, when he was a brahmin boy. ## Lamp Gift *sgron ma byin*, Skt. *sgron ma byin*, Mother of the buddha Nandeśvara. ## Lamp Hand *sgron ma’i lag*, Skt. *sgron ma’i lag*, Attendant of the buddha Sārathi. ## Lamp Holder *sgron ma ’dzin*, Skt. *sgron ma ’dzin*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lamp King *sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Svaracodaka. ## Lamp Light *sgron ma ’od*, Skt. *sgron ma ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryaraśmi. ## Lamp Maker *sgron ma byed*, Skt. *sgron ma byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pradīpa. ## Lamp of Awakening *byang chub sgron ma*, Skt. *byang chub sgron ma*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## lamp of doctrine *chos kyi sgron ma*, A meditative stability. ## Lamp of Excellent Training *legs dul sgron ma*, Skt. *legs dul sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suvaktra. ## Lamp of Fame *rnam par grags pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *rnam par grags pa’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthita­vega­jñāna. ## Lamp of Fire *me yi sgron ma*, Skt. *me yi sgron ma*, The bodhisattva Demonstrator of Consequences when he becomes a buddha. ## Lamp of Freedom from Attachment *chags pa med pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśaḥkīrti. ## Lamp of Great Beings *bdag nyid chen po’i sgron ma*, Skt. *bdag nyid chen po’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tejorāśi. ## Lamp of Great Power *dbang chen sgron ma*, Skt. *dbang chen sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## lamp of great transcendental knowledge *ye shes chen po’i sgron ma*, A meditative stability. ## Lamp of Honesty *sgron ma drang po*, Skt. *sgron ma drang po*, Attendant of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## Lamp of Insight *bsod nams sgron ma*, Skt. *bsod nams sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Caraṇaprasanna. ## Lamp of Intelligence *blo’i sgron ma*, Skt. *blo’i sgron ma*, Son of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Lamp of Liberation *rnam par grol ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *rnam par grol ba’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## Lamp of Merit *bsod nams sgron ma*, Skt. *bsod nams sgron ma*, Birthplace of the buddha Pradīpa. ## lamp of Meru *lhun po sgron ma*, Skt. *lhun po sgron ma*, An absorption. ## Lamp of Splendor *gzi brjid sgron*, Skt. *gzi brjid sgron*, Birthplace of the buddha Sudarśana. ## Lamp of Sun and Moon *nyi zla sgron ma*, Skt. *nyi zla sgron ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Freeing. ## Lamp of the Mind *blo’i sgron ma*, Skt. *blo’i sgron ma*, Son of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Lamp of the Moon [or Immaculate Moon] *zla ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *candra­vimala candra pra­dīpa*, Name of the forty-seventh meditative stability. ## Lamp of the Nāga Family *klu rigs sgron ma*, Skt. *klu rigs sgron ma*, A tathāgata in Jambudvīpa in a past eon. ## Lamp of the Sky of Dharma *chos kyi nam mkha’ sgron ma*, Skt. *chos kyi nam mkha’ sgron ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Palmyra Trees Reaching the Sky/Fully-Adorned Sky. ## lamp of the sun *nyi ma’i sgron ma*, Skt. *sūryapradīpa*, The 49th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Lamp of the Sun Disk *nyi ma’i dkyil ’khor sgron ma*, Skt. *nyi ma’i dkyil ’khor sgron ma*, A buddha. ## Lamp of the View *lta ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *lta ba’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānarāja. ## Lamp of the World *’jig rten sgron ma*, Skt. *’jig rten sgron ma*, Birthplace of the buddha Caraṇabhrāja. ## lamp of transcendental knowledge *ye shes sgron ma*, Skt. *jñānolkā*, A meditative stability. ## Lamp of Wealth *nor gyi sgron ma*, Skt. *nor gyi sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Susthita. ## Lamp of Wisdom *blo’i sgron ma*, Skt. *blo’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnaketu. ## Lamp Sphere *sgron ma’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *sgron ma’i dkyil ’khor*, A buddha realm. ## Lampakī *lam pa kI*, Skt. *lampakī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Lampāka *phyang bar gyur*, Skt. *lampāka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Land *yul ’khor*, Skt. *yul ’khor*, Land (an area of ground; a country), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Prajñārāṣṭra. ## Land of Chariots *yul ’khor shing rta can*, Skt. *yul ’khor shing rta can*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Land of Courage *yul ’khor brtan*, Skt. *yul ’khor brtan*, Birthplace of the buddha Candana. ## Land of Dharma Virtue *yul ’khor chos dge*, Skt. *yul ’khor chos dge*, Son of the buddha Kṣatriya. ## Land of Excellence *yul ’khor bzang*, Skt. *yul ’khor bzang*, Attendant of the buddha Vairocana. ## Land of Happiness *yul ’khor bde dang ldan*, Skt. *yul ’khor bde dang ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Land of Joy *yul ’khor dga’*, Skt. *yul ’khor dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāyaśas. ## Land of Kuṭa Fruits *ku Ta’i ’bras bu pa*, Skt. *ku Ta’i ’bras bu pa*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Land of Light *yul ’od ma*, Skt. *yul ’od ma*, Mother of the buddha Candrānana. ## Land of Medicine *yul ’khor sman ldan*, Skt. *yul ’khor sman ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vijitāvin. ## Land of No Mercy *snying rje med pa’i sa*, Skt. *nirdayabhūmi*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Land of Snows A common way of referring to greater Tibet. ## Land of Suckler of the Earth Breast *sa las nu ma nu’i yul*, Skt. *sa las nu ma nu’i yul*, The name given to Khotan by prince Suckler of the Earth Breast. ## Land of the Good *bzang po pa*, Skt. *bzang po pa*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Land of Victory A past world in which lived the bodhisattva Śūrabala, a previous incarnation of Vajrapāṇi, in the presence of the Buddha Vaiśramaṇa. ## Land of Wisdom *yul ’khor ye shes*, Skt. *yul ’khor ye shes*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amoghavikramin. ## Lang Khampa Gocha *rlangs khams pa go cha*, An early Tibetan monk and translator, active in the late eighth century, said in traditional histories to have memorized the Hundred Thousand in India and first translated it into Tibetan. Also known as Lang Khampa Lotsāwa. ## Langana Mountain *lang ga Na’i ri*, Skt. *lang ga Na’i ri*, A mountain in Pūrvavideha. ## Langdodruk An unidentified area settled by Garchen Yeshé Sangpo, an early forebear of the royal house of Degé. ## Langri Thangpa, (Geshe) *glang ri thang pa* (1054-1123), [Kadampa](#kadampa) [geshe](#geshe), [disciple](#disciple) of [Geshe](#geshe) [Potowa](#potowa-geshe), author of the *Mind Training in Eight Verses* and founder of the Langthang Monastery. ## Language of Insight *shes rab sgra skad*, Skt. *shes rab sgra skad*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śailendrarāja. ## Langur-Like Moon Face *spra bzhin zla ba gdong*, Skt. *spra bzhin zla ba gdong*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Laodubati *le’u du pa ti*, Skt. *le’u du pa ti*, This name is transcribed from the Chinese 牢度跋提. We have been unable to determine the meaning of this name, or a Sanskrit equivalent. In the Chinese, this figure is described as a “great god” rather than a “great king.” ## Lap Born *pang nas skyes pa*, Skt. *pang nas skyes pa*, Attendant of the buddha Vāsava. ## lapis lazuli *mu men*, A type of blue semiprecious stone. ## Śīlaprabha *tshul khrims ’od*, Skt. *śīlaprabha*, The 864th buddha in the first list, 863rd in the second list, and 853rd in the third list. ## Śīla­prabhāsvara *tshul khrims ’od gsal*, Skt. *śīla­prabhāsvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## lapses in discipline *tshul khrims ’chal pa*, Skt. *duḥśīla*, Refers to transgressions of moral conduct as prescribed by Buddhist vows. ## large and beautiful body *sku che zhing mdzes pa*, Skt. *pṛthucāru­maṇḍala­gātra*, Twenty-fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## large eggplant *bri ha ti*, Skt. *bṛhatī*, Solanum indicum. ## Large Fruit *’bras bu che*, Skt. *bṛhatphala*, Second of three heavens of gods on the fourth concentration level. ## large piece of cotton *ras yug chen*, Skt. *paṭaka*, "Large" meaning twelve cubits. An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## large pustules *'bras*, Skt. *gaṇḍa*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Śālarāja *sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śālarāja*, A buddha. ## Śālarājendra *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śālarājendra*, Another name of Śālendra­rāja. ## Lasso Tārā *sgrol ma zhags pa ma*, Skt. *sgrol ma zhags pa ma*, A wrathful form of the goddess Tārā. ## Latö Olgö A monastery associated with the early production of vinaya texts. ## latecomer *rgan zhugs*, Skt. *mahallaka*, This term refers to those who become monks or nuns after having a family. In ordinary Skt. usage mahallaka is used as a respectful direct address to an elder. In the Vinaya, these monastics are usually addressed as “latecomer” rather than as “venerable,” the customary address for ordained monks and nuns. This may suggest that “latecomers” occupied a special place within the saṅgha somewhat separate from those who joined before having a family. ## latent affliction *bag la nyal ba*, Skt. *anuśaya*, A latent propensity, proclivity, or disposition. ## latent disposition *bag la nyal*, Skt. *anuśaya*, Also translated here as “predisposition.” ## latent fever *rims*, Skt. *jvara*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## latent impulse *bag la nyal ba*, Skt. *anuśaya*, The latent impulses are seven subconscious impulses or tendencies, namely attachment to sense pleasures (’dod pa’i ’dod chags), hatred (khong khro), attachment to existence (srid pa’i ’dod chags), pride (nga rgyal), ignorance (ma rig pa), views (lta ba), and doubt (the tshom). ## latent karmic tendencies *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsanā*, Subconscious tendencies, reinforced by karmic patterns, that predispose individuals to particular patterns of behavior. ## latent tendency *bag la nyal ba*, Skt. *anuśaya*, The first stage in the development and expression of afflictions (Skt. kleśa, Tib. nyon mongs), followed by “belief” (Skt. dṛṣṭi, Tib. lta ba smra ba) and “manifest affliction” (Skt. paryutthāna, Tib. kun nas ldang ba). ## later spread of Buddhism *bstan pa phyi dar*, The period from the tenth century onward when the Buddhist teachings again began to be translated into Tibetan and spread throughout Tibet after a period of decline. ## Lateral *mtha’ la gnas pa*, Skt. *mtha’ la gnas pa*, Lateral (of or to the side), also the name of a realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## later-food refuser *zas phyis mi len pa*, Skt. *khalupaścādbhaktika*, A “later-food refuser” is one who does not accept any food after they have begun eating (that is, once they have begun eating, they do not accept any more if it is offered). ## Latākusumadhvaja *’khri shing me tog rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *latākusumadhvaja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## laḍḍu *la du*, Skt. *laḍḍu*, A round sweet ball. The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati describes a laḍḍu as a type of food containing the three sweets and the three fruits that is sprinkled with a delicious fragrance, rolled into a ball, and boiled in milk and butter. ## Laukākṣa One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition and one of the sublineages connected with the Kauśika lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## lava A measure of time defined as consisting of two blinks of the eye. Eight lavas make one kāṣṭhā, which means that the duration of one lava is three hundred seventy-five milliseconds. Term lava is thus commonly used to refer to a brief moment in time. According to another time system, lava refers to a thirtieth part of a muhūrta, giving it a duration of one minute and thirty-six seconds. This is also how Vasubandhu defines lava in the Abhidharmakośa (III 88): thirty lavas make one muhūrta, and thirty muhūrtas make one full day and night. ## Lavaṇabhadrika *mdzes bzang*, Skt. *lavaṇabhadrika*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Lavaṇasāgara *lan tshwa’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *lavaṇasāgara*, One of the two pīlavas. ## Śīlavalka One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## lay devotee *dge bsnyen*, Skt. *upāsaka*, A lay Buddhist practitioner who observes the five precepts not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## Lay disciple *dge bsnyen*, Skt. *upāsaka*, someone who has taken the [refuge](#refuge) vows and five other vows (or only some of them): not killing, not lying, not stealing, not indulging in improper sexual conduct, and not taking intoxicants. It is one of the eight categories vows of the [Prātimokṣa](#prātimokṣa). ## lay vow holder *dge bsnyen*, Skt. *upāsaka*, A lay person who has taken [refuge](#refuge) in the [Buddha](#buddha), the [Dharma](#dharma), and the [Saṅgha](#saṅgha) and, in addition, taken at least one of the five lay vows. ## layered clouds A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Laying Down the Load *khur bor*, Skt. *khur bor*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhagati (803 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## layman *dge bsnyen*, Skt. *upāsaka*, An unordained male practitioner who observes the five trainings not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## laymen *dge bsnyen*, Skt. *upāsaka*, A male lay devotee. ## laywoman *dge bsnyen ma*, Skt. *upāsikā*, An unordained female practitioner who observes the five trainings not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## laywomen *dge bsnyen ma*, Skt. *upāsikā*, A female lay devotee. ## laziness *le lo*, Skt. *kausīdya*, One of the twenty auxiliary afflictions (Skt. upakleśa) derived from ignorance. ## Āśleṣā *skag*, Skt. *āśleṣā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Alpha Hydrae in the occidental tradition. ## Āśleṣa *skag*, Skt. *āśleṣa*, Seventh lunar asterism. ## Leader *kha sgyur*, Skt. *kha sgyur*, Leader (one who leads or guides), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kusuma (9) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Leader Crest *kha lo sgyur ba’i tog*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur ba’i tog*, Mother of the buddha Sūryānana. ## Leader Destroying All Reference Points *dmigs pa thams cad rnam par ’jig pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *dmigs pa thams cad rnam par ’jig pa’i khyu mchog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Leader Fragrance *kha lo sgyur ba’i spos*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur ba’i spos*, Attendant of the buddha Vibhaktatejas. ## Leader Gift *gtsos byin*, Skt. *gtsos byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jyeṣṭhadatta. ## Leader in All Regards *kun tu khyu mchog*, Skt. *kun tu khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader Joy *kha lo sgyur dga’*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur dga’*, Mother of the buddha Jñānākara. ## Leader Light *kha lo sgyur ba’i ’od*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur ba’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Leader of Beings *sems can gyi kha lo sgyur ba*, Skt. *sems can gyi kha lo sgyur ba*, A buddha. ## Leader of Finest Incense *spos rab khyu mchog*, Skt. *spos rab khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader of Goddesses *lha mo’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *lha mo’i dbang phyug*, Mother of the buddha Aṅgaja. ## Leader of Gods *lha yi kha lo sgyur ba*, Skt. *lha yi kha lo sgyur ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Marutpūjita. ## Leader of Heroes *dpa’ bo’i sde*, Skt. *dpa’ bo’i sde*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Devoid of Sorrow. ## Leader of Humanity *skye ba’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *skye ba’i khyu mchog*, Son of the buddha Sucīrṇabuddhi. ## Leader of Infinite Wisdom *ye shes mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, Skt. *ye shes mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader of Joyous Gods *lha dga’ kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *lha dga’ kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Keturāṣṭra. ## Leader of Loyal Heroes Who Uses Weapons to Eliminate Afflictions *dpa’ brtan pa’i sde mtshon chas nyon mongs pa sel ba*, Skt. *dpa’ brtan pa’i sde mtshon chas nyon mongs pa sel ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Powerful. ## Leader of Sentient Beings *sems can kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *sems can kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmaśrī. ## Leader of Supreme Light *’od mchog kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *’od mchog kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimuktacūḍa. ## Leader of the Gathering *tshogs kyi gtso*, Skt. *tshogs kyi gtso*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anāvilārtha (516 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Leader of the Land *yul ’khor kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *yul ’khor kha lo sgyur*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Merukūṭa (258 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Leader of the Lotus Array *pad ma bkod pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *pad ma bkod pa’i khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader of the People *skye ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *skye ba’i dbang po*, Son of the buddha Kusuma. ## Leader of the Sky Family *nam mkha’i rigs kyi khyu mchog*, Skt. *nam mkha’i rigs kyi khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader of the Supreme and Infinite Gathering *tshogs mchog mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, Skt. *tshogs mchog mtha’ yas khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader Qualities *yon tan kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *yon tan kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sucandra. ## Leader Regarding All Objects of Perception *dmigs pa kun gyi mchog*, Skt. *dmigs pa kun gyi mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader Revealing All Objects of Perception *dmigs pa thams cad ston pa khyu mchog*, Skt. *dmigs pa thams cad ston pa khyu mchog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Leader Stūpa *mchod rten kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *mchod rten kha lo sgyur*, Birthplace of the buddha Sārathi. ## Leader Who Displays the Body of the Buddhas to All Māras *bdud thams cad la sangs rgyas kyi sku yang dag par ston pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *bdud thams cad la sangs rgyas kyi sku yang dag par ston pa’i khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader Who Reveals the Wishes of Beings *sems can gyi bsam pa yang dag par ston pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *sems can gyi bsam pa yang dag par ston pa’i khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Leader Worthy of Worship *mchod ’os kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *mchod ’os kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnapriya. ## Leadership Lover *gtso sred*, Skt. *gtso sred*, Son of the buddha Jyeṣṭhadatta. ## leading an unchaste life *mi tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *abrahmacarya*, Here, the third of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## leadwort *ci tra ka*, Skt. *citraka*, Plumbago zeylanica. ## leaf of a crown flower A substance used as a medium for writing mantric talismans in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## league *dpag tshad*, Skt. *yojana*, A standard measure of distance used in ancient India. The Sanskrit literally means “yoking” or “joining.” It is the distance a yoked ox can travel in a day or before needing to be unyoked. Sources calculate the exact distance variably, somewhere between four and ten miles. ## league of Māra *bdud kyi ris*, Skt. *mārakāyika*, The class of gods ruled over by Māra or living in his abode. ## learned and virtuous one An epithet of a buddha. Sometimes translated as “perfect in wisdom and conduct.” Here it is the fourth epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected. ## Learned Diligence *mkhas brtson*, Skt. *mkhas brtson*, Attendant of the buddha Udadhi. ## learned in many teachings *mang du thos pa*, In this sūtra, the seventh of the ten factors that lead to awakening. ## learned one Someone learned in the five major and five minor sciences. ## Learning *mdzangs pa*, Skt. *mdzangs pa*, Learning (the acquisition of knowledge), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Leaving Behind Desire *’dod pa la rgyab kyis phyogs pa*, Skt. *’dod pa la rgyab kyis phyogs pa*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Leaving the River Behind *chu bo spong*, Skt. *chu bo spong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Saṃgīti. ## Ledruma *ljon pa bral*, Skt. *ledruma*, One of the kinnara kings. ## legs of miraculous power *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, See “four legs of miraculous powers.” ## legs that are ample, [making the ankle bones inconspicuous] *zhabs legs par mtho ba*, Skt. *ucchaṅka­pādatā*, Ninth of the thirty-two major marks. ## legs that are well proportioned *zhabs mi mnyam pa med pa*, Skt. *aviṣamapāda*, Tenth of the eighty minor signs. ## Leisurely Movement *dal ’gro*, Skt. *dal ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitabuddhi. ## Lekden A deity associated with a mantra for protection and healing. ## Leki Dé *legs kyi sde*, Skt. *legs kyi sde*, A Tibetan translator. ## Lekuñcika *’gug pa*, Skt. *lekuñcika*, See . ## śleṣmikā *bad kan las gyur pa*, Skt. *śleṣmikā*, A class of spirits causing excess phlegm. ## śleṣmika A class of spirits causing excess phlegm. ## lemon A species of Citrus limon. ## Śīlendra *shI len dra bo d+hi*, Skt. *śīlendrabodhi*, An Indian paṇḍita resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. ## Śīlendrabodhi A Kashmiri paṇḍita who was invited to Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. He worked with several Tibetan translators on the translation of a number of sūtras. ## Śālendra­dhvajāgravatī *sA la’i dbang po mthon po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *śālendradhvajāgravatī*, A world realm in the distant future. (Toh 555: dbang po’i tog mngon par ‘phags pa ) ## Śālendrarāja *ri dbang rgyal po*, Skt. *śālendrarāja*, The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that Vāyuviṣṇu, the eldest of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmins, will become a buddha with this name. ## Śālendra­rāja *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śālendra­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight tathāgatas. ## Śālendra­skandha *sA la’i dbang po’i lhun*, Skt. *śālendra­skandha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## lengthy period Often translated as “intermediate age” or kalpa, the term can refer to the smallest division of a great age, of which there are said to eighty in the Abhidharmakośa, but the term is also used to refer to very lengthy periods of war, famine, or disease that result in mass losses of life. ## lenience *des pa*, Skt. *sauratya*, Gentleness, especially in one’s thoughts and behavior toward others; the absence of any desire for retaliation. This is often paired with tolerance. ## Leo *seng ge*, Skt. *siṃha*, See “Siṃha.” ## Leonine *seng ge lta bu*, Skt. *siṃhaketu*, “Lion-Like,” a merchant in Śrāvastī in whose household the bodhisattva Thoroughly at Peace appears as a child. ## Leonine Proclaimer *seng ge’i ’gros bsgrags dbyangs*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## lepaka Skt. *lepaka*, “One who smears;” a class of nonhuman being. ## leper Someone with leprosy (also known as Hansen’s disease). Longstanding leprosy may cause loss of the extremities due to nerve damage, as well as other unsightly signs, and throughout most of history has been associated with social stigma. ## leprosy *sha bkra*, An illness considered an impediment to ordination. Can translate both sitapuṣpika and kilāsa. ## leprous *mdze can*, Skt. *mdze can*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## lesser defilements *nye ba’i nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *upakleśa*, Minor defilements of mind that arise in the wake of the six primary defilements. ## Lesser Light *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, First of three heavens of gods on the second concentration level. ## Lesser than None *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭḥa*, The highest level of the form realm. ## Lesser Vehicle *theg pa dman pa*, Skt. *hīnayāna*, This is a collective term used by proponents of the Great Vehicle to refer to the hearer vehicle (śrāvakayāna) and solitary buddha vehicle (pratyeka­buddha­yāna). The name stems from their goal‍—i.e. nirvāṇa and personal liberation‍—being seen as small or lesser than the goal of the Great Vehicle‍—i.e. buddhahood and the liberation of all sentient beings. See also “Great Vehicle.” ## Lesser Virtue *dge chung*, Skt. *parīttaśubha*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, first of three levels of the third dhyāna realm. ## lethargy and sleep *rmugs dang gnyid*, Skt. *styānamiddha*, The third of the five hinderances to attainment of the first dhyāna. ## lethargy and sleepiness *rmugs pa dang gnyid*, Skt. *styānamiddha*, One of the five hindrances to cultivating concentration (Skt. samādhi). ## level *sa*, Skt. *bhūmi*, The stages a bodhisattva must traverse before reaching perfect buddhahood; traditionally ten in number, though some systems present more. ## level of a crown prince *gzhon nu’i sa*, Skt. *kumārabhūmi*, In general a term for bodhisattvas of higher levels, implying that they will soon be consecrated as buddhas, and more particularly for bodhisattvas awaiting their final rebirth as a buddha. ## level of a non-returner *phyir mi ldog pa’i sa*, Skt. *avinivartanıya-bhūmi*, A level on the path to awakening at which point there is no danger of falling back into saṃsāra. ## level of [an arhat’s] spiritual achievement *byas pa rtogs pa’i sa*, Skt. *kṛtakṛtyabhūmi*, Name of the seventh of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. See “ten levels.” ## level of attenuated refinement *bsrabs pa’i sa*, Skt. *tanubhūmi*, Name of the fifth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. See “ten levels.” ## level of bright insight *dkar po rnam par mthong ba’i sa*, Skt. *śukla­vidarśanā­bhūmi*, Name of the first of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. In this text, it seems to equivalent to the level of ordinary people. See “ten levels.” ## level of buddha nature *rigs kyi sa*, Skt. *gotra­bhūmi*, Name of the second level attainable by bodhisattvas. See . ## level of cultivation *sgom pa’i sa*, Skt. *bhāvanābhūmi*, A stage in the path to awakening. ## level of dedicated conduct An early stage in a bodhisattva’s career during which they have developed a degree of conviction that is not yet informed by direct experience. The level of dedicated conduct is said to comprise the first two of the five paths, those of accumulation and preparation, which lead up to the path of seeing. ## level of devoted conduct *mos spyod pa’i sa*, Skt. *adhimukti­caryā­bhūmi*, The level of devoted conduct is said to comprise the first two of the five paths, those of accumulation and preparation, which lead up to the path of seeing. This level is also presented as the second of seven spiritual levels in the Bodhisattva­bhūmi, which follows the initial level of the spiritual potential (gotrabhūmi). ## level of dispassion *’dod chags dang bral ba’i sa*, Skt. *vīta­rāga­bhūmi*, Name of the sixth level attainable by bodhisattvas, from which point there is no more rebirth. See . ## level of insight *mthong ba’i sa*, Skt. *darśanabhūmi*, Name of the fourth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. It is equivalent to entering the stream to nirvāṇa. See “ten levels.” ## level of no attachment *’dod chags dang bral ba’i sa*, Skt. *vītarāgabhūmi*, Name of the sixth level of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. It is the level from which point there is no more rebirth in the desire realm. See “ten levels.” ## level of nonregression *phyir mi ldog pa’i sa*, Skt. *avaivartikabhūmi*, A term used to describe a stage on the path at which further progress is assured, with no further possibility of retrogressing to a previous stage. ## level of nonreturning *phyir mi ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *anāgāmiphala*, The third of four levels of attainment in the vehicle of the śrāvakas, at which one will no longer be reborn in the desire realm. ## level of ordinary people *so so’i skye bo’i sa*, Skt. *pṛthagjanabhūmi*, Name of the first of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. In this text, it seems to equivalent to the level of bright insight. See “ten levels.” ## level of seeing Name of the fourth level of realization attainable by bodhisattvas, equivalent to entering the stream to nirvāṇa. ## level of the bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa’i sa*, Skt. *bodhi­sattva­bhūmi*, Name of the ninth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. See “ten levels.” ## level of the buddhas *sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *buddhabhūmi*, The tenth and last of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. Also rendered here as “level of the perfectly complete buddhas.” See “ten levels.” ## level of the completely awakened buddhas *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *samyaksambuddha­bhūmi*, Name of the tenth of the levels of realization attainable by bodhisattvas. See . ## level of the family *rigs kyi sa*, Skt. *gotrabhūmi*, One of the initial levels of realization on the path of the hearers. Depending on classification system it is either the first or the second level (when it is preceded by the Śuklavipaśyanā level). ## level of the genuinely perfect buddhas *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *samyak­sambuddha­bhūmi*, Name of the tenth of the levels of realization attainable by bodhisattvas. See . ## level of the perfectly complete buddhas *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *samyaksambuddha­bhūmi*, The tenth and last of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. Also rendered here as “level of the buddhas.” See “ten levels.” ## level of the pratyekabuddhas *rang sangs rgyas kyi sa*, Skt. *pratyeka­buddha­bhūmi*, Name of the eighth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. See “ten levels.” ## level of the spiritual family *rigs kyi sa*, Skt. *gotrabhūmi*, Name of the second of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the state of an ordinary person up to buddhahood, distinct from the ten bodhisattva levels. See “ten levels;” see also “spiritual family.” ## level of the spiritual potential *rigs kyi sa*, Skt. *gotrabhūmi*, Name of the second level attainable by bodhisattvas. See The Transcendent Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines (Toh 11), 13.9. ## level of training *slob pa’i sa*, Skt. *śaikṣabhūmi*, A stage in the path to awakening. ## Level of union *zung 'jug gi go 'phang*, the level of [Vajradhara](#vajradhara). The union is that of [dharmakāya](#dharmakāya) and [rūpakāya](#rūpakāya). ## Levels see [Bodhisattva levels](#bodhisattva-levels). ## lever *’khor gtan*, Skt. *cakrikā*, Śīlapālita, in his commentary on The Minor Matters of Monastic Discipline (Toh 4115, F.21.b), explains, “The lever is a way to prevent the door panels from opening. A small wooden peg, one cubit long, is affixed in the center between two door panels. Because this piece of wood turns like a wheel in order to hold the doors in place, it is called a ‘lever.’ ” This is one of three fasteners, along with cross bolts (Tib. gnam gzer) and bars (Tib. phred gtan), that the Buddha allowed to bar doors. ## lexical explanations *nges pa’i tshig*, Skt. *nirukta*, Lexical explanations here implies the exact knowledge of the primary and derivative definitions and explanations of names and words. It is also the third of the four kinds of exact knowledge; see “exact knowledge of language and lexical explanations.” ## lexical explanations, words, and syllables with respect to all phenomena *chos thams cad nges pa’i sgra dang tshig dang ’bru*, Skt. *chos thams cad nges pa’i sgra dang tshig dang ’bru*, The twenty-fourth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Lāṅgala A sublineage of the Sāmavedins. ## Lāṅgula *’jug ma*, Skt. *lāṅgula*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lhai Dawa *lha’i zla ba*, Skt. *lha’i zla ba*, Prolific Tibetan translator active during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. ## Lhasé Tsangma *lha sras gtsang ma*, A son of the king Mutik Tsenpo (Senalek), probably the eldest (born 800?); he may have been exiled to Bhutan, and did not reign himself. ## Lhasa The capital of Tibet. ## Lhenkar Palace *pho brang lhan dkar*, Skt. *pho brang lhan dkar*, A royal palace located in central Tibet, which is famous for giving its name to the catalog of translated canonical texts produced up to the early ninth century. Also called Denkar (ldan dkar). ## Lhodzong palace The place in eastern Tibet where the Lhodzong Kangyur was housed. ## Lhundrup Teng Lhundrup Teng is a monastery in Degé, also known as Degé Gonchen. It houses the renowned Degé printing house established by Tenpa Tsering. Originally a royal palace and temple, from the seventeenth century Lhundrup Teng became closely associated with the Ngor branch of the Sakya tradition. Until the mid-nineteenth century the kings of Degé were also often, as in the case of Tenpa Tsering, the throne holders (khri chen) or abbots of Lhundrup Teng. ## Lhunthup The sixth Degé king, Pönchen Könchok Lhuntub (late sixteenth to mid-seventeenth century) was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-sixth generation. ## āli kāli *A li kA li*, Skt. *āli kāli*, The vowels (āli) and consonants (kāli) of the Sanskrit alphabet. ## liberated *grol ba*, Skt. *mukta*, A quality or criterion applied in this text to authentic monks or practitioners that summarizes their having rid themselves of hindrances to awakening, paired with several different epithets describing their positive qualities; see “knowledge,” “coherent,” and “equipped”; see also . In later literature the liberation to which this term refers is usually explained as being from attachment, obstruction, and the obscuration of inferior outlook. ## Liberated Array *rnam par grol ba’i bkod pa*, Skt. *rnam par grol ba’i bkod pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhadaṃṣṭra. ## liberated from the two factors This commonly refers to being liberated from the obscurations of afflictive emotions and the obscurations of meditative attainment. The Skt. term can also be interpreted to mean “liberated through the two factors,” in which the two factors are meditative stability (dhyāna) and insight (prajñā). In this latter case, the term reflects a tension within the Indian Buddhist community regarding the value of scholarly knowledge and meditative experience alone or in combination. ## Liberated Intelligence *blo gros rnam par grol ba*, Skt. *blo gros rnam par grol ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Liberated Mind *sems grol ma*, Skt. *sems grol ma*, Mother of the buddha Hutārci. ## Liberating Concentration *thar pa’i bsam gtan*, Skt. *thar pa’i bsam gtan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍha (795 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Liberating Conquest *rnam par grol bas ’joms*, Skt. *rnam par grol bas ’joms*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Somaraśmi. ## liberating words *thar pa’i tshig*, Skt. *mokṣapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## Liberation *thar pa*, Skt. *mokṣa*, 1. freedom from [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra), either as an [Arhat](#arhat) or as a [Buddha](#buddha). 2. occasionally, *bsgral las byed pa*, performing the action of liberation, a practice to liberate the consciousness of a malignant being into a [Buddhafield](#buddhafield). ## Liberation Faith *thar pa dad*, Skt. *thar pa dad*, Mother of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Liberation from All Sorrow and Harm *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad las sgrol ba*, Skt. *mya ngan dang gnod pa thams cad las sgrol ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Branch Guru. Alternate name for the world system Beyond All Sorrow and Harm. ## Liberation Joy *thar pa dga’*, Skt. *thar pa dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnavyūha. ## liberation through wisdom Liberation involving only wisdom, instead of both meditative absorption and wisdom. ## Liberation without Attachment *chags med rnam par grol*, Skt. *chags med rnam par grol*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anuttarajñānin. ## liberations *rnam par thar ba*, Skt. *vimokṣa*, This can include any method for liberation. The most commonly listed are the eight liberations: (1) form viewing form: the view of dependent origination and emptiness; (2) the formless viewing form: having seen internal emptiness, seeing the emptiness of external forms; (3) the view of the pleasant: seeing pleasant appearances as empty and contemplating the unpleasant; (4) seeing the emptiness of the formless meditation of infinite space; (5) seeing the emptiness of the formless meditation of infinite consciousness; (6) seeing the emptiness of the formless meditation of nothingness; (7) seeing the emptiness of the formless meditation of neither perception nor nonperception; and (8) seeing the emptiness of the state of cessation. ## liberative art *thabs*, Skt. *upāya*, This is the expression in action of the great compassion of the Buddha and the bodhisattvas—physical, verbal, and mental. It follows that one empathetically aware of the troubles of living beings would, for his very survival, devise the most potent and efficacious techniques possible to remove those troubles, and the troubles of living beings are removed effectively only when they reach liberation. “Art” was chosen over the usual “method” and “means” because it has a stronger connotation of efficacy in our technological world; also, in Buddhism, liberative art is identified with the extreme of power, energy, and efficacy, as symbolized in the vajra (adamantine scepter): The importance of this term is highlighted in this sūtra by the fact that Vimalakīrti himself is introduced in the chapter entitled “Inconceivable Skill in Liberative Art”; this indicates that he, as a function of the nirmāṇakāya (incarnation-body), just like the Buddha himself, is the very incarnation of liberative art, and every act of his life is therefore a technique for the development and liberation of living beings. The “liberative” part of the translation follows “salvifique” in Lamotte’s phrase “moyens salvifique.” ## liberative meditative states, the attainments of concentration In its most general sense, this term refers to the state of freedom from suffering and cyclic existence, or saṃsāra, that is the goal of the Buddhist path. More specifically, the term may refer to a category of advanced meditative attainment such as those of the “eight liberations.” ## Liberator *thar byed*, Skt. *thar byed*, Liberator (one who sets others free), also the name of a son of the buddha Laḍitāgragāmin. ## Liberator from Existence *srid mthar byed*, Skt. *srid mthar byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candrārka. ## Liberator of Beings *sems can sgrol*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Libra *srang*, Skt. *tula*, See “Tula.” ## Licchavī *lits+tsha bI*, Skt. *licchavī*, A clan with its capital, Vaiśālī, in present-day Bihar, north of the Ganges. Their capital was a place where the Buddha had many followers when they were an independent republic. ## Licchavi *lid tsa byi*, Skt. *licchavi*, The people of the city and region of Vaiśālī. The Licchavi were one of the clans making up the Vṛji confederacy, an early republic at the time of the Buddha. ## Licchavis *lits+tsha bI*, Skt. *licchavi*, The name of a northern Indian clan and royal dynasty based in Vaiśālī, the capital of the Vṛji confederacy. The Buddha first visited the city in the fifth year after his awakening and spent his last rainy season retreat in the vicinity of Vaiśālī. ## lickers *rab tu ldag byed*, Skt. *rab tu ldag byed*, Parasites that are said to live inside women’s wombs. ## licorice tree *ma du ka*, Skt. *madhuka*, Glycyrrhiza glabra according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## life force *srog*, Skt. *jīvita*, The life force present in all beings. Often this life force is associated with the breath (prāṇa). ## Life Isochronous with Death *srog ’chi ba dang bcas pa*, Skt. *samṛtyujīvita*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. Alternatively referred to as Instant Revival Upon Death (shi ma thag tu ’tsho ba) in the Tibetan text. ## life of purity In Mahāyāna understood as pure conduct in the sense of compassion and so on; in other traditions understood as chastity. ## life pillar *srog shing*, Skt. *yaṣṭi*, The Sanskrit yaṣṭi may refer to a flagpole, especially one said to have adorned the capital cities of five former buddha, but more specifically, it refers to the “life pillar” in the center of a statue or stūpa ## life-force mantra *srog sngags*, The name of a particular type of mantra. ## life-force’s most basic feeling *srog gi mtha’ pa’i tshor ba*, Skt. *srog gi mtha’ pa’i tshor ba*, See . ## Life-Granting Golden Garland *gser gyi phreng ba can tshe sbyin ma*, Skt. *gser gyi phreng ba can tshe sbyin ma*, A goddess. ## Life-Granting Vajra Garland *rdo rje phreng ba tshe sbyin ma*, Skt. *rdo rje phreng ba tshe sbyin ma*, A goddess. ## lifelong medicines *'tsho ba'i [bar](#bar) du bcang ba*, Skt. *yāvajjīvika*, There are no limits to the length of time monks are permitted to keep medicine proper. Hence those compounds commonly understood to be medicine proper are literally called "kept lifelong," that is "lifelong medicines." These are aimed at combating illnesses that arise from the confluence of factors such as [bile](#bile), [phlegm](#phlegm), and [wind](#wind). The texts describe these medicines as being made from roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and other plant materials. ## lifting of restrictions *dgag dbye*, Skt. *pravāraṇāṃ pravārayitum*, During the rite of lifting restrictions, each monk extends an “invitation” or “lifts restrictions” (Tib. dgag dbye bya ba; Skt. pravāraṇam pravārayitum) to the other monks with whom he has passed the rains retreat. These other monks may then “prompt” (Tib. gleng ba; Skt. codanā) his memory of an offense he has failed to confess with evidence or well-grounded suspicion. The Pāli parallel pavāraṇā is generally translated with “inviting, invitation.” We generally use the English “lifting of restrictions” to reflect the Sanskrit original pravāraṇāṃ pravārayitum. Nevertheless, in The Chapter on Lifting Restrictions, “to lift restrictions” means “to invite” and the two can be used interchangeably; see, for instance, our translation of Kalyāṇamitra’s gloss of the term: “ ‘To invite,’ to give the opportunity for monks with whom one has pledged to settle for the rains to speak about what they have seen, heard, or suspected.” Kalyāṇamitra (F.313.a): dgag dbye zhes bya ba ni dbyar gnas par khas blangs pa’i dge slong rnams kyis mthong ba dang/ thos pa dang/ dgos pa’i gnas gsum gyis gleng pa’i skabs ’byed pa’o. Here are parallel uses from The Chapter on Lifting Restrictions in Skt., Tib., and Chinese Sanskrit Pravāraṇavastu (2.3.2.2): utsahase tvam evaṃnāmā saṃghasya pravāraṇāṃ pravārayitum iti. Tibetan (F.223.b): ming ’di zhes bya ba khyod dbyar gnas pa’i dge ’dun la dgag dbye byed par spro’am. Chinese (Taishō 1045a34: 汝某甲。頗能爲夏坐僧伽。以三事見聞疑。爲隨意不. ## lifting of restrictions ceremony *skabs ’byed pa’i las*, Skt. *pravāraṇakarman*, Literally means “open an opportunity”; it refers to the pravāraṇa, or the “lifting of restrictions” ceremony held at the end of each summer rains retreat, in which monks are given an “opportunity,” otherwise prohibited, to oppose and debate what was heard, seen, or suspected while undertaking a rains retreat. ## lifting restrictions *dgag dbye*, Skt. *pravāraṇa*, A ceremony in which restrictions adopted for the rains retreat are relaxed, marking its end. Also short for the Vinayavastu's third chapter on the same. ## liṅga A physical representation of the god Śiva in the form of short cylindrical column that is rounded at the top and sits on a circular base. A “solitary liṅga” (ekaliṅga) is often listed among suitable sites for esoteric rituals and practices. ## Light Light (illumination, brightness), also the name of a sage (ṛṣi). The Sanskrit could be Dīpta or Roca, the latter being attested in the Lalitavistara, the former in the Mañjuśrī­mūlakalpa. ## light array *’od bkod pa*, Skt. *’od bkod pa*, The name of an absorption. ## Light Beam of Great Lightning *glog chen sgron ma*, Skt. *glog chen sgron ma*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Light Crest *’od kyi tog*, Skt. *’od kyi tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Light Dispelling All Darkness *mun pa thams cad sel ba’i mar me*, Skt. *mun pa thams cad sel ba’i mar me*, A bodhisattva. ## Light Gift *’od byed sbyin*, Skt. *’od byed sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Harṣadatta. ## Light Holder *’od ’chang*, Skt. *’od ’chang*, Son of the buddha Girikūṭaketu. ## Light in the Directions *phyogs snang*, Skt. *phyogs snang*, A great bodhisattva. ## Light King of Qualities *yon tan gyi rgyal po snang ba*, Skt. *yon tan gyi rgyal po snang ba*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Light Limit *’od mtha’*, Skt. *’od mtha’*, Son of the buddha Vairocana. ## Light Maker *mar me byed*, Skt. *mar me byed*, A buddha realm. ## Light Net Crest *dra ba can gyi tog*, Skt. *dra ba can gyi tog*, A buddha. ## Light Nourisher *’od skyong ma*, Skt. *’od skyong ma*, Mother of the buddha Sujāta. ## Light of a Mass of Qualities *yon tan phung po ’od*, Skt. *yon tan phung po ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maticintin (982 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of a Vajra *rdo rje’i ’od*, Skt. *rdo rje’i ’od*, Not in Negi. rdo rje ’od ma appears in Negi as Skt. Vajrābha. ## Light of All Good Qualities The buddhafield of the Tathāgata Samantabhadra. ## Light of All Qualities *yon tan kun gyi ’od*, Skt. *yon tan kun gyi ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānarata. ## Light of Awakening *byang chub ’od*, Skt. *byang chub ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇasāgara (357 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Bliss *bde ba’i ’od*, Skt. *bde ba’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anantarūpa. ## Light of Compiled Splendor *gzi brjid brtsegs ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid brtsegs ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prabhaṃkara (46 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Delightful Mind *yid ’ong blo ’od*, Skt. *yid ’ong blo ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arhaddeva (136) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Dharma Glory *chos dpal ’od*, Skt. *chos dpal ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśāntadoṣa. ## Light of Diligence *brtson ’grus ’od*, Skt. *brtson ’grus ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jagadraśmi. ## Light of Discipline *tshul khrims ’od*, Skt. *tshul khrims ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Toṣaṇa. ## Light of Excellent Conduct *legs par spyod pa’i ’od*, Skt. *legs par spyod pa’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Satyadeva (439 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Excellent Ritual *cho ga bzang zhes snang*, Skt. *cho ga bzang zhes snang*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## Light of Fame *grags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *grags pa’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānakīrti. ## Light of Famed Qualities *yon tan grags pa ’od*, Skt. *yon tan grags pa ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śaśin. ## Light of Fearlessness *’jigs pa med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhāgīrathi. ## Light of Freedom from Suffering *mya ngan med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Light of Golden Ornaments *gser tog ’od*, A buddha in the distant future who is Rūpyaprabha, the son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu, in the time of Śākyamuni. ## Light of Heroes *dpa’ ba’i ’od*, Skt. *dpa’ ba’i ’od*, Father of the buddha Oghajaha. ## Light of Homa *sbyin sreg byas pa’i ’od*, Skt. *sbyin sreg byas pa’i ’od*, A great bodhisattva. ## Light of Immortality The second of the twelve buddha grounds. ## Light of Incense *spos ’od*, Skt. *spos ’od*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Great Ornament. ## Light of Indra’s Banner *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan ’od*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan ’od*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Light of Infinite Fragrances *mtha’ yas spos ’od*, Skt. *mtha’ yas spos ’od*, Father of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Light of Infinite Merit *bsod nams mtha’ yas ’od*, Skt. *bsod nams mtha’ yas ’od*, Father of the buddha Mayūraruta. ## Light of Infinite Qualities *gzi brjid mtha’ yas ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas ’od*, Father of the buddha Tejorāja. ## Light of Infinite Splendor *gzi brjid mtha’ yas pa’i ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas pa’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Devasūrya. ## Light of Insight *shes rab ’od*, Skt. *shes rab ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Asaṅgamati (520 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Jewel Flowers *rin po che’i me tog gi ’od*, Skt. *rin po che’i me tog gi ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bodhana. ## Light of Joy *dga’ ba’i ’od*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Kusumadatta ## Light of Karma The seventh of the twelve buddha grounds. ## Light of Leadership *kha lo sgyur ba’i ’od*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur ba’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Light of Learning *thos pa’i ’od*, Skt. *thos pa’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Suvrata. ## Light of Liberation *thar pa’i ’od*, Skt. *thar pa’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhahastin (353 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Masses of Excellence *phung po bzang po ’od*, Skt. *phung po bzang po ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigataśoka. ## Light of Masses of Sun’s Splendor *nyi ma’i gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Skt. *nyi ma’i gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja. ## Light of Merit *bsod nams ’od*, Skt. *bsod nams ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Hitaiṣin (111 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Noble Beings *’phags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *’phags pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Āryapriya. ## Light of Non-conceptuality *rnam par mi rtog pa’i ’od*, Skt. *rnam par mi rtog pa’i ’od*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Supreme Dharma. ## Light of Nārāyaṇa *sred med kyi bu’i ’od*, Skt. *sred med kyi bu’i ’od*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Light of Peace *zhi ba’i ’od*, Skt. *zhi ba’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratibhānagaṇa (761 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Permanence *rtags kyi ’od*, Skt. *rtags kyi ’od*, The name of an eon. ## Light of Praise *bstod pa’i ’od*, Skt. *bstod pa’i ’od*, Father of the buddha Prasanna. ## Light of Precious Family *rin po che’i rigs kyi ’od*, Skt. *rin po che’i rigs kyi ’od*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Light of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen ’od*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Light of Pure Discipline *tshul khrims rnam dag ’od*, Skt. *tshul khrims rnam dag ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candrārka. ## Light of Sandalwood Incense *tsan dan spos kyi ’od*, Skt. *tsan dan spos kyi ’od*, A buddha realm. ## Light of Seeing the Sun and Moon *nyi zla rnam par mthong ba’i ’od*, Skt. *nyi zla rnam par mthong ba’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Siddhi. ## Light of Space The third of the twelve buddha grounds. ## Light of Strength *stobs kyi ’od*, Skt. *stobs kyi ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yajñasvara (756 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Superknowledge *mngon shes ’od*, Skt. *mngon shes ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa (669 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of the Child of the Wealth God *nor lha’i bu ’od*, Skt. *nor lha’i bu ’od*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhavikrāmin. ## Light of the Conveying of True Teaching *bden smra brda ’od*, Skt. *bden smra brda ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Light of the Essence of Jewels *rin chen snying po ’od*, Skt. *rin chen snying po ’od*, Father of the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha. ## Light of the Essence of the Sun *nyi ma’i snying po ’od*, Skt. *nyi ma’i snying po ’od*, Mother of the buddha Sūrya. ## Light of the Fragrance of a Hundred Qualities *yon tan brgya’i spos ’od ma*, Skt. *yon tan brgya’i spos ’od ma*, Mother of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Light of the Gathering *tshogs can ’od*, Skt. *tshogs can ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Merukūṭa. ## Light of the Gift of the Noble *’phags byin ’od*, Skt. *’phags byin ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Gandhābha. ## Light of the Great Mind *blo chen ’od*, Skt. *blo chen ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Light of the Ground *sa yi ’od*, Skt. *sa yi ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Udāragarbha. ## Light of the Heard *thos ’od*, Skt. *thos ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Jagadraśmi. ## Light of the King of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas rgyal po’i ’od*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas rgyal po’i ’od*, A buddha. ## Light of the King of Mountains *ri rab ’od*, Skt. *ri rab ’od*, A buddha. ## Light of the King of Splendor *gzi brjid rgyal po’i ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid rgyal po’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Śrī. ## Light of the Light Rays of the Light of Certainty *’od rnam par nges pa’i ’od zer gyi ’od*, The name of a god who is one of Mañjuśrī’s interlocutors in this sūtra. ## Light of the Limitlessly Blossoming Flower *me tog rgyas pa mtha’ yas pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *me tog rgyas pa mtha’ yas pa’i ’od zer*, One of the future buddhas. ## Light of the Magnificent Light Rays of the Stainless Moon *zla ba dri ma med pa’i gzi brjid ’od zer*, The name of a god who is one of Mañjuśrī’s interlocutors in this sūtra. ## Light of the Master of Gathering *tshogs dbang ’od*, Skt. *tshogs dbang ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Viraja. ## Light of the Moon *zla ba snang ba*, Skt. *zla ba snang ba*, (1) Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Sun. (2) Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Source of Power. ## Light of the Moon and Sun *zla nyi’i ’od*, Skt. *zla nyi’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Citraraśmi. ## Light of the Moon of Humanity *mi’i zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *mi’i zla ba’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati. ## Light of the Noble *’phags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *’phags pa’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhasena. ## Light of the Renowned Friend *shes gnyen grags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *shes gnyen grags pa’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Surāṣṭra (830 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of the Ruler *dbang po snang*, Skt. *dbang po snang*, Birthplace of the buddha Drumendra. ## Light of the Sky *nam mkha’ snang ba*, Skt. *nam mkha’ snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Religious Practice. ## Light of the Sublime Precious Moon *rin chen zla ba dam pa’i ’od*, Skt. *rin chen zla ba dam pa’i ’od*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Fragrance of Aloeswood. Likely an alternate name for the thus-gone one Moon’s Light. ## Light of the Sun *nyi ma snang ba*, Skt. *nyi ma snang ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Moon. ## Light of the Ten Powers *stobs bcu’i ’od*, Skt. *stobs bcu’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Viraja. ## Light of the Victorious Gathering *tshogs rgyal ’od*, Skt. *tshogs rgyal ’od*, Mother of the buddha Cakradhara. ## Light of the Wish-Fulfilling Amogha Jewel *don yod pa yid bzhin nor bu’i ’od*, Skt. *amogha­cintā­maṇi­prabha*, One of the mantra deities, an emanation of Amoghapāśa. ## Light of the World *’jig rten ’od*, Skt. *’jig rten ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Upakāragati (836 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom ’od*, Skt. *dgra bcom ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vibodhana (183 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Thousands of Qualities *yon tan stong snyed snang*, Skt. *yon tan stong snyed snang*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahāpriya. ## Light of Truth *bden pa’i ’od*, Skt. *bden pa’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Saṃjaya. ## Light of Unfathomable Qualities *yon tan dpag tu med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *yon tan dpag tu med pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śrī. ## Light of Victory *rnam par rgyal ba’i ’od*, Skt. *rnam par rgyal ba’i ’od*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Dīpaṅkara. ## Light of Virtue *dge ’od*, Skt. *dge ’od*, Mother of the buddha Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi. ## Light of Wealth *’byor ’od*, Skt. *’byor ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaskandha (301 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Wisdom *ye shes ’od*, Skt. *ye shes ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthāmaprāpta (365 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light of Worship *mchod ’os*, Skt. *mchod ’os*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samṛddha. ## Light Ornament *’od kyis brgyan*, Skt. *’od kyis brgyan*, Mother of the buddha Suraśmi. ## Light Pervading All Directions *phyogs thams cad du khyab pa’i mar me*, Skt. *phyogs thams cad du khyab pa’i mar me*, A bodhisattva. ## Light Ray Peak *’od zer gyis rtse mo*, Skt. *’od zer gyis rtse mo*, A forest on the lower level of Living on the Peak. ## Light Rays *’od zer can*, Skt. *’od zer can*, The realm of the Buddha Difficult to Bear. ## Light Rays for the World *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Meruyaśas. ## Light Rays in the Ten Directions *bcu las ’phros pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *bcu las ’phros pa’i ’od zer*, A bodhisattva. ## Light Rays of Constant Beauty *rtag tu mdzes pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *rtag tu mdzes pa’i ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of Fearlessness *bsnyengs med ’od zer*, Skt. *bsnyengs med ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Trailokyapūjya (789 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Light Rays of Great Clouds *sprin chen ’od zer*, Skt. *sprin chen ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of Hidden Mastery *dbang sbas ’od zer*, Skt. *dbang sbas ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of Joy *’od zer mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *’od zer mngon par dga’ ba*, A forest in Total Pleasure. ## Light Rays of Liberation *grol ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *grol ba’i ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of Powerful Renown *rnam par bsgrags pa’i stobs kyi ’od zer*, Skt. *rnam par bsgrags pa’i stobs kyi ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of Stacked Incense *spos brtsegs ’od zer*, Skt. *spos brtsegs ’od zer*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Light Rays of the Buddha Flower *sangs rgyas me tog ’od zer*, Skt. *sangs rgyas me tog ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of the Clouds *sprin gyi ’od zer*, Skt. *sprin gyi ’od zer*, A great bodhisattva. ## Light Rays of the Disk of the Moon *zla ba’i dkyil ’khor gyi ’od zer*, Skt. *zla ba’i dkyil ’khor gyi ’od zer*, A buddha realm. ## Light Rays of the Exalted Moon *zla ’phags ’od zer*, A distant world system where the Buddha Exalted Lotus Beaming Light resides. ## Light Rays of the Forest *nags tshal ’od zer*, Skt. *nags tshal ’od zer*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Light Rays of the Moon Crest *zla ba tog gi ’od zer*, Skt. *zla ba tog gi ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of the Space Sphere *nam mkha’i dkyil ’khor ’od zer*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dkyil ’khor ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Rays of the Supreme Lotus *pad ma mchog gi ’od zer*, Skt. *pad ma mchog gi ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Light Superior to the Moon *zla ba bas lhag pa’i ’od*, Skt. *zla ba bas lhag pa’i ’od*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Light That Creates Language *tshig bkod pa’i ’od*, Skt. *tshig bkod pa’i ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Light That Shines on All Beings *’gro ba thams cad la snang ba’i mar me*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad la snang ba’i mar me*, A bodhisattva. ## Light Vanquishing with Undefiled Forces *dpung pa dri ma med pas ’od zer bcom pa*, Skt. *dpung pa dri ma med pas ’od zer bcom pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Lightning *glog*, Skt. *glog*, Lightning (an electrical discharge in the sky), also the name of the wife of the son of the brahmin Agnidatta. ## Lightning Cloud *glog sprin*, Skt. *glog sprin*, A buddha. ## Lightning Flash *glog ’od*, Skt. *glog ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Candrodgata. ## Lightning Garland *glog phreng can*, Skt. *glog phreng can*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lightning Gaze *glog ltas*, Skt. *glog ltas*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## lightning lamp *glog gi sgron ma*, Skt. *vidyutpradīpa*, The 42nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## lightning light *glog gi ’od*, Skt. *vidyutprabha*, The 108th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Lightning Tongue *glog lce*, Skt. *vidyudjihva*, A nāga king. ## lightning wielder *glog ’khyug par byed pa*, Skt. *glog ’khyug par byed pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Lightning Worship *glog mchod ma*, Skt. *glog mchod ma*, Mother of the buddha Vidyutketu. ## Lightning-Pacifying Venerable *glog zhi byed btsun*, Skt. *glog zhi byed btsun*, A preta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Light-Web Bearer *’od zer dra ba can*, Skt. *’od zer dra ba can*, A bodhisattva in the northwestern buddhafield Free of Darkness. ## Like a Cloud of Great Precious Jewels *nor bu rin po che chen po'i sprin lta bu*, Skt. *nor bu rin po che chen po'i sprin lta bu*, A tathāgata. ## Like a Noose *zhags pa lta bu*, Skt. *zhags pa lta bu*, A snake. ## Like a Plantain Tree *me tog sil ma*, Skt. *me tog sil ma*, An apsaras present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## like a rhinoceros *bse ru lta bu*, Skt. *khaḍgaviṣāṇakalpa*, One of the two classes of pratyekabuddha, used for those living a solitary life. The other type is the vargacārin, “those who live in crowds.” ## Like Stacks of Dry Wood *shing skam bsdus pa*, Skt. *dārusaṃvartaka*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Like the King of Water *chu yi rgyal po lta bu*, Skt. *chu yi rgyal po lta bu*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sāgara. ## like the prominent teeth of a tawny-colored divine bull A phrase describing a lineage of kings. ## Like Unopened Flowers *me tog kha ma bye ba lta bu*, Skt. *me tog kha ma bye ba lta bu*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Likhita *bris pa*, Skt. *likhita*, A ṛṣi. ## Ālikāvendāmaghā *bslang rnyed ma dang mchu*, Skt. *ālikāvendāmaghā*, A yakṣiṇī. ## limb of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *bodhyaṅga*, See “seven limbs of awakening.” ## limbs have body hairs that curl upward *yan lag gi spu gyen du ’khyil ba*, Skt. *ūrdhvāgra­romatā*, Tenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## limbs of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *bodhyaṅga*, Traditionally there are seven limbs of awakening (saptabodhyaṅga) of an awakened one—mindfulness, discrimination, diligence, joy, pliability, absorption, and equanimity. ## limbs of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *bodhyaṅga*, There are seven limbs of enlightenment: correct mindfulness, correct wisdom of the analysis of phenomena, correct diligence, correct joy, correct serenity, correct samādhi, and correct equanimity. ## Limbs of the Intention of Sublime Satisfaction of Wisdom *yan lag ye shes kyis tshim pa gya nom sems pa*, Skt. *yan lag ye shes kyis tshim pa gya nom sems pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## liminal state *bar do*, Skt. *antarābhava*, The bardo or intermediate state between death and rebirth. ## Limit of Existence *srid mtha’*, Skt. *srid mtha’*, Father of the buddha Bhavapuṣpa. ## limit of reality *yang dag pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *bhūtakoṭi*, A synonym for ultimate reality, emptiness, dharmadhātu, and so forth—as either an ontological reality or a state of being—this compound is typically parsed as the “limit” or “frontier” (koṭi) of “reality” (bhūta), which is intended metaphorically, as it is consistently described, in a play on words, as “without limit” (akoṭi) or “infinite” (atyanta). This compound might also be parsed as the “final” or “true” (bhūta) “conclusion” or “goal” (koṭi), although the majority of cases and the Indian Buddhist commentarial tradition tend to support the former interpretation. ## Limited Light *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, The fourth god realm of form, this is the lowest of the three heavens that make up the second dhyāna heaven in the form realm. ## Limited Radiance *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Limited Splendor *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, first of three levels of the second dhyāna realm. ## limited to one more birth and blessed *skye ba gcig gis thogs gyur cing byin gyis rlob*, Skt. *skye ba gcig gis thogs gyur cing byin gyis rlob*, A kind of absorption. ## limited to only one more life A stage on the path at which a bodhisattva will require only one more lifetime beyond the present one in order to achieve complete awakening. ## Limited Virtue *dge chung gi lha rnams*, Skt. *parīttaśubha*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## limitless *mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *an­anta*, Also translated here as “infinite.” ## limitless colors *kha dog mtha’ yas pa*, Skt. *a­nantavarṇā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## limitless enfoldment *’khyil pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *’khyil pa mtha’ yas*, The name of a dhāraṇī. ## Limitless Eyes *spyan tshad med pa*, Skt. *spyan tshad med pa*, A buddha. ## Limitless Flow *mtha’ med ’bab*, Skt. *mtha’ med ’bab*, A river in Delighting in Flower Garlands. ## limitless gateway *a nan ta mu dra*, Skt. *anantamukha*, Name of a dhāraṇī. ## limitless inspiring praise *bskul bar bsngags pa mtha’ yas*, Skt. *bskul bar bsngags pa mtha’ yas*, The name of a seat. ## Limitless Intelligence *blo gros tshad med pa*, Skt. *blo gros tshad med pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Limitless Jewels *rin chen mtha’ yas*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas*, Birthplace of the buddha Sucintita. ## Limitless Light *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *apramāṇābha*, The fifth god realm of form, this is the second of the three heavens that make up the second dhyāna heaven in the form realm. ## Limitless Mass of Splendor *gzi brjid phung po mtha’ yas*, Skt. *gzi brjid phung po mtha’ yas*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāmitra. ## Limitless Qualities of the Armor of Diligence *yon tan mtha’ yas brtson ’grus go cha*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas brtson ’grus go cha*, A buddha. ## line *tshigs bcad*, Skt. *śloka*, The term usually refers to a unit of metrical verse, most commonly in Sanskrit literature a couplet of two sixteen-syllable lines (pāda), each of which can be subdivided into two half-lines of eight syllables. In the Tibetan translations a śloka is usually rendered as a four-line verse. However, the term is also used (especially in catalogs of canonical works) as a unit measuring the length of texts written in prose or in a mixture of prose and verse, in which case it simply measures thirty-two syllables. The titles of the principal Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras, most of which are written in prose, identify them by including mention of their length in ślokas, usually translated in English as “in nnn lines.” The original titles, even in their long form, include only the number itself, and that this refers to the length in ślokas is by convention inferred. ## lineage *rigs*, Skt. *gotra*, Literally, the class, caste or lineage. In this context, it is the basic disposition or propensity of an individual which determines which kind of vehicle (śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, or bodhisattva) they will follow and therefore which kind of awakening they will obtain. However, in Buddhist literature of the third turning, this same term is used instead as a synonym of buddha-nature (tathāgata­garbha), ie, that all the beings are in fact endowed with the potential or geniture of a buddha’s awakening. ## lineage of Kuṣāṇa *ku sha na’i rigs*, Skt. *ku sha na’i rigs*, The royal family of the Kushan dynasty. ## linen *zar ma'i ras*, Skt. *kṣaumaka*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## lines of their palms are extended *phyag gi ri mo mtho ba dag*, Skt. *ā­yata­pāṇi­lekha­tā*, Thirty-third of the eighty minor marks. ## lines of their palms are unbroken *phyag gi ri mo bar ma chad pa*, Skt. *avyava­hita­pāṇi­lekha­tā*, Thirty-second of the eighty minor marks. ## Ling Ling is both a clan (sometimes called Lingtsang) and a kingdom north of Degé, which was independent until 1950. ## Lingje Repa *gling rje ras pa* (1128-1188), founder of the Drukpa Kagyu school. ## linguistic analysis *nges pa’i tshig*, Skt. *nirukti*, Linguistic analysis here implies the exact knowledge of the primary and derivative definitions and explanations of names and words. It is also the third of the four discernments (so so yang dag par rig pa). ## links of conditioned existence *srid pa’i yan lag*, Skt. *bhavāṅga*, See “twelve links of conditioned existence.” ## links of dependent origination *rten cing ’brel bar ’byung ba*, Skt. *aṅga­pratītya­samutpāda*, See “twelve links of dependent origination.” ## linseed *dbyi mo*, Skt. *cavya*, Oil from the seed of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum). (Toh 555: smig bcud) ## lion A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Lion Army *seng ge sde*, Skt. *seng ge sde*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Lion Banner *seng ge’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *seng ge’i rgyal mtshan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nārāyaṇa (249 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Body *seng ge’i sku*, Skt. *seng ge’i sku*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samṛddhayaśas (829 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## lion couch *seng ge’i gzims khri*, The bed, divan, or couch upon which the Buddha passes into parinirvāṇa. ## Lion Crest *seng ge’i tog*, Skt. *seng ge’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subāhu. ## Lion Fangs *seng ge’i mche ba*, Skt. *seng ge’i mche ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Marutskandha (410 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Feet *seng ge’i zhabs*, Skt. *seng ge’i zhabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arhatkīrti (485 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Flank *seng ge’i logs*, Skt. *seng ge’i logs*, Father of the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi. ## Lion Gait *seng ge’i stabs bzhud*, Skt. *seng ge’i stabs bzhud*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vikrāntagāmin (155 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Gaze *seng ge’i lta stangs*, Skt. *seng ge’i lta stangs*, Son of the buddha Campaka. ## Lion Gift *seng ges byin*, Skt. *seng ges byin*, Attendant of the buddha Supriya. ## Lion Glory *seng ge’i dpal*, Skt. *seng ge’i dpal*, A king in the past. ## Lion Hand *seng ge’i phyag*, Skt. *seng ge’i phyag*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anindita (288 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Hero *seng ge dpa’ bo*, Skt. *seng ge dpa’ bo*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lion Intelligence *seng ge’i blo gros*, Skt. *seng ge’i blo gros*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratna (374 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Jaws *seng ge’i ’gram pa*, Skt. *seng ge’i ’gram pa*, Father of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Lion Joy *seng ge dga’*, Skt. *seng ge dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnākara. ## Lion Lamp *seng ge sgron ma*, Skt. *seng ge sgron ma*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lion Melody *seng ge’i dbyangs*, Skt. *seng ge’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Somaraśmi (606 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Mind *seng blo*, Skt. *seng blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahābala (14) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion Mode *seng ge’i ’gros*, Skt. *seng ge’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmaruta. ## Lion Mountain *seng ge’i lhun po*, Skt. *seng ge’i lhun po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Lion of Humans *mi yi seng ge*, Skt. *mi yi seng ge*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amarapriya. ## Lion of Joyous Melody *seng ge dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *seng ge dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śaśivaktra (201 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion of Powerful Diligence *seng ge’i brtson ’grus rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *seng ge’i brtson ’grus rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Lion of the Śākyas *shAkya seng ge*, Skt. *śākyasiṃha*, One of the epithets of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lion of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs seng ge*, Skt. *brtul zhugs seng ge*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara (975 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## lion power *seng ge’i stobs*, Skt. *seng ge’i stobs*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Lion Roarer *seng ge’i nga ro sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *seng ge’i nga ro sgra sgrogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padmahastin. ## Lion Sight *seng ges bltas*, Skt. *seng ges bltas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śaśivaktra. ## Lion Stance *seng ge’i glal*, Skt. *seng ge’i glal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Daśavaśa. ## Lion Strength *seng ge’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *seng ge’i mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Cārulocana (515 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## lion throne *seng ge’i khri*, Skt. *siṃhāsana*, The Buddha’s seat or a royal throne. ## Lion Tiger *seng ge stag*, Skt. *seng ge stag*, Father of the buddha Siṃha. ## Lion Village *seng ge can gyi grong*, Skt. *seng ge can gyi grong*, A village. See also . ## Lion Voice *seng ge rnam par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *seng ge rnam par sgrogs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmaprabhāsa. ## Lion Who Bears the Garments of the Jewel Array *rin chen bkod pa’i go gyon seng ge*, Skt. *rin chen bkod pa’i go gyon seng ge*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha. ## lion-like cheeks *’gram pa seng ge’i dang ’dra ba*, Skt. *siṃha­hanu­tā*, Twentieth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Lion-Like Hero *seng ge tar dpa’*, Skt. *seng ge tar dpa’*, A goose king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## lion-like jaws *seng ge’i ’gram pa lta bu*, Skt. *siṃhahanutā*, Twenty-sixth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Lion-like Subjugator *seng ge ltar gnon*, Skt. *seng ge ltar gnon*, A great bodhisattva. ## Lion’s Emanation *seng ge rnam par sprul*, Skt. *seng ge rnam par sprul*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Lion’s Light *seng ge’i ’od*, A Licchavī youth. ## Lion’s Melody *seng ge’i dbyangs*, Skt. *seng ge’i dbyangs*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Wilderness. ## Lion’s Pinnacle *seng ge’i tog*, Skt. *seng ge’i tog*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## lion’s play *seng ge rnam par rtse ba*, Skt. *siṃhavikrīḍita*, The 3rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Lion’s Radiance *seng ge’i ’od*, Skt. *siṃhaprabha*, Name of a Licchavī youth ## Lion’s Roar *seng ge’i nga ro*, Skt. *seng ge’i nga ro*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyeṣṭhadatta (578 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lion’s Yawn *seng ge rnam par bsgyings*, Skt. *siṃhavijṛmbhita*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## lips are red like the balsam fruit *sgros bim pa ltar dmar ba*, Skt. *bimba­prati­bimbopamauṣṭha­tā*, Twenty-third of the eighty minor marks. ## listener *nyan thos*, Skt. *śrāvaka*, Based on the verb “to hear,” the Sanskrit term śrāvaka is used in reference to followers of the non-Mahāyāna traditions of Buddhism, in contrast to the bodhisattvas who follow the Mahāyāna path. ## Listening Practice *thos spyod*, Skt. *thos spyod*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Listening to the Noble *’phags las nyan*, Skt. *’phags las nyan*, Mother of the buddha Puṇyamati. ## Lithang Jamchen A large and historically important Gelukpa monastery in eastern Tibet founded in 1580 by the Third Dalai Lama. Also known as Litang Chökhor Ling (li thang chos ’khor gling). ## Little Eyes *mig chung*, Skt. *mig chung*, The son of wealthy householders in Śrāvastī, who in a former life had been their dog. He became an attendant of Venerable Śāriputra and manifested arhatship while still in his novitiate. ## Little Stūpa *mchod rten chung*, Skt. *mchod rten chung*, Mother of the buddha Muniprasanna. ## live independently *mi gnas par 'dug pa*, Literally, "to live where I do not," where "I" refers to the [Buddha](#buddha). ## living being *lus can*, Skt. *dehin*, Also rendered in this translation as “embodied being,” and “corporeal being.” ## Living by Rājanina *rA dza ni na rgyu ba*, Skt. *rA dza ni na rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Living in Forests and Parks *tshal dang nye ba’i tshal na gnas pa*, Skt. *tshal dang nye ba’i tshal na gnas pa*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Living in Kuttāṃgati *kuD+TAM ga ti na gnas pa*, Skt. *kuD+TAM ga ti na gnas pa*, An area in Kuru. ## Living in Mountain Ranges *ri’i klung na kun tu spyod pa*, Skt. *ri’i klung na kun tu spyod pa*, An area in Kuru. ## Living on the Peak *brtsegs pa rgyu ba*, Skt. *brtsegs pa rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Līlāgati *rol pa*, Skt. *līlāgati*, A deity invoked in a mantra. ## Lāmā *lA mA*, Skt. *lāmā*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## Śālmali *sham ba la*, Skt. *śālmali*, The hell of the Simul trees, also called cotton trees, that have vicious thorns. The Tibetan had a corrupted, transliterated version of the name. This is classed among the neighboring hells. It is where beings continually climb up and down the trees in search of a loved one. ## Śālmali Forest *shing shal ma li’i tshal*, Skt. *śālmalivana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## śālmali trees *shal ma li*, Skt. *śālmali*, Bombax heptaphyllum or Salmalia malabarica (a lofty and thorny tree). ## Śālmalīvana *shal ma li nags*, Skt. *śālmalīvana*, “Forest of Silk Cotton Trees,” one of the hot hells (the thorns of a silk cotton tree are supposed to be used in torture). ## Lāmbura *u la ma bu*, Skt. *lāmbura*, One of the nāga kings. ## Load Carrying *khur drang mo*, Skt. *khur drang mo*, One of the eight nāga ladies. ## Locanā *spyan ma*, Skt. *locanā*, A female deity in one of the variants of the maṇḍala of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa; also the name of the consort of Ratna­sambhava. ## lock *lde mig*, Skt. *tāḍaka*, Forms part of a pair with “key” (Tib. lde mig kyog po). ## Loden Sherab Ngok Lotsāwa Loden Sherab (rngog lo tsA ba blo ldan shes rab, 1059–1109) was an important translator of Indic Buddhist texts into Tibetan. ## lodhra An unidentified plant ingredient used in ritual and alchemical preparations. ## Lofty Abode *mtho bar gnas*, Skt. *mtho bar gnas*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Lofty Aspiration *smon lam khyad par ’phags*, A bodhisattva in the future during the time of the Thus-Gone Anavatapta, a future life of the nāga king Attainment of Perpetual Faith, as prophesied by the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lofty Banner *mtho ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mtho ba’i rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Lofty Heaps of Silver *dngul mthon por brtsegs pa*, Skt. *dngul mthon por brtsegs pa*, A forest on Tamer of Deer Enemies. ## Lofty Like Mount Meru’s Summit *ri rab brtsegs pa ltar mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *ri rab brtsegs pa ltar mngon par ’phags pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Lofty Mound *mtho brtsegs*, Skt. *mtho brtsegs*, (1) A peak upon Mount Sumeru. (2) A mountain in Garland of Splendor. ## Lofty Mountain *ri bo brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ri bo brtsegs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prahāṇakhila. ## Lofty Peak *mtho bar brtsegs pa*, Skt. *mtho bar brtsegs pa*, A forest on the lower level of Living on the Peak. ## Lofty Summit *mtho bar brtsegs pa*, Skt. *mtho bar brtsegs pa*, A mountain in Kuru. Also known as Covered by Lotuses (pad ma dmar pos kun tu khyab pa). ## Lohaka *lcags can*, Skt. *lohaka*, A member of the audience in this sūtra. ## Lohitākṣī *mig dmar mo*, Skt. *lohitākṣī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Lohitākṣa *mig dmar*, Skt. *lohitākṣa*, A great ṛṣi. ## Lohitāśva *rta dmar*, Skt. *lohitāśva*, A great ṛṣi. ## Lohitāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Kauśika lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Ālokā *mang byed ma*, Skt. *ālokā*, A yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites. ## Loka *’jig rten*, Skt. *loka*, One of the rāśis; a king of the Gauḍa dynasty. ## Lokaṭī *’jig rten ’gro ma*, Skt. *lokaṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Lokīśa *’jig rten dbang phyug bdag nyid che*, Skt. *lokīśa*, An unidentified mantra deity. The Sanskrit could be corrupt. ## śloka *shlo ka*, Skt. *śloka*, The term usually refers to a unit of metrical verse, most commonly in Sanskrit literature a couplet of two sixteen-syllable lines (pāda) each of which can be subdivided into two half-lines of eight syllables. In the Tibetan translations a śloka is usually rendered as a four-line verse. However, the term is also used (especially in catalogues of canonical works) as a unit measuring the length of texts written in prose or in a mixture of prose and verse, in which case it simply measures thirty-two syllables. The titles of the principal Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras, most of which are written in prose, identify them by including mention of their length in ślokas, usually translated in English as “in nnn lines.” The original titles, even in their long form, include only the number itself, and that this refers to the length in ślokas is by convention inferred. ## Lokabhūta *’jig rten gyur pa*, Skt. *lokabhūta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokacaitya *’jig rten mchod rten*, Skt. *lokacaitya*, A buddha. ## Lokacandra *’jig rten zla ba*, Skt. *lokacandra*, The 394th buddha in the first list, 393rd in the second list, and 387th in the third list. ## Lokadhara *’jig rten ’dzin pa*, Skt. *lokadhara*, “World Bearer.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Lokadruma *’jig rten ljon pa*, Skt. *lokadruma*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Lokagati *’jig rten ’gro ba*, Skt. *lokagati*, One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text. ## Lokagupta *’jig rten sbas*, Skt. *lokagupta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokajit Skt. *lokajit*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Lokajyeṣṭha *’jig rten dag gi mchog*, Skt. *lokajyeṣṭha*, The 710th buddha in the first list, 709th in the second list, and 699th in the third list. ## Lokakaṇṭha *’jig rten mgul pa*, Skt. *lokakaṇṭha*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Ālokakarā *snang ba ma*, Skt. *ālokakarā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Lokakara *’jig rten byed*, Skt. *lokakara*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokaṃkara *’jig rten byed*, Skt. *lokaṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## ālokakara *snang ba byed pa*, Skt. *ālokakara*, Lit. “light maker.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Āloka­maṇḍala­prabha *snang ba’i dkyil ’khor ’od*, Skt. *āloka­maṇḍala­prabha*, The sixty-fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Lokamaha *’jig rten mchod ’os*, Skt. *lokamaha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokamātā *’jig rten ma*, Skt. *lokamātā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Lokaniṣṭha Skt. *lokaniṣṭha*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Lokanātha Skt. *lokanātha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokaśānti *’jig rten zhi ba*, Skt. *lokaśānti*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ālokapāṇi *snang ba’i phyag*, Skt. *ālokapāṇi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokapūjita *’jig rten mchod*, Skt. *lokapūjita*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## lokapāla *’jig rten gyi mgon po*, Skt. *lokapāla*, “Guardians of the world.” Also called “guardians of the directions” (digpāla; phyogs skyong), which are specifically listed to be Śakra (Indra, lord of the devas, for the east), Yama (lord of the dead, for the south), Varuṇa (lord of water for the west), Kubera (Vaiśravaṇa, lord of yakṣas, for the north), Agni (lord of fire, for the southeast), Vāyu (lord of air, for the northwest), Īśāna (Śiva, for the northeast), Nairṛta (Rākṣasa, lord of the rākṣasas, for the southwest), Brahmā (lord of the universe, for above), and Pṛthvī (or Pṛthivī, goddess of the earth, for below). ## Lokaprabha *’jig rten ’od*, Skt. *lokaprabha*, The 138th buddha in the first list, 138th in the second list, and 138th in the third list. ## Lokapradīpa *’jig rten sgron ma*, Skt. *lokapradīpa*, Name of a buddha. ## Lokapradyota *’jig rten sgron ma*, Skt. *lokapradyota*, A buddha. ## Lokapravarā *’jig rten rab mchog*, Skt. *lokapravarā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Lokapriya *’jig rten dga’ ba*, Skt. *lokapriya*, The 962nd buddha in the first list, 961st in the second list, and 952nd in the third list. ## Lokaśrī Skt. *lokaśrī*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokaśriyā *’jig rten dpal*, Skt. *lokaśriyā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Ālokasundarī *snang bar mdzes ma*, Skt. *ālokasundarī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Lokasundara *’jig rten bzang po*, Skt. *lokasundara*, The 366th buddha in the first list, 365th in the second list, and 360th in the third list. ## Lokavatī *’jig rten ldan ma*, Skt. *lokavatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; one of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Lokavilokita *’jig rten rnam par gzigs pa*, Skt. *lokavilokita*, One of the high heavens. ## Lokavāsinī *’jig rten gnas ma*, Skt. *lokavāsinī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Lokābha *’jig rten ’od*, Skt. *lokābha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokābhilāṣita *’jig rten mngon par smon*, Skt. *lokābhilāṣita*, A buddha in the past. ## Lokeśa *’jig rten dbang phyug*, Skt. *lokeśa*, Probably a metrically shortened variant of Lokeśvara. ## Lokendra *’gro ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *lokendra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Lokendra­ghoṣa *’jig rten dbang po’i dbyangs*, Skt. *lokendra­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Lokendra­kāya­pratibhāsa­prabha *’jig rten dbang po’i lus ni snang ba’i ’od*, Skt. *lokendra­kāya­pratibhāsa­prabha*, The fifty-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Lokendra­pravara­prabha­ghoṣa *’jig rten gyi dbang po dam pa’i ’od kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *lokendra­pravara­prabha­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Lokendrarāja *’jig rten dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *lokendrarāja*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Lokendra­rāja *’jig rten gyi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *lokendra­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokendra­teja­śrī­bhadra *’jig rten dbang po ’od bzang dpal*, Skt. *lokendra­teja­śrī­bhadra*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Lokendra­teja­śiri­bhadra. ## lokeśvara *’jig rten dbang phyug*, Skt. *lokeśvara*, “Lokeśvara” is the title applied to Avalokiteśvara and his male emanations, including Amoghapāśa; in the later tradition there are 108 lokeśvaras. In contexts where the literal meaning, “lord of the world,” is more relevant than the class name, the term has been translated as such (see corresponding glossary entry for “lord of the world”). It is capitalized when used as the title without the name, such as “the Lokeśvara” or “the Lord of the World.” ## Lokeśvarajyotiṣa *’jig rten dbang phyug ’od zer*, Skt. *lokeśvara­jyotiṣa*, A buddha in the distant past with whom the past Buddha Jñāna­kusumavi­raja­samucchraya­bodhīśvara first developed the aspiration to enlightenment. ## Lokeśvaraprabha *’jig rten dbang phyug ’od*, Skt. *Lokeśvaraprabha*, Name of the tathāgata who gave the dhāraṇī to the Buddha during a previous life as a brahmin. ## Lokeśvararāja *’jig rten dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *lokeśvararāja*, A buddha in a northern realm who sends bodhisattvas to make offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha and Mahākāruṇika. ## Lokāgata *’jig rten ’ongs*, Skt. *lokāgata*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokāgrakeyūrā *’jig rten mchog gi dpung rgyan ma*, Skt. *lokāgrakeyūrā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokākhyā *’jig rten grags pa ma*, Skt. *lokākhyā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokākhya *’jig rten grags pa*, Skt. *lokākhya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokānta *’jig rten mthar byed*, Skt. *lokānta*, One of the grahas. ## Lokāntakarī *’jig rten mthar byed ma*, Skt. *lokāntakarī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Lokāntara *’jig rten ’das*, Skt. *lokāntara*, The 393rd buddha in the first list, 392nd in the second list, and 386th in the third list. ## Lokāntikā *’jig rten nye gnas ma*, Skt. *lokāntikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Lokottarā *’jig rten las ’das ma*, Skt. *lokottarā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Lokottara *’jig rten bla ma*, Skt. *lokottara*, The 358th buddha in the first list, 357th in the second list, and 352nd in the third list. ## Lokottīrṇa *’jig rten dag las ’das pa*, Skt. *lokottīrṇa*, The 182nd buddha in the first list, 181st in the second list, and 181st in the third list. ## Lokātikrānta­gāmin *’jig rten las ’das par ’gro ba*, Skt. *lokātikrānta­gāmin*, One of the two bodhisattvas standing by the gateway in the Mañjuśrī maṇḍala. ## Lokāvartā *’jig rten ’khyil ma*, Skt. *lokāvartā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Lokya Sherab Tsek An eleventh-century Tibetan master and translator who is specifically known for his Cakrasaṃvara lineage, which he received from teachers in the Kathmandu Valley. ## Lokāyata *’jig rten rgyang phan pa*, Skt. *lokāyata*, The materialist or “worldly” school, one of the many schools of the Indian śramaṇa movement around at the time of the Buddha. Today most of their literature and discourse has been lost, but their view can be compiled through secondary historical literature and the voices of their critics. According to this, they are claimed to have asserted a rigid materialist philosophy in which everything in the universe is composed of only four elements (earth, water, heat, and air). They rejected the moral causality associated with karma, and they rejected transmigration or rebirth. For more on the Lokāyata philosophy, see Chattopadhaya (1992), pp. 22–75. ## Long *ring pa*, Skt. *ring pa*, Long (of great length), also the name of a river on Saṅkāśa. ## long and slender tongue *ljags ring zhing srab pa*, Skt. *pṛthu­tanu­jihva­tā*, Twenty-fifth of the thirty-two major marks. ## long eyebrows *smin ma ring ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *āyatabhrū*, Sixty-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## Long Neck *mgrin rings*, Skt. *mgrin rings*, The name of a rākṣasī. ## long pepper *pi pi ling*, Skt. *pippalī*, Piper longum. ## Long Shape *dbyibs ring*, A minister in the court of King Prasenajit. ## Long Spear *mdung ring*, Skt. *mdung ring*, The name of a yakṣa. ## long toes and fingers *sor mo ring ba*, Skt. *dīrghāṅgulitā*, Sixth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Longchenpa *klong chen rab 'byams pa* (1308-1363), also called the Omniscient Sovereign or King of [Dharma](#dharma), one of the most extraordinary spiritual masters and scholars of the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) school. He wrote more than 250 treatises covering almost all of Buddhist theory and practice up to the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection), of which he was among the greatest exponents. Among those that have survived are the famous *Seven [Treasure](#treasure)s (mdzod bdun)*, the *Nyingtik Yabzhi (snying tig ya bzhi)*, the *Trilogy of Rest (ngal gso skor gsum)*, the *Trilogy of Natural Freedom (rang grol skor gsum)*, the *Trilogy of Dispelling Darkness (mun sel skor gsum)* and the *Miscellaneous Writings (gsung thor bu)*. ## longing for sensual pleasure *’dod pa la mos pa*, Skt. *kāmacchanda*, First of the five obscurations. ## Longing for Smell *’dri ’dod*, Skt. *gandhakambala*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Long-Lasting Agony *tshor ba ring ba*, Skt. *pratāntavedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## loofah *gho Sha*, Skt. *ghoṣaka*, Luffa aegyptiaca. ## Looking *rnam par lta*, Skt. *rnam par lta*, Looking (directing one’s gaze; seeing), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sadgaṇin. ## Looking at the World *’jig rten lta*, Skt. *’jig rten lta*, Birthplace of the buddha Nikhiladarśin. ## Looking in All Directions *phyogs rnams lta*, Skt. *phyogs rnams lta*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nāgabhuja (169 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Looking with Joy *dga’ bas lta*, Skt. *dga’ bas lta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## looks upon *spyan*, Skt. *paśyati*, A technical astrological expression indicating that the aspect of the planet that “looks” is exercising influence on the planet it looks upon, and, indirectly, also on the affected person. ## loosely organized *snrel zhi*, Skt. *vyatyasta*, Lit. “topsy-turvy”; in a mixed order. Also translated here as “nonsequential” and “perverted.” ## lord *bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *bhagavān*, “Lord” is chosen to translate the title Bhagavān because it is the term of greatest respect current in our “sacred” language, as established for the Deity in the Elizabethan version of the Bible. Indeed, the Skt. Bhagavān was given as a title to the Buddha, although it also served the non-Buddhist Indians of the day and, subsequently, it served as an honorific title of their particular deities. As the Buddha is clearly described in the sūtras as the “Supreme Teacher of Gods and Men,” there seems little danger that he may be confused with any particular deity through the use of this term [as indeed in Buddhist sūtras various deities, creators, protectors, etc., are shown in their respective roles]. Thus I feel it would compromise the weight and function of the original Bhagavān to use any less weighty term than “Lord” for the Buddha. ## Lord Buddha *sangs rgyas bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *bhagavān­buddha*, Epithet of Buddha Śākyamuni and general way of addressing the enlightened ones. See “Lord” or “Blessed One.” (See also ). ## Lord Conqueror *dbang po rgyal ba*, Skt. *dbang po rgyal ba*, The name of a yakṣa. ## lord of beings *skye dgu’i bdag po*, Skt. *prajāpati*, The Vedic deity associated with the creation humanity and the human world. ## lord of birds *kha ga ba ti*, Skt. *khagapati*, An epithet for Garuḍa. ## Lord of Cattle The name of a god. ## Lord of Clouds *sprin gyi bdag*, The name of a yakṣa king. ## Lord of Death *'chi bdag*, [Yama](#yama). ## Lord of Dharma *chos kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *chos kyi dbang phyug*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Daśavaśa (362 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lord of Enduring *mi mjed kyi bdag po*, Skt. *mi mjed kyi bdag po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Lord of Fearless Thought *rtog pa ’jigs med dbang phyug*, Skt. *avalokiteśvarābhaya*, A buddha. ## Lord of Golden Nāgas *gser klu’i dbang po*, A king in the distant past. ## Lord of Great Wrath *khro bo’i rgyal po chen po*, Skt. *mahākrodharāja*, See “Great Lord of Wrath.” ## Lord of Guhyakas An epithet for Vajrapāṇi. Guhyaka is another name for a yakṣa. ## lord of heroes *dpa’ bo’i bdag po*, Skt. *dpa’ bo’i bdag po*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Lord of Humans *shed skyes dbang phyug*, Skt. *shed skyes dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Lord of Intelligence *blo gros dbang po*, Skt. *blo gros dbang po*, Attendant of the buddha Sumati. ## Lord of Irreproachable Merit *ma smad pa’i bsod nams dbang phyug*, Skt. *ma smad pa’i bsod nams dbang phyug*, A universal monarch. ## Lord of Joy *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *nandeśvara*, A buddha to the west, from whose buddha field the bodhisattva child Without Reference comes. ## Lord of Śāla Trees *sA la’i bdag*, Skt. *sA la’i bdag*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhaghoṣa. ## Lord of Lamps *mar me’i bdag po*, Skt. *mar me’i bdag po*, A buddha. ## Lord of Learning *thos pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *thos pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Samudradatta. ## Lord of Light *snang dbang*, Skt. *snang dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Lord of Men An epithet used in the Catalog to refer to Tenpa Tsering, the tenth Degé king and sponsor of the Degé Kangyur. ## Lord of Moon Qualities *zla ba’i yon tan bdag po*, Skt. *zla ba’i yon tan bdag po*, A buddha. ## Lord of Mountains *ri dbang rgyal po*, Skt. *ri dbang rgyal po*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lord of Movement *rgyu ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *rgyu ba’i dbang po*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sovereign King of Incense. ## Lord of Obstructing Beings *bgegs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *vighnarāja*, An epithet of Vināyaka, a form of Gaṇapati. ## Lord of Order who Carries a White Staff A deity in the Tibetan Bön tradition responsible for maintaining order in the forces of nature. ## Lord of Peace *rab zhi bdag po*, Skt. *rab zhi bdag po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candrodgata (833 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lord of Peace and Calm *rab tu zhi ba rnam par dul ba’i dbang phyug*, A bodhisattva god in the assembly receiving Buddha Śākyamuni’s teachings. ## Lord of Peace and Gentleness *rab tu zhi zhing dul ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *rab tu zhi zhing dul ba’i dbang phyug*, The name of Destroyer of Nonvirtue when he becomes a buddha. ## Lord of Pretas *yi dags kyi bdag po*, An epithet for Rudra. ## Lord of Sages *drang srong dbang po*, Skt. *drang srong dbang po*, Father of the buddha Maṇigaṇa. ## Lord of Secrets *gsang ba'i bdag po*, an epithet of [Vajrapāṇi](#vajrapāṇi). ## Lord of Sālas *sA la’i dbang po*, Skt. *sA la’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Candra. ## Lord of Splendor *gzi brjid bdag po*, Skt. *gzi brjid bdag po*, Birthplace of the buddha Sarvatejas. ## Lord of the Desire Realm *’dod pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *kāmeśvara*, Literally “Lord of Desire.” Name of Kubera/Vaiśravaṇa, who presides over the Desire Realm. ## Lord of the Devas *lha’i dbang po*, Skt. *devānām indraḥ*, Epithet of the chief of the gods who reside in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. Also known as Indra. ## lord of the earth *sa bdag gi rgyal po*, Skt. *bhūpati*, An epithet of kings. ## lord of the four continents *gling bzhi’i bdag po*, Skt. *catur­dvīpa­mahī­pati*, See . ## Lord of the Gaṇas *tshogs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *gaṇeśa*, The name of the elephant-headed deity who is also commonly known as Gaṇapati. Gaṇapati is as much a part of the Buddhist pantheon as the Hindu pantheon with which the deity is more commonly associated. ## Lord of the Gathering *tshogs dbang*, Skt. *tshogs dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇendrakalpa. ## lord of the gods *lha dbang*, Usually an epithet for Indra or Śakra, the chief of the gods who dwells in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Lord of the Guhyakas *gsang ba’i bdag po*, Skt. *guhyakādhipati*, An epithet of Vajrapāṇi. ## Lord of the Śākyas An epithet for the Buddha. ## Lord of the Land *sa bdag*, Skt. *sa bdag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharaṇīdhara. ## lord of the Sahā world *mi mjed kyi bdag po*, Skt. *sahāmpati*, An epithet of Brahmā. See “Sahā world.” ## Lord of the Thirty *sum cu pa’i bdag po*, An epithet for the deity Śakra/Indra. ## Lord of the Three Realms *khams gsum gyi bdag po*, The name of a deity in Gaṇapati’s maṇḍala. ## Lord of the Water God *chu lha’i bdag*, Skt. *chu lha’i bdag*, Father of the buddha Supriya. ## lord of the world *’jig rten dbang phyug*, Skt. *lokeśvara*, “Lord of the world” is a translation of lokeśvara or lokanātha when these are used in their literal meaning (for the technical meaning of the first see the glossary entry for Lokeśvara). The latter of the two terms has an added connotation of the “protector of the world,” however, in most contexts, the meaning of the “lord of the world” predominates. The phrase is capitalized when used as the title without the name. ## lord of the Yāma gods *’thab bral rab dgar*, Skt. *suyāmapati*, Lord of the Yāma heaven, lowest of the group of four heavens immediately above the peak of Mount Meru. ## lord of this Sahā world An epithet of the god Brahmā. ## Lord of Those of Beautiful Countenance *zhal sdug sde bdag*, Skt. *zhal sdug sde bdag*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Janendrakalpa (154 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lord of Wandering Beings *’gro ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *’gro ba’i dbang phyug*, Father of the buddha Abhyudgata. ## Lord of Wisdom *ye shes dbang phyug*, Skt. *ye shes dbang phyug*, The bodhisattva Earth Holder when he becomes a buddha. ## Lord of Wrath *khro bo’i rgyal po*, Skt. *krodharāja*, Epithet of Yamāntaka; also the namesake mantra. ## Lord of Yakṣas *gnod sbyin bdag po*, Skt. *yakṣādhipati*, An epithet for Vajrapāṇi, who is also referred to as the yakṣasenāpati, the “yakṣa general.” ## Lord Protector Cloud-Ruling Lamp *kun tu srung gi bdag po sprin gyi dbang phyug sgron ma*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Lord with Jeweled Hands *lag na rin chen dbang phyug*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: rin po che’i phyag dbang phyug) ## Lordly King of Beings *’gro ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *’gro ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lordly King of Stillness *mi g.yo ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mi g.yo ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lordly King of the Brahmā Realm *tshangs pa’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lordly King of the Great Minds *blo mchog gi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *blo mchog gi dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lordly King of the Hills *ri bo’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ri bo’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lordly King of the Leaders *khyu mchog gi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *khyu mchog gi dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lordly King of the Sal Tree *s’a la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *s’a la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Lords of Hail *ser ba’i bdag po*, An epithet for both Vāyu and Varuṇa. ## lotsawa *lots+tsha ba*, Skt. *locāva*, Honorific term for a Tibetan translator. ## Lotsawa Sönam Öser A fourteenth-century translator and scholar who was involved in the production of the first Kangyur and Tengyur at Narthang monastery. ## Lotus *pad ma ldan*, Skt. *pad ma ldan*, Lotus (an aquatic flowering plant), also the name of a buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Siddhimati attains buddhahood as the tathāgata Vairocana. ## lotus array *padma’i bkod pa*, Skt. *padmavyūhā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Lotus Bearer *pad+ma ’chang*, Skt. *pad+ma ’chang*, The name of a mātṛkā in Great Cool Grove. ## Lotus Body Blooming from Dense Light Rays *’od zer shin tu stug po pad ma rab tu rgyas pa’i sku*, Skt. *’od zer shin tu stug po pad ma rab tu rgyas pa’i sku*, Lotus Body Blooming from Dense Light Rays is a buddha who inhabits a buddhafield. Buddhas with similar names are said to inhabit the buddhafield Avaivartika­cakra­nirghoṣā in Toh 44-37 and Toh 104. ## Lotus Born *padma 'byung nas*, see [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## lotus clan *pad+ma’i rigs*, Skt. *padmakula*, One of the three, four, or five clans into which esoteric Buddhist deities are organized. In Kriyātantra literature, the head of this clan is Avalokiteśvara. ## Lotus Color *pad ma’i mdog*, Skt. *pad ma’i mdog*, Handsome monk who went forth under Venerable Upasena, he was named for his complexion, which was the color of a lotus-heart. ## Lotus Commander *pad ma’i sde*, Skt. *pad ma’i sde*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Seven Precious Substances. ## Lotus Crest *pad ma’i tog*, Skt. *pad ma’i tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhadradatta. ## Lotus Essence *pad snying*, Skt. *pad snying*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhadatta (130 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lotus Eye *pad ma’i mig*, Skt. *pad ma’i mig*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## Lotus Eyes *pad+ma’i spyan*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Lotus Eyes of Supreme Learning *mkhas mchog pad spyan*, Skt. *mkhas mchog pad spyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candrārka (252 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lotus Face *pad ma’i zhal*, Skt. *pad ma’i zhal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyotiṣka (511 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lotus family *pad+ma’i rigs*, Skt. *abjakula*, This family is associated mainly with the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, and includes deities such as Tārā, Bhṛkuṭī, and so forth. In the higher tantras, this family is presided over by the tathāgata Amitābha. ## Lotus Flag *pad+ma’i tog*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Lotus Flower *me tog pad ma*, Skt. *me tog pad ma*, A buddha realm. ## Lotus Flowers Like Banyan Trees *pad ma’i shing n+ya gro d+ha lta bu*, Skt. *pad ma’i shing n+ya gro d+ha lta bu*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Lotus Fragrance *pad ma’i dri*, Skt. *pad ma’i dri*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arciskandha. ## Lotus Glory *pad dpal ma*, Skt. *pad dpal ma*, Mother of the buddha Padmakośa. ## Lotus Guru *pad mo’i bla ma*, Skt. *pad mo’i bla ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Lotuses. ## Lotus Hell *pad ma ltar gas pa*, Skt. *padma*, See “Splitting Open Like a Lotus Hell.” ## Lotus in the Buddha’s Hand *sangs rgyas phyag na pad ma skyes*, Skt. *sangs rgyas phyag na pad ma skyes*, A great bodhisattva. ## Lotus Light *pad ma’i ’od*, Skt. *pad ma’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇavīrya. ## Lotus Light Rays *pad ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *pad ma’i ’od zer*, A buddha realm. ## Lotus of Humanity *mi yi pad ma*, Skt. *mi yi pad ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ananta­guṇa­tejorāśi (943 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lotus of Shining Light *pad ma snang ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *pad ma snang ba’i ’od zer*, A buddha. ## lotus ornament *pad mo’i rgyan*, Skt. *padmavyūho*, The thirty-seventh of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Lotus Parasol *pad ma’i gdugs*, Skt. *pad ma’i gdugs*, A buddha realm. ## Lotus Petal Eyes *pad ’dab spyan*, Skt. *pad ’dab spyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jagadīśvara (918 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lotus Pool of Sparkling Waters *rnam par bkra ba’i chu’i pad ma’i rdzing bu*, Skt. *rnam par bkra ba’i chu’i pad ma’i rdzing bu*, A forest in Total Pleasure. ## Lotus Possessor *pad ma can*, Skt. *pad ma can*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhapakṣa. ## Lotus Radiance *pad+ma ’od*, Skt. *padmaprabha*, A yakṣa. ## Lotus Treasury *pad ma’i mdzod*, Skt. *pad ma’i mdzod*, Son of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Lotuses Resembling Sunlight *pad ma’i nyi ma’i ’od lta bu*, Skt. *pad ma’i nyi ma’i ’od lta bu*, A lotus pond in the forest known as Incomparable. ## Lotus-Eyed One *pad+ma’i spyan*, Skt. *padmanetrī*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī and The Twelve Names of the Goddess Śrī (Toh 741/1006). The Twelve Names gives the Tibetan variant padma spyan mnga’ ma. ## Lotus-Like Eyes *pad ma’i ’dab ma ’dra ba’i mig*, Skt. *pad ma’i ’dab ma ’dra ba’i mig*, A kalaviṅka king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Loud Howling *ngu ’bod chen po*, One of the eight hot hells. ## Loud Roar of the Great Lion *seng ge chen po mngon par sgrogs pa’i sgra*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Loud Wailing *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahāraurava*, Name of one of the great hells. See also Guenther 1986, 58; Konchog Gyaltsen 1998, 99. ## Loud Wailing Hell Name of one of the great hells (Skt. mahānaraka). Elsewhere translated as “Great Howling Hell.” ## louse A measure of length defined as being equal to seven louse eggs. ## louse egg A measure of length defined as being equal to seven specks of dirt on a cow. ## love *byams pa*, Skt. *maitrī*, One of the four immeasurables of the Mahāyāna, known in early Buddhism as “pure abodes” (Skt. brahmavihāra), which comprise (1) love, sometimes translated as “loving kindness,” (2) compassion, (3) empathetic joy, and (4) impartiality. Immeasurable love arises from the wish for all living beings to have happiness and the causes of happiness. ## Love Attainment *byams thob*, Skt. *byams thob*, A king. ## Love with Qualities *yon tan dag gis brtse ba*, Skt. *yon tan dag gis brtse ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## Loved by the Gods *lha sdug*, Skt. *lha sdug*, Son of the buddha Vikrīḍitāvin. ## Lovely *yid ’ong*, Skt. *yid ’ong*, Lovely (beautiful or delightful), also the name of a river in Engaging in Clarification. ## Lovely and Delightful Earrings from Mount Meru *lhun po’i rna rgyan sdug pa nyams dga’*, Skt. *lhun po’i rna rgyan sdug pa nyams dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśas. ## Lovely Delight *nyams dga’ ba sdug pa*, Skt. *nyams dga’ ba sdug pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhagātra. ## Lovely Eye *mig sdug ma*, Skt. *mig sdug ma*, Mother of the buddha Subuddhinetra. ## Lovely Eyes *spyan sdug*, Skt. *spyan sdug*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhadravaktra (862 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lovely Girl *bud med sdug*, Skt. *bud med sdug*, A lotus pool in Lateral. ## Lovely Illumination An eon long ago in which a past life of Vajrapāṇi is described. ## Lovely Moon *zla ba sdug*, Skt. *zla ba sdug*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnottama (379 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lovely Moon Countenance *zla bzhin mdzes ma*, Skt. *zla bzhin mdzes ma*, Mother of the buddha Lokacandra. ## Lovely Moonlight *zla sdug ’od*, Skt. *zla sdug ’od*, Mother of the buddha Kusumaprabha. ## Lovely Pleasure Garden *skyed mos tshal dga’*, Skt. *skyed mos tshal dga’*, A forest of the asuras. ## Lovely Radiance *mdangs sdug pa*, Skt. *mdangs sdug pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhahastin. ## Lovely Scent *spos kun ldan*, Skt. *spos kun ldan*, A queen of Rāhu, king of asuras. ## Lovely to See *sdug par lta*, Skt. *sdug par lta*, Attendant of the buddha Anupama. ## Lovely Voice *skad kyi dbyangs can*, Skt. *skad kyi dbyangs can*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Lover of the Stars *skar ma la dga' ba*, name of a [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva). He is an example of someone whose selfless aspiration enabled him to accumulate [merit](#merit) in spite of his committing what would normally be considered a negative [act](#act). ## Loving *’jam pa*, Skt. *’jam pa*, Loving (feeling or showing love), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Brahmadeva. ## Loving All Beings *byung po kun la brtse ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *byung po kun la brtse ba dang ldan pa*, A captain; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## loving kindness *byams pa*, Skt. *maitra*, One of the four immeasurables of the Mahāyāna, known in early Buddhism as “pure abodes” (Skt. brahmavihāra), which comprise (1) loving kindness, (2) compassion, (3) empathetic joy, and (4) impartiality. Immeasurable loving kindness arises from the wish for all living beings to have happiness and the causes of happiness. ## Loving Mind *rnam par brtse ba’i blo*, Skt. *rnam par brtse ba’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyapriya. ## loving-kindness *byams pa*, Skt. *maitrī*, One of the four practices of spiritual practitioners, and one of the four immeasurables (the other three being compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity). ## low *mi mtho ba*, Skt. *mi mtho ba*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Low River *dma’ ba’i chu*, Skt. *dma’ ba’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## lower arm *nye ba’i dpung pa*, Skt. *nye ba’i dpung pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## lower garment One of a Buddhist monastic’s three robes. ## lower garment made of a tiger’s skin *stag lpags shing gi zham thabs can*, An article of clothing that is commonly associated with the deity Mahākāla as well as a number of wrathful forms of Buddhist tantric deities. ## lower realm *ngan ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, A collective name for the realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and denizens of the hells. ## Lower realms *ngan song*, the [hells](#hell), the [realm](#realm)s of [pretas](#preta) and of animals. ## lower realms of existence *ngan song*, Skt. *apāya*, Also translated here as “inferior realms.” ## lower rebirth *ngan ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, Lower rebirths within cyclic existence. ## lower rebirths *ngan ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, Lower rebirths within cyclic existence. ## lower robe The garment covering the lower body. One of the three Dharma robes (tricīvara, chos gos gsum). ## lower states of existence *ngan song*, Skt. *durgati*, The realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. ## lowest eon *dus kyi tha mar*, Skt. *yugādhama*, The least auspicious in the cycle of four eons. ## Lāsyā *lA sye*, Skt. *lāsyā*, An offering goddess. ## Lubdha *rngon pa*, Skt. *lubdha*, One of the grahas. ## Lucid Heart *thugs rab dang ba*, Skt. *thugs rab dang ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaṇin (42 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Lucky *bkra shis ldan*, Skt. *bkra shis ldan*, Lucky (having or bringing good fortune), also the name of a brahmin in Kosala, father of Saṃjaya. ## Lui Gyaltsen The Tibetan translator who, along with Jñānagarbha, revised the translation of The Prophecy of Dīpaṅkara. ## Lui Wangpo *klu’i dbang po*, The Tibetan translator of this text, active during the late eight and early ninth centuries. Lui Wangpo was one of the first seven Tibetans to take monastic ordination at the founding of Samyé monastery. He was a member of the Khön family that would later achieve preeminence in Tibet as the leading family of the Sakya school. ## Lumbinī *lum bi*, Skt. *lumbinī*, The place where the Buddha was born, located in what is now Southern Nepal. ## Lumbini *lum bi ni*, Skt. *lumbini*, The grove where Śākyamuni was born. ## luminosity *’od gsal ba*, Skt. *prabhāsvara*, In the context of the nature of mind, luminosity refers to the subtlest level of mind, i.e., the fundamental, essential nature of all cognitive events. Though ever present within all beings, this luminosity becomes manifest only when the gross mind has ceased to function. It is said that such a dissolution is experienced by ordinary beings, naturally, at the time of death, but it can also be experientially cultivated through certain meditative practices. ## luminosity radiates as they walk *’od kyis gsal bar mdzad cing gshegs pa*, Skt. *prabhā­svara­gāmi­tā*, Sixty-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## Luminous *’od gsal*, Skt. *’od gsal*, Luminous (giving off light; bright), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidyutprabha (372 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Array *bkod pa gsal*, Skt. *bkod pa gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍitavyūha (809 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Bridge *zam pa’i ’od*, Skt. *zam pa’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candraprabha (481 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Clouds *sprin ’od*, Skt. *sprin ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Luminous Conduct *spyod pa’i ’od*, Skt. *spyod pa’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## Luminous Coral *byi ru gsal*, Skt. *byi ru gsal*, Mother of the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha. ## Luminous Countenance *bzhin gsal*, Skt. *bzhin gsal*, Mother of the buddha Anavanata. ## Luminous Crest *’od kyi dpal*, Skt. *’od kyi dpal*, A buddha. ## Luminous Crest of Insight *shes rab tog gsal*, Skt. *shes rab tog gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Keturāṣṭra. ## Luminous Dharma The name of the buddha that Śrīmatī the brahmin woman is prophesied to become. ## Luminous Diligence *brtson ’grus gsal ba*, Skt. *brtson ’grus gsal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amṛta (785 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Directions *phyogs gsal*, Skt. *phyogs gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Asaṅgakīrti. ## Luminous Discipline *tshul khrims ’od byed*, Skt. *tshul khrims ’od byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokacandra. ## Luminous Disk *’od kyi dkyil ’khor can*, Skt. *’od kyi dkyil ’khor can*, A great bodhisattva. ## Luminous Fame *grags pa gsal*, Skt. *grags pa gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Luminous Flower *me tog ’od gsal*, Skt. *me tog ’od gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaprabha. ## Luminous Form *gzugs gsal*, Skt. *gzugs gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Drumendra (740 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Formation *rab chags gsal*, Skt. *rab chags gsal*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## Luminous Gem *nor bu snang ba can*, Skt. *nor bu snang ba can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Jewel Flame. ## Luminous Golden Gem *gser gyi nor bu snang ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *gser gyi nor bu snang ba dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Firelight. ## Luminous Ground *sa gsal*, Skt. *sa gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Luminous Heaven *’od gsal*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, The sixth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the second of the four concentrations. ## Luminous Intelligence *’od gsal blo gros ma*, Skt. *’od gsal blo gros ma*, Mother of the buddha Jñānakośa. ## Luminous Jewel *nor bu gsal*, Skt. *nor bu gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśadatta (242 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Jewels *rin po che ’od ’byin*, Skt. *rin po che ’od ’byin*, A mountain on Radiant Streams. ## Luminous Joy *gsal dga’*, Skt. *gsal dga’*, Son of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Luminous Liberation *rnam grol gsal*, Skt. *rnam grol gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Laḍitāgragāmin. ## Luminous Maiden *’od ldan ma*, Skt. *’od ldan ma*, A goddess of the ocean. ## Luminous Merit *bsod nams ’od gsal*, Skt. *bsod nams ’od gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Amitalocana. ## Luminous Meteor *skar mda’ ’od*, Skt. *skar mda’ ’od*, Son of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Luminous Mind *sems gsal*, Skt. *sems gsal*, Son of the buddha Asaṅgakīrti. ## Luminous Mountain *lhun po’i ’od*, Skt. *lhun po’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## Luminous Mountain of Splendor *gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Smṛtīndra. ## Luminous Movement *’od ’gro*, Skt. *’od ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Girikūṭaketu. ## Luminous Nectar *bdud rtsi gsal*, Skt. *bdud rtsi gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānakūṭa (598 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Peace *zhi ba gsal*, Skt. *zhi ba gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Āryapriya (744 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Qualities *yon tan gsal ba*, Skt. *yon tan gsal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthaviniścita (151 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Radiance *’od gsal*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, A class of gods in the world of form (rūpadhātu). ## Luminous Renown *’od grags*, Skt. *’od grags*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Luminous Renown of Joy *dga’ bar grags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *dga’ bar grags pa’i ’od*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Luminous Sacrifice *mchod sbyin gsal*, Skt. *mchod sbyin gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Suyajña. ## Luminous Sphere of Great Splendor *’od kyi dkyil ’khor gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *’od kyi dkyil ’khor gzi brjid phung po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Luminous Splendor *gzi brjid gsal*, Skt. *gzi brjid gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nāgakrama. ## Luminous Sumanā Flower *sna ma’i me tog*, Skt. *sna ma’i me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gagana (755 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Superior *’phags pa gsal*, Skt. *’phags pa gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Luminous Supreme Qualities *yon tan mchog gsal ba*, Skt. *yon tan mchog gsal ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sudarśana. ## Luminous Treasure *dbyig gsal*, Skt. *dbyig gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pradīpa (221 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Luminous Victor *rgyal ba gsal*, Skt. *rgyal ba gsal*, Attendant of the buddha Prasannabuddhi. ## Luminous View *lta ba gsal*, Skt. *lta ba gsal*, Mother of the buddha Ojobala. ## Luminous Wealth God *nor lha gsal ba*, Skt. *nor lha gsal ba*, Son of the buddha Ojastejas. ## Luminous Wisdom *ye shes ’od gsal*, Skt. *ye shes ’od gsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amṛtadhārin. ## Luminous Wisdom Lamp *ye shes gsal ba’i mgron*, Skt. *ye shes gsal ba’i mgron*, Name of a buddha. ## Luminous World *’jig rten gsal*, Skt. *’jig rten gsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Marudadhipa. ## Luminous Youth *gzhon nu ’od*, Skt. *gzhon nu ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## lump concealers *gong bu sped*, Skt. *gong bu sped*, One of the four parasites that are said to be inside the birth canals of women. ## lunar asterism A constellation of stars through which the moon passes, also known as a lunar mansion. ## lunar day A single day of the lunar calendar. ## lunar fortnight One of two halves of the lunar month, either the “bright half” (śuklapakṣa), during which the moon waxes, or the “dark half” (kṛṣṇapakṣa), during which the moon wanes. ## lunar mansion *rgyu skar*, Skt. *nakṣatra*, The twenty-seven or twenty-eight sectors along the ecliptic that exert influence on individuals and the world according to Indic astrological lore. ## Lunar Melody *zla ldan dbyangs*, Skt. *zla ldan dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja (863 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## lunar month of Kārtika The name of a lunar mansion and a lunar month. ## lunar month of Māgha The name of a lunar mansion and a lunar month. ## lunar month of Śrāvaṇa The name of a lunar mansion and a lunar month. ## lunar month of Vaiśākha The name of a lunar mansion and a lunar month. ## lunar month of Āśvin The name of a lunar mansion and a lunar month. ## lunar month Puṣya *rgyal ba*, Skt. *puṣya*, A particularly auspicious time that is marked by the moon passing through the constellation puṣya. ## lunar special day *dgung zla*, Skt. *dgung zla*, A period of time related to the moon’s phases during which one engages in religious observances. ## Lustrous *sang sang*, Skt. *sang sang*, Lustrous (having a sheen; shining), also the name of a garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Lusts after Goddesses *lha’i bu mo la ’bod pa*, Skt. *lha’i bu mo la ’bod pa*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## lute *pi bang*, Skt. *vīṇā*, A traditional Indian stringed instrument, much like a sitar. ## lying The fourth of the negative actions to be renounced under the five precepts. ## Māṇa *nga rgyal can*, Skt. *māṇa*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## māṣa *ma Sha*, Skt. *māṣa*, A unit of weight equal to 17 grains troy. ## māṣa pulses *mA Sha*, Skt. *māṣa*, Phaseolus radiatus. ## Maḍa A place the north of Paṭṭikeraka with a king named Kamboja. ## Maṇḍa The name of a city. ## Maṇḍala *dkyil 'khor*, lit. center and circumference. 1. The universe with the palace of the [deity](#deity) at the center, as visualized in the practice of the [generation phase](#generation-phase). 2. The visualized ideal universe as an offering. ## maṇḍala of consecration in great gnosis The name of the maṇḍala in The Noble Dhāraṇī of the Eight Goddesses. ## maṇḍala of liberation *rnam par grol ba’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vimokṣamaṇḍala*, This term seems to refer to any ritual device in itself sufficient to produce liberation; it may thus refer to the entire text of the AP, to an individual rite, to a mantra or a mudrā, or to a set of a corresponding mudrā and mantra. ## maṇḍala of powders *rdul tshon dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *rajomaṇḍala*, A maṇḍala created with colored powders. ## maṇḍala of wind Literally, a wheel or disk of wind. This term is found in Buddhist cosmology, where a world system is built on top of various layers, one of which is a vāyumaṇḍala, or a cosmic disk of wind; however, in The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist, the term is used to describe the ten winds that will contribute to the conflagration and destruction of the trichiliocosm at the end of an eon. Also translated as “wind.” ## Maṇḍalin *dkyil ’khor pa*, Skt. *maṇḍalin*, The shorter form of the name Mahāmaṇḍalin. ## Maṇḍalāsana *dkyil ’khor stan*, Skt. *maṇḍalāsana*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Maṇḍana One of the sublineages connected with the Kāśyapa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Maṇḍapa *’joms pa*, Skt. *maṇḍapa*, A yakṣa general. ## Maṇḍavī *snying po thob byed*, Skt. *maṇḍavī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Machik Labdrön *ma cig lab sgron* (1031-1129), a [disciple](#disciple) of [Padampa Sangye](#padampa-sangye), she became the holder of his instructions on the [Cho](#cho) practice. ## Madā *rgyags ma*, Skt. *madā*, A great piśācī. ## Madanā *rgyags byed ma*, Skt. *madanā*, A great piśācī. ## Madanī *rgyags ma*, Skt. *madanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Madana *rgyags pa*, Skt. *madana*, A great ṛṣi. ## Madanasundarī *’dod pas mdzes ma*, Skt. *madanasundarī*, A deity in Vajrānaṅga’s maṇḍala. ## Madanotsukā *’dod pa’i lcags kyu*, Skt. *madanotsukā*, A deity in Vajrānaṅga’s maṇḍala. ## Madaprahīṇa *dregs spang*, Skt. *madaprahīṇa*, The 668th buddha in the first list, 667th in the second list, and 659th in the third list. ## madder *leb rgan*, Skt. *māñjiṣṭha*, A distinctive shade of red now known as “rose madder,” common in ancient India and derived from the root of the madder plant (Rubia manjista/Rubia tinctorum). According to the Mahāvyutpatti, the Tibetan should be btsod. ## Madhu *sbrang rtsi*, Skt. *madhu*, A brahmin statesman. ## Madhukara *sbrang rtsir byed pa*, Skt. *madhukara*, A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. The word madhukara literally means “honey-maker” and the term can also refer to a bee. ## Madhumatī *sbrang rtsi can*, Skt. *madhumatī*, A river queen. ## Madhura *’jam snyan*, Skt. *madhura*, Gandharva king present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## Madhura­nirghoṣa *dbyangs snyan*, Skt. *madhura­nirghoṣa*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Madhurasvara *dbyangs snyan*, Skt. *madhurasvara*, Gandharva king present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## Madhura­svara­rāja *dbyangs snyan*, Skt. *madhura­svara­rāja*, The 395th buddha in the first list, 394th in the second list, and 388th in the third list. ## Madhusaṃbhava *sbrang rtsi ’byung*, Skt. *madhusaṃbhava*, The name the merchants Trapuṣa and Bhallika will bear when they become buddhas in the future. ## Madhuvaktra *sbrang rtsi’i zhal*, Skt. *madhuvaktra*, The 487th buddha in the first list, 486th in the second list, and 480th in the third list. ## Madhuvāsiṣṭha *gnas ’jog sbrang rtsi can*, Skt. *madhuvāsiṣṭha*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Madhyadeśa *dbus kyi yul*, Skt. *madhyadeśa*, The “central region,” which seems to refer to all the regions and countries between the Vindhya and Himālaya mountains. ## Madhyama *bar ma*, Skt. *madhyama*, One of the rāśis. ## Madhyamaka *dbu ma*, Skt. *madhya­maka*, Derived from the Sanskrit expression madhyamapratipad, meaning the “Middle Way” between the extremes of eternalism and nihilism, Madhyamaka is one of the most influential among the schools of Indian Buddhist philosophy since it emphasizes the deconstruction of all conceptual elaboration and the realization of emptiness. Various sub-schools evolved in India and Tibet, based on distinctions between relative and ultimate truth, the logical methodologies of reduction ad absurdum and syllogistic reasoning, and views concerning the nature of buddha attributes. ## Madhyamakīya *dbu ma pa*, Skt. *madhyamakīya*, A yakṣa general. ## Madhyandina *nyi ma’i gung*, Skt. *madhyandina*, A monk who is predicted by the Buddha to appear in the future. ## Madhyānta­vibhāga *dbus mtha’ rnam ’byed*, Skt. *madhyānta­vibhāga*, The “Analysis of the Middle and the Extremes,” it is an important work of Vijñānavāda philosophy, said to have been received as a revelation from the future Buddha Maitreya by the great scholar and saint, Āryāsaṅga, after twelve years of meditation. ## Madotkaṭā *rgyags byed ma’i shas che ma*, Skt. *madotkaṭā*, A great piśācī. ## Madrā *ma drA*, Skt. *madrā*, A land in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Madra The name of a people in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent who were located between the Ravi and Chenab rivers in northern Punjab, with Bhadrakāra (or Bhadraṃkāra), present-day Sialkot, as their capital city. ## Madri *ma dri*, Skt. *madri*, A wife of the bodhisattva in his former rebirth as Sudaṃṣṭra. ## Madtakaṭama *mad ta ka Ta ma*, Skt. *madtakaṭama*, A peak upon Mount Sumeru. ## Magadha *ma ga d'ha*, A kingdom on the banks of the Ganges (in the southern part of the modern day Indian state of Bihar), whose capital was at Pāṭaliputra (modern day Patna). During the life of [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) [Buddha](#buddha), it was the dominant kingdom in north central India and is home to many of the most important Buddhist sites, including Bodh Gayā, [Nālandā](#nālandā), and its capital [Rājagṛha](#rājagṛha). ## Magadhan Belonging to Magadha, the region along the southern side of the Ganges River at Pāṭaliputra, covering the southern part of the present-day state of Bihar. ## Magadhan bushel *ma ga dha’i bre bo*, Skt. *ma ga dha’i bre bo*, A unit of measurement for food and drink in the kingdom of Magadha, made using a container or bushel (Tib. bre bo) of a specific size. ## Magadhan measure *yul dbus ’gyur tshal gyi bre tshad ma*, Skt. *yul dbus ’gyur tshal gyi bre tshad ma*, A quantity of food measured using a basket or container (Tib. bre) of a specific size, as designated by custom in the kingdom of Magadha. ## Maṅgalā *bkra shis ma*, Skt. *maṅgalā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Maṅgala This seems to be referring to Tashi Lhundrup (bkra shis lhun grub, 1672–1739), the thirty-first abbot of Ngor monastery, whose name, Tashi, corresponds to the Sanskrit maṅgala, or “good fortune.” ## Maṅgalin *bkra shis ldan*, Skt. *maṅgalin*, The 989th buddha in the first list, 988th in the second list, and 980th in the third list. ## Maṅgalāvahā *bkra shis byed ma*, Skt. *maṅgalāvahā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Maṅgalya *bkra shis*, Skt. *maṅgalya*, A nāga king. ## Magandhari The name of a market town. ## Maghā *mchu*, Skt. *maghā*, A constellation in the south, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Maghavan Skt. *maghavan*, “God of Bounty,” an epithet of Indra. ## magical abilities Also rendered here as “magical powers.” ## magical accomplishment *dngos grub*, Skt. *siddhi*, See “accomplishment.” ## magical creation A noun derived from the verb mā, (“to create”) and connected to the term māyā (“magical illusion”). ## magical device *’khrul ’khor*, Skt. *yantra*, A magical diagram; any mechanical tool or device. ## magical display *sgyu ma*, Skt. *māyā*, Also translated here as “illusion.” ## Magical Display of Māra *bdud rnam par ’phrul pa*, Skt. *bdud rnam par ’phrul pa*, A being in the Buddha’s assembly. ## magical display that ascertains perfect calm *rab tu zhi ba rnam par nges pa’i cho ’phrul*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba rnam par nges pa’i cho ’phrul*, An absorption. ## magical eye *’phrul gyi mig*, Skt. *divyaṃ cakṣuḥ*, Pre-reform Tibetan term for lha’i mig (“divine eye,” “clairvoyance”) one of the six supramundane powers (Skt. abhijñā) and of the three knowledges (Skt. trividyā): the ability to see things that are far away, mind-made bodies (of enlightened beings and advanced meditators), and the destinies of all beings according to their actions. ## magical power Various magical abilities developed as the byproduct of meditative concentration (dhyāna). These are closely related to the superknowledges (abhijñā), although knowledge of ṛddhi is listed as one of the five mundane superknowledges, in which case it specifically refers to the magical display of physical marvels such as walking on water, flying, bilocating, and so forth, while the other four refer to psychic abilities. See also “superknowledge.” ## magical powers See “magical abilitites.” ## magical technique See “magical abilities.” ## magical transformation *rdzu ’phrul*, Skt. *ṛddhi*, See “miraculous power.” ## magically created being A noun derived from the verb mā (“to create”) and connected to the term māyā (“magical illusion”). ## magically created form Derived from the Sanskrit verb mā (“to measure out”, “to form”, “to create”, “to exhibit”), and thus probably connected to the term māyā (“magical illusion”), a nirmita in this sense is an object or image, often a replica of a person, that has been created through the superhuman power of creating magical illusions. ## Magnificent *kun nas mdzes pa*, Skt. *kun nas mdzes pa*, Magnificent (impressively beautiful or grand), also the name of a king. ## magnificent sapphires *mthon ka chen po*, Skt. *mahānīla*, A large and/or deep-blue sapphire. ## magnifying glass *me shel*, Skt. *arkakānta*, Literally, a “sunstone” or “sun-crystal.” See also . ## magnolia *tsam pa ka*, Skt. *campaka*, Magnolia campaca. ## Mahī *chu bo chen po*, Skt. *mahī*, The river Gandakī (a tributary of the Gaṅgā). ## Maha (yoga) the first of the three higher [yogas](#yoga) according to the classification of the [Dharma](#dharma) into nine [vehicle](#vehicle)s. In this [yoga](#yoga), the main stress is put on the [generation phase](#generation-phase) (*bskyed rim*). ## Mahaka *chen po pa*, Skt. *mahaka*, One of [Upananda](#upananda)'s two [novice](#novice)s whose homoerotic play led the [Buddha](#buddha) to forbid allowing two [novice](#novice)s to live together. ## Mahāśaṅkha *dung chen*, Skt. *mahāśaṅkha*, “The great conch shell.” One of the four great treasures and the being who presides over it. ## Mahāśakunī *bya ma chen mo*, Skt. *mahāśakunī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Mahāśakuna *bya chen po*, Skt. *mahāśakuna*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Mahāśakuni *la nye can chen po*, Skt. *mahāśakuni*, Another name of Śakuna. ## Maharddhika *rdzu ’phrul chen po*, Skt. *maharddhika*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Maha­rddhi­prāpta *’phrul chen thob*, Skt. *maha­rddhi­prāpta*, One of the four garuḍa kings, present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## Mahāśarīra *lus chen*, Skt. *mahāśarīra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahauṣadha *sman chen*, Skt. *mahauṣadha*, Name of a bodhisattva, a hero of a jātaka who was a learned advisor to a king. In the Ummagga jātaka, he skillfully employs violence, but only when it is absolutely necessary to safeguard his country and its people. ## Mahauṣadhi *sman chen*, Skt. *mahauṣadhi*, The 534th buddha in the first list, 534th in the second list, and 527th in the third list. ## mahābalā *mthu chen*, Skt. *mahābalā*, A group of goddesses connected to Vajrapāṇi; also, a group of mātṛs attending upon Skanda. ## Mahābala *stobs pa che*, Skt. *mahābala*, Name of the Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life, when he was a king practicing bodhisattva conduct. ## Mahābalavegadhārin *stobs chen shugs ’chang*, Skt. *mahābalavegadhārin*, The youngest of the thousand young Veda-reciting pupils of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha names him the bodhisattva Bhaiṣajya­rāja­jyotirvi­mala and prophesies that he will be the Buddha Roca, the last buddha in the Bhadraka eon, the 1,005th buddha of the eon. ## Mahā­bala­vega­sthāma *shugs drag stobs chen*, Skt. *mahā­bala­vega­sthāma*, Lord of the garuḍas. Also called Mahāvegadhārin. ## Mahābhadrika *skal bzang yod chen po*, Skt. *mahābhadrika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahābhairava An epithet for the deity Mahākāla, as well as the name of a wrathful form of Śiva. ## Mahābhañjapuri The name of a town. ## Mahābhaya “Great Peril.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Mahābhāgā *skal chen*, Skt. *mahābhāgā*, A goddess in this sūtra. ## Mahābhāga *skal ba chen po*, Skt. *mahābhāga*, A yakṣa king. ## Mahābhāgīratha *shing rta skal ldan chen po*, Skt. *mahābhāgīratha*, A buddha in the past. ## Mahābhijñā­jñānābhi­bhū *mngon par shes pa’i ye shes chen pos zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *mahābhijñā­jñānābhi­bhū*, A buddha in the distant past. Also the name of a prince in the distant past. ## Mahābhogavatī *longs spyod che ldan ma*, Skt. *mahābhogavatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Mahābāhu *lag chen*, Skt. *mahābāhu*, The 13th buddha in the first list, 13th in the second list, and 13th in the third list. ## Mahābhuja *lag pa chen po*, Skt. *mahābhuja*, A yakṣa general. ## Mahābhujaṃga *lag gis ’gro chen po*, Skt. *mahābhujaṃga*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahābhujaṃgama *lag ’gro chen po*, Skt. *mahābhujaṃgama*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahābrahmā *tshangs pa chen po*, Skt. *mahābrahmā*, Lit. “Great Brahmā.” The third of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the first of the four concentrations. See also “Brahmapārṣadya.” ## Mahā­brahmā *tshangs pa chen po*, Skt. *mahā­brahmā*, Third god realm of form, meaning “great Brahmā.” ## Mahā-Brahmā Heaven *tshangs chen*, Skt. *mahā­brahmā*, The third of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the first of the four concentrations. ## Mahābrahma *tshangs chen*, Skt. *mahābrahma*, The highest of the three paradises that correspond to the first dhyāna in the form realm. ## Mahābrahman *tshangs pa chen po*, Skt. *mahābrahman*, A class of gods who inhabit the third heaven of the realm of form. ## Mahācakravāḍa *khor yug chen po*, Skt. *mahācakravāḍa*, This appears to refer to the great circles of mountains that enclose a thousand worlds, each with its own Cakravāḍa. ## Mahācakravāḍa Mountains Name of a mountain range in Buddhist cosmology. ## Mahācakravartin *’khor los sgyur ba chen po*, Skt. *mahācakravartin*, One of the mantra deities. ## Mahācakravāla *khor yug chen po*, Skt. *mahācakravāla*, “Great Cakravāla,” an epithet for the ring of mountains forming the periphery of a world system in Buddhist cosmology. ## Mahācandanagandha *tsan dan gyi dri chen po*, Skt. *mahā­candana­gandha*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Mahācandra *zla ba chen po*, Skt. *mahācandra*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mahāceṭī *bran mo chen mo*, Skt. *mahāceṭī*, ‟Great Servant,” a bhūtinī. ## Mahācīna *rgyal yul che*, Skt. *mahācīna*, China. ## Mahācunda *skul byed chen po*, Skt. *mahācunda*, One of the Buddha’s foremost hearer disciples. ## Mahādaṇḍā *dbyug pa chen mo ma*, Skt. *mahādaṇḍā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Mahādaṇḍadharā *be con ’dzin chen mo*, Skt. *mahādaṇḍadharā*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mahādarśana *gzigs pa che*, Skt. *mahādarśana*, The 744th buddha in the first list, 743rd in the second list, and 733rd in the third list. The translation is tentative; gzigs pa che and gzigs pa chen po found in list one and three correspond to Mahādarśana, but gzi brjid chen po found in list two would expect *Mahātejas. ## Mahādatta *phal chen byin pa*, Skt. *mahādatta*, The 247th buddha in the first list, 246th in the second list, and 246th in the third list. ## Mahādevī *lha mo chen mo*, Skt. *mahādevī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Mahādeva *lha chen po*, Skt. *mahādeva*, A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. It is also the name of his eldest son and the other eighty-four thousand eldest sons in his line of succession. ## Mahā­deva (Śiva) *lha chen po*, Skt. *mahā­deva*, An epithet of the god Śiva. Though not in this text, in other texts this term may also appear as an epithet of the Buddha. Alternatively a certain king of Mithilā who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni, see “Mahā­deva (the king).” ## Mahā­deva Mango Grove *lha chen po’i a mra’i tshal*, Skt. *mahā­deva āmravana*, A certain mango grove in the country of Mithilā where the Buddha once stayed. ## Mahā­deva (the king) *lha chen po*, Skt. *mahā­deva*, In former times, the king of the city of Mithilā. His two chief ministers were Nanda and Upananda. In other contexts, sometimes an epithet of the god Śiva, see “Mahā­deva.” ## Mahādharaṇīdhara *sa ’dzin chen po*, Skt. *mahādharaṇīdhara*, “Great Earth Bearer.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Mahādharma *chos chen*, Skt. *mahādharma*, One of the four kinnara kings. ## Mahādīpaṃkara *mar me mdzad chen po*, Skt. *mahādīpaṃkara*, One of the most renowned of former Buddhas. ## Maheśākhya *che bar grags*, Skt. *maheśākhya*, A certain yakṣa, a friend of the Buddha. ## Mahendra *dbang phyug chen po*, Skt. *mahendra*, Epithet applied to various gods. When used in the plural it refers to a class of gods; also the name of various kings (dealt with in separate entries). ## mahendra fever A type of powerful fever that is said to be curable only by religious, rather than medical means. ## Mahendradeva *dbang phyug lha*, Skt. *mahendradeva*, The name of a future buddha in this kalpa. ## Mahendrasena (future king of Kauśāmbī) *dbang chen sde*, Skt. *mahendrasena*, Foretold as the name of a future monarch of Kauśāmbī, during the time of the Dharma’s disappearance from our world. In either case not to be confused with Mahendra or Mahā­sena, neither Mahendrasena, the King of Videha; Mahendrasena, the prince of Potalaka; or Mahendrasena, the king of Vārāṇasī. ## Mahendrasena (king of Videha) *dbang chen sde*, Skt. *mahendrasena*, Typically given as the name of the King of Videha, son of King Mahendra, and a previous incarnation of the Buddha. Not to be confused with Mahendra or Mahā­sena; or with Mahendrasena, a future monarch of Kauśāmbī; Mahendrasena, the prince of Potalaka; or Mahendrasena, the king of Vārāṇasī. ## Mahendrasena (king of Vārāṇasī) *dbang chen sde*, Skt. *mahendrasena*, King of Vārāṇasī, a previous incarnation of the Buddha. ## Mahendrasena (prince of Potalaka) *dbang chen sde*, Skt. *mahendrasena*, A previous incarnation of the Buddha, who was son of King Mahendra, the ruler of the city of Potalaka. Not to be confused with Mahendra or Mahā­sena., or with Mahendrasena, a future monarch of Kauśāmbī; Mahendrasena, the king of Videha; or Mahendrasena, the king of Vārāṇasī. ## Mahendrasena (queen of Videha) *dbang chen sde*, Skt. *mahendrasena*, Queen and wife of King Mahendrasena of Videha ## Maheśvarī One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Mahe­śvara *dbang phyug chen po*, Skt. *mahe­śvara*, A god who rules over the heavenly pure abodes. ## Maheśvara *dbang phyug chen po*, Skt. *maheśvara*, One of the most frequently used names for Śiva. A deity of the jungles, named Rudra in the Vedas, he rose to prominence in the Purāṇic literature at the beginning of the first millennium. Often synonymous with Īśvara, but sometimes presented as a separate deity. ## Maheśvara-Mahādeva *dbang phyug chen po’i lha chen po*, Skt. *maheśvara-mahādeva*, ‟Great Lord Mahādeva,” one of the epithets of Śiva. ## Maheśvaraśrī *dbang phyud chen po’i dpal*, Skt. *maheśvaraśrī*, A tathāgata. ## Maheśvarāntaś­cara *dbang phyug chen po’i nang spyod*, Skt. *maheśvarāntaś­cara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Maheśvāsa *dbugs ’byin chen po*, Skt. *maheśvāsa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahāgaṇapati *tshogs kyi bdag po chen po*, Skt. *mahāgaṇapati*, An epithet of Gaṇeśa, the elephant-headed god invoked to remove obstacles. ## Mahāgandhakusuma *me tog dri chen*, Skt. *mahāgandhakusuma*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāgaurī *dkar sham chen mo*, Skt. *mahāgaurī*, Here a Buddhist goddess, possibly related to the Śaiva goddess Gaurī. ## Mahāgayākāśyapa *ga ya ’od srung chen po*, Skt. *mahā­gayākāśyapa*, Alternate name of Gayākāśyapa, the brother of Nadīkāśyapa and Uruvilvākāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilvā (Bodhgaya), he and his two hundred pupils were converted to becoming bhikṣus (monks) under the Buddha. He and his brothers and their pupils were the third group to become followers of the Buddha Śākyamuni after his awakening. ## Mahāghoṣa *sgra chen*, Skt. *mahāghoṣa*, A nāga king. (Toh 555: sgra bo che) ## Mahā­ghoṣa­svara­rāja *sgra chen po’i dbyangs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *mahā­ghoṣa­svara­rāja*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mahāghora *drag po chen po*, Skt. *mahāghora*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāgiri *ri bo chen po*, Skt. *mahāgiri*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Mahā­govinda *khyab ’jug chen po*, Skt. *mahā­govinda*, See “Guardian of the Flame Govinda.” ## Mahāgrāsa *kham po che*, Skt. *mahāgrāsa*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 557: kam po ji (corrupt), Toh 555: mchog tu rgyal ba) ## Mahiṣī *ma he mo*, Skt. *mahiṣī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Mahiṣa *ma he*, Skt. *mahiṣa*, One of the rāśis. ## Mahikṣikā *ma hi ShI kA*, Skt. *mahikṣikā*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Mahiṣmatī *ma he ldan*, Skt. *mahiṣmatī*, A city. ## Mahindhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *mahindhara*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Mahita *mchod pa*, Skt. *mahita*, The 255th buddha in the first list, 254th in the second list, and 254th in the third list. ## Mahājana *ma hA dza na*, Skt. *mahājana*, A Kashmiri paṇḍita active in Tibet in the eleventh century. ## Mahākṛṣṇa *nag po chen po*, Skt. *mahākṛṣṇa*, A nāga king. ## Mahākapila *ser po chen po*, Skt. *mahākapila*, The name of a bodhisattva present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahākapphiṇa *ka pi la na chen po*, Skt. *mahākapphiṇa*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Mahākara *’od zer chen po*, Skt. *mahākara*, A buddha in the past. ## Mahākarṇa *rna bo che*, Skt. *mahākarṇa*, Name of a yakṣa general. ## Mahākaruṇa *thugs rje chen po*, Skt. *mahākaruṇa*, Name of a thus-gone one. ## Mahā­karuṇa­megha­dhvaja *thugs rje chen po’i sprin gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇa­megha­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Mahā­karuṇa­megha­śrī *snying rje chen po’i sprin gyi dpal*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇa­megha­śrī*, The seventieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Mahā­karuṇa­megha­śirī. ## Mahā­karuṇā­candrin *snying rje cher sems*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇā­candrin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Mahā­karuṇā­cinta *snying rje cher sems*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇā­cinta*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Mahā­karuṇā­cintin *snying rje chen po sems*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇā­cintin*, A prince who was a pupil of Buddha Abhāva­samudgata countless eons ago. ## Mahā­karuṇānaya­megha­nigarjita­ghoṣa *snying rje chen po’i tshul gyi sprin rab tu sgrog pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇānaya­megha­nigarjita­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Mahā­karuṇā­siṃha *thugs rje chen po’i seng ge*, Skt. *mahā­karuṇā­siṃha*, The third of five hundred buddhas in a future kalpa. ## Mahā­karuṇā­vairocana­saumya *snying rje chen po rnam par snang byed*, Skt. *Mahā­karuṇā­vairocana­saumya*, Literally “The Peaceful Illumination of Great Compassion.”A bodhisattva who was the kalyāṇamitra and benefactor of the tathāgata Ratnagarbha. He now resides in the world realm Aṅguṣṭhā. ## Mahākauṣṭhila *mdzod ldan chen po*, Skt. *mahākauṣṭhila*, One of the foremost śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, known for his analytical reasoning. ## Mahākauṣṭhilya *gsus po che*, Skt. *mahākauṣṭhilya*, A great śrāvaka included in the audience of this sūtra. ## Mahāketu *me tog chen po*, Skt. *mahāketu*, Lit. “Great Flower.” Name that three hundred monks will bear when they become buddhas, during the eon called Tārakopama, due to dressing the body of the Buddha and producing the thought of awakening while attending this teaching. ## Mahāketudhvaja *tog chen po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mahāketudhvaja*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahākhya *grags pa chen po*, Skt. *mahākhya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahākālī *nag mo che*, Skt. *mahākālī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Mahākāla *nag po chen po*, Skt. *mahākāla*, Mahākāla is a wrathful Buddhist protector deity. In Tibetan, the name Mahākāla was mostly translated literally with nag po chen po (“Great Black One”) but on occasion it was rendered mgon po nag po (“Black Lord”). In Toh 440, for which the Sanskrit is extant, we have an attested example of this. Hence we have rendered both Tibetan terms in this text as Mahākāla. Outside the Buddhist tradition, Mahākāla is also a name for a wrathful form of Śiva. ## Mahākāla Who Controls the Life Breath of Living Beings *skye ’gro sems can rnams kyi srog dbugs la dbang byed pa’i nag po chen po*, An epithet for the deity Mahākāla. ## Mahākośa *mdzod mang po*, Skt. *mahākośa*, The cakravartin king who was the father of Buddha Mahābhijñā­jñānābhi­bhū. ## Mahākoṣavatī *mdzod chen por gnas*, Skt. *mahākoṣavatī*, This appears to be an epithet of Paṇḍaravāsinī, the consort of Amitābha. ## Mahākrodha *khro bo chen po*, Skt. *mahākrodha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; an epithet of Yamāntaka; an epithet of Yamāri; the name of a boar-faced emanation of Mañjuśrī. ## Mahākāruṇika *thugs rje chen po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mahākāruṇika*, The bodhisattva name given to the brahmin Samudrareṇu (who would eventually become the Buddha Śākyamuni) on account of his great compassion for beings. It means “One Who Has Great Compassion.” ## Mahākātyāyanī *ka ta ya na chen mo*, Skt. *mahākātyāyanī*, ‟Great Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Mahākātyāyana *ka tya’i bu chen po*, Skt. *mahākātyāyana*, (also Kātyāyana). Disciple of the Buddha noted for his skill in analysis of the Buddha’s discourses and, traditionally, the founder of the Abhidharma. ## Mahā­kātyāyana *kA tyA’i bu chen po*, Skt. *mahā­kātyāyana*, One of the hearers present during the delivery of the sūtra. ## Mahākātyāyanaputra One of the ten principal pupils of the Buddha, he was renowned for his ability to understand and explaining the Buddha’s teachings. ## Mahākāya *lus chen*, Skt. *mahākāya*, One of the garuḍa kings present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## Mahākāśyapa *'od srung chen po*, one of the foremost [śrāvaka](#śrāvaka) [disciple](#disciple)s of [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni), and chief among the first compilers of the [Abhidharma](#abhidharma). After the [Buddha](#buddha) had left this world, he became the first patriarch of the [Dharma](#dharma), entrusted with the responsibility for maintaining the teachings and the [Saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## Mahā­kāśyapa *’od srung chen po*, Skt. *mahā­kāśyapa*, A monk of Buddha Śākyamuni’s order who was first in the apostolic succession that carried on Lord Buddha’s teaching after his parinirvāṇa. Also rendered here simply as “Kāśyapa.” Not to be confused with Buddha Kāśyapa, nor with Uruvilvā Kāśyapa, Nadī Kāśyapa, or Pūraṇa Kāśyapa, nor with Nirgrantha Kāśyapa, nor Foremost Kāśyapa. ## Mahāla *smra ’dzin*, Skt. *mahāla*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Mahāśūla *gzer nad chen po*, Skt. *mahāśūla*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Mahālakṣmī *dpal chen mo*, Skt. *mahālakṣmī*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Mahālakuṭa *dbyig pa chen po*, Skt. *mahālakuṭa*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Mahāmaṇḍalika *dkyil ’khor chen po can*, Skt. *mahāmaṇḍalika*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāmaṇḍalin *dkyil ’khor chen po*, Skt. *mahāmaṇḍalin*, One of the nāga kings. ## Mahāmaṇicūḍa *gtsug na nor bu chen po*, Skt. *mahāmaṇicūḍa*, A great nāga king. ## Mahā­maitryudgata *byams pa chen pos ’phags pa*, Skt. *mahā­maitryudgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## mahāmañjūṣaka *man dzu sha ka chen po*, Skt. *mahāmañjūṣaka*, A large celestial tree famed for its fragrance and beautiful flowers. ## Mahāmanasvin *gzi can chen po*, Skt. *mahāmanasvin*, A nāga king. ## mahāmandārava *man dA ra ba chen po*, Skt. *mahāmandārava*, Great coral tree. ## Mahāmati *blo gros chen po*, Skt. *mahāmati*, A bodhisattva present during the delivery of the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities. ## Mahāmati (the king) *blo gros chen po*, Skt. *mahāmati*, A king in the distant past. ## Mahāmati (the upāsaka) *blo gros chen po*, Skt. *mahāmati*, An upāsaka in Dhanyākara. ## Mahāmaudgalyāyana One of the two chief śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni, along with Śāriputra. He is also referred to as Maudgalyāyana. According to Pāli sources Mahāmaudgalyāyana and Śāriputra were both older than the Buddha and childhood friends. They together renounced the world and became mendicants, spending much of their life searching for a teacher until Śāriputra encountered the Buddha’s disciple Aśvajit and heard the famous ye dharmā verse (see The Sūtra on Dependent Arising, Toh 212, ). Śāriputra immediately attained the path of a stream enterer (srota-āpanna), and when he repeated the verse to Maudgalyāyana the latter attained it as well. The two soon went forth in the Buddha’s teachings, becoming arhats and the two chief disciples of the Buddha. Mahāmaudgalyāyana is considered foremost among the Buddha’s disciples in terms of his ability in magical powers (ṛddhi), and there are many accounts describing his magical displays such as flying and creating multiple forms of himself. Maudgalyāyana is an interlocutor in many Mahāyāna sūtras. Pali: Mahāmoggallāna ## Mahā­maudgalyāyana *maud gal gyi bu chen po*, Skt. *mahā­maudgalyāyana*, One of the two principal pupils of the Buddha, along with Śariputra. He was renowned for miraculous powers. He was assassinated during the Buddha’s lifetime. ## Mahā­maudgalyā­yana *maud gal gyi bu chen po*, Skt. *mahā­maudgalyā­yana*, One of the Buddha’s foremost hearer disciples. Also known as Maudgalyāyana. ## Mahā­maud­galyā­yana *maud gal gyi bu*, Skt. *maud­galyā­yana*, A close hearer disciple of the Buddha, reknowned for his miraculous powers. Also rendered here just as “Maud­galyā­yana.” ## Mahāmegha *sprin chen po*, Skt. *mahāmegha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Mahāmeghagarbha *sprin chen snying po*, Skt. *mahāmeghagarbha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāmeghaśrī *sprin chen po’i dpal*, Skt. *mahāmeghaśrī*, A tathāgata. ## Mahāmeghāmbuda *chu sbyin sprin chen*, Skt. *mahāmeghāmbuda*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāmekhalā *’og pag chen mo*, Skt. *mahāmekhalā*, One of the goddesses in one of the paintings of Mañjuśrī. ## Mahāmeru *lhun po chen po*, Skt. *mahāmeru*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Mahā­meru­prabhāsa *lhun po chen po snang ba*, Skt. *mahā­meru­prabhāsa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Mahāmitra *bshes gnyen chen po*, Skt. *mahāmitra*, The 879th buddha in the first list, 878th in the second list, and 869th in the third list. ## Mahāmānāsī *yid las byung chen po*, Skt. *mahāmānāsī*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mahāmārī *’ching chen po*, Skt. *mahāmārī*, A goddess of pestilence; pestilence personified. ## Mahāmucilinda *btang bzung chen po*, Skt. *mahāmucilinda*, An unidentified mountain mentioned in a number of sūtras, not apparently connected to the well known nāga of that name (who is also known as Mucilinda), but perhaps to the sacred mucilinda tree, known in English mainly as the bayur tree. ## Mahā­muci­linda *btang bzung chen po*, Skt. *mahā­muci­linda*, One of ten “kings of mountains” according to Abhidharma cosmology. ## Mahāmudrā *phyag rgya chen po*, lit. Great Seal. The Great Seal [means](#means) that the seal of the absolute nature is on everything, that all phenomena belong to the [wisdom](#wisdom) [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala). This term can be used to denote the teaching, meditation practice or [supreme accomplishment](#supreme-accomplishment). See [practics instructions](https://www.lotsawahouse.org/indian-masters/tilopa/ganges-mahamudra-instruction) ## mahāmudrā siddhi This term refers to spontaneous union with the deity and the transformation of one’s own body, speech, and mind into a the body, speech, and mind of the deity. ## mahāmudra *phyag rgya chen po*, Skt. *mahāmudra*, A very advanced practice that combines wisdom and means. ## Mahāmāyā *sgyu ’phrul chen mo*, Skt. *mahāmāyā*, The female central deity of the Mahā­māyā Tantra who appears in the form of the male Heruka. She was also a popular form of the Brahmanical great goddess (Mahādevī), to whom the Buddhist figure is intimately related. Also rendered here as “Great Illusion.” ## Mahā­māyā *sgyu ’phrul chen mo*, Skt. *mahā­māyā*, Buddha Śākyamuni’s mother. She and her sister Māyā both married King Śuddhodana of Kapilavastu. Here she is said to be the daughter of Śākya Suprabuddha. In other stories, Mahā­māyā is alternatively said to be the daughter of King Āñjāna of Devaḍaha. Also called “Mahā­māyādevī” and “Māyādevī.” ## Mahāmāyādevī *lha mo sgyu ’phrul chen mo*, Skt. *mahāmāyādevī*, The mother of the Buddha. ## Mahā­māyādevī *lha mo sgyu ’phrul chen mo*, Skt. *mahā­māyādevī*, See “Mahā­māyā.” ## Mahāmāyūrī *rma bya chen mo*, Skt. *mahāmāyūrī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; one of the five Pañcarakṣā goddesses. ## Mahānanda *dga’ byed chen po*, Skt. *mahānanda*, The name of a garuḍa in his past life as a monk-student of the Buddha Kanakamuni. ## Mahānandi The name of a goddess in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Mahānarthā Skt. *mahānarthā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Mahānāga *klu chen*, Skt. *mahānāga*, A deity. ## Mahānirnādanādin *cher sgrogs*, Skt. *mahānirnādanādin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahānāma *ming chen*, Skt. *mahānāma*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. He was one of the five companions who joined Prince Siddhārtha while practicing austerities and attended his first turning of the wheel of Dharma at the Deer Park, after the Buddha’s awakening. ## Mahānāman *ming chen*, Skt. *mahānāman*, One of the Five Excellent Companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the [Buddha](#buddha) first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer [Park](#park) in Sarnath. ## Mahā­nārāyaṇa *sred med kyi bu chen po*, Skt. *mahā­nārāyaṇa*, A powerful deity of the desire realm, more commonly known as Viṣṇu. ## mahāntara An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Mahoṣadhī *sman chen po*, Skt. *mahoṣadhī*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Mahodaya Skt. *mahodaya*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahoja *gzi brjid chen po*, Skt. *mahoja*, One of the kinnara kings; one of the rāśis. ## Mahojas *gzi brjid chen po*, Skt. *mahojas*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahojaska *gzi brjid chen po can*, Skt. *mahojaska*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Maholkādhārin *sgron ma chen po ’dzin pa*, Skt. *maholkādhārin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Mahollūkhala *gtum chen*, Skt. *mahollūkhala*, A yakṣa general. ## mahoragī A female mahoraga. ## mahoraga *lto ’phyed*, Skt. *mahoraga*, Literally “large serpent.” A semidivine being that takes the form of a large serpent, sometimes with a human torso and head. They are a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of the year is deemed significant for construction projects. ## Mahoraska *brang chen po*, Skt. *mahoraska*, One of the kinnara kings. ## mahorāga *lto ’phye chen po*, Skt. *mahorāga*, Literally “large serpent.” A nonhuman being that takes the form of a large serpent, sometimes with a human torso and head. They make up a class of subterranean geomantic spirits whose movement through the seasons and months of the year is deemed significant for construction projects. ## Mahotsāha *spro ba che ba*, Skt. *mahotsāha*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Mahāpāśa *zhags pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāpāśa*, Mahāpāśa (“Great Noose”) seems to be another epithet of Amoghapāśa. ## Mahāpadmā *pad chen*, Skt. *mahāpadmā*, ‟The Great Lotus,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Mahāpadma *pad ma chen po*, King of [Magadha](#magadha) at the time of the [Buddha](#buddha)’s birth, husband of Queen [Bimbī](#bimbī), and father of [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra). ## Mahāpadminī *ma hA pad+ma ma Ni*, Skt. *mahāpadminī*, One of the eight nāga queens. ## mahāparinirvāṇa *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāparinirvāṇa*, Synonym of “parinirvāṇa.” ## mahā­parinirvāṇa *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa chen po*, Skt. *mahā­parinirvāṇa*, A specialized term for nirvāṇa when it is used in reference to the apparent passing away of a physical body of a buddha. ## Mahāpaśupati *phyugs bdag chen po*, Skt. *mahāpaśupati*, An epithet of Śiva. ## Mahāpaśyinī *mthong ldan chen mo*, Skt. *mahāpaśyinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Mahāphaṇaka *gdengs ka chen*, Skt. *mahāphaṇaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāpiṅgala *ping ga la chen po*, Skt. *mahāpiṅgala*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: ma hā ping ga la) ## Mahāpāla *chos skyong*, Skt. *mahāpāla*, A yakṣa king. ## Mahāpota *gru bzang*, Skt. *mahāpota*, Another name of the king Mahendra. ## Mahāpūrṇa *rdzogs chen*, Skt. *mahāpūrṇa*, One of the four garuḍa kings, present at the teaching of the sūtra. ## Mahāprabha *rgya chen po’i ’od*, Skt. *mahāprabha*, The name of one of the bodhisattvas in the Buddha Śākyamuni’s presence in Śrāvastī in chapter 1 (where it is translated as rgya chen po’i ’od), and the name of the king, one of Sudhana’s kalyāṇamitras, in chapter 22 (where it is translated as ’od chen po). ## Mahāprabhasa *’od chen po*, Skt. *mahāprabhasa*, A city in South India. ## Mahāpracaṇḍa *rab tu cher gtums*, Skt. *mahāpracaṇḍa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāpraṇāda *dbyangs chen*, Skt. *mahāpraṇāda*, The 924th buddha in the first list, 923rd in the second list, and 914th in the third list. ## Mahāpradīpa *sgron ma chen po*, Skt. *mahāpradīpa*, The 137th buddha in the first list, 137th in the second list, and 137th in the third list. ## Mahā­praṇidhi­vega­śrī *smon lam chen po shugs kyi dpal*, Skt. *mahā­praṇidhi­vega­śrī*, The ninety-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Mahā­praṇidhi­vega­śiri. ## Mahāpraṇidhāna *smon lam chen po*, Skt. *mahāpraṇidhāna*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mahāpāraṇika *pha rol tu ’gro ba chen po*, Skt. *mahāpāraṇika*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Mahāprajñā *shes rab chen mo*, Skt. *mahāprajñā*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara. ## Mahāprajña *shes rab chen po*, Skt. *mahāprajña*, An upāsaka in Dhanyākara. ## Mahāprajāpatī *skye dgu’i bdag mo chen mo*, Skt. *mahāprajāpatī*, The Buddha’s mother’s sister and his stepmother. She was also the mother of Nanda, whom the Buddha later inspired to become a monk, as recorded in two sūtras bearing his name and elsewhere. She became the first bhikṣuṇī after the death of the Buddha’s father. ## Mahā­prajāpatī *skye dgu’i bdag mo chen mo gau ta mI*, Skt. *mahā­prajāpatī gautamī*, See “Mahā­prajāpatī Gautamī.” ## Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī *skye dgu’i bdag mo chen mo gau ta mI*, Skt. *mahāprajāpatī gautamī*, The Buddha’s mother’s sister and his step-mother. She was the mother of Nanda. She became the first bhikṣuṇī after the death of the Buddha’s father. Gautamī is the family name, the female equivalent to Gautama. The family line is said to descend from the Gautama who was one of the seven rishis that established the religion and culture of India. His sūtra specifies that a renunciant should be called a bhikṣu, have a shaved head, and wear yellow robes. Also rendered here simply as “Mahāprajāpatī.” ## Mahā­prajāpatī Gautamī *skye dgu’i bdag mo chen mo gau ta mI*, Skt. *mahā­prajāpatī gautamī*, Siddhārtha Gautama’s aunt, who raised him following his mother’s death and who later became the first woman to go forth as a member of Buddha Śākyamuni’s monastic saṅgha. Also rendered here as “Mahā­prajāpatī.” ## Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha *shes rab chen po’i stegs*, Skt. *mahā­prajñā­tīrtha*, The 747th buddha in the first list, 746th in the second list, and 736th in the third list. ## Mahāpraṇālin *yur chen can*, Skt. *mahāpraṇālin*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 556 Degé: yul chen can; Toh 557 Degé: yul chen can; Toh 555: pra na li chen) ## Mahāprasandaya *rab tu che bstsags*, Skt. *mahāprasandaya*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Mahāpratibhāna *spobs pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāpratibhāna*, A bodhisattva who appears mainly in chapters 11 and 12 of this sūtra. In the Chinese version, like other bodhisattvas who appear in the second half of the sūtra, considered to be of a later date than the first half, he is not in the initial list of bodhisattvas given in the first chapter. ## Mahāpratisarā *ma hA pR ti sA re*, Skt. *mahāpratisarā*, In the Sampuṭodbhava, this deity is invoked to help obtain a son. ## Mahāpravarṣaka *rab tu char ’bebs chen po*, Skt. *mahāpravarṣaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāpriya *dgyes chen*, Skt. *mahāpriya*, The 462nd buddha in the first list, 461st in the second list, and 455th in the third list. ## Mahāpura *grong khyer che*, Skt. *mahāpura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Mahāpuruṣasamaya *skyes bu chen po’i dam tshig*, Skt. *mahā­puruṣa­samaya*, An epithet or name of a bhagavat in The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Mahāśrī *dpal chen mo*, Skt. *mahāśrī*, Name of a goddess more prevalent in the brahmanical tradition, where she is a consort of Viṣṇu. She is the subject of The Sūtra of Mahāśrī and The Twelve Names of the Goddess Śrī (Toh 741/1006), where twelve of her epithets are listed. ## Mahāraśmi *’od zer che*, Skt. *mahāraśmi*, The 377th buddha in the first list, 376th in the second list, and 371st in the third list. ## Mahā­raśmi­jālāvabhāsa­garbha *’od zer gyi dra ba chen po rab tu snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *mahā­raśmi­jālāvabhāsa­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Mahāraśmiskandha *’od zer gyi phung po chen po*, Skt. *mahā­raśmi­skandha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Mahāratha *The king of siddha*, Skt. *mahāratha*, The king of siddhas (semidivine beings). ## Mahāratnī *rin po che*, Skt. *mahāratnī*, ‟The Great Jewel,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Mahāratnaketu *rin po che’i tog chen po*, Skt. *mahāratnaketu*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Mahāratnadhvaja; rin po che’i rgyal mtshan chen po) ## Mahāraurava *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahāraurava*, The fourth of the hot hells in Buddhism. The name in Tibetan means “weeping and wailing.” ## Mahārciskandha *’od ’phro’i phung po chen po*, Skt. *mahārciskandha*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Mahārciskandhin *’od ’phro chen po’i phung po*, Skt. *mahārciskandhin*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Mahāśrīdevī *dpal gyi lha mo chen mo*, Skt. *mahāśrīdevī*, Epithet of Lakṣmī, Hindu goddess of wealth and prosperity and consort of Viṣṇu. ## Mahārhata *mang pos mchod ’os*, Skt. *mang pos mchod ’os*, A merchant (lit. “Fit to be Honored by Many”). Identical with Rūpavati. ## Mahāśāriputra *shA ri’i bu chen po*, Skt. *mahāśāriputra*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahāśriyā *dpal byed chen mo*, Skt. *mahāśriyā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Mahārājā *rgyal po che*, Skt. *mahārājā*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## mahārāja *rgyal po chen po*, Skt. *mahārāja*, Literally means “great king.” In addition to referring to human kings, this is also the epithet for the four deities on the base of Mount Meru, each one the guardian of his direction: Vaiśravaṇa in the north, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Virūḍhaka in the south. ## Mahā­rāja *rgyal po chen po*, Skt. *mahā­rāja*, Four deities at the base of Sumeru, each one the guardian of his direction: Vaiśravaṇa in the north, Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Virūḍhaka in the south. ## Mahārājamati *rgyal chen blo gros*, Skt. *mahārājamati*, A bodhisattva. ## Mahārūpa *gzugs chen po*, Skt. *mahārūpa*, “Great Form.” The name of a past eon. ## Mahārti *nyam thag pa chen po*, Skt. *mahārti*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## mahāśrāvaka *nyan thos chen po*, Skt. *mahāśrāvaka*, An epithet for the Buddha’s principal students who had attained the goal of the path. ## Mahāsaṃbhavā *cher ’byung ba*, Skt. *mahāsaṃbhavā*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Mahāsaṃbhava *’byung ba chen po*, Skt. *mahāsaṃbhava*, A town in the south of India. ## Mahāsaṅghika order *phal chen gyi sde*, Skt. *mahā­saṅghika*, One of the four main monastic orders of Indian Buddhism. ## Mahāsama One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Mahāsamantabhadra *kun tu bzang po chen po*, Skt. *mahā­samantabhadra*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mahāsamaya *dam tshig chen po*, Skt. *mahāsamaya*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mahā­samayoṣṇīṣa *dam tshig thogs pa med pa gtsug tor*, Skt. *mahā­samayoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## Mahāsammata Meaning "the Great Elect," they are the first farmer monarch of the world in Buddhist tradition. Elected by the people to rule according to Dhamma, they founded the dynasty of the historical [Buddha](#buddha), established state order, and compiled the first law treatise. ## Mahāsannipāta *’dus pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāsannipāta*, A collection of seventeen sūtras on a range of themes, compiled as a separate collection. Today, this collection only exists in Chinese translation, although several of the individual scriptures exist in Sanskrit and in Tibetan translation. ## Mahāsanārcis *’od ’phro chen pos bzhugs pa*, Skt. *mahāsanārcis*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## mahāsattva *sems dpa’ chen po*, Skt. *mahāsattva*, In chapter 4 of this text (see ) the Buddha Ratnagarbha states that bodhisattvas who have vowed to attain awakening under relatively easier circumstances do not deserve the title mahāsattva, which should be reserved for those like Mahākāruṇika who have vowed to attain awakening only in the most degenerate and difficult times and places. However, this statement is best taken as highlighting a specific point of perspective rather than as a general gloss, since throughout the text the term is nevertheless used—just as it is in most Mahāyāna sūtras—as an epithet for bodhisattvas in general regardless of their individual status, qualities, or aspirations. ## Mahāsenā *sde chen ma*, Skt. *mahāsenā*, (1) The wife of the householder Mahāsena and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) The wife of a householder in a former life of a person with the same name. ## Mahāsena *sde chen*, Skt. *mahāsena*, (1) A householder and lay follower of the Buddha. (2) A householder in a former life of a person with the same name. ## Mahā­sena *sde chen po*, Skt. *mahā­sena*, King of the city of Ayodhyā before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. Not to be confused with Mahendra or Mahendrasena. ## Mahāsāṃghika *dge ’dun phal chen po’i sde*, Skt. *mahāsāṃghika*, One of the early schools of Buddhism, within which views such as the transcendence of the Buddha formed the basis for the rise of Mahāyāna. ## Mahāsiddha *grub chen*, a [yogī](#yogī-or-yoginī) who has reached the [supreme accomplishment](#supreme-accomplishment). ## Mahā­siṃha­tejas *seng ge’i gzi brjid chen po*, Skt. *mahā­siṃha­tejas*, A buddha in the past. ## Mahāskandha A buddha in the distant past. ## Mahāskhanda *dpung mgo chen po*, Skt. *mahāskhanda*, A buddha. ## Mahāsārathi “Great Charioteer.” A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Mahāsārthavāha *ded dpon chen po*, Skt. *mahāsārthavāha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mahāsthāman *mthu chen*, Skt. *mahāsthāman*, The 372nd buddha in the first list, 371st in the second list, and 366th in the third list. ## Mahāsthāmaprāpta *mthu chen thob*, Skt. *mahāsthāmaprāpta*, One of the two principal bodhisattvas in Sukhāvatī and prominent in Chinese Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism he is identified with Vajrapāṇi, though they are separate bodhisattvas in the sūtras. The second of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin, on becoming a bodhisattva, is given the name Mahāsthāmaprāpta, and as such in the future will be in Sukhāvatī as that bodhisattva when his father becomes the Buddha Amitābha. He will eventually become the Buddha Supra­tiṣṭhita­guṇa­maṇikūṭa­rāja in that realm. ## Mahāsthāma­prāpta *mthu chen po thob pa*, Skt. *mahāsthāma­prāpta*, One of the two principal bodhisattvas in Sukhāvatī and prominent in Chinese Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism he is identified with Vajrapāṇi, though they are separate bodhisattvas in the sūtras. ## Mahā­sthāmaprāpta *mthu chen thob*, Skt. *mahā­sthāmaprāpta*, An alternate name for Vajrapāṇi, the bodhisattva of power; one of the bodhisattvas in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Mahā­sthāma­prāpta *mthu chen thob*, Skt. *mahā­sthāma­prāpta*, One of the two principal bodhisattvas in Sukhāvatī, and prominent in Chinese Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism, he is identified with Vajrapāṇi, though they are separate bodhisattvas in the sūtras. ## Mahā­sthāmprāpta *mthu chen thob*, Skt. *mahā­sthāmprāpta*, A bodhisattva. ## Mahāsthānagata *blo ldan mthu chen thob*, Skt. *mahāsthānagata*, Another version of the name Mahāsthānaprāpta (-gata and -prāpta being synonymous). ## Mahā­sthāna­gata­śrī *gnas thams cad na yod pa’i dpal*, Skt. *mahā­sthāna­gata­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Mahā­sthāna­prāpta *mthu chen po thob pa*, Skt. *mahā­sthāna­prāpta*, One of the bodhisattvas, possibly the same as Mahā­sthāma­prāpta. ## Mahāsūtra *mdo chen po*, Skt. *mahāsūtra*, The corpus of texts known as the Mahāsūtras or “Great Discourses” comprises (at least in the Kangyur) ten works originally extracted from the Āgamas of the Sarvāstivādins and the Mūlasarvāstivādins with applications mentioned in the vinaya literature. See and the 84000 Knowledge Base article Mahāsūtras. ## Mahāsubhūti *rab ’byor chen po*, Skt. *mahāsubhūti*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahāsudarśana *legs mthong chen po*, Skt. *mahāsudarśana*, A wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Mahāsudata *legs par byin pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāsudata*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Mahāsukha *bde chen*, Skt. *mahāsukha*, One of the epithets of Saṃvara. ## Mahāsukhavajratejaḥ *ma hA su kha badzra te dzaH*, Skt. *śūkarāsyātejaḥ*, “Fire of Great Bliss,” a bahuvrīhi epithet addressing a heruka. ## Mahātapas *dka’ thub chen po*, Skt. *mahātapas*, The 335th buddha in the first list, 334th in the second list, and 329th in the third list. ## Mahāśītavana *bsil ba’i nags tshal chen po*, Skt. *mahāśītavana*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mahātejā *gzi brjid chen mo*, Skt. *mahātejā*, A goddess. ## Mahā­tejaḥ­parākrama *gzi brjid chen po’i mthu*, Skt. *mahā­tejaḥ­parākrama*, A cakravartin king in the distant past. ## Mahātejas *gzi brjid che*, Skt. *mahātejas*, The 187th buddha in the first list, 186th in the second list, and 186th in the third list. ## Mahātiṣya *rgyal chen po*, Skt. *mahātiṣya*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mahāturuṣka *chen po tu ruSh+ka*, Skt. *mahāturuṣka*, The king identified with the Kushana emperor Huvishka, the successor of Kanishka. ## mahugaga Monier-Williams lists as “a kind of citron tree with ill-smelling blossoms.” ## Mahāśumata *ma hA shu ma ta*, Skt. *mahāśumata*, Son of Śani, householder who lived in the past at the time of the buddha King of All Qualities’ Light Rays. ## Mahāvairocana *snang mdzad*, Skt. *mahāvairocana*, The universal buddha from whom all the buddhas emanate. ## Mahā­vajra­śikhara *rdo rje’i zom chen po*, Skt. *mahā­vajra­śikhara*, One of the deities in the maṇḍala of Avalokiteśvara-Amoghapāśa. ## Mahā­vajra­krodhāntaś­cara *khro bo chen po’i nang spyod*, Skt. *mahā­vajra­krodhāntaś­cara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Mahāvastu Skt. *mahāvastu*, The Mahāvastu or “Great Chapter” is a lengthy work of the Lokottaravāda (Proponents of the Supramundane) subsect of the Mahāsāṃghika (Great Saṅgha) tradition, which some scholars have regarded as a precursor of Mahāyāna Buddhism. It is written in mixed Sanskrit, Pāli, and Prakrit and is regarded as the earliest Sanskrit biography of the Buddha. The work belongs to the Vinayapiṭaka and in fact describes itself as a historical preface to the Buddhist monastic codes (Skt. vinaya). In this regard, it does correspond loosely to the Mahāvagga section of the Khandhaka in the Pāli Vinayapiṭaka. Over half the text comprises avadānas and jatakas (some having no Pāli antecedent), which tell of past lives of the Buddha when he was a bodhisattva on the path to awakening. ## Mahāvatsa *bu chen po*, Skt. *mahāvatsa*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Mahāvegadhārin *shugs chen po ’dzin pa*, Skt. *mahāvegadhārin*, A garuḍa lord. Also called Mahā­bala­vega­sthāma. ## Mahāśvetā *dkar mo chen mo*, Skt. *mahāśvetā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; one of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Mahāviṣṭā *’jug ma*, Skt. *viṣṭā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Mahāvidyā *rig chen*, Skt. *mahāvidyā*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Mahāvidyujjvāla *glog ’od chen po*, Skt. *mahāvidyujjvāla*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāvijaya *rnam par rgyal ba chen po*, Skt. *mahāvijaya*, A bhikṣu in an analogy given by the bodhisattva Vajra­garbha. ## Mahāvikrama *rtsal chen*, Skt. *mahāvikrama*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mahāvikrāmin *gnon pa chen po*, Skt. *mahāvikrāmin*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. ## Mahāvīryā *chen po stobs chen*, Skt. *mahāvīryā*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Mahāvīrya The name of the bodhisatva Śūradatta when he attains buddhahood in the future. ## Mahā­vīrya­ghoṣeśvara *brtson ’grus chen po’i dbyangs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *mahā­vīrya­ghoṣeśvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Mahā­śvāsa *dbugs chen po*, Skt. *mahā­śvāsa*, “Great Breath.” The previous incarnation of the great king Virūdhaka as a nāga king who lived on Mount Meru, and who eventually went for refuge and took the fundamental precepts. ## Mahāśvāsa *dbugs cher ’byin*, Skt. *mahāśvāsa*, A nāga. ## Mahāvyūha *cher bkod pa*, Skt. *mahāvyūha*, The name of the universe in the distant past where the Buddha Bhaiṣajyarāja presided, and taught the prince Chandracchattra about the Dharma-worship (in the Epilogue). ## Mahāvyutpatti A glossary of Tibetan-Sanskrit terms produced under Tibetan imperial patronage in the early ninth century. Both it and its commentary, known as the Drajor Bampo Nyipa or the Two-Volume Lexicon (Toh 4347), are incuded in the Tengyur. ## Mahāyaśā *shin tu grags ma*, Skt. *mahāyaśā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Mahāyaśas *grags chen*, Skt. *mahāyaśas*, The 80th buddha in the first list, 80th in the second list, and 81st in the third list. ## Mahāyasyā *grags chen*, Skt. *mahāyasyā*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Mahāyāna *the pa chen po*, see [Great Vehicle](#great-vehicle). ## mahāyoga *rnal ’byor chen po’i rgyud*, Skt. *mahā­yoga­tantra*, A term used to describe the later tantras of the Yoga class that incoporated more transgressive pactices and a wrathful aesthetic. Typified by the Guhya­samāja­tantra and Guhya­garbha­tantra. ## Mahāyogika One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Maṇi *nor bu*, Skt. *maṇi*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. This perhaps the same yakṣa identified as Maṇibhadra elsewhere in the text. ## Maṇibhadra *nor bu bzang*, Skt. *maṇibhadra*, A lord of the yakṣas. Note that the Tibetan translation gives nor bu bzang for both Māṇibhadra and Maṇibhadra. (Toh 555: rin chen bzang) ## Maṇicūḍā *nor bu gtsug*, Skt. *maṇicūḍā*, A goddess in this sūtra. ## Maṇicūḍa *gtsug na nor bu*, Skt. *maṇicūḍa*, The 81st buddha in the first list, 81st in the second list, and 82nd in the third list. ## Maṇi­cakra­vicitra­pratimaṇḍita­vyūhā *rin chen ’khor lo sna tshogs kyis klubs shing brgyan pa*, Skt. *maṇi­cakra­vicitra­pratimaṇḍita­vyūhā*, A world realm in the distant past. Also the name of a world realm in the distant future in which five hundred buddhas will appear. ## Maṇicandra *nor bu zla ba*, Skt. *maṇicandra*, The 353rd buddha in the first list, 352nd in the second list, and 347th in the third list. ## Maṇicara *nor spyod*, Skt. *maṇicara*, The name of a yakṣa ## Maṇicaraṇa *nor zhabs*, Skt. *maṇicaraṇa*, The 423rd buddha in the first list, 422nd in the second list, and 416th in the third list. ## Maṇicuḍa *gtsug na nor bu*, Skt. *maṇicuḍa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Maṇidharī *ma Ni d+ha ri*, Skt. *maṇidharī*, “Holder of Jewels,” an epithet of Mahāpratisarā. ## Maṇidharman *chos kyi nor bu*, Skt. *maṇidharman*, The 325th buddha in the first list, 324th in the second list, and 319th in the third list. ## Maṇi­dhvaja­vyūha­rāja *rin po che rgyal mtshan rgyan gyis mdzes pa*, Skt. *maṇi­dhvaja­vyūha­rāja*, A park in another world realm in the distant past. ## Maṇigaṇa *nor bu’i tshogs*, Skt. *maṇigaṇa*, The 357th buddha in the first list, 356th in the second list, and 351st in the third list. ## Maṇigarbha *nor bu’i snying po*, Skt. *maṇigarbha*, The buddha realm of King Jewel Mound. ## Maṇi­garbha *rin chen gtso*, Skt. *maṇi­garbha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Maṇi­garbha­rāja­śri­teja­vatin *rin chen snying po rgyal dpal gzi brjid ldan*, Skt. *maṇi­garbha­rāja­śri­teja­vatin*, The thirty-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Maṇi­śikhara­tejas *rin po che rtse mo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *maṇi­śikhara­tejas*, A city in another world in the distant past. ## Maṇikūṭa *nor bu brtsegs*, Skt. *maṇikūṭa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Maṇikaṇṭha *mgul na nor bu*, Skt. *maṇikaṇṭha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Maṇi­kanaka­parvata­śikhara­vairocana *gser rin po che’i ri spo rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *maṇi­kanaka­parvata­śikhara­vairocana*, A vast array of many masses of world realms in the distant past. ## Maṇiketu *rin po che’i dpal*, Skt. *maṇiketu*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Maṇikānana *nor bu’i gnas*, Skt. *maṇikānana*, A yakṣa general. ## Maṇimanta *nor bu ldan*, Skt. *maṇimanta*, A mountain king. ## Maṇimūlavyūha *nor bu gzhir bkod*, Skt. *maṇimūlavyūha*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## main hall *khyams chen*, Skt. *mahāvedī*, The central space of the maṇḍala palace. ## Maṇindhara *nor bu ’chang ba*, Skt. *maṇindhara*, One of the wheel-turning monarchs. ## Maineya *me ne ya*, Skt. *maineya*, A country Prince Siddhārtha traveled through. ## Maṇināga *nor ldan klu*, Skt. *maṇināga*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Maṇiprabha *nor bu’i ’od*, Skt. *maṇiprabha*, “Jewel Light,” a certain young god who in the garden of Prince Jeta in Śrāvastī scattered flowers over the Buddha, sat before him to listen to the Dharma, and manifested stream entry. ## Maṇi­prabha­sukhābha *rin chen mdog bde*, Skt. *maṇi­prabha­sukhābha*, A universe of world realms in the distant past. ## Maṇiratnacūḍā *nor bu rin po che’i gtsug ma*, Skt. *maṇiratnacūḍā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Maṇirāśi *nor bu’i phung po*, Skt. *maṇirāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Maṇirāja *rin chen rgyal po*, Skt. *maṇirāja*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Maṇi­sūrya­candra­vidyotita­prabhā *rin chen nyi ma’i ’khor lo rnam par snang ba’i ’od*, Skt. *maṇi­sūrya­candra­vidyotita­prabhā*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Maṇi­sūrya­pratibhāsa­garbhā *rin po che nyi ma rab tu snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *maṇi­sūrya­pratibhāsa­garbhā*, A buddha realm in the southwestern direction. ## Maṇisumeru *rin chen ri bo*, Skt. *maṇisumeru*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Maṇisumeruśrī *rin chen ri rab dpal*, Skt. *maṇisumeruśrī*, The thirty-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Maṇisumeruśirī. ## Maṇi­sumerūvirocana­dhvaja­pradīpā *rin po che’i ri rab rnam par snang ba’i rgyal mtshan mar mye*, Skt. *maṇi­sumerūvirocana­dhvaja­pradīpā*, A buddha realm in the western direction. ## Maṇisuta *nor bu’i bu*, Skt. *maṇisuta*, A nāga king. ## Maṇḍita *brgyan pa*, Skt. *maṇḍita*, The 559th buddha in the first list, 559th in the second list, and 552nd in the third list. ## Maṇḍitikā *sdud ma*, Skt. *maṇḍitikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Maitrī *byams pa*, Skt. *maitrī*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Maṇitārā *ma Ni tA ra*, Skt. *maṇitārā*, One of the mantric forms of Tārā’s name. ## Maitra *byams ldan*, Skt. *maitra*, One of the muhūrtas. ## Maitraka *byams pa*, Skt. *maitraka*, A synonym for Maitreya. ## Maitraśrī *byams pa’i dpal*, Skt. *maitraśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Maitrayaṇī *byams ma*, Skt. *maitrayaṇī*, A princess, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 13. ## Maitrībala *byams pa’i stobs*, Skt. *maitrībala*, A certain compassionate king of Vārāṇasī and a previous incarnation of the Buddha. ## Maitreya *byams pa*, the [Buddha](#buddha) to come, the fifth in this present [kalpa](#kalpa). He is also one of the [Eight Great Close Sons](#eight-great-close-sons). ## Maitreya­nātha *byams pa mgon po*, Skt. *maitreya­nātha*, Important author of the third to fourth century who was a precursor of the Yogācāra tradition. Even though his name means “One Whose Lord Is Maitreya,” he has been identified with the bodhisattva Maitreya himself. ## Maitreya­siṃha­locanī *mai tre ya siM ha lo tsa ne*, Skt. *maitreya­siṃha­locanī*, A goddess invoked in a mantra to cure blindness. ## Maitriyogi *byams pa'i rnal 'byor pa*, one of [Atīśa's](#atīśa) three principal teachers. ## Maitrāyaṇī *byams ma*, Skt. *maitrāyaṇī*, The mother of Pūrṇa, one of the four great hearers. ## Maitrāyajña *byams pa mchod sbyin*, Skt. *maitrāyajña*, Maitrāyajña seems to be an alternative name of Maitrakanyaka, the protagonist of the Maitrakanyakāvadāna (Divyāvadāna no. 38). The story told here is a retelling of the Maitrakanyakāvadāna. ## Maitrāyaṇīya The name of a family lineage. ## Maṇivajra *rdo rje nor bu*, Skt. *maṇivajra*, The 282nd buddha in the first list, 281st in the second list, and 281st in the third list. ## Maṇivatī *nor bu can*, Skt. *maṇivatī*, A village or town. ## Maṇiviśuddha *nor bu gsal*, Skt. *maṇiviśuddha*, The 971st buddha in the first list, 970th in the second list, and 961st in the third list. ## Maṇivyūha *nor bu bkod pa*, Skt. *maṇivyūha*, The 284th buddha in the first list, 283rd in the second list, and 283rd in the third list. ## mañjūṣaka *ma ny+dzu Sha ka*, Skt. *mañjūṣaka*, A celestial tree famed for its fragrance and beautiful flowers. ## Mañjakeśa *muny+dza’i skra*, Skt. *mañjakeśa*, A yakṣa general. ## majestic *gzi brjid yod pa*, Skt. *tejovatī*, The 45th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Majestic Banner *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mokṣatejas (417 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Majestic Body *lus ’phags*, Skt. *lus ’phags*, A certain brahmin of high caste, father of More Majestic. He heard the Dharma from the Buddha and attained stream entry. ## Majestic King of Mountains *ri dbang brtsegs*, Skt. *ri dbang brtsegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candana (662 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Majestic Light *spa ba’i ’od*, Skt. *spa ba’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ugra (83 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Majestic Melody *lhun po’i dbyangs*, Skt. *lhun po’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmadeva (194 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Majestic Mountain *lhun po che*, Skt. *lhun po che*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūryaprabha (123 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Majestic Mountain of Qualities *yon tan lhun po*, Skt. *yon tan lhun po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍitagāmin (977 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## majestic power Specifically that of the Buddha, in most instances of the term, but used more generally, too, of the sun and the moon, as well as various beings in the phrase “great superhuman power and great majestic power” (mahārddhiko mahānubhāvaḥ). The term has the sense of the power that comes from the mere presence or nature of the thing, something like the classical sense of the term charisma. ## Majestic Seer A grahī. This seems to be another name for the grahī otherwise called Black Seer (drang srong nag mo). ## Majestic Tree Banner *ljon pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ljon pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padmagarbha (513 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Majestic Trees *shing ’gying ba*, Skt. *shing ’gying ba*, A forest at Shining Jewel Light. ## majesty A quality often applied to a buddha and connected to the terms ṛṣabha and vṛṣabha, meaning a mighty bull and also the chief or best of any class of being. ## Major and minor marks *mtshan dang dpe byad*, thirty-two major marks (*mtshan bzang*, Skt. *mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa*) and eighty minor ones (*dpe byad, anuvyañjana*) characteristic of a [Buddha](#buddha). ## major and minor marks of perfection *mtshan dang dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *lakṣaṇānuvyañjana*, The thirty-two major and the eighty minor distinctive physical attributes of a buddha or a superior being. ## major and minor physical marks *lus mtshan dang dpe byad*, Skt. *lakṣaṇānuvyañjana*, The thirty-two major and the eighty minor distinctive physical attributes of a buddha or a superior being. ## major hell Black Lines *dmyal ba chen po thig nag*, Skt. *kālasūtra*, The second of the eight hot hells. ## major hell Incessant Torment *dmyal ba chen po mnar med pa*, Skt. *avīci*, The last and most severe of the eight hot hells. ## major hell of Heat *dmyal ba chen po tsha ba*, Skt. *tāpana*, The sixth of the eight hot hells. ## major hell Reviving *dmyal ba chen po yang sos*, Skt. *saṃjīva*, The first of the eight hot hells. ## major mark *mtshan*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa*, For their enumeration in this text, see . ## major marks The thirty-two primary physical characteristics of a “great being,” mahāpuruṣa, which every buddha and cakravartin possesses. They are considered “major” in terms of being primary to the eighty minor marks or signs of a great being. ## Majority *phal chen sde*, Skt. *mahāsāṃghika*, Majority (the greater number, most of a group), also the name of one of the eighteen nikāya schools. ## Mañju See “Mañjuśrī.” ## mañjuśaka *man dzu sha ka*, Skt. *mañjuśaka*, Unidentified soft white flowers said to bloom in the deva realms. ## Mañjudhvaja *’jam pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mañjudhvaja*, One of the future buddhas. ## Mañjughoṣa *’jam pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *mañjughoṣa*, “One with a sweet voice,” an epithet of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī. The name is also written as “Mañjusvara.” ## Mañjukīrti Name of a scholar of uncertain dates, active in Magadha. ## Mañjuśrī *'jam dpal dbyangs*, a tenth level [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva). He embodies the knowledge and [wisdom](#wisdom) of all the [Buddhas](#buddha). ## Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī kumārabhūta*, Evolved from the gandharva Pañcaśikha in early Buddhism, which remains one of Mañjuśrī’s alternate names. Pañcaśikha was a gandharva who lived on a five-peaked mountain, and who brought the Buddha information on what was occuring in the paradises. Mañjuśrī is the first prominent bodhisattva after Maitreya in the early Mahāyāna sūtras, where he is known as Mañjughoṣa (“Having a Beautiful Voice”). He came to embody wisdom, and became one of the eight great bodhisattvas. In the early tantras he was the lord of one of the three buddha families. In the Sanskrit version of the sūtra, Kumārabhūta is a separate word rather than a compound with his proper name. This means that it could be the second of his names, and it is glossed as meaning “always young.” Alternatively it could be treated simply as an adjective, as in “the youth Manjuśrī.” ## Mañjuśrī Kumāra­bhūta *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī kumāra­bhūta*, Also rendered here as “Mañjuśrī.” ## Mañjuśrī Roten A deity. ## Mañjuśrī Yamāntaka A wrathful form of Mañjuśrī. ## Mañjuśrīgarbha *many+dzu shrI gar+b+ha*, Skt. *mañjuśrīgarbha*, A translator of canonical texts. ## Mañjuśrī­garbha *many+dzu shrI gar+b+ha*, Skt. *mañjuśrī­garbha*, A translator of canonical texts. ## Mañjuśrīkīrti *’jam dpal grags pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrīkīrti*, A disciple of Āryadeva. ## Mañju­śrī­kumāra­bhūta *’jams dpal gzhon nu gyur pa*, Skt. *mañju­śrī­kumāra­bhūta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mañjuśrīkumārabhūta *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī­kumārabhūta*, The bodhisattva who is considered the embodiment of wisdom, with the additional honorific title for a young man, since he is perennially youthful. ## Mañjuśrī­kumārabhūta *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī­kumārabhūta*, Another name for the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, it means in full “the youthful Mañjuśrī.” ## Mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta*, An epithet of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, meaning “the youthful Mañjuśrī.” Mañjuśrī is one of the eight “close sons” of the Buddha and the embodiment of wisdom. ## Mañjuśrīmitra *'jam dpal bshes gnyen*, second human master in the lineage of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection), a great [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita) of [Nālandā](#nālandā) and [disciple](#disciple) of [Garab Dorje](#garab-dorje). ## Mañjuśrīnāmasaṃgīti *’jam dpal mtshan brjod*, Skt. *mañjuśrīnāmasaṃgīti*, Toh 360. ## Mañjuśrīvarman Eighth- to ninth-century Tibetan translator also known by his Tibetan name, Gajam Gocha (dba ’jam dpal go cha). ## Mañjusvara *’jam dbyangs*, Skt. *mañjusvara*, Meaning “gentle or beautiful voice,” this is an alternative name for Mañjuśrī. It is synonymous with Mañjughoṣa, which is also translated into Tibetan as ’jam dbyangs. See also “Mañjuśrī.” ## Mañjuvajra *’jam pa’i rdo rje*, Skt. *mañjuvajra*, A name of Mañjuśrī, he is deity in Yamāri’s maṇḍala whose practice is taught in The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Mañjuvara *’jam pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *mañjuvara*, An epithet of Mañjuśrī. ## māṣaka A measure of weight for gold defined as being equal to twelve grains of barley. ## makara *chu srin*, Skt. *makara*, A fabled sea monster, the front part of which is a mammal. It is said to be the largest animal in the world, with the strongest bite. Its head is said to be a combination of the features of an elephant, a crocodile, and a boar. The name is also applied to the dugong, the crocodile (in particular the Mugger crocodile, whose name is even derived from makara ), and the dolphin, particularly the Ganges dolphin, because the Ganges goddess is said to ride on a makara. ## Makaradhvaja *chu srin rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *makaradhvaja*, A yakṣa general. ## Makaraketu *spre’u’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *makaraketu*, A door guardian in Vajrānaṅga’s maṇḍala. Also another name for Kāmadeva. ## Makarandama *chu srin ’dul*, Skt. *makarandama*, A yakṣa general. ## make amends *phyir bya*, Skt. *prati√kṛ*, Lit. “should make amends.” Monks and nuns must confess offenses and “make amends” for them. The proper procedure for making amends for offenses is described in The Chapter on the Restoration Rite (Toh 1, ch. 2, ), where the monastic acknowledges the fault and then resolves to refrain from such behavior in the future. In the Tengyur, the Tibetan verb is usually given as phyir bcos pa. In The Chapter on Lifting Restrictions, the Skt. pratikartavyā is rendered in Tibetan as slar bgyi’o, as in the oft-repeated statement, “If I know of or see an offense, I will properly make amends for that offense in accord with the Vinaya” (Toh 1, ch. 3, : ltung ba shes zhing mthong na chos bzhin ’dul ba bzhin slar bgyi’o; Skt. jānaṃ paśyann āpattiṃ yathādharmaṃ yathāvinayaṃ pratikariṣye). ## make assumptions *rlom sems su byed pa*, Skt. *manyate*, Make assumptions about, based on, or on account of something. ## Maker of Joy *dga’ byed ma*, Skt. *Nandinī*, The name of the beggar woman who receives a prediction of future awakening from the Buddha in The City Beggar Woman. ## making firm *sra bar byed pa*, Skt. *sra bar byed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its tenth week. ## making hungry and thirsty *bkres shing skom par byed pa*, Skt. *bkres shing skom par byed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its thirteenth week. ## Making Proud *dregs par byed*, Skt. *dregs par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Kanakaparvata. ## Making the Hair of All Beings Stand on End *sems can thams cad spu zing*, Skt. *sems can thams cad spu zing*, A place in Ultimate Torment. ## Making Use of Others’ Emanations *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *paranirmita­vaśa­vartin*, One of the gods’ realms. ## makira An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Makuṭabandhana *cod pan bcings pa’i mchod rten*, Skt. *makuṭabandhana*, A temple or shrine in the country of the Mallas. ## Makuṭadantī *cod pan so*, Skt. *makuṭadantī*, A rākṣasī known only from this sūtra. ## Mala The name of a king. ## Malabar nut *bA sha ka*, Skt. *vāsaka*, Justicia adhatoda. ## āmalakī *skyu ru ra*, Skt. *āmalakī*, Emblic myrobalan, Phyllanthus emblica. ## Malaya *ma la ya*, Skt. *malaya*, The range of mountains in West India, also called the Western ghats, known for its sandalwood forests. ## Malaya dweller *ma la ya gnas pa*, Skt. *ma la ya gnas pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Malaya Mountains *ri ma la ya*, Skt. *malayagiri*, A mountain range in Jambudvīpa. ## male lay disciple An unordained male practitioner who observes the five precepts not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## male lay vow holder *dge bsnyen*, Skt. *upāsaka*, A Buddhist lay vow holder who pledges to refrain from at least one but often all five actions of killing, stealing, pretending to superhuman qualities, committing sexual misconduct, and imbibing intoxicants like alcohol. An additional, optional pledge can be made to complete celibacy. ## male novice *dge tshul*, Skt. *śrāmaṇera*, A male who has been inducted into the novitiate (Tib. dge tshul nyid du bsgrub). Male novices in the Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition take ten precepts. ## malevolent female spirit *phra men ma*, Skt. *ḍākinī*, The term phra men ma (also spelled phra man ma in some texts) is one of the two translations of the word ḍākinī found in canonical works. In this case—as in many of the cases where phra men ma rather than the other Tibetan translation of ḍākinī, mkha’ ’gro ma is employed—it refers to a class of malevolent female spirits. The higher tantras of the Nyingma tradition feature phra men (ma) as a class of protective deities on the periphery of the maṇḍala of wrathful deities in the Shitro (zhi khro) maṇḍala of peaceful and wrathful deities. They have female bodies, animal heads, and often appear as a set of eight. ## malevolent female spirits *phra men ma*, Skt. *ḍākinī*, The term phra men ma is one of the two translations of the word ḍākinī found in canonical works. In this case—as in many of the cases where phra men ma rather than the other Tibetan translation of ḍākinī, mkha’ ’gro ma, is employed—it refers to a class of malevolent female spirits. The higher tantras of the Nyingma tradition feature phra men (ma) as a class of protective deities on the periphery of the maṇḍala of wrathful deities in the Shitro (zhi khro) maṇḍala of peaceful and wrathful deities. They have female bodies, animal heads, and often appear as a set of eight. ## malice *gnod sems*, Skt. *vyāpāda*, The hostility that arises from experiencing sense objects as unpleasant. The second of the four bonds that bind the psychophysical body to cyclic existence. Also one of the ten nonvirtues. ## Mallā *gyad*, Skt. *mallā*, A certain country during the time of the Buddha in which Kuśinagarī was located. ## Malla *gyad*, Skt. *malla*, Name of a people or clan in Northern India during the Buddha’s lifetime. The literal meaning of gyad in Tibetan is “athlete,” “strong man,” or “champion.” ## Malla country *gyad kyi dog sa*, See “country of the Mallas.” ## Malla kingdom *gyad kyi yul*, See “country of the Mallas.” ## Mallaputra *gyad kyi bu*, Skt. *mallaputra*, Another name for Dravya Mallaputra, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Mallas The name of a people in northern India who were situated just to the east of the kingdom of Kośala, in the eastern part of the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh. ## Mallikā *phreng ldan ma*, Skt. *mallikā*, Queen of King Prasenajit. ## mallow *ha lo*, Skt. *ha lo*, A flower belonging to the lcam pa family, a type of malva flower used in Tibetan medicine. ## Malānta *dri ma mthar byed*, Skt. *malānta*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Mamo *ma mo*, Skt. *mātṛkā*, a kind of [ḍākinī](#ḍākinī). ## Man *mi pho*, Skt. *mi pho*, Man (an adult male human), also the name of a son of the buddha Lokapriya. ## Śmaśāna *dur khrod*, Skt. *śmaśāna*, One of the grahas. ## manager *zhal ta pa*, Skt. *vaiyāpṛtyakara*, A monk in charge of providing for monastery residents and visitors. One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery. ## Manas *yid*, Skt. *manas*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Manasa *yid las byung ba*, Skt. *manasa*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Manasi *ma na si*, Skt. *manasi*, A king. ## Manasvī *gzi can*, Skt. *manasvī*, A nāga king. ## Manasvi *gzi can*, Skt. *manasvi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Manasvin *gzi can*, Skt. *manasvin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Manasya *yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *manasya*, Nāga king. ## Mandaka *dman pa po*, Skt. *mandaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Mandara *mada ra*, Skt. *mandara*, Mandara is a mountain that appears in various purāṇas describing the origin of amṛta, the drink of immortality. In these, Mount Mandara is used by the gods as a churning rod to churn the ocean of milk, whereby amṛta is produced. ## Mandaravā a [ḍākinī](#ḍākinī), daughter of the King of Zahor, in India. One of the five principal [disciple](#disciple)s and [consorts](#consort) of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) and one of the main holders of his teaching. ## Mandehā *man de ha*, Skt. *mandehā*, A rākṣasī living in Blue Waters. ## Śmaśānādhipati *dur khrod kyi bdag po*, Skt. *śmaśānādhipati*, ‟Lord of the Cremation Ground,” one of the eight bhūta kings. ## Mandākinī *dal gyis ’bab pa*, Skt. *mandākinī*, The river that flows from the lake Manda at the foot of Mount Meru in Trāyastriṃśa heaven. ## Mandākinī Lotus Pond *rdzing bu dal gyis ’bab*, Skt. *mandākinī puṣkariṇī*, A lotus pond where the nāga king Supratiṣṭhita lives. ## mandāra *man dar*, Skt. *mandāra*, Possibly the purple orchid (Bauhinia purpurea) or the coral tree (Erythrina indica); a tree with divine association whose flowers are showered over the world by gods. ## Mandūraka *’dzam pa len pa*, Skt. *mandūraka*, A nāga king. ## mandārava *man dA ra ba*, Skt. *mandārava*, Erythrina indica or Erythrina variegata. Also known as mandarava, flame tree, and tiger’s claw. In the summer it is covered in large crimson flowers, which are believed to also grow in Indra’s paradise. The coral tree is the most widespread species of Erythrina or mandārava, taller than the others, and all are collectively known as coral trees. ## mandārava flower *man dA ra ba*, Skt. *mandārava*, The flowers of the coral tree, Erythrina indica, one of the five trees of paradise, which has brilliant scarlet flowers. ## mandārava flowers *me tog man dA ra ba*, Skt. *mandārava*, Erythrina indica, native to India and commonly known as the coral tree. The flowers have scarlet red petals. ## Mandārava Forest *me tog man dA ra ba’i tshal*, Skt. *me tog man dA ra ba’i tshal*, A forest in Moving Mind. ## Mandārava Fragrance *me tog man dA ra ba’i dri*, Skt. *me tog man dA ra ba’i dri*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Mandāravagandha *man dA ra ba*, Skt. *mandārava­gandha*, A past buddha under whom Śākyamuni acquired merit along the first through ninth bhūmis, according to the Mahāvastu. ## Mandārava­gandha *me tog man dA ra ba’i dri*, Skt. *mandārava­gandha*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## mango Mangifera indica. The mango tree, of which there are several varieties. ## Mango Caves *a mra’i phug*, Skt. *a mra’i phug*, A set of caves in the Gloomy Forest. ## mango flowers *a mra’i mgo ljogs*, Skt. *āmrastabaka*, The blossoms of a mango tree. ## Mango Forest *a mra’i nags khrod*, Skt. *a mra’i nags khrod*, A certain brahmin village during the Buddha’s time. ## Mani the [mantra](#mantra) of [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara) ([Chenrezi](#chenrenzi)), *oṁ mani padme hũm. ## Manifest Manifest (clearly evident or apparent), also the name of the sixth bodhisattva ground. ## manifest affliction *kun nas ldang ba*, Skt. *paryutthāna*, The third stage in the development and expression of afflictions (Skt. kleśa, Tib. nyon mongs), preceded by “latent tendency” (Skt. anuśaya, Tib. bag la nyal ba) and “belief” (Skt. dṛṣṭi, Tib. lta ba smra ba). ## manifest attainment of aspects *rnam pa mngon par bsgrub pa*, Skt. *ākārānabhiniveśa­nirhāra*, The 89th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Manifest Attainment of Modalities *rnam pa mngon par bsgrub pa*, Skt. *ākārān­abhi­niveśa­nirhāra*, Name of the eighty-third meditative stability. ## manifest attainment of the miraculous ability to not return *phyir myi ldog pa’i rdzu ’phrul mngon par sgrub pa*, A meditative stability. ## Manifest Beauty *mngon par sgeg ma*, Skt. *mngon par sgeg ma*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Manifest Clarity *mngon par dang ba*, Skt. *mngon par dang ba*, A world system in the southern direction. ## Manifest Delight in the Nutmeg Flower *sna ma’i me tog la mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *sna ma’i me tog la mngon par dga’ ba*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Manifest Joy *mngon par dga' ba*, Skt. *Abhirati*, name of a [kalpa](#kalpa) and of the [Buddhafield](#buddhafield) of [Buddha](#buddha) [Akṣobhya](#akṣobhya). ## Manifest Karmic Action *las mngon sum*, Skt. *karmasākṣin*, A mountain range surrounding the hell of Embers Within. ## Manifest Mount Sumeru *ri rab mngon pa*, Skt. *ri rab mngon pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Beautiful Golden Form. ## Manifest Sustenance *mngon par ’tsho bar byed pa*, Skt. *mngon par ’tsho bar byed pa*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Manifestation of All Perfumes *spos thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *spos thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa*, Name of a buddha realm located in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Manifestation of All Sounds. ## Manifestation of All Sounds *sgra thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *sgra thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa*, Name of a buddha realm located in the northern direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Manifestation of All Perfumes. ## Manifestation of Splendor *gzi brjid skye ba*, Skt. *gzi brjid skye ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Abhaya. ## Manifested *mngon sum pa*, Skt. *abhimukhī*, Manifested (made evident or apparent), also the sixth bodhisattva bhūmi. ## Manifested Chief Exalted King Arrayed with Invisible Flowers *me tog sgrub bkod du ma mngon ’phags rgyal po khyu mchog rnam par rol pa*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Manifesting Great Fear *’jigs pa chen po ston*, A yakṣa. (Toh 555: ’jigs pa mngon du ston pa) ## Manifesting the Appearance of Good Qualities *yon tan gzugs ston*, Skt. *yon tan gzugs ston*, A bodhisattva. ## Manifestly Imperceptible *mngon par mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *an­abhi­lakṣita*, Name of the ninety-first meditative stability. ## Manifold Chariots *shing rta sna tshogs pa*, Skt. *shing rta sna tshogs pa*, A forest in Living on the Peak. ## manifold display *rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *rnam par rol pa*, An absorption. ## Manifold Flowers *sna tshogs me tog*, Skt. *sna tshogs me tog*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Manifold Light Rays *’od zer du ma*, Skt. *’od zer du ma*, A great bodhisattva. ## Manifold Pile *sna tshogs brtsegs pa*, Skt. *sna tshogs brtsegs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnaketu. ## Manmatha *yid srub*, Skt. *manmatha*, One of the epithets of Kāmadeva, the god of love. ## Manobhirāma *mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *manobhirāma*, The realm in which Mahā­maudgalyāyana will become a buddha in the distant future. ## Manoharā *yid ’phrog ma*, Skt. *manoharā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Manohārī *yid ’phrog ma*, Skt. *manohārī*, ‟She who Captivates the Mind,” one of the six kinnara queens. ## Manohāriṇī *yid ’phrog ma*, Skt. *manohāriṇī*, ‟She Who Captivates the Mind,” one of the eight great yakṣiṇīs. ## Manojñā *yid du ’ong ma*, Skt. *manojñā*, One of the seven yakṣiṇīs. ## Manojña *yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *manojña*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the kinnara kings. ## Manojña­śabdābhi­garjita *yid du ’ong ba’i sgra mngon par bsgrags pa*, Skt. *manojña­śabdābhi­garjita*, Literally “The Resounding of Beautiful Sounds.” It is the name of the future eon in which Ānanda will attain buddhahood. ## Manojñagandha *yid du ’ong ba’i dri*, Skt. *manojñagandha*, A world system. ## Manojñaghoṣa *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *manojñaghoṣa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Manojñaghoṣa­svara­vinardita *yid du ’ong ba’i sgra dbyangs rnam par bsgrags pa*, Skt. *manojñaghoṣa­svaravinardita*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Manojñasvara *yid ’ong dbyangs*, Skt. *manojñasvara*, Gandharva king present at the teaching of the sūtra. Also present at the teaching of the Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra (Toh 116). ## Manojavā *yid mgyogs ma*, Skt. *manojavā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Manojava *yid ltar mgyogs*, Skt. *manojava*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Manojñavākya *yid ’ong gsung*, Skt. *manojñavākya*, The 637th buddha in the first list, 636th in the second list, and 629th in the third list. ## Manoramā *yid du ’ong*, Skt. *manoramā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Manorathā *bsam pa ma*, Skt. *manorathā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Manoratha *yid du ’thad pa*, Skt. *manoratha*, The 291st buddha in the first list, 290th in the second list, and 290th in the third list. ## Manovatī *yid ldan ma*, Skt. *manovatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## mansion *khang bzangs*, Skt. *prāsāda*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. Also estate. ## Mansion Army *khang pa sde*, Skt. *khang pa sde*, A buddha. ## Mansion of Great Joy *khang bzangs rab tu dga’ bar gnas pa*, Skt. *khang bzangs rab tu dga’ bar gnas pa*, A mansion in Sudharma. ## Mansion of the Mirror of Karmic Actions *me long gi khang pa*, Skt. *me long gi khang pa*, A mansion within one of the trees in Pair of Śāla Trees. ## mantle *snam sbyar*, Skt. *saṃghāṭi*, One of a Buddhist monk's [three robes](#three-robes). ## Mantra *sngags*, manifestation of supreme [enlightenment](#enlightenment) in the form of sounds. Syllables which, in the sādhanas of the [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna), protect the mind of the practitioner from ordinary [perceptions](#perceptions) and invoke the [wisdom](#wisdom) deities. ## mantra dhāraṇī *gzungs sngags*, Skt. *gzungs sngags*, A type of dhāraṇī. ## mantra for bewildering A mantra used to confuse or stupefy a particular target. ## mantra practitioner A term for an initiated practitioner who has been authorized to take up a mantra recitation practice. ## Mantra Vehicle *sngags kyi lam*, Skt. *mantrayāna*, Another name for the Vajrayāna. ## mantra wheel *’khor lo*, Skt. *cakra*, An arrangement of mantra syllables, often (but not always) in a circular pattern, that is used in a variety of ways for the performance of different ritual actions. ## mantra words *sngags kyi gzhi*, Skt. *mantraapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## mantrayāna *sngags kyi theg pa*, Skt. *mantrayāna*, The “Mantra Vehicle,” which is another name for Vajrayāna. ## mantrin *sngags pa*, Skt. *mantrin*, The term mantrin can refer to a someone who has mastered or is otherwise qualified to employ mantra recitation, or it can refer to a counselor to a king. ## Manu *shed*, Skt. *manu*, In the Indian tradition, Manu, similar to Noah in the Biblical tradition, was the survivor of a flood that covered the world, and so is the ancestor of all humans. On divine advice, he built a boat in which he saved his family and all the plants, seeds, and animals necessary to reintroduce to the world after the flood had diminished. ## Manujacandra *mi yi zla ba*, Skt. *manujacandra*, The 146th buddha in the first list, 146th in the second list, and 146th in the third list. ## Manuṣya *mi*, Skt. *manuṣya*, One of the rāśis. ## Manuṣyacandra *skyes bu zla ba*, Skt. *manuṣyacandra*, The 707th buddha in the first list, 706th in the second list, and 696th in the third list. ## Many Households *mang khyer*, Skt. *mang khyer*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Many Sons *bu mangs*, Skt. *bu mangs*, One of the eight great yakṣīs. ## Āmarṣa *phrag dog*, Skt. *āmarṣa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Marabāla Skt. *marabāla*, A nāga king. ## Marīca *’od zer*, Skt. *marīca*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Marīci *smig rgyu*, Skt. *marīci*, Universe of the Buddha Duṣprasāhā. ## Marīcika A world visited by Maudgalyāyana. The Sanskrit name is not attested in the extant portions of this sūtra, but it is attested in the Bhaiṣajyavastu, where it is said to be the world in which Maudgalyāyana’s mother was reborn. ## Marīcika Realm *’od zer can*, Skt. *marīcika*, The world where Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s mother was reborn. ## Marīcika World *’jig rten gyi khams ’od zer can*, Skt. *marīcikaḥ lokadhātuḥ*, A world where Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s mother was reborn. ## Marīcin *’od zer can*, Skt. *marīcin*, A buddha in the past. ## Mardanī *’joms ma*, Skt. *mardanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Mardana *’dun khang*, Skt. *mardana*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## mark *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, A polyvalent term, it generally refers to the characteristic features of an object or image. Nimitta can refer to features of an object that attract the mind’s attention, engage with it more deeply, and develop emotional responses to it. Such marks or features are often considered to be ultimately false and deceptive. In a more positive sense nimitta can refer to the focus of meditation practice. The term applies to both external objects and visualized images that are used to deepen meditative concentration and absorption. Also translated here as “sign” and “feature.” ## markaṭī *marga ti*, Skt. *markaṭī*, Galedupa piscidia. ## Markaṭa *spre’u*, Skt. *markaṭa*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: spre’u rnams kyi ni rgyal po (erroneously combining this name with the following name)) ## Markaṭa Pond *spre’u rdzing*, Skt. *markaṭahrada*, A pond. ## Markaṭahrada *spre’u rdzing*, Skt. *markaṭahrada*, Literally “Monkey Pond,” the name of a pond and/or caitya at, or near, Vaiśālī (Edgerton 420.1). ## Markandeya *mAr kaN Da*, Skt. *mārkaṇda*, A famous Puranic rishi of India, who features particularly in the Shaivite literature. ## marking nut *bhalla ta ka*, Skt. *bhallātaka*, Semecarpus anacardium. ## markings on their palms and soles blaze with splendor *phyag dang zhabs kyi mtshan dpal gyis ’bar ba*, Skt. *śrīyojjvala­pāṇi­pāda­lakṣaṇa­tā*, Seventy-seventh of the eighty minor marks. (See also ). ## marklessness *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, See glossary entry for “absence of marks.” ## marks *mtshan*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa*, See “thirty-two major marks of a great being.” ## marks of a great being The thirty-two physical characteristics that identify both buddhas and universal monarchs. This set is often combined with the eighty excellent signs. ## marks of a great person The physical characteristics or attributes of the human body possessed by wheel-turning kings and perfect buddhas and of which there are said to be thirty-two. ## Marks of Royal Splendor *mtshan gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *mtshan gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, A buddha realm. ## marks of the Tathāgata *de bzhin gshegs pa’i mtshan*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa’i mtshan*, The thirty-two major marks that distinguish a buddha. ## Marpa Chökyi Lodrö *mar pa chos kyi blo gros*, Skt. *-*, (1012–1097) Tibetan translator and lay practitioner from Lhodrak. Traveled several times to Nepal and India to receive tantric Buddhist teachings, notably from Nāropa and Maitripā, and in Tibet established an important set of lineages through his “four pillar” disciples, Milarepa, Ngoktön Chöku Dorje, Tshurtön Wangki Dorje, and Metön Tshönpo. ## Mars *mig dmar*, Skt. *aṅgāraka*, See “Aṅgāraka.” ## marsh barbel *ko ki lA kya*, Skt. *kokilākṣa*, Hygrophila auriculata. ## Maru *mya ngam*, Skt. *maru*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Maruṇḍa Skt. *maruṇḍa*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Marubhūmi *mya ngan sa*, Skt. *marubhūmi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Marudadhipa *lha bdag*, Skt. *marudadhipa*, The 947th buddha in the first list, 946th in the second list, and 937th in the third list. ## Marudeva A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. Marudeva is a name attested in the Mahāvastu and elsewhere. Some Kangyurs read mya ngan here. ## Marudyaśas *lha grags*, Skt. *marudyaśas*, The 268th buddha in the first list, 267th in the second list, and 267th in the third list. ## marut *lha*, Skt. *marut*, A general name for the deities in the desire realm, and in other contexts, specifically for a group of storm deities. In translation, the Tibetan does not differentiate the term from the more general deva. ## maruta *rlung lha*, Skt. *maruta*, A god or spirit of wind (usually plural). ## Marutpūjita *lha yis mchod pa*, Skt. *marutpūjita*, The 802nd buddha in the first list, 801st in the second list, and 791st in the third list. ## Marutskandha *lha tshogs*, Skt. *marutskandha*, The 417th buddha in the first list, 416th in the second list, and 410th in the third list. ## Maruttejas *lha yi gzi brjid*, Skt. *maruttejas*, The 452nd buddha in the first list, 451st in the second list, and 445th in the third list. ## Marvelous Amogha Display of the Pure Jewel *nor bu dri ma med pa don yod pa’i rnam par ’phrul pa bkod pa*, Skt. *vimala­maṇyamogha­vikurvaṇa­vyūha*, The name of a vidyādhara emperor. ## marvelous events *rmad du byung ba*, Skt. *adbhutadharma*, Tenth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## marvels *rmad du byung ba’i chos*, Skt. *adbhūtadharma*, As one of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma, it means descriptions of miracles. ## Maskarī Gośālīputra *kun du rgyu gnag lhas kyi bu*, Skt. *maskarī gośālīputra*, One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha. ## Maskari Gośāliputra *ma ska ri ’ga’ ba ya la*, Skt. *maskari gośāliputra*, An Indian teacher associated with the Ājīvika sect. His doctrine is known as saṃsāra­viśuddhi, i.e., the doctrine of purity for getting rid of the cycle of birth and death. ## Maskarin Gośālīputra *kun du rgyu gnag lhas kyi bu*, Skt. *maskarin gośālīputra*, One of the six philosophical extremists who lived during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. Also rendered here as “Parivrājaka Gośālīputra.” ## mass mouth *phung po’i kha*, Skt. *phung po’i kha*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Mass of Eloquence *spobs pa’i phung po*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Mass of Light of Infinite Splendor *gzi brjid mtha’ yas phung po’i ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas phung po’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arajas. ## Mass of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i phung po*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāpriya (455 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mass of Splendid Qualities *yon tan gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *yon tan gzi brjid phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anavanata (818 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mass of Splendor *gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *gzi brjid phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rativyūha (311 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mass of Virtue *dge ba sogs pa*, Skt. *dge ba sogs pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Peak of Pure Conduct. ## Mass of Wisdom *ye shes phung po*, Skt. *ye shes phung po*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Massaged and Touched with the Palm of the Hand *lag mthil gyis byug cing reg pa*, Skt. *lag mthil gyis byug cing reg pa*, A river in the realm of the gods in Dwelling on Summits within the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Masses of Light *’od chen phung po*, Skt. *’od chen phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vibhaktagātra (197 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Masses of Vajra-Like Bones *rus pa rdo rje lta bu ’byung*, Skt. *vajrāsthi­patana­sampāta*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Masses of Wisdom *ye shes phung po*, Skt. *ye shes phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maṇidharman (319 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Massive Insight *shes rab brtsegs pa*, Skt. *shes rab brtsegs pa*, A buddha from the west. ## Mastaka *gla sgang can*, Skt. *mastaka*, One of the grahas. ## master *slob dpon*, Skt. *ācārya*, Teacher or master, especially a spiritual master. The term is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “ācārya.” ## Master Gift *dbang phyug byin*, Skt. *dbang phyug byin*, Son of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Master Joy *dbang phyug dga’*, Skt. *dbang phyug dga’*, Son of the buddha Siṃha. ## Master of All Signs and Language *brda dang sgra thams cad pa*, Skt. *brda dang sgra thams cad pa*, Son of the buddha Mayūra. ## Master of Bliss *bde ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *bde ba’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Master of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i bla ma*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i bla ma*, A buddha. ## Master of Discussion *dris lan dbang phyug*, Skt. *dris lan dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nakṣatrarāja. ## Master of Fame *grags bdag*, Skt. *grags bdag*, Birthplace of the buddha Yaśoratna. ## Master of Famed Qualities *yon tan grags pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *yon tan grags pa’i dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mañjughoṣa. ## Master of Insight *shes rab mnga’ ba*, Skt. *shes rab mnga’ ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bodhyaṅgapuṣpa (843 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Master of Learning *thos pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *thos pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Sūryapriya. ## Master of Light *’od kyi dbang po*, Skt. *’od kyi dbang po*, Father of the buddha Sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha. ## Master of Meditation *bsam gtan dbang phyug*, Skt. *bsam gtan dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śrīgarbha. ## Master of Melodies *dbyangs mnga’*, Skt. *dbyangs mnga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnakīrti (143) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Master of Mental Composure *bsdu ba’i blo mnga’*, Skt. *bsdu ba’i blo mnga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anuddhata (479 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Master of Mind Without Contagion *rims nad med pa yi blo mnga’*, Skt. *rims nad med pa yi blo mnga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahātejas (450 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Master of Peace *zhi dbang*, Skt. *zhi dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Praśānta. ## Master of Purity *dag pa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *dag pa’i dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitābha. ## Master of Qualities *yon tan dbang phyug*, Skt. *yon tan dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Master of Retention *gzungs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *gzungs kyi dbang phyug*, Son of the buddha Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi. ## Master of Sages *drang srong dbang po*, Skt. *drang srong dbang po*, Father of the buddha Amoghavikramin. ## Master of the Gathering *tshogs dbang po*, Skt. *tshogs dbang po*, Father of the buddha Aparājita­dhvaja. ## Master of the Land *sa’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *sa’i dbang phyug*, Father of the buddha Sthāmaprāpta. ## Master of the Ocean with Noble and Playful Super-knowledge *rgya mtsho’i mchog mnga’ ba’i blos rnam par rol pa mngon par ’phags pa’i mgnon par mkhyen pa*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i mchog mnga’ ba’i blos rnam par rol pa mngon par ’phags pa’i mgnon par mkhyen pa*, A buddha that resides in a world system below our world called Adorned with Immaculate and Countless Precious Qualities. ## Master of the Three Realms *’jig rten gsum gyi bla ma*, Skt. *’jig rten gsum gyi bla ma*, Name of a buddha. ## Master of the World *’jig rten slob dpon*, Skt. *’jig rten slob dpon*, A buddha. ## Master of Wandering Beings *’gro ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *’gro ba’i dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anāvilārtha. ## Master of Wealth *’byor pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *’byor pa’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Ṛddhiketu. ## Master of Wisdom *ye shes dbang phyug*, Skt. *ye shes dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anuttarajñānin. ## Master of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs dbang po*, Skt. *brtul zhugs dbang po*, Father of the buddha Jñānarata. ## Master Scholar *mkhas pa*, Skt. *mkhas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Krakucchanda. ## Masterful Astrologer *skar mkhan mkhas pa*, Skt. *skar mkhan mkhas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jīvaka. ## Masterful Hand *lag dbang*, Skt. *lag dbang*, Father of the buddha Ugratejas. ## Masterful King *dbang sgyur rgyal po*, Skt. *dbang sgyur rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Muktaprabha (806 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Masterful Light *dbang po’i ’od*, Skt. *dbang po’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Jñānarata. ## Masterful Mode *dbang po’i ’gros*, Skt. *dbang po’i ’gros*, Mother of the buddha Sūryapriya. ## mastery *dbang phyug*, Skt. *aiśvarya*, The Sanskrit aiśvarya can be variously rendered as “sovereignty or supremacy, mastery, or might, superhuman power, or omnipotence, etc.” The term refers to the mastery or sovereignty of a buddha gained through the training on the Buddhist path to awakening and through the development of superhuman abilities or superknowledges (abhijñā) thereby, such as clairvoyance, the ability to read others’ minds, and other magical powers like the ability to walk through solid objects. ## Mastery over All Phenomena *chos thams cad la dbang byed pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad la dbang byed pa*, A bodhisattva. ## mastery over the senses *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhibhvāyatana*, Eight stages of mastery over the senses is a classic formula describing the process of stabilizing the mind through meditation. They are divided by form (attractive, unattractive, good, and bad) and color (white, red, yellow, and blue). ## mastic *pog*, Skt. *kunduru*, A resin from the mastic tree (Pistaci lentsicus), mainly cultivated from Greece to Persia, but was used in ancient India. Sanskrit dictionaries have conflated this with frankincense. ## Matala *ma ta la*, Skt. *matala*, A grove in Supreme Splendor. ## Matchless *dpe med pa*, Skt. *nirupamā*, Matchless (having no equal, peerless), also the twelfth bodhisattva level. ## Matchless Noble One *dpe med dpal*, The wife of a householder in this sūtra. ## material form *gzugs*, Skt. *rūpa*, One of the five aggregates, that which gives rise to physical qualities. ## material reality *rdzas*, Skt. *dravya*, Things that are not merely labelled through concepts or ideas but are actually capable of performing a function, e.g., form. ## material things *zang zing*, Skt. *āmiṣa*, Also translated here as “worldly concerns.” ## materialism *ril por ’dzin pa*, Skt. *piṇdagrāha*, The sense, which ordinarily binds us, of the “objective” solidity and physical reality of things. ## materialist *’jig rten rgyang phen pa*, Skt. *lokāyata*, An ancient Indian tradition of thought and practice that denies the existence of past and future lives. ## materialist doctrine A reference to the materialist doctrines espoused by the Lokāyatas, an ancient Indian school that only accepted the direct evidence of the senses and rejected the existence of a creator deity and other lifetimes. ## materialists *’jig rten rgyang pan pa*, Skt. *lokāyata*, A philosophical school founded by the legendary Bṛhaspati and headed by Ajita Keśakambalin at the time of the historical Buddha. The school taught that all phenomena in the universe are produced by the five main elements—earth, water, fire, wind, and space—and that all events occur randomly through the interaction of the elements’ properties. The highest goal in life can thus only be the maximization of sensual pleasure; since no human action can influence the course of nature, striving for virtuous behavior and better rebirth is denied as fruitless. See also Jamgön Kongtrül’s Light of the Sun, folios 3.a–3.b. ## materiality *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, Object of egoistic or materialist interest (satkāyadṛṣṭi). See “egoistic views.” ## Mathita *A south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra*, Skt. *mathita*, A south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra. ## Mathurā *ma dur na*, Skt. *mathurā*, A city approximately fifty kilometers north of present-day Agra in what is now the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. In this chapter, Mathurā is the location of the bodhisattva dwelling place called Satisfying Cave. ## Mati *blo gros*, Skt. *mati*, Friend of Buddha Śākyamuni’s previous incarnation Sumati. He became angry when he saw Buddha Dīpaṃkara step on Sumati’s hair, causing him to take rebirth as a hell being. ## Maticandrarāja *blo gros zla ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *maticandrarāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Maticintin *blo sems*, Skt. *maticintin*, The 991st buddha in the first list, 990th in the second list, and 982nd in the third list. ## Matidhara *blo gros ’chang*, Skt. *matidhara*, A bodhisattva. ## Matila The name of a king. ## Matimat A householder in the assembly of a past buddha, Vipaśyin, whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra; also the name of the Buddha Śākyamuni in a past life as a prince, mentioned at the end of this sūtra, though not in a section for which there is corresponding Sanskrit. ## Matirāja A bodhisattva who is one the sons of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra and predicted to become the future buddha Jyotis. The name attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Mativajra *blo gros rdo rje*, Skt. *mativajra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. See . ## Mativikrama A bodhisattva and interlocuter in The Dharma Council. ## matricide *ma bsad pa*, Skt. *mātṛghātaka*, One class of person barred from joining the renunciate order. ## Matsya *nya*, Skt. *matsya*, One of the avatars of Viṣṇu. ## matter *gzugs*, Skt. *rūpa*, The first of the five aggregates, defined in Abhidharma literature as anything comprised of the four major elements (earth, air, fire, and water), either alone or in combination. Also rendered here as “material form.” ## matter at hand *dris pa’i tshig*, Skt. *pṛṣṭavācika*, Before a formal gathering of the saṅgha, the matter at hand requiring the monks’ presence is announced. After this the gaṇḍī beam is struck to summon the monks to the meeting. ## maturity *skyon ma mchis pa*, Skt. *niyāma*, Used with respect to bodhisattva great beings. While “immaturity” (āma, skyon) suggests rawness—something that is uncooked, unrefined, and flawed—here the term “maturity” implies certitude, refinement, cooking, softening, and flawlessness. This rendering of skyon med pa incorporates the creative etymology of nyāma from ni plus āma (“raw”) rather than niyāma (“certainty”). ## maturity with respect to all phenomena *chos skyon med pa nyid*, Skt. *dharmanyāmatā*, See “maturity.” ## Maudgalyagotra *maud gal rigs*, Skt. *maudgalyagotra*, “Of the family of Mudgala.” Alternative name for Maudgalyāyana (descendant of Mudgala). One of the two principal pupils of the Buddha. ## Maudgalyāyana *mo'u 'gal gyi bu*, one of the two foremost [śrāvaka](#śrāvaka) [disciple](#disciple)s of [Śākyamuni Buddha](#śākyamuni). He was said to be the one who had the greatest miraculous powers. His relatives named him Maudgalyāyana in honor of his being a descendant of Mudgala. He is respectfully referred to as Mahāmaudgalyāyana. ## Maudgalyā­yana *maud gal gyi bu*, Skt. *maudgalyā­yana*, One of the principal hearer disciples of the Buddha, paired with Śāriputra, he was renowned for his miraculous powers. His family clan was descended from Mudgala, hence his name Maudgalyā­yana, “the son of Mudgala’s descendants.” Respectfully referred to as Mahā­maudgalyā­yana. ## Maudgalyāyana the Great One of the main disciples of the Buddha, perhaps best known for being paired with Śāriputra as one of the Buddha’s two chief disciples in some texts and for being acknowledged by the Buddha as foremost among his disciples in regard to superhuman powers. ## Maudgalyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## mauhūrtikā *yud tsam las byung ba*, Skt. *mauhūrtikā*, A class of spirits causing a brief disease. ## maulika Someone who lives on roots (mūla) or sells them, perhaps as a medical practitioner. Alternatively, the term might refer to the inhabitants of the Mūlaka kingdom, which was located in the Aurangabad region of Mahārāṣṭra and was named after its Ikṣvāku king Mūlaka. ## Maurya *mo’u r+ya*, Skt. *maurya*, Ancient Indian dynasty, c. 321–185 bce, whose empire covered most of India. ## Māṇḍavya The brahmin lineage that descends from the sage Maṇḍu. One of the lineages within the Ṛgveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Mayūra *rma bya*, Skt. *mayūra*, The 692nd buddha in the first list, 691st in the second list, and 682nd in the third list. ## Mayūraruta *rma bya’i nga ro*, Skt. *mayūraruta*, The 831st buddha in the first list, 830th in the second list, and 820th in the third list. ## mṛdaṅga drum *rdza rnga*, Skt. *mṛdaṅga*, A kettledrum played horizontally, wider in the middle, with the skin at both ends played with the hands. One drumhead is smaller than the other. It is a South Indian drum, and maintains the rhythm in Karnataka music. ## Mādhava *Identified as the Kadamba king Madhuvarman, contemporary with Mahendra*, Skt. *mādhava*, Identified as the Kadamba king Madhuvarman, contemporary with Mahendra. ## Mādhavāśrayā *khyab ’jug la brten ma*, Skt. *mādhavāśrayā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Mādhvava *dron pa can*, Skt. *mādhvava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Mādhyamika *dbu ma'i lam*, see [Middle Way](#middle-way). ## Mādhyandina *nyi ma’i gung*, Skt. *mādhyandina*, A certain sage who was third in the apostolic succession that carried on the Buddha’s teachings after his parinirvāṇa. ## Mādrī *rgyags sbyin ma*, Skt. *mādrī*, The wife of Prince Viśvantara. ## Mṛdutaruṇa­sparśa­gātra *reg na ’jam zhing gzhon pa’i lus*, Skt. *mṛdutaruṇa­sparśa­gātra*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Meṣa *lug*, Skt. *meṣa*, Aries (zodiac sign and constellation). ## Meaning Accomplished *don byas*, Skt. *don byas*, Father of the buddha Sthitārtha. ## Meaning Beyond Doubt *rnam par gdon mi za ba’i don*, Skt. *rnam par gdon mi za ba’i don*, Birthplace of the buddha Śāntārtha. ## Meaning Beyond Name *don yod ming rgal*, Skt. *don yod ming rgal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Meaningful *don ldan*, Skt. *don ldan*, Meaningful (having significance or purpose), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Guṇakūṭa. ## Meaningful Abiding *don gnas*, Skt. *don gnas*, Father of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Meaningful Action *don spyad*, Skt. *don spyad*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi. ## Meaningful Adherence *don gnas*, Skt. *don gnas*, Father of the buddha Sthitārtha­jñānin. ## Meaningful Armor *don yod go cha*, Skt. *don yod go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## meaningful behavior *don spyod pa*, Skt. *arthacarya*, One of the four ways of magnetizing disciples. ## Meaningful Contemplative *don legs sems*, Skt. *don legs sems*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Meaningful Diligence *don yod brtson ’grus*, Skt. *don yod brtson ’grus*, A great bodhisattva. ## Meaningful Diversity *don yod sna tshogs*, Skt. *don yod sna tshogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Meaningful Expression *brjod pa don yod*, Skt. *brjod pa don yod*, A buddha. ## Meaningful Fame *yongs bsgrags don yod*, Skt. *yongs bsgrags don yod*, A buddha. ## Meaningful Gift *don sbyin*, Skt. *don sbyin*, Son of the buddha Arthasiddhi. ## Meaningful Glory *don yod dpal*, Skt. *don yod dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Meaningful Intelligence *blo gros don yod*, Skt. *blo gros don yod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pradīparāja. ## Meaningful Joy *don dga’*, Skt. *don dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Sarvārtha­darśin. ## Meaningful Leader *don yod khyu mchog*, Skt. *don yod khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Meaningful Light *don gyi ’od*, Skt. *don gyi ’od*, Mother of the buddha Sthita­vega­jñāna. ## Meaningful Light Rays *don yod ’od zer*, Skt. *don yod ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Meaningful Mind *don yod sems*, Skt. *don yod sems*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Meaningful Qualities *yon tan don*, Skt. *yon tan don*, Father of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu. ## Meaningful Roar *don ldan nga ro*, Skt. *don ldan nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Meaningful Sound *don ldan sgra*, Skt. *don ldan sgra*, Birthplace of the buddha Arthabuddhi. ## Meaningful Speech *don smra*, Skt. *don smra*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśāntadoṣa. ## Meaningful Splendor *don dpal*, Skt. *don dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Meaningful Stage *don yod go ’phang*, Skt. *don yod go ’phang*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## meaningful statement *ched du brjod pa*, Skt. *udāna*, A formal mode of expression on a religious topic, often referring to one of the twelve divisions of the Buddhist scriptures. ## meaningful statements *ched du brjod pa*, Skt. *udāna*, A formal mode of expression, usually on a religious topic. ## Meaningful Steps *don yod stegs*, Skt. *don yod stegs*, Birthplace of the buddha Amogharaśmi. ## Meaningful Subduer *don yod rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *don yod rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Meaningful Subjugator *rnam par gnon pa don yod*, Skt. *rnam par gnon pa don yod*, A bodhisattva. ## Meaningful Teaching *yon tan smra*, Skt. *yon tan smra*, Mother of the buddha Pratibhāna­rāṣṭra. ## Meaningful Wish *don ’dod ma*, Skt. *don ’dod ma*, Mother of the buddha Jñānasāgara. ## Meaningful Worship *mchod don*, Skt. *mchod don*, Mother of the buddha Devaraśmi. ## Means *thabs*, see [skilful means](#skilful-means). ## means for gathering disciples *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṅgrahavastu*, Four things that a bodhisattva practices to bring living beings into their circle and to care for them spiritually: generosity, pleasant speech, beneficial conduct, and conduct that accords with what they teach. ## means of attracting disciples The four methods of attracting disciples are generosity (Tib. sbyin pa, Skt. dāna), pleasant speech (Tib. snyan par smra ba, Skt. priyavādita), helpfulness (Tib. don spyod pa, Skt. arthacaryā), and acting in a way that accords with the teachings (Tib. don ’thun pa, Skt. samānārthatā). ## means of attraction *bsdu ba*, Skt. *saṃgraha*, The means of attracting disciples: generosity, pleasant speech, beneficial conduct, and conduct that accords with the wishes of disciples. ## means of drawing others to oneself A traditional list of four qualities by means of which buddhas and bodhisattvas build a group followers: giving gifts (dāna), kind speech (priyavādita), acting for their benefit (arthacārya), and having the same goals as they do (samānārthatā) ## means of magnetizing *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṅgrahavastu*, These are traditionally listed as four: generosity, kind talk, meaningful actions, and practicing what one preaches. ## means of unification *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṃgrahavastu*, Four ways in which a bodhisattva forms a group of people united by the common aim of practicing the Dharma: giving (dāna); pleasant speech (priyavaditā); accomplishment of the aims (of others) by teaching Dharma (arthacaryā); and consistency of behavior with the teaching (samānārthatā). ## measure *bre’u chung*, Skt. *mānikā*, The Sanskrit mānikā is also a term used as a measure of weight for grains. It is usually defined as equal to two kuḍavas or eight palas, which is equivalent to about four hundred grams. In this text, however, it probably just refers to a “small amount,” as reflected in the Tibetan bre’u chung. ## Measure of the View *lta ba tshod*, Skt. *lta ba tshod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## Meatless Food Offering *sha med zas sbyin*, Skt. *sha med zas sbyin*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Medicinal Flower *sman gyi me tog*, Skt. *sman gyi me tog*, Son of the buddha Ratna. ## medicinal fruits *'bras bu'i sman*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## medicinal leaves *lo ma'i sman*, Skt. *viṭapabhaiṣajya*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## medicinal roots *rtsa ba'i sman*, Skt. *vṛntabhaiṣajya*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## medicinal stalks *sdong bu'i sman*, Skt. *daṇḍabhaṣajya*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Medicine *sman*, Skt. *sman*, Medicine (a substance used to treat illness), also the birthplace of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Medicine Buddha See [external source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru). ## Medicine Gift *sman sbyin*, Skt. *sman sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Meditate, meditation *sgom pa*, to let the mind rest on an object of contemplation or reflection, or to maintain the flow of the authentic [view](#view). ## meditation *bsam gtan*, Skt. *dhyāna*, Also called “(meditative) concentration,” “meditative state,” and a state of mind in which one is able to focus one’s attention single-pointedly on any suitable virtuous object without wavering (Rigzin 455). Closely related to meditative stabilization (samādhi). The term “meditation” has also been used in this translation to render sgom pa (meditation training) and ting nge ’dzin (meditative stabilization). ## Meditation Joy *bsam gtan dga’*, Skt. *bsam gtan dga’*, Father of the buddha Gautama. ## meditation manager *spong ba’i zhal ta byed pa*, Skt. *prahāṇa­pratijāgraka*, This monk manages the meditation residence. Their duties include sprinkling the floor of the meditation hall with water, sweeping it, spreading a fresh paste of dung over it, laying out the seats, cleaning the toilets, sprinkling water over their floor, sweeping them out, spreading a fresh paste of dung over them, and setting out piles of leaves, clods of dirt, earth, and water. ## meditation residence *spong khang*, Skt. *prahāṇaśālā*, This term refers both to the dwellings and communal structures like a meditation hall at a monastic site. More literally “shelter for exertion”, Kalyāṇamitra describes this as a “place for the cultivation of samādhi” (F.309.a: spong khang zhes bya ba ni bsam gtan sgom pa’i gnas so). Asaṅga’s Abhidharma­samuccaya uses the Skt. prahāṇa (Tib. spong ba) as “meditation” in the phrase samyakprahāṇa; Tib. yang dag par spong ba. On the Pāli correlate, padhāna, see Paravahera Vajirañāṇa Mahāthera 2022, p. 22. ## meditation training *sgom pa*, Skt. *bhāvanā*, Acquainting the mind with a virtuous object or mentally contemplating the Buddha’s teachings (Rigzin 75). Also translated here as “meditation.” ## meditation walkway *’chag pa*, Skt. *caṃkrama*, This is a straight walkway used for walking meditation, usually around forty feet long and often raised above the level of the ground. Monks walk up and down the length of it. ## meditative absorption *bsam gtan*, Skt. *dhyāna*, Designates mental states of deep concentration and the specific meditative practices leading to them. These states are characterized by a gradual withdrawal of one’s awareness from external sense data. There are four meditative absorptions associated with the form realm and four meditative absorption associated with the formless realm. In the course of the four meditative absorptions associated with the form realm, the meditator gradually eliminates the five hindrances (sensuous desire, ill will, sloth and torpor, restlessness and worry, and doubt) and cultivates the seven constituents of enlightenment (Skt. bodhyaṅga). In the four meditative absorptions associated with the formless realm, the meditator gradually refines the object of the fourth meditative absorption associated with the form realm to the point of the complete dissolution of subject-object differentiation. ## meditative absorption of neither perception nor non-perception *’du shes med min gyi snyoms ’jug*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñā­saṃjñāyatana*, Fourth of the four meditative absorptions. ## meditative absorption of the sense field of infinite consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched kyi snyoms ’jug*, Skt. *vi­jñānāntyāyatana*, Second of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## meditative absorption of the sense field of infinite space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched kyi snyoms ’jug*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, First of the four meditative absorptions. ## meditative absorption of the sense field of nothing-at-all *ci yang med pa’i skye mched kyi snyoms ’jug*, Skt. *a­kiṃ­canyāyatana*, Third of the four meditative absorptions. ## meditative attainment One of the synonyms for the meditative state, in terms of both the state itself and the various meditative states that serve as attainments along the path. ## meditative calm *zhi gnas*, Skt. *śamatha*, One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation that focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other being meditative insight (vipaśyanā; lhag mthong). ## meditative concentration *bsam gtan*, Skt. *dhyāna*, Meditative concentration is defined as the one-pointed abiding in an undistracted state of mind free from afflicted mental states. It is an advanced form of calm abiding, where often both calm abiding and penetrative insight may be present in perfect union. Four states of meditative concentration are identified as being conducive to birth within the world system of form, each of which has three phases of intensity. However, in the context‌ of the Great Vehicle, meditative concentration is the fifth of the six transcendent perfections. See also “four meditative concentrations” and . ## meditative concentration hand-mudrā *ting nge ’dzin phyag rgya*, Skt. *samādhimudrā*, A hand gesture that signifies the attainment of meditative concentration. ## meditative concentration of valiant progress *dpa’ bar ’gro ba’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *śuraṅgama­samādhi*, A special type of samādhi (meditative absorption). ## meditative equipoise *mnyam par bzhag pa*, Skt. *samāhita*, A state of deep concentration in which the mind is absorbed in its object to such degree that conceptual thought is suspended. It is sometimes interpreted as settling (āhita) the mind in equanimity (sama). ## Meditative Movement *bsam gtan ’gro*, Skt. *bsam gtan ’gro*, Son of the buddha Vajrasaṃhata. ## meditative seclusion *nang du yang dag ’jog*, Skt. *pratisaṃlayana*, This term can mean both physical seclusion and a meditative state of withdrawal. It often refers specifically to the practice of calm abiding (śamatha) and special insight (vipaśyanā). ## meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *samādhi*, A generic name for the meditative stabilities enumerated in the present sūtra. There are several sets of named meditative stabilities in the text: (a) an abbreviated set of 32 in chapter 4, -->; (b) a longer list of 119 in chapter 6, -->; (c) a similar list in chapter 8, -->, followed by an explanation of each; (d) a list of 51 manifested by Sadāprarudita in chapter 73, in -->; and (e) a further 24 in which Sadāprarudita establishes certainty in chapter 75, -->). Additional meditative stabilities are mentioned in other places in the text. These lists differ slightly from their equivalents in the other long Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras. ## meditative stability devoid of both ideation and scrutiny *mi rtog mi dpyod pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *avitarko’vicāra­samādhi*, Third of the second set of three meditative stabilities, see . ## meditative stability endowed with ideation and scrutiny *rtog pa dang bcas dpyod pa dang bcas pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *savitarka­savicāra­samādhi*, First of the second set of three meditative stabilities, see . ## meditative stability free from both ideation and scrutiny *mi rtog mi dpyod pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *a­vi­tarko'vi­cāra­samādhi*, Third of the three meditative stabilities. ## meditative stability free from ideation and endowed merely with scrutiny *rtog pa med la dpyod pa tsam gyi ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *avitarka­savicāra­mātra­samādhi*, Second of the second set of three meditative stabilities, see -->. ## meditative stability free from ideation and merely endowed with scrutiny *rtog pa med la dpyod pa tsam gyi ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *a­vi­tarka­savicāra­mātra­samādhi*, Second of the three meditative stabilities. ## meditative stabilization *ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *samādhi*, Also called “(meditative) concentration,” the ability of the mind to concentrate on a specific object of cognition for a length of time (Rigzin 144). Closely related to dhyāna. Also rendered here as “meditation.” ## meditative stabilization like a flash of lightning *glog lta bu’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *vidyutopama­samādhi*, Name of a meditative stabilization. ## meditative stabilization with applied and sustained thought *rtog pa dang bcas dpyod pa dang bcas pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *sa­vitarka­savicāra­samādhi*, See “meditative stabilization.” ## meditative stabilization without applied thought but with sustained thought *rtog pa med cing dpyod pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *a­vitarka­vicāra­mātra­samādhi*, See “meditative stabilization.” ## meditative stabilization without either applied or sustained thought *rtog pa yang med dpyod pa yang med pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *a­vitarkāvicāra­samādhi*, See “meditative stabilization.” ## meditative state *mnyam par bzhag pa*, Skt. *samāhita*, Literally meaning correct (samyak) acquisition (āpatti) of truth or reality, this is a term used in early Buddhism to refer to the succession of meditative states leading to the attainment of nirvāṇa. ## meditative state of totality *rgyas pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, There are ten of these meditative states in the Śrāvakayāna: through meditating individually on the four elements of earth, water, fire, and air, on the four colors blue, yellow, red, and white, on space, and on consciousness, one meditates that everything that exists becomes that element, or that color, or space, or consciousness. Elsewhere, including the Mahāvyutpatti, this is translated as zad par gyi skye mched. The Sanskrit kṛtsna means “totality,” while rgyas pa means “spread,” or “pervade,” and zad par means cessation, in that everything ceases within that element, color, etc. ## meditator *spong ba pa*, Skt. *prahāṇika*, A monastic engaged in the practice of “renunciation” or “abandonment” (Tib. spong ba, Skt. prahāṇa), which is taken to be a synecdoche for “meditation.” In this Chapter on the Restoration Rite, the meditation in question takes the form of a meditation on the impurity of the human body. See also . ## medium dichiliocosm *’jig rten gyi khams ’bring po stong gnyis pa*, Skt. *dvisāhasra lokadhātu*, A second-order universe comprising one thousand chiliocosms, according to traditional Indian cosmology. See also . ## Megha Lit. “Cloud.” A brahmin boy, a past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni during the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara, from whom he received a prophecy of his future awakening. In other iterations of the story he is known in Sanskrit as Sumati, and in Pali as Sumedha. ## Meghaśaktika *sprin mthu can*, Skt. *meghaśaktika*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Meghacandra *sprin zla*, Skt. *meghacandra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Meghacchatra *sprin gdugs*, Skt. *meghacchatra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Meghadhvaja *sprin tog*, Skt. *meghadhvaja*, The 965th buddha in the first list, 964th in the second list, and 955th in the third list. ## Megha­dundubhi­svara­rāja *sprin dang rnga sgra rgyal po*, Skt. *megha­dundubhi­svara­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. Also the name of a prince in the distant past. ## Megha­kūṭābhigarjitasvara *sprin brtsegs ’brug bsgrags dbyangs*, Skt. *megha­kūṭābhigarjitasvara*, A bodhisattva who resides in the Meghavatī world of the Thus-Gone One Megharāja’s buddha realm, and comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Meghalati *me g+ha la ti*, Skt. *meghalati*, A mountain in Jambudvīpa. ## Meghamāli *sprin gyi phreng can*, Skt. *meghamāli*, A yakṣa general. ## Meghamālin *sprin phreng can*, Skt. *meghamālin*, A virtuous nāga king. ## Meghanāda *’brug sgra*, Skt. *meghanāda*, Name of a nāga king; name of Rāvaṇa’s son in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Megha­nirghoṣa­svara *sprin gyi dbyangs kyi sgra*, Skt. *megha­nirghoṣa­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Meghaśrī *sprin gyi dpal*, Skt. *meghaśrī*, In chapter 4, the kalyāṇamitra bhikṣu in South India. In chapter 36, the name of a buddha in the distant past. In chapter 44, this is the name of a future buddha in this kalpa. BHS verse: Meghaśiri. ## Megharāja *’brug sgra rgyal po*, Skt. *megharāja*, A thus-gone one. ## Megharutaghoṣa *sprin sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *megharutaghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Meghasambhava *sprin byung*, Skt. *meghasambhava*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Meghasphuṭita *sprin las mngon byung*, Skt. *meghasphūdita*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Meghasvara *’brug sgra*, Skt. *meghasvara*, The 75th buddha in the first list, 75th in the second list, and 76th in the third list. ## Meghasvaradīpa *sprin sgra mar me*, Skt. *meghasvaradīpa*, A buddha in the northern direction. ## Meghasvararāja *sprin sgra rgyal po*, Skt. *meghasvararāja*, A buddha in the northern direction. Also the name of millions of buddhas in the distant past. ## Meghavatī A world mentioned in this sūtra as well as in the Lalitavistara. ## Meghavilambita *rnam par sprin mched*, Skt. *meghavilambita*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Megheśvararāja *sprin gyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *megheśvararāja*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Megholka *sprin ta la la*, Skt. *megholka*, A lord of the vināyakas. ## Mekala Source *me ka la ’byung ba*, Skt. *mekala*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Mekhalā *’og pag ma*, Skt. *mekhalā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; also a yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites. ## Mekhala *gser gyi ’og pag can*, Skt. *mekhala*, A yakṣa general. ## Mekhila *rgyan ’dzin*, Skt. *mekhila*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Mela *’dus pa*, Skt. *mela*, A nāga king. ## Melako *me la ko*, Skt. *melako*, A land in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Melodious *dbyangs can*, Skt. *dbyangs can*, Melodious (pleasant-sounding, tuneful), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one White as the Moon. ## Melodious Eloquence *spobs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *spobs pa’i dbyangs*, Short name of the buddha Proclaimer of the Melodious Thundering Roar of the Ornamental Beauty of Eloquence. ## Melodious Experience *snyan pa spyod pa*, Skt. *snyan pa spyod pa*, A location in Mutual Liking. ## Melodious King of Clouds The buddha of the Meghavatī world. Similar names are attested in other texts. For instance, the Lalitavistara names the buddha of this world as Cloud King (Megharāja) while the Gaṇḍavyūha makes reference to a bodhisattva by the name of Meghanirghoṣasvara (sprin gyi dbyangs kyi sgra). ## melodious narration *dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa*, Skt. *geya*, The repetition of prose passages in verse form. Literally “that which is to be chanted.” One of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma. ## Melodious Neighing *rta skad dbyangs*, Skt. *rta skad dbyangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Amitasvara. ## Melodious Roar *nga ro snyan*, Skt. *nga ro snyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃha (6) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Melodious Roar of Brahmā *tshangs dbyangs nga ro*, Skt. *tshangs dbyangs nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Melodious Song of the Earth *sa’i sgra dbyangs*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Melodious Teaching *rnam par sgrogs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *rnam par sgrogs pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhavikrāmin. ## Melodious Thunder *’brug sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *’brug sgra dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Janendra. ## Melodious Voice *dbyangs snyan*, Skt. *dbyangs snyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sucintitārtha (106 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Melody *sgra snyan*, Skt. *sgra snyan*, Melody (a tune or sequence of musical notes), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitabuddhi. ## Melody and Light *sgra dbyangs ’od*, Skt. *sgra dbyangs ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmaruta. ## Melody Factors *dbyangs kyi yan lag*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi yan lag*, Birthplace of the buddha Mañjughoṣa. ## Melody Gift *dbyangs byin*, Skt. *dbyangs byin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nakṣatrarāja (15) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Melody Joy *dbyangs dag dga’ ba*, Skt. *dbyangs dag dga’ ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Ghoṣadatta. ## Melody Lord *dbang po dbyangs*, Skt. *dbang po dbyangs*, Father of the buddha Adīnaghoṣa. ## Melody Lover *dbyangs sred*, Skt. *dbyangs sred*, Son of the buddha Mañjughoṣa. ## Melody of a Lotus *pad mo’i dbyangs*, Skt. *pad mo’i dbyangs*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Moon. ## Melody of Abiding by the Training *dul bar gnas pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dul bar gnas pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mañjughoṣa. ## Melody of Acumen *spobs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *spobs pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa. ## Melody of Categories *rnam grangs dbyangs*, Skt. *rnam grangs dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha (736 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Melody of Dharma Speech *chos smra dbyangs*, Skt. *chos smra dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Toṣaṇa. ## Melody of Excellent Qualities *yon tan gdangs snyan ma*, Skt. *yon tan gdangs snyan ma*, Mother of the buddha Yajñasvara. ## Melody of Excellent Sight *legs mthong dbyangs*, Skt. *legs mthong dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Hutārci. ## Melody of Fame *grags pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *grags pa’i dbyangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Garjitasvara. ## Melody of Fine Mind *nga ro yid bzang*, Skt. *nga ro yid bzang*, Mother of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Melody of Great Mastery *dbang phyug chen po’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dbang phyug chen po’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimuktilābhin. ## Melody of Insight *shes rab dbyangs*, Skt. *shes rab dbyangs*, Son of the buddha Ketudhvaja. ## Melody of Joy *dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi (720 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Melody of Knowledge *shes ldan dbyangs*, Skt. *shes ldan dbyangs*, Mother of the buddha Amitasvara. ## Melody of Learning *mkhas pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *mkhas pa’i nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Melody of Liberation *thar pa’i sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *thar pa’i sgra dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānaruta. ## Melody of Lions *seng ge’i dbyangs*, Skt. *seng ge’i dbyangs*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Nāgas. ## Melody of Powerful Movement *mthu chen ’gro ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *mthu chen ’gro ba’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vajradhvaja. ## Melody of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen dbyangs*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sucandra. ## Melody of the Definite Roar Beyond Marks *mtshan ma med pa’i nga ro nges pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *mtshan ma med pa’i nga ro nges pa’i dbyangs*, A buddha. ## Melody of the Earth *sa yi dbyangs*, Skt. *sa yi dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ghoṣadatta. ## Melody of the Mind of Supreme Divinity *lha mchog sems pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *lha mchog sems pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gandhābha. ## Melody of the Splendid Radiance Adorned with the Moon *zla bas rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid ’od zer dbyang*, Skt. *zla bas rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid ’od zer dbyang*, Son of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## Melody of the Teaching of the Truth *bden par smra ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *bden par smra ba’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Utpala. ## Melody of True Speech *bden smra dbyangs*, Skt. *bden smra dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Toṣaṇa. ## Melody of Truth *bden pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *bden pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimuktilābhin. ## Melody of Universal Joy *kun tu dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *kun tu dga’ ba’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Devaruta. ## Melody of Victory *rnam par rgyal ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *rnam par rgyal ba’i dbyangs*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Vanquisher of All Demons. ## Melody of Virtue *dge dbyangs*, Skt. *dge dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Durjaya. ## Melody That Conquers All the Throngs of Māras *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’joms pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’joms pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Melody That Eclipses All Types of Song *dbyangs kyi yan lag thams cad zil gyis gnon pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi yan lag thams cad zil gyis gnon pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Melody Vessel *dbyangs kyi snod*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi snod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arciṣmat (581 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Melong Dorje *me long rdo rje* (1243 - 1303), Tibetan [mahāsiddha](#mahāsiddha), the teacher of Kumaradza, [Longchenpa's](#longchenpa) teacher. ## melāpaka *’du ba*, Skt. *melāpaka*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## Member of the Family of Supreme Wisdom *ye shes mchog rigs ’dzin*, Skt. *ye shes mchog rigs ’dzin*, Son of the buddha Jitaśatru. ## Menā Skt. *menā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## mendicant *dge sbyong*, Skt. *śramaṇa*, A general term applied to spiritual practitioners who live as ascetic mendicants. In Buddhist texts the term usually refers to Buddhist monastics, but it can also designate a practitioner from other ascetic/monastic spiritual traditions. In this context śramaṇa is often contrasted with the term brāhmaṇa (bram ze), which refers broadly to followers of the Vedic tradition. Any renunciant, not just a Buddhist, could be referred to as a śramaṇa if they were not within the Vedic fold. ## mendicants and brahmins *dge sbyong dang bram ze*, Skt. *śramaṇa­brāhmaṇa*, A stock phrase used to refer broadly to two distinct systems of spiritual practice and religious orientation in early India. The term “mendicants” (śramaṇa; dge sbyong) refers to a person who follows religious systems that focus on asceticism, renunciation, and monasticism. Buddhism and Jainism, among numerous other such systems, are considered śramaṇa traditions. The term brahmin refers to a person who follows the Vedic tradition and its correlate religious systems that feature the ritual worship of brahmanical deities within the context of a householder lifestyle. ## mending rite *gso ba’i cho ga*, In the eight-chapter of The Tantra of Glorious Mahākāla (Toh 667), this ritual includes washing off the painting and other ritual implements one has used in the performance of a killing rite. ## mending ritual *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, The monastic procedure for confession of misdeeds and the restoration of vows. ## menial tasks *dman pa'i spyod pa*, A monk who has received a [punitive act](#punitive-act) must perform five kinds of menial deeds that entail his adopting the subservient role of a [penitent](#penitent). ## Menko *men ko*, Skt. *menko*, A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## menmo A Tibetan class of female nonhuman beings that are perhaps related to medicine (sman) and medical rites. There are numerous subcategories and specific groupings of menmo in Tibetan literature. ## mental affliction *nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *kleśa*, The mental states that cause unrest in the mind, distorting the view of reality. ## mental agitation *rgod pa*, Skt. *auddhatya*, Fifth of the five fetters associated with the higher realms. ## mental and physical pliancy *shin tu sbyangs pa*, Skt. *praśrabdhi*, One of the seven limbs of enlightenment. ## mental cognition *yid kyi rnam par shes pa*, Skt. *manovijñāna*, Just as the five sense cognitions occur on the basis of the five sense faculties, mental cognition is the cognition that occurs on the basis of the mind faculty. ## mental conditioning The reactive patterns of the mind. ## Mental Connection *sems dang ’brel*, Skt. *sems dang ’brel*, Birthplace of the buddha Kusumanetra. ## mental construct *rnam par rtog pa*, Skt. *saṃkalpa*, Any type of dualistic concept or idea. ## mental construction *kun tu rtog pa*, Skt. *kalpanā*, See “conceptualization.” ## mental disturbance *nyon mongs*, Skt. *kleśa*, Afflictive emotions. There are the 84,000 variations of mental disturbances for which the 84,000 categories of the Buddha’s teachings serve as the antidote. These mental disturbances can be subsumed into the three or five poisons of attachment, aversion, and ignorance plus arrogance and jealousy. ## mental elaboration *spros pa*, Skt. *prapañca*, This term denotes the presence of discursive or conceptual thought processes. Their absence or deconstruction is characteristic of the realization of emptiness or ultimate reality. ## mental engagement *rtog pa*, Skt. *vitarka*, Also translated here as “investigating.” ## mental factors A term used often in Abhidharma literature, which refers to phenomena that arise in the mind, or mental states. ## mental faculty *yid*, Skt. *manas*, The faculty that perceives mental phenomena. ## Mental Focus *yid gtod*, Skt. *yid gtod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suśītala (896 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## mental image *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, Also translated as “sign.” ## Mental Light *blo snang*, Skt. *blo snang*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nāgakrama (289 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## mental phenomena *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, The term dharma (chos) conveys ten different meanings, according to Vasubandhu’s. See also “Dharma.” ## mental quiescence *zhi gnas*, Skt. *śamatha*, “Mental quiescence” is a general term for all types of mind-practice, meditation, contemplation, concentration, etc., that cultivate one-pointedness of mind and lead to a state of peacefulness and freedom from concern with any sort of object. It is paired with “transcendental analysis” or “insight,” which combines the analytic faculty with this one-pointedness to reach high realizations such as the absence of self (see “transcendental analysis”). “Mental quiescence” and “transcendental analysis” were coined by E. Obermiller in his invaluable study “Prajṅa Pāramitā Doctrine, as Exposed in the Abhisamayālaṃkāra of Maitreya” (Acta Orientalia, Vol. XI [Heidelberg, 1932], pp. 1-134). ## Mental Stain *sems kyi dri ma*, Skt. *sems kyi dri ma*, A land in Godānīya. ## Mental Wealth *’byor pa’i blo*, Skt. *’byor pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja. ## mentation *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, The meaning of this term varies according to context; as one of the skandhas it means the entire array of negative, positive, and neutral mental activities. ## mercantile class *rje’u rigs*, Skt. *vaiśya­varṇa*, Third of the four classes of traditional Indian society. ## merchant caste The third caste in the brahmanical system of laws and customs concerning castes and stages of life (varṇāśrama­dharma). ## merchant class *rje’u rigs*, Skt. *vaiśyavarṇa*, Third of the four classes of traditional Indian society. ## mercury The name of a siddhi, and the substance related to that siddhi. ## Merūdgataśrī *ri bo shin tu mtho ba’i dpal*, Skt. *merūdgataśrī*, A world realm of ten thousand million worlds in the distant past. ## Merging *’dres pa’i tshal*, Skt. *’dres pa’i tshal*, Merging (blending or combining into one), also the name of a grove in the forest known as Incomparable. ## Merging of the Sindhū and the Sea *sin+d+hu dang rgya mtsho gnyis ’dre ba*, Skt. *sin+d+hu dang rgya mtsho gnyis ’dre ba*, An area to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## Merging with Awakening *byang chub dag la gzhol ba*, Skt. *byang chub dag la gzhol ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ketuprabha. ## Merging with Liberation *thar par gzhol*, Skt. *thar par gzhol*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśāntamala. ## Merging with Qualities *yon tan gzhol*, Skt. *yon tan gzhol*, Attendant of the buddha Amohavihārin. ## Merging with Wisdom *ye shes gzhol*, Skt. *ye shes gzhol*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñāgati. ## Merit *bsod nams*, Skt. *puṇya*, good [karma](#karma), the [energy](#energy) generated by [positive action](#positive-action)s of body, speech and mind. According to Garchen Rinpoche the [main cause of merit is love](https://youtu.be/-x4bg7OZfas?t=1868). ## Merit Accumulated *bsod nams tshogs*, Skt. *bsod nams tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Śaśivaktra. ## Merit Adornment *bsod nams rnam par brgyan*, Skt. *bsod nams rnam par brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Sudhana. ## Merit Array *bsod nams bkod*, Skt. *bsod nams bkod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajradhvaja (110 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Merit Banner *bsod nams rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bsod nams rgyal mtshan*, Father of the buddha Indradhvaja. ## Merit Circle *bsod nams ’khor*, Skt. *bsod nams ’khor*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmaruta. ## Merit Essence *bsod nams snying po*, Skt. *bsod nams snying po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhavāntadarśin (268 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Merit Flower *bsod nams me tog*, Skt. *bsod nams me tog*, Son of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Merit Fragrance *bsod nams spos ldan*, Skt. *bsod nams spos ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahādatta. ## Merit Gift *bsod nams byin*, Skt. *bsod nams byin*, Mother of the buddha Jñānavara. ## Merit Hand *bsod nams lag*, Skt. *bsod nams lag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nanda. ## Merit Increase *bsod nams ’phel*, Skt. *bsod nams ’phel*, Mother of the buddha Ratnacūḍa. ## Merit Joy *bsod nams dga’*, Skt. *bsod nams dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Merit Lamp *bsod nams sgron*, Skt. *bsod nams sgron*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tiṣya (27 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Merit Leader *bsod nams kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *bsod nams kha lo sgyur*, Father of the buddha Varabodhigati. ## merit of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i bsod nams*, Skt. *brahmāpuṇya*, Brahmic merit or pure merit refers to an extraordinary type of merit which leads to rebirth in the realm of Brahmā. ## Merit Ornament *bsod nams brgyan*, Skt. *bsod nams brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyatejas. ## Merit Radiance *bsod nams ’od zer*, Skt. *bsod nams ’od zer*, Mother of the buddha Puṇyābha. ## Merit Splendor *bsod nams gzi brjid*, Skt. *bsod nams gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anantayaśas. ## Merit Summit *bsod nams brtsegs*, Skt. *bsod nams brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kāśyapa. ## Merit Support *bsod nams mu stegs*, Skt. *bsod nams mu stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vikrama (519 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Merit Wish *bsod nams ’dod*, Skt. *bsod nams ’dod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Abhyudgata. ## Merit Worthy of Worship *bsod nams mchod ’os*, Skt. *bsod nams mchod ’os*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Meritorious *bsod nams ldan*, Skt. *bsod nams ldan*, Meritorious (deserving reward or praise), also the name of the mother of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## meritorious benefits *legs pa’i don*, In Tibetan, legs pa’i don is the equivalent of bsod nams (“merit”). ## Meritorious Friend *bsod nams bshes gnyen*, Skt. *bsod nams bshes gnyen*, Mother of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## Meritorious Incense *bsod nams spos*, Skt. *bsod nams spos*, Birthplace of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Meritorious Intelligence *bsod nams blo gros*, Skt. *bsod nams blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Śāntimati. ## Meritorious Light *bsod nams ’od*, Skt. *bsod nams ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Meru *lhun po*, Skt. *meru*, Early Mahāyāna sūtras identify this as separate from Sumeru, the mountain at the center of the world. This refers to a legendary mountain in such epics as the Mahābhārata, which, while sacred, is not situated in the world’s center. This is presumably identical to the Mount Meru that is the source of one of the two main tributaries of the Ganges and lies within the territory of India. ## Meru, Mount *ri rgyal po ri rab*, immense mountain, wider at the top than at the bottom, around which the four continents of the world are disposed, according to ancient Indian cosmology. ## Merudatta *lhun pos byin*, Skt. *lhun pos byin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Merudhvaja *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *merudhvaja*, Buddhafield beyond buddhafields as numerous as the sands of thirty-six Ganges rivers, administered by the Buddha Meru­pradīpa­rāja, whence Vimalakīrti obtains the lion-thrones on which he seats his visitors. ## Merudhvajapāṇi *phyag na lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *merudhvajapāṇi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Merudhvajaśri *ri rab rgyal mtshan dpal*, Skt. *merudhvajaśri*, The fifty-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Merudhvajaśiri. ## Merudāra *lhun po’i lto*, Skt. *merudāra*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Meru’s Inner Chamber.” ## Merugandha *me ro gan dha*, Skt. *merugandha*, A past buddha who lived countless eons ago. ## Meruśikhara­dhara *ri rab rtse ’dzin*, Skt. *meruśikhara­dhara*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Meru­śikhara­kūṭāgārādhāraṇī *lhun po’i rtse mo’i khang pa brtsegs pa’ gzungs*, Skt. *meru­śikhara­kūṭāgāra­dhāraṇī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Meruśikhariṃdhara *lhun po rtse ’dzin*, Skt. *meruśikhariṃdhara*, The name of a bodhisattva who had prayed to be a buddha in a kaliyuga and by the time of the Buddha Ratnagarbha had become the Buddha Jñāna­kusumavi­raja­samucchraya­bodhīśvara and passed into nirvana. ## Merukūṭa *lhun po brtsegs*, Skt. *merukūṭa*, The 259th buddha in the first list, 258th in the second list, and 258th in the third list. ## Merukalpa *ri rab ’dra ba*, Skt. *merukalpa*, Lit. “axial mountain–like.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Meru-like *ri rab lta bu*, Skt. *ri rab lta bu*, A great bodhisattva. ## Meruprabhā *lhun po’i ’od*, Skt. *meruprabhā*, Sixty intermediate eons after Indraghoṣeśvararāja has passed into parinirvāṇa and his dharma has come too an end, the buddha realm Indrasuvirājitā will be named Meruprabhā. The Tathāgata Acintyamatiguṇarāja will reside in this buddha realm and give teachings. ## Meruprabha *lhun po’i ’od*, Skt. *meruprabha*, The 883rd buddha in the first list, 882nd in the second list, and 873rd in the third list. ## Merupradīpa *lhun po’i sgron ma*, Skt. *merupradīpa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Meru­pradīpa­rāja *lhun po’i sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *meru­pradīpa­rāja*, Buddha of the universe Merudhvaja. ## Merupratiṣṭhita *’gro ba’i dbang phyug sA la’i dbang po*, Skt. *merupratiṣṭhita*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Merupuṇya *bsod nams lhun po*, Skt. *merupuṇya*, A yakṣa ṛṣi who promises Śākyamuni that he will promulgate The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra in the future. ## Meruśrī *lhun po’i dpal*, Skt. *meruśrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Meruraśmi *lhun po’i ’od zer*, Skt. *meruraśmi*, The 336th buddha in the first list, 335th in the second list, and 330th in the third list. ## Meru­śrī­garbha *ri rab dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *meru­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Merurāja *lhun po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *merurāja*, A buddha in a northeastern realm who sends bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Meruśrīkalpa *lhun po’i dpal lta bu*, Skt. *meruśrīkalpa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Meruskandha *ri rab phung po*, Skt. *meruskandha*, A buddha. ## Meru­svara­sandarśana­meru *lhun dbyangs lhun po yang dag ston*, Skt. *meru­svara­sandarśana­meru*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. He is not mentioned anywhere else in the Kangyur. ## Meruvara *ri rab mchog*, Skt. *meruvara*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## meru­vicitra *ri rab sna tshogs*, Skt. *meru­vicitra*, Lit. “variegated axial mountain.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Meru­viśuddha­vyūha­dhvajā *ri rab rnam par dag pa’i rgyan gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *meru­viśuddha­vyūha­dhvajā*, A royal city in the distant past. ## Meruyaśas *lhun po grags*, Skt. *meruyaśas*, The 287th buddha in the first list, 286th in the second list, and 286th in the third list. ## Mervabhyudgata­rāja *ri rab ltar mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mervabhyudgata­rāja*, A buddha of a past eon. ## Mervarciśrī *dpal gyi ri ’od ’phro’i dpal*, Skt. *mervarciśrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Meruarciśiri. ## Metallic Fire *lcags kyi me*, Skt. *ayo’gninaraka*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. Alternatively referred to as Heap of Live Coals of Iron-dust (lcags kyi phye ma me ma dag gi ra ba). ## Meteor *me sgron*, Skt. *ulkā*, Meteor (a shooting star, a body burning in the atmosphere), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Source of Gold. ## Meteor Wish *skar mda’ ’dod*, Skt. *skar mda’ ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Supakṣa. ## method *thabs*, Skt. *upāya*, Method or skillful means. In the context of this text, a method for quelling the suffering of pretas. ## method of attraction *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṃgrahavastu*, The four methods of attracting disciples are generosity (Tib. sbyin pa, Skt. dāna), pleasant speech (Tib. snyan par smra ba, Skt. priyavādita), helpfulness (Tib. don spyod pa, Skt. arthacaryā), and acting in a way that accords with the teachings (Tib. don ’thun pa, Skt. samānārthatā). ## methods for bringing people together See “four methods for bringing people together.” ## methods of attracting disciples *bsdu ba*, Skt. *saṃgraha*, Generosity, pleasant speech, beneficial conduct, and conduct that accords with the wishes of disciples. ## methods of gathering pupils *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṃgrahavastu*, The four methods of attracting pupils are generosity, pleasant speech, beneficial conduct, and conduct that accords with the wishes of pupils. ## Mṛga Skt. *mṛga*, An ancient king of Vaiśālī. ## māgaṭa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Mṛgadāva *ri dags kyi nags*, Skt. *mṛgadāva*, The forest on the Hill of the Fallen Sages, located outside of Vārāṇasī, known as Deer Park. This is the place where the Buddha turned the wheel of Dharma for the first time. ## Mṛgaśirā *mgo*, Skt. *mṛgaśirā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Lambda Orionis in the occidental tradition. ## Mṛgaśiras *ri dags mgo*, Skt. *mṛgaśiras*, Close Śravaka disciple of the Buddha. ## Mṛgaśīrṣa *ri dags mgo*, Skt. *mṛgaśīrṣa*, A nāga king. ## Mṛgavratin *ri dags kyi brtul zhugs*, Skt. *mṛgavratin*, A group of ascetics who took vows to live as deer, draping themselves in deerskin, carrying about horns, and residing in close proximity to deer. ## Māgha The eleventh lunar month that falls within the period of January–February, when the full moon is in the Maghā asterism. ## Mṛgila *tshol ba’i tshul can*, Skt. *mṛgila*, A great nāga. ## Mṛgāra *ri dags ’dzin*, Skt. *mṛgāra*, One of King Prasenajit’s two chief ministers in Śrāvastī. ## Mṛgāramātā *ri dags ’dzin gyi ma*, Skt. *mṛgāramātā*, The main female disciple of the Buddha, also known as Viśākhā. She was the daughter-in-law of the chief minister of Śrāvastī named Mṛgāra and also his teacher, which led him to call her “mother.” ## Mṛgāraputra *ri dags bu*, Skt. *mṛgāraputra*, Another name of Kāla Mṛgāraputra, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Mṛgāra’s mother *ri dags ’dzin gyi ma*, Skt. *mṛgāramātṛ*, This is the nickname of an upāsikā (female lay practitioner), actually called Viśākhā, who is sometimes considered the most prominent among female lay followers of the Buddha. She had married the son of a man called Mṛgāra, who was originally a Jaina but went to meet the Buddha and even became a stream enterer thanks to her. Feeling indebted to her, he said that she was like his mother, which is the origin of the nickname. ## Mṛgāyaṇīya The name of a family lineage. ## Mīḍhapāṣāṇa *rdo ba mi gtsang ba*, Skt. *mīḍhapāṣāṇa*, Unidentified mountains. ## Māṭhara *gnas len gyi bu*, Skt. *māṭhara*, A learned [brahmin](#brahmin) and author of "Māṭhara's Treatise." He was also the grandfather of [Upatiṣya](#upatiṣya), that is [Śāriputra](#śāriputra). ## Māheśvarī *dbang phyug chen po ma*, Skt. *māheśvarī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Māhilla *maha’i NaM*, Skt. *māhilla*, A vetāla in one of the variants of the maṇḍala of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. ## Māṣṭi *rting par ldan*, Skt. *māṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## Miṣa *gran med*, Skt. *miṣa*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Māṇibhadra *nor bu bzang*, Skt. *māṇibhadra*, A yakṣa general, the brother of Kubera. Note that the Tibetan translation gives nor bu bzang for both Māṇibhadra and Maṇibhadra. (Toh 555: rin chen bzang) ## mica A ritual substance. ## Māṇicara *nor bu spyod*, Skt. *māṇicara*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Middha *grub pa*, Skt. *middha*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. The Tibetan translates the term siddha. ## middle channel *kun ’dar ma*, Skt. *avadhūtī*, Also rendered in this translation as “avadhūtī.” ## Middle Country *yul dbus*, Skt. *madhyadeśa*, Most of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s life and ministry took place in the Middle Country. Its land extended to the Likara Forest in the east; the city of Śarāvatī and the Śarāvatī River in the south; the [brahmin](#brahmin) towns of Sthūṇa and Upasthūṇa in the west; and Uśīragiri in the north. ## Middle Village *dbus kyi grong*, Skt. *dbus kyi grong*, A village. ## Middle Way *dbu ma'i lam*, Skt. *mādhyamika*, teaching on [emptiness](#emptiness) first expounded by [Nāgārjuna](#nāgārjuna) and considered to be the basis of the [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna). "Middle" [means](#means) that it is beyond the extreme points of [view](#view) of [nihilism](#nihilism) and [eternalism](#eternalism). ## midland region *yul dbus*, Skt. *madhyadeśa*, The central part of the continent of Jambu. ## midnight horror *sho na ka*, Skt. *śyonāka*, Oroxylum indicum. ## Mighty *stobs po che*, Skt. *mahābala*, Mighty (very strong or powerful), also the name of a member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## mighty exterminators *zad par byed pa dpa’ ba*, Skt. *zad par byed pa dpa’ ba*, Parasites that are said to live inside women’s wombs. ## Mighty Eye of the North *byang phyogs kyi stobs kyi mig*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣa­balacakṣus*, A member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## mighty helmet *dbu rmog btsan pa*, Skt. *dbu rmog btsan pa*, A martial metaphor for the territory that falls under the rule of a particular king. See also . ## mighty nāga *glang po chen po*, Skt. *mahānāga*, This term, meaning “elephant” in this context‌, is a metaphor, suggesting that those present in the assembly were leaders of considerable stature rather than followers. ## mighty sage *drang srong chen po*, Skt. *maharṣi*, Here used as an epithet of the Buddha. ## mighty with the ten powers *stobs bcu’i stobs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *daśabalabalin*, An epithet of a buddha. In one enumeration, the ten powers are (1) knowing what is possible and what is not possible; (2) knowing the results of actions; (3) knowing the aspirations of beings; (4) knowing the elements; (5) knowing the higher and lower powers of beings; (6) knowing the paths that lead everywhere; (7) knowing the dhyānas, liberations, absorptions, and equilibriums; (8) knowing previous lives; (9) the knowledge of transference and death; and (10) knowing that the defilements are exhausted. ## Miṇḍhaka *lug*, Skt. *miṇḍhaka*, A householder. ## Mikyö Dorjé The eighth Karmapa (1507–54), he was renowned for his scholarship and artistic ability. ## Milarepa see [Jetsun Mila](#jetsun-mila). ## Milaspharaṇa *rgyas par ’gengs pa*, Skt. *milaspharaṇa*, A place at the southernmost tip of India. ## Milky River *’o ma’i chu*, Skt. *’o ma’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Milky Sea *’o ma’i chu*, Skt. *’o ma’i chu*, An ocean between Godānīya and Videha. ## Milky Waters *’o ma’i chu*, Skt. *’o ma’i chu*, A sea to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## million world systems *stong gnyis kyi ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *dvi­sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, A “twice thousandfold world system,” i.e., a millionfold universe. ## millionfold world system *’jig rten gyi khams ’bring po stong gnyis pa*, Skt. *dvisāhasralokadhātu*, According to traditional Indian cosmology, a universe comprising one thousand thousandfold world systems. ## Minced up by Raining Loops of Wire *srad bu’i rgyud dkrugs pa*, Skt. *tantu­varṣa­māloddhṛta*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## mind *sems*, Skt. *citta*, Also translated here as “mindset” and “thought.” ## Mind Adornment *blo brgyan ma*, Skt. *blo brgyan ma*, Mother of the buddha Maṇḍita. ## mind containing all the seeds *sa bon thams cad pa’i sems*, Skt. *sarvabījaṃ cittam*, Schmithausen translates this term with “all-seed mind,” which can mean both “mind containing all the seeds” or “mind consisting of all the seeds.” See Schmithausen 2014, p. 65, n. 221. ## mind controlling *sems la dbang byed pa*, Skt. *sems la dbang byed pa*, An absorption. ## Mind Crest *blo yi tog*, Skt. *blo yi tog*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Mind Enchanting *yid ’phrog*, Skt. *yid ’phrog*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Mind Endowed with Qualities *yon tan sems*, Skt. *yon tan sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Avabhāsadarśin (877 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind Free from Arrogance *khengs pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *khengs pa med pa’i blo*, Father of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## Mind Free from Defilements *nyon mongs med blo*, Skt. *nyon mongs med blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Muniprasanna (605 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind Free from Delusion *blo mi ’khrul*, Skt. *blo mi ’khrul*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vṛṣabha (461 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind Free from the Contagions *rims med blo ldan*, Skt. *rims med blo ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratāpa (745 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind Illuminating Bodhisattva Great Beings in the Ways of the Realm of Phenomena *byang chub sems dpa’ sems dpa’ chen po chos kyi dbyings kyi tshul snang ba’i blo*, Skt. *byang chub sems dpa’ sems dpa’ chen po chos kyi dbyings kyi tshul snang ba’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind Illuminating the Three Times *dus gsum snang ba’i blo*, Skt. *dus gsum snang ba’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind Instilling Faith *dad par byed pa’i blo*, Skt. *dad par byed pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anāvilārtha. ## Mind Intent on Accomplishing the Symbols of Form *gzugs kyi brda sgrub par sems pa*, Skt. *gzugs kyi brda sgrub par sems pa*, Attendant of the buddha Vararūpa. ## Mind Intent on Perfecting the Accomplishment of the Symbols of Form *gzugs kyi brda sgrub pa pha rol tu phyin par sems pa*, Skt. *gzugs kyi brda sgrub pa pha rol tu phyin par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vararūpa. ## Mind Like Gems *rin po che’i blo*, Skt. *rin po che’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind lineage of the Conquerors *rgyal ba dgongs brgyud*, lineage of transmission of the teachings from mind to mind. ## Mind Missing Nothing *lus pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *lus pa med pa’i blo*, Father of the buddha Gaṇimuktirāja. ## Mind of Accomplishment *don grub blo*, Skt. *don grub blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhahanu (142) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of Acumen *spobs pa sems*, Skt. *spobs pa sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharma­pradīpākṣa. ## mind of awakening *byang chub kyi sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, In the general Mahāyāna teachings, the mind of awakening is the intention or the strong aspiration to attain awakening for the sake of all sentient beings. Its two aspects on the relative level of truth are famously summarized in Śāntideva’s Bodhicaryāvatāra (chapter 1, verses 15, 16). The mind of awakening is known in brief to have two aspects: First, there is aspiring, or the mind of awakening in intention; then there is the active mind of awakening, or practical engagement. These correspond to the wish to go and then actually setting out. On the level of absolute truth, the mind of awakening is the realization of emptiness. ## Mind of Blooming Flowers of a Hundred Thousand Virtues *dge ba brgya stong gi me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *dge ba brgya stong gi me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Mind of Certainty *nges pa’i blo*, Skt. *nges pa’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vijitāvin (86 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of Dauntless Courage *snying stobs zhum pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *snying stobs zhum pa med pa’i blo*, Son of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Mind of Detachment *chags med sems*, Skt. *chags med sems*, Attendant of the buddha Vimuktacūḍa. ## Mind of Divine Faith *lha dad sems*, Skt. *lha dad sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa. ## mind of enlightenment *byang chub kyi sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, The intention or the strong aspiration to attain enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings. Its two aspects on the relative level of truth are famously summarized in Śāntideva’s Bodhi­caryāvatāra (ch. 1, verses 15, 16): “15. Bodhichitta, the awakened mind, / Is known in brief to have two aspects: / First, aspiring, bodhichitta in intention; / Then active bodhichitta, practical engagement. 16. As corresponding to the wish to go / And then to setting out, / The wise should understand respectively / The difference that divides these two.” (tr. Padmakara Translation Group, The Way of the Bodhisattva, Boston: Shambala, 2011). On the level of absolute truth, mind of enlightenment means the realization of emptiness. ## Mind of Excellent Accumulation *legs pa bsags pa’i blo*, Skt. *legs pa bsags pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Varabuddhi. ## Mind of Excellent Adherence *dgongs pa legs gnas*, Skt. *dgongs pa legs gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa (822 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of Excellent Qualities *yon tan sems*, Skt. *yon tan sems*, Son of the buddha Vikrāntagāmin. ## Mind of Excellent Thought *legs bsams sems*, Skt. *legs bsams sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇḍita. ## Mind of Expertise *mkhas blo ma*, Skt. *mkhas blo ma*, Mother of the buddha Praśāntagati. ## Mind of Famed Intelligence *blo gros grags pa sems*, Skt. *blo gros grags pa sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## Mind of Great Compassion *snying rje chen po sems pa*, Skt. *snying rje chen po sems pa*, A bodhisattva in the southwestern buddhafield Virtuous Eye. ## Mind of Immense Power *rlabs po che’i blo*, Skt. *rlabs po che’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind of Immense Wisdom *ye shes lhun po’i blo*, Skt. *ye shes lhun po’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind of Inexhaustible Symbols and Language *brda skad zad mi shes pa’i blo can*, Skt. *brda skad zad mi shes pa’i blo can*, Attendant of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## Mind of Infinite Love *byams pa mtha’ yas blo*, Skt. *byams pa mtha’ yas blo*, Attendant of the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara. ## Mind of Insight and Aspiration *shes rab smon lam sems*, Skt. *shes rab smon lam sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## Mind of Joy *dga’ ba’i sems*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i sems*, Son of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Mind of Liberation *thar pa sems*, Skt. *thar pa sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puruṣadatta. ## Mind of Lion-Like Yogic Discipline *seng ge’i brtul zhugs blo*, Skt. *seng ge’i brtul zhugs blo*, Father of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Mind of Love *byams pa’i blo*, Skt. *byams pa’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhuguhya (356 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of Luminous Qualities and Fragrance *yon tan spos ’od blo*, Skt. *yon tan spos ’od blo*, Attendant of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Mind of Melodious Song *glu dbyangs sems pa*, Skt. *glu dbyangs sems pa*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānakośa. ## Mind of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i sems*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i sems*, Mother of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Mind of Non-Attachment *chags pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## mind of omniscience *thams cad mkhyen pa’i sems*, Term closely related to and often used as a synonym for bodhicitta. See “mind of awakening.” ## Mind of Power *mthu rtsal sems*, Skt. *mthu rtsal sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Mind of Purification *nam par sangs pa’i blo*, Skt. *nam par sangs pa’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind of Purity *dri ma med pa’i blo*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind of Qualities *yon tan blo*, Skt. *yon tan blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Lokacandra (387 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of Reason *yid ’thad*, Skt. *yid ’thad*, Attendant of the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga. ## Mind of Renunciation *nges byung blo*, Skt. *nges byung blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigatamala (193 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of Seeing *mthong ba sems*, Skt. *mthong ba sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Mind of Shining Qualities *yon tan snang ba’i sems*, Skt. *yon tan snang ba’i sems*, Attendant of the buddha Siddhi. ## Mind of Space *nam mkha’i blo*, Skt. *nam mkha’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Mind of Stainless Luminosity *’od gsal dri med sems*, Skt. *’od gsal dri med sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vidvat. ## Mind of the Array of Melodies *dbyangs snyan bkod pa’i sems*, Skt. *dbyangs snyan bkod pa’i sems*, Son of the buddha Uttīrṇapaṅka. ## Mind of the Capable *dbang po’i yid*, Skt. *dbang po’i yid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## Mind of the Emerging Crest of Stainless Light *dri med ’od ’phro tog ’byung blo*, Skt. *dri med ’od ’phro tog ’byung blo*, Son of the buddha Sūrya. ## Mind of the Equality of the Three Times *dus gsum mnyam nyid blo*, Skt. *dus gsum mnyam nyid blo*, Mother of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## Mind of the Infinite *dpag tu med par sems*, Skt. *dpag tu med par sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## Mind of the King of Mountains *ri dbang blo*, Skt. *ri dbang blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sugandha (957 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mind of the Teacher of the Luminous Peak *ston pa gsal bar brtsegs pa’i sems*, Skt. *ston pa gsal bar brtsegs pa’i sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vijita. ## Mind of True Meaning *yang dag don sems*, Skt. *yang dag don sems*, Father of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Mind of Truth *bden pa’i blo*, Skt. *bden pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nandeśvara. ## Mind of Universal Retention *kun tu ’dzin pa’i blo*, Skt. *kun tu ’dzin pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Baladatta. ## Mind of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs sems*, Skt. *brtul zhugs sems*, Father of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Mind Power *blo mthu*, Skt. *blo mthu*, Attendant of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## mind set on awakening *byang chub kyi sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, The determination to attain unsurpassable, truly complete awakening for the sake of all sentient beings. ## mind set on omniscience *thams cad mkhyen pa nyid kyi sems*, A term closely related to and often used as a synonym for bodhicitta. See “mind set on awakening.” ## mind set upon unsurpassed awakening *bla na med pa’i byang chub tu sems*, Skt. *anuttara­bodhi­citta*, The resolution to seek the highest level of enlightenment. ## Mind That Accomplishes the Immutable Stage *g.yo ba med pa’i go ’phang rnam par gnon pa’i sems*, Skt. *g.yo ba med pa’i go ’phang rnam par gnon pa’i sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## Mind That Accomplishes the Unfathomable Array *bkod pa dpag tu med pa sgrub par sems pa*, Skt. *bkod pa dpag tu med pa sgrub par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tejorāja. ## Mind Trained and Purified through Insight *shes rab kyis rnam par bsgoms shing sbyangs pa’i sems*, Skt. *shes rab kyis rnam par bsgoms shing sbyangs pa’i sems*, Attendant of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Mind with the Intelligence of the Royal Master of Fragrances *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po’i blo can sems*, Skt. *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po’i blo can sems*, Son of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Mind without Delusion *’khrul pa med par sems*, Skt. *’khrul pa med par sems*, Son of the buddha Janendra. ## Mind without Discord *mi ’thun pa med pa’i sems*, Skt. *mi ’thun pa med pa’i sems*, Father of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Mind Without Doubt *gdon mi za ba’i blo*, Skt. *gdon mi za ba’i blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amitayaśas. ## Mind without Torment *zug rngu med pa’i blo*, Skt. *zug rngu med pa’i blo*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Slope of Mount Sumeru. ## Mindful *dran ldan*, Skt. *dran ldan*, Mindful (attentive and aware), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Asamabuddhi. ## Mindful Intellect *dran pa’i blo can*, Skt. *dran pa’i blo can*, A monk living in the world system in which the Dharma of the Buddha Jñānaprabhā proliferated. ## mindfulness *dran pa*, Skt. *smṛti*, This is the faculty that enables the mind to maintain its attention on a referent object, counteracting the arising of forgetfulness, which is a great obstacle to meditative stability. Together with alertness, mindfulness is one of the two indispensable factors for the development of calm abiding (Skt. śamatha). Also translated here as “recollection.” ## Mindfulness Companion *dran grogs*, Skt. *dran grogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anihata. ## mindfulness of death *’chi ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *mṛtyanusmṛti*, Ninth of the ten mindfulnesses. ## mindfulness of discipline *tshul khrims rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *śīlānusmṛti*, Fourth of the ten mindfulnesses (Tib. rjes su dran pa bcu, Skt. daśānusmṛti). One of six mindfulnesses mentioned in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## mindfulness of disillusionment *skyo ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *udvegānusmṛti*, Seventh of the ten mindfulnesses. In some texts (see Twenty-Five Thousand, ) this item of the ten is replaced by the mindfulness of quiescence (vyupaśamānusmṛti, nye bar zhi ba rjes su dran pa). ## mindfulness of ethical discipline *tshul khrims rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *śīlānusmṛti*, Fourth of the ten mindfulnesses. ## mindfulness of generosity *gtong ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *tyāgānusmṛti*, Fifth of the ten mindfulnesses (Tib. rjes su dran pa bcu, Skt. daśānusmṛti). One of six mindfulnesses mentioned in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## mindfulness of giving away *gtong ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *tyāgānusmṛti*, Fifth of the ten mindfulnesses. ## mindfulness of inhalation and exhalation with sixteen aspects *dbugs dbyung ba dang rngub pa rjes su dran pa rnam pa bcu drug*, Skt. *ṣoḍaśākārānāpānānusmṛti*, A method of meditation that requires the practitioner to be aware of different aspects of the breath and what accompanies it. ## mindfulness of the body *lus kyi rnam pa rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *kāya­gatānusmṛti*, Tenth of the ten mindfulnesses. ## mindfulness of the Buddha *sangs rgyas rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *buddhānusmṛti*, A practice common to all Buddhist traditions that involves taking a buddha such as the Buddha Śākyamuni or Amitābha as one’s meditative object. Pali buddhānussati.First of the ten mindfulnesses (Tib. rjes su dran pa bcu, Skt. daśānusmṛti). One of six mindfulnesses mentioned in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## mindfulness of the Dharma *chos rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *dharmānusmṛti*, Second of the ten mindfulnesses (Tib. rjes su dran pa bcu, Skt. daśānusmṛti). One of six mindfulnesses mentioned in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## mindfulness of the gods *lha rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *devānusmṛti*, Sixth of the ten mindfulnesses (Tib. rjes su dran pa bcu, Skt. daśānusmṛti). One of six mindfulnesses mentioned in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## mindfulness of the inhalation and exhalation of breath *dbugs phyi nang du rgyu ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *āśvāsa­praśvāsānusmṛti*, Eighth of the ten mindfulnesses. ## mindfulness of the Saṅgha *dge ’dun rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *saṅghānusmṛti*, Third of the ten mindfulnesses (Tib. rjes su dran pa bcu, Skt. daśānusmṛti). One of six mindfulnesses mentioned in The Questions of the Nāga King Anavatapta. ## mindfulness that observes the body One of the four applications of mindfulness. In this text, mindfulness of the body is the single quality that ensures quick progression toward the full awakening of a buddha. ## mindset *sems*, Skt. *citta*, Also translated here as “mind” and “thought.” ## Ming Emperor Yongle The third Ming Emperor, Yongle (1360–1424) ruled China from 1402 until his death. He was a patron of Tibetan Buddhism and sponsored the first block-print edition of the Kangyur, known as the Yongle edition, printed in Beijing in 1410. ## Minling Terchen *smin gling gter chen*, Skt. *smin gling gter chen*, Gyurme Dorje (’gyur med rdo rje), the first throneholder of Mindroling (smin grol gling), also known as Terdak Lingpa (gter bdag gling pa), a great scholar, author, and discoverer of spiritual treasures (1646–1714). ## minor mark See “eighty minor marks.” ## minor marks *dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *anuvyañjana*, See “eighty excellent minor marks.” ## minor sign *dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *anuvyañjana*, For their enumeration in this text, see . ## minor signs *dpe byad*, Skt. *vyañjana*, Listed as eighty minor signs on the body of a buddha. ## Mipham Gyatso 1846–1912. A well-known polymath of the Nyingma (rnying ma) tradition. ## Miracle *rnam ’phrul*, Skt. *rnam ’phrul*, Miracle (a wondrous, supernatural event), also the name of a son of the buddha Sucintitārtha. ## miracle story A genre of Buddhist literature, listed as one of the nine or twelve types of Buddhist literary genres. It would seem to refer to instances in which a marvel or miracle, literally “something that has never happened before” (adbhutadharma), occurs. ## Miraculous Acumen *rdzu ’phrul spobs*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul spobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ketumat. ## miraculous birth *rdzus te skye ba*, Skt. *upapāduka*, Regarded as the most superior of the four modes of birth, the three other modes being birth from an egg, birth from a womb, or birth from warmth and moisture. Those who take a miraculous birth are spontaneously born fully mature at the time of their birth. ## miraculous display *cho ’phrul*, Skt. *prātihārya*, A miraculous or wondrous power attributed to buddhas or other spiritually advanced beings. Generally these are miraculous displays for the purpose of benefiting beings or impressing them in such a way as to inspire faith and devotion. ## Miraculous Display of Clarity *rdzu ’phrul gsal*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prasannabuddhi. ## Miraculous Display of Insight *shes rab rnam par ’phrul pa*, Skt. *shes rab rnam par ’phrul pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa. ## Miraculous Display of Liberation *thar pa rnam ’phrul pa*, Skt. *thar pa rnam ’phrul pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Askhalita­buddhi. ## Miraculous Display of Splendor *gzi brjid rdzu ’phrul*, Skt. *gzi brjid rdzu ’phrul*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sārathi (70 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Miraculous Display of Wisdom *ye shes rnam par ’phrul pa*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par ’phrul pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sujñāna. ## Miraculous God *rdzu ’phrul lha*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul lha*, Father of the buddha Maticintin. ## Miraculous Illumination *rdzu ’phrul snang bar byed*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Gaganasvara. ## Miraculous Intelligence *rnam par ’phrul pa’i blo*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇavisṛta. ## Miraculous Light *rdzu ’phrul ’od*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmasvara (322 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Miraculous Mind *rnam par ’phrul pa’i sems*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa’i sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Aśoka. ## Miraculous Mode *rdzu ’phrul ’gros*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul ’gros*, Mother of the buddha Guṇarāśi. ## miraculous power A miraculous or wondrous power attributed to buddhas or, occasionally, other spiritually advanced beings. Generally these are miraculous displays for the purpose of benefiting beings or impressing them in such a way as to inspire faith and devotion. In this way, prātihārya is distinguished from ṛddhi (translated here as “magical power”), which is a more general term for magical or psychic powers typically obtained through meditative concentration (dhyāna). (Ṛddhi is also a subtype of prātihārya.) Although in many cases the Buddha dissuades monks from using miraculous powers to impress disciples or lay followers, he nonetheless exhibits them himself in many narratives. The two most well known of such events from the Buddha’s life were said to occur at Śrāvastī: the “twin miracle” (yama­kaprātihārya) where he simultaneously emanated fire and water from his body, and the “great miracle” (mahāprātihārya) in which the Buddha, while seated on a lotus, emanated multiple forms of himself in the sky—quite similar to his emanation of multiple Buddhas found in The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist (). A buddha’s miraculous powers for the purpose of benefitting beings are classified in three categories: (1) the miraculous power of magical display, (2) the miraculous power of foretelling, and (3) the miraculous power of instruction. These three are respectively associated with and considered to be aspects of the buddha’s body, speech, and mind. This term is translated elsewhere as “miraculous display.” ## miraculous power of foretelling Second of the three miraculous powers. Since a buddha knows the minds of all beings, he knows just what to say in order to teach them. The Sanskrit ādeśanā means to “point out” or “foretell,” which he does through knowing the minds of beings, while the corresponding Tibetan term kun brjod pa (“all speaking” or “elocution”) highlights that the buddha’s speech is miraculous because he can teach the Dharma in any language. ## miraculous power of instruction Third of the three miraculous powers. A buddha’s miraculous power of instruction, which is an aspect of a buddha’s mind. A buddha knows his disciples’ afflictions and so is able to instruct them appropriately. ## miraculous power of magical display First of the three miraculous powers. A buddha’s miraculous power to display magical powers (ṛddhi) in order to inspire or convert beings to the Dharma. In regard to the triad of body, speech, and mind, this miraculous power is associated with a buddha’s body and so is usually conveyed through miracles done with the body such as flying through the air, multiplying into many bodies, projecting fire and water from the body simultaneously, and so forth. However, ṛddhi refers generally to any magical or supernatural power (such as psychic abilities). See also the entry for “magical power.” ## miraculous powers *rdzu ’phrul*, Skt. *ṛddhi*, The ability to make manifest miraculous displays evident to ordinary beings. ## Miraculous Qualities *yon tan ’phrul*, Skt. *yon tan ’phrul*, Father of the buddha Rāhugupta. ## miraculous revealing *yongs su bstan pa’i cho ’phrul*, Skt. *ādeśanā­pratihārya*, See “three miracles.” ## Miraculous Splendor *rdzu ’phrul gzi brjid*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Acyuta. ## Miraculous Wisdom Display *ye shes rnam par ’phrul pa*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par ’phrul pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmasvara. ## miraculous wonder-working power *rdzu ’phrul gyi cho ’phrul*, Skt. *ṛddhiprātihārya*, The power to create displays or emanations, here divided as wonder-working by means of magical creation and wonder-working by means of sustaining power (adhiṣṭhāna, byin gyi rlabs). ## Mirage *smig sgyu can*, Skt. *smig sgyu can*, Mirage (an optical illusion of water or images), also the name of a world system that existed thirty eons ago. ## Miśrakā A garden in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, the highest of the heavens. ## Miśrakā grove *’dres pa’i tshal*, Skt. *miśrakāvana*, “Mixed Grove.” One of the four heavenly groves outside the city of Sudarśana on Mount Meru. ## Miśraka Garden *’dres pa’i nags tshal*, Skt. *miśrakāvana*, Śakra’s pleasure grove on the summit of Sumeru. ## Miśrakavana *dres pa’i nags tshal*, Skt. *miśrakavana*, Indra’s pleasure grove on the summit of Sumeru. ## Miśrakeśī *skra ’dres ma*, Skt. *miśrakeśī*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Mirror Appearance *me long dkyil ’khor snang ba*, Skt. *me long dkyil ’khor snang ba*, A world system. ## Mirror Forest *me long tshal*, Skt. *me long tshal*, Forest upon Mount Playful in Sudharma. ## Mirror Lake *kun mthong*, Skt. *kun mthong*, A lake in the realm of the asuras. ## mirror-like wisdom *me long lta bu’i ye shes*, Skt. *ādarśajñāna*, One of the five wisdoms corresponding to the tathāgata Akṣobhya or Vairocana (depending on the system). ## misdeed *nyes byas*, Skt. *duṣkṛta*, One of [five types of offenses](#five-types-of-offenses) a monk can incur. Misdeeds are the least grave offense a monk may incur. Thus, a monk must refrain from each of 112 misdeeds. To purify this offense, a monk must only confess it. ## miserable destinies See “evil destinies.” ## miserable states of mind *kun nas mnar sems*, Skt. *āghātavastu*, These are listed as nine: thinking that one’s enemy has harmed, is harming, or will harm oneself; thinking that one’s enemy has harmed, is harming, or will harm one’s friend; and thinking that someone has helped, is helping, or will help one’s enemy. ## miserliness *ser sna*, Skt. *mātsarya*, In this text, miserliness is one of the three factors at odds with the true Dharma because it impedes generosity and thus destroys merit. ## miserly ghosts *’dre bkren*, A type of spirit whose description is very similar to pretas (Tib. yi dags). It is possible that this term is a translation of preta, and it appears to be essentially synonymous with it. ## misfortune Rebirth in the three lower realms of hell beings, pretas, and animals. ## Misperception *’du shes log pa*, Skt. *’du shes log pa*, Misperception (a mistaken perception or understanding), also the name of a “ruler of the world” who belongs to the class of the māras. ## Mistress of Wealth *nor bdag ma*, Skt. *dhanādhipati*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. The Sūtra of Mahāśrī gives the variant nor gyi bdag mo. ## Misunderstanding *log par rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *vitathadarśana*, Misunderstanding (a failure to understand correctly), also the name of a place in Ultimate Torment. ## Mithilā *mi thi la*, Skt. *mithilā*, A city ruled in former times by King Mahā­deva. ## Mithila *mi thi la*, Skt. *mithila*, A land in Godānīya. ## Mithila Grove *mi thi la’i tshal*, Skt. *mithila*, A Buddhist temple in a previous time period. ## Mithuna *sbyor ba*, Skt. *mithuna*, Gemini (zodiac sign and constellation). ## Mitra *bshes gnyen*, Skt. *mitra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mitrakālikā *mdza’ mo nag mo*, Skt. *mitrakālikā*, A great piśācī. ## Mixed *yongs su ’dres pa*, Skt. *yongs su ’dres pa*, Mixed (combined or blended together), also (1) a forest on the northern face of Sumeru (yongs su ’dres pa); (2) a river in Godānīya (kun tu ’dres pa). ## Mixture *’dres pa*, Skt. *’dres pa*, Mixture (a combination of different things), also the name of a forest on the third asura level, Excellent Abode. ## Mājava *dus pa can*, Skt. *mājava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## mākṣāḍa *mA ShA Da*, Skt. *mākṣāḍa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Mākandika An ascetic from the village of Kalmāṣadamya whose daughter, Anupamā, is married to King Udayana. In Buddhist narrative literature, he offers his daughter to the Buddha and, later, to King Udayana. In the Divyāvadāna version of the story, he then becomes a minister of the king. ## Mūkapaṅgu *lkugs ’phye*, Skt. *mūkapaṅgu*, (1) Another name of Prince Water Born. (2) A non-Buddhist ascetic teacher. ## mālā *phreng ba*, Skt. *mālā*, A string of beads, much like a rosary, that is used to count recitations of mantra. The beads may be made from seeds, gemstones, shells, or other natural substances, which are often specifically selected for the mantra deity being recited or the intended purpose of the rite. ## Mūlā *snrubs*, Skt. *mūlā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Lambda Scorpii in the occidental tradition. ## mūla *rtsa ba*, Skt. *mūla*, The root (literally and figuratively); also the seventeenth (sometimes the nineteenth) lunar asterism. ## Mṛṇāla *pad ma’i rtsa lag*, Skt. *mṛṇāla*, A rogue who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Māladas *phreng ba stobs*, Skt. *māladāḥ*, The name of the people in the land where Maitreya was born. The sūtra states that it is in the south of India. ## Mūlakālacakratantra Skt. *mūlakālacakratantra*, Another designation for the Paramādibuddha. ## Mūlamānuṣa *mi’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *mūlamānuṣa*, A nāga king. ## Mūlasarvāstivāda *gzhi thams cad yod par smra ba’i sde*, Skt. *Mūlasarvāstivāda*, Literally the “original Sarvāstivāda,” a term thought to have been used as a self-identification by a group within the wider Sarvāstivādin tradition initially clustered around Mathurā and regions to its northwest. If this really was a sub-school, little else is known of it apart from its distinct corpus of vinaya literature—the largest of the several vinaya corpora still extant and the only one that has been preserved in Tibetan. See also . ## Mūla­sarvāstivāda­vinaya *gzhi thams cad yod par smra ba’i ’dul ba*, Skt. *mūla­sarvāstivāda­vinaya*, The largest and most detailed of the six extant vinaya recensions. Substantial fragments have survived in Sanskrit, and much of it was translated into Chinese by Yijing in the eighth century, but the Tibetan translation in the Kangyur is the fullest version. It is also the only vinaya corpus to have been translated into Tibetan. ## Mūlatantra Skt. *mūlatantra*, Root tantra. ## Mālavī The name of a city. ## Mālava *ma la ba*, Skt. *mālava*, A country in ancient India (modern-day Malwa). ## Mālavas The name of a people in central India who lived north of the Vindhya range. ## Mālādhara *phreng thogs*, Skt. *mālādhara*, A gandharva king. ## Mālādhārā *phreng thogs*, Skt. *mālādhārā*, A queen in the court of Prasenajit. ## Mālādhārī *phreng ba ’chang*, Skt. *mālādhārī*, A rākṣasī known only from this sūtra. ## Mālādhāra *phreng ’dzin*, Skt. *mālādhāra*, One of the three classes of yakṣas at the base of Meru, below the paradises of the mahārājas, as part of the lowest class of paradises in the desire realm. Their name means “with māla beads in their hands,” and they are said to be constantly counting and therefore unable to follow the path to enlightenment. ## Mālādhārin *phreng thogs*, Skt. *mālādhārin*, The 28th buddha in the first list, 28th in the second list, and 29th in the third list. ## mleccha *kla klo*, Skt. *mleccha*, This somewhat vague term is applied to people and societies outside the brahmanical fold, i.e., foreigners, indigenous tribal groups, etc. The term is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “barbarian.” ## Māli *phreng ldan*, Skt. *māli*, A nāga king. ## Mālikā *mA li kA gling*, Skt. *mālikā*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## mūlika Someone who lives on roots (mūla) or sells them, perhaps as a medical practitioner. Alternatively, the term may refer to the inhabitants of the Mūlaka kingdom, which was located in the Aurangabad region of Mahārāṣṭra and was named after its Ikṣvāku king Mūlaka. ## Mālikagaṅkara Forest *mA li ka gang+ka ra’i nags*, Skt. *mālikagaṅkara*, A forest on Great Slope. ## Mālyā *mA le*, Skt. *mālyā*, An offering goddess. ## Mālyacitra *sna tshogs phreng*, Skt. *mālyacitra*, A mountain king. ## Mālyadhara *phreng ba ’dzin pa*, Skt. *mālyadhara*, A yakṣa general. ## Māmakī *bdag gi ma*, Skt. *māmakī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; also the uṣṇīṣa goddess of the Vajra family. ## Mīmāṃsaka *spyod pa pa*, Skt. *mīmāṃsaka*, The follower of the Mīmāṃsā non-Buddhist philosophical school in ancient India. The term mīmāṃsā means “thoroughgoing analysis or investigation.” The school is commonly divided into two groups, the first of which (pūrvamīmāṃsā, karmamīmāṃsa) focuses on the correct interpretation of the Vedic hymns and rituals, and the second of which (uttaramīmāṃsā, brahmamīmāṃsā, etc.) focuses on the nature of universal reality. ## Mīna *nya*, Skt. *mīna*, Pisces (zodiac sign and constellation). ## Mānabhañja *nga rgyal ’joms*, Skt. *mānabhañja*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Mānadehā *mAn de hA*, Skt. *mānadehā*, A rākṣasī living on Ardhamaru. ## Mānajaha *nga rgyal spong*, Skt. *mānajaha*, The 896th buddha in the first list, 895th in the second list, and 886th in the third list. ## mānapūrṇā *ma na par+Na*, Skt. *mānapūrṇā*, An unidentified flower. ## Mānasī *yid las skyes ma*, Skt. *mānasī*, One of the chief vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Mānasaṅkalpa *yid kyis brtags pa*, Skt. *mānasaṅkalpa*, City in the Heaven of Joy. ## Mānasarovara *ma pham*, Skt. *mānasarovara*, A lake in Jambudvīpa. ## Mānava *bram ze khye’u*, Skt. *mānava*, The son and successor of the king Soma (the latter identified by Jayaswal as Śaśāṇka). ## Mānavadeva *mi yi lha*, Skt. *mānavadeva*, Or Mānavendra, the first king of the Licchavi dynasty of Nepal. ## Māndhātṛ *nga las nu*, a previous incarnation of the [Buddha](#buddha) who became extremely powerful through the power of his past [merit](#merit), but lost his power due to some evil [thought](#thought)s. ## Māndhāta *nga las nu*, Skt. *māndhāta*, (1) A powerful king whose good deeds lent splendor to the Pleasure Grove Park. (2) A universal monarch. ## Māndhātar *man da ta*, Skt. *māndhātṛ*, A mythical king of the distant past. ## māndārava *man dA ra ba*, Skt. *māndārava*, Erythrina indica or Erythrina variegata, known as mandarava, flame tree, tiger’s claw, or coral tree. In the spring it is covered in large crimson flowers, which are believed to also grow in Indra’s paradise. ## Māndārava Heap *man dAr ba brtsegs pa*, Skt. *man dAr ba brtsegs pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Māndārava Scent *me tog man dA ra ba’i dri*, A god from the Heaven of Joy. ## Māndāravagandharoca *me tog man dA ra ba’i dri mo*, Skt. *māndārava­gandha­roca*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Mānuṣa *mi*, Skt. *mānuṣa*, A nāga king. ## mode *’gros*, Skt. *gatī*, Literally, “gait” or “way of moving,” but also more metaphorically “demeanour,” “stance;” and abstractly “manner,” “type,” “mode.” ## Mode of Great Serenity *rab tu zhi ba’i ’gros*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgakīrti. ## Mode of Liberation *thar pa’i ’gros*, Skt. *thar pa’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ūrṇa. ## Mode of Lucid Strength *mdangs stobs ’gros*, Skt. *mdangs stobs ’gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ojodhārin. ## Mode of Merit *bsod nams ’gros*, Skt. *bsod nams ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyamati. ## Mode of Seeing the Eye of the Leader *khyu mchog mig mthong ’gros*, Skt. *khyu mchog mig mthong ’gros*, Mother of the buddha Sukrama. ## Mode of the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom ’gros*, Skt. *dgra bcom ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prasanna. ## Mode of Tremendous Stability *shin tu brtan pa’i ’gros*, Skt. *shin tu brtan pa’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Mode of Wisdom *ye shes ’gros*, Skt. *ye shes ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Uccaratna. ## modes of attraction *bsdu ba’i dngos po*, Skt. *saṃgrahavastu*, The four modes for attracting people to the Dharma: giving (dāna); pleasant speech (priyavaditā); accomplishment of the aims (of others) by teaching Dharma (arthacaryā); and consistency of behavior with the teaching (samānārthatā). ## modesty *khrel yod*, Skt. *hrī*, A mental state that induces one to avoid immoral behavior out of concern for what others will think or say about oneself if one misbehaves. ## Mohā *glen ma*, Skt. *mohā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Moha Yamāri *gti mug gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *mohayamāri*, “Ignorance Yamāri,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Mohavajra and Yamāri Mohavajra. ## Moha­dharmeśvara *don yod pa’i chos la mnga’ ba*, Skt. *moha­dharmeśvara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Mohanī *mo ha ni*, Skt. *mohanī*, A goddess invoked to cause delusion. ## Mohavajra *gti mug rdo rje*, Skt. *mohavajra*, “Vajra Ignorance,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Mohayamāri and Yamāri Mohavajra. ## Mokṣa *grol ba*, Skt. *mokṣa*, One of the rāśis. ## Mokṣa­candra *grol ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *mokṣa­candra*, Another name, given in verse, of Vimukti­candra, the interlocutor in The Ten Bhūmis. ## Mokṣadhvaja *thar pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mokṣadhvaja*, The 803rd buddha in the first list, 802nd in the second list, and 792nd in the third list. ## Mokṣaka *thar pa*, Skt. *mokṣaka*, A nāga king. ## Mokṣatejas *thar pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *mokṣatejas*, The 424th buddha in the first list, 423rd in the second list, and 417th in the third list. ## Mokṣavrata *thar pa’i brtul zhugs*, Skt. *mokṣavrata*, The 863rd buddha in the first list, 862nd in the second list, and 852nd in the third list. ## Mokila *mo ki la*, Skt. *mokila*, One of the Buddha’s foremost hearer disciples. ## molasses *bu ram gyi dbu ba*, Skt. *phāṇita*, An acceptable form of medicine for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## molded image *sats+tsha*, Skt. *sāñcaka*, Small images of caityas, deities, and the like, made from clay. More commonly translated into Tibetan as tsha tsha. ## molding *snam bu*, Skt. *paṭṭikā*, A band or fillet that decorates walls, columns, etc. ## mole A skin lesion or birthmark. ## Molten Red *dmar po rnam par zhu*, Skt. *dmar po rnam par zhu*, A river in the ephemeral hell known as Red. ## monastery *gtsug lag khang*, Skt. *vihāra*, This may refer to (1) the whole monastic residence, i.e. “monastery,” with one or more “meditation residences” (Tib. spong khang; Skt. prahāṇaśālā) or (2) the main hall or temple, (e.g. Tib. khyams; Skt. prāsāda), As an example of the first, Kalyāṇamitra explains that Senikā Cave is the name of a monastery, named after its founder (Kalyāṇamitra, F.313.a): sde can ma’i bug ces bya ba ni gtsug lag gi ming ste/ sde can mas byed du bcug pa’i phyir ro. As for the second, in The Chapter on the Restoration Rite, the Buddha explains that a solitary monk should sweep and repair the temple floor on the upavasatha (The Chapter on the Restoration Rite, ). ## monastic *rab tu byung ba*, Skt. *pravrajita*, A person who has abandoned lay life and taken ordination as a Buddhist monastic. ## monastic administrator *zhal ta pa*, Skt. *vaiyāpṛtyakara*, The officer who receives and administers donations on behalf of the Saṅgha. ## monastic cloak *rdul zan*, Skt. *āsevakā*, This appears to be another name for the cloak called saṃkakṣikā. It is listed as one of the extra two robes for a bhikṣuni, which covers the body, but in the Sarvāstivādavinaya, it is mentioned only twice, and both times in relation to bhikṣus. The Buddha says bhikṣus should cover their bodies with this cloak so their chest is not visible when they go on alms rounds in villages. The two Tibetan spelling variants mean either “sweat robe” or “dust robe.” ## monastic code The systematic presentation of the ethical mode of conduct regulating the life of a monastic. ## monastic communities *dge ’dun*, Skt. *saṅgha*, The spiritual communities of ordained practitioners, both monks and nuns. ## monastic community *dge ’dun*, Skt. *saṅgha*, The spiritual communities of ordained practitioners, both monks and nuns. ## monastic discipline *chos ’dul ba*, Skt. *dharmavinaya*, See “Vinaya.” ## monastic hermitage *dge 'dun gyi gnas*, Skt. *maṭha*, This term can refer to the hut of an ascetic, or a cloister/college for monastics. ## monastic preceptor *mkhan po*, Skt. *upādhyāya*, A sponsor of young novices and monks; he or she must have at least ten years of standing in the saṅgha, confers ordination, teaches, and provides students with all the necessary requisites. See also “instructor.” ## monastic renunciation *rab tu byung ba*, Skt. *pravrajyā*, The act of “going forth from household life into homelessness,” i.e., becoming a (mendicant) Buddhist monk. ## mongoose One of Mahākālī’s hand implements, said to symbolize her treasure of merit. Symbolically, mongooses are associated with wealth, are often described as spitting jewels, and are depicted with a jewel in their mouth. ## monk *dge slong*, Skt. *bhikṣu*, A fully ordained monk of the Buddhist Saṅgha. In the Tibetan tradition, which follows the Mūlasarvāstivāda vinaya, a bhikṣu follows 253 vows as part of his moral discipline. A nun (bhikṣuṇī; dge slong ma) follows 364 rules. A novice monk (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or nun (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma) by contrast follows thirty-six rules of moral discipline (although in other vinaya traditions novices typically only follow ten). ## monk caretaker *dge slong zhal ta byed pa*, Skt. *vaiyāpṛtyakarabhikṣu*, A monk in charge of providing for monastery residents and visitors. One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery. ## monk crier *sgrogs par byed pa’i dge slong*, Skt. *udghoṣako bhikṣuḥ*, The monk who makes announcements to the saṅgha. This chapter contains the lone appearance of the term “monk crier” in the Tibetan Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya canon. ## monk in charge of construction *dge slong lag gi blas*, Skt. *nava­karmika­bhikṣu*, One of the monastic administrative titles. ## monk of the Śākyas An honorific title used for monks. The Śākyas were the clan of the Buddha Śākyamuni, which means “Sage of the Śākyas.” ## monk officiant *dge slong las byed pa*, Skt. *karmakāraka bhikṣu*, The monk officiant serves as “master of ceremonies” during the performing of formal acts of the saṅgha. ## monk petitioner *zhu ba'i dge slong*, The monk who [act](#act)s as intermediary between a candidate for ordination and the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## monk residence caretaker *gnas mal stobs pa’i dge slong*, Skt. *śayanāsanagrāhako bhikṣuḥ*, The compound term Tib. gnas mal; Skt. śayanāsana comprises the words “dwelling” or “bed” (see Tib. gnas and mal cha; Skt. śayana) and “seating” (Tib. stan; Skt. āsana). In Vinaya usage, it refers to a monastic residence and its furnishings. The “residence caretaker” (Tib. gnas mal bstabs pa also gnas mal stobs pa; Skt. śayanāsanaparihāra and śayanāsanagrāhaka) is in charge of distributing keys for the individual “dwellings” (Tib. gnas khang; Skt. layana) on site. He must also ensure that no furnishings or bedding (Skt. śayanāsana) are lost. Kalyāṇāmitra (F.316.a): gnas mal bstabs pa zhes bya ba ni mal cha dang stan la sogs pa las mi dbral ba’o. The “residence caretaker” is one of five kinds of “caretaker” (Tib. bstabs pa; Skt. parihāra) introduced in The Chapter on the Restoration Rite (Toh 1, ch. 2), : (1) “site caretaker” (Tib. gnas bstabs pa; Skt. vastuparihāra), (2) “residence caretaker” (Tib. gnas mal bstabs pa; Skt. śayanāsanaparihāra), (3) “work caretaker” (Tib. las bstabs pa; Skt. karmaparihāra), (4) “supplies caretaker” (Tib. rnyed pa bstabs pa; Skt. lābhaparihāra), and (5) “attendant caretaker” (Tib. bsnyen bkur ba bstabs pa; Skt. upasthāyakaparihāra). See also . ## monk responsible for monastic property *dge skos*, Skt. *upadhivārika*, One of the monastic administrative titles. See also ## monk who has taken a support *gnas ’cha’ ba’i dge slong*, Skt. *niśrayagrahaṇo bhikṣuḥ*, Monks and nuns must have a mentor or “support” (Tib. gnas; Skt. niśraya) for five years after ordination. If the preceptor cannot serve as support then the monastic must take support from an elder, who becomes the new monastic’s “support instructor" (Tib. gnas kyi slob dpon; Skt. niśrayācārya). ## Monkey Pond The name of a pond near Vaiśālī said to have been dug by monkeys. ## monkhood *dge slong gi dngos po*, Skt. *bhikṣubhāva*, Also, according to certain usage, a phrase used in the Mūlasarvāstivāda [Vinaya](#vinaya) in praise of monks fully committed to the monastic ideal, as opposed especially to those who merely wear the robes. ## monks and nuns *mya ngan bsrings pa*, Skt. *mya ngan bsrings pa*, This is likely a pre-reform expression. We were unable to determine the exact meaning of this Tibetan expression, and we did not find it used elsewhere in either the Kangyur or the Tengyur. In the Dictionary of Old Tibetan Orthography (Tib. bod yig brda rnying tshig mdzod) by rnam rgyal tshe ring (2001), we find the entry nyon mongs bzod; one who endures hardship or suffering, as an older Tibetan expression for a monk or nun (Tib. dge slong gi ming). Thus, one literal translation that we are proposing for this expression is “one who sustains (or endures) suffering (or hardship).” Comparison with similar contexts in related texts (Toh 338, (F.278.ab)) and passim, i.e., where we find rab tu byung ba tshul dang ldan pa rnams etc. instead, suggests that the expression may be a collective term for those who have entered the path to liberation (Skt. āryapudgala; Pāli ariyapuggala) or for the Buddhist saṅgha generally. See also “those who have entered the path of liberation.” ## monks in charge of supplies *dge slong rnyed pa stobs pa*, Skt. *lābhagrāhikabhikṣu*, A rations [officer](#officer). One of several official administrative or managerial positions at a monastery. ## month-long fast *dgung zlar smyung ba*, Skt. *cāndrāyaṇavrata*, A month-long observance in which one begins by eating fourteen mouthfuls of food and decreases food intake by one mouthful every day until the new moon day, during which one does not eat anything at all. Then, during the moon’s waxing phase, one increases food intake by one mouthful a day until the full moon. ## Moon *zla ba*, Skt. *zla ba*, Moon (the earth’s natural satellite), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnākara. ## Moon Absorption *zla ba’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *zla ba’i ting nge ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Devaruta. ## Moon and Sun *zla nyi*, Skt. *zla nyi*, Attendant of the buddha Bhavapuṣpa. ## Moon Banner *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *zla ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kusumaraśmi. ## Moon Bearer *zla ba can*, Skt. *zla ba can*, Birthplace of the buddha Muktiskandha. ## Moon Bearing *zla ldan*, Skt. *zla ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇadhvaja. ## Moon Body *zla lus*, Skt. *zla lus*, Father of the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama. ## Moon Canopy *zla gdugs*, Skt. *zla gdugs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Moon Conduct *zla spyod*, Skt. *zla spyod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sārathi. ## Moon Countenance *zla ba’i bzhin*, Skt. *zla ba’i bzhin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## Moon Crest *zla ba’i tog*, Skt. *zla ba’i tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhagātra (208 according to the third enumeration first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Crest Banner *zla ba’i tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *zla ba’i tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūrata. ## Moon Crested *zla ba’i gtsug phud can*, Skt. *zla ba’i gtsug phud can*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Moon Essence *zla ba’i snying po*, Skt. *zla ba’i snying po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaṇendra (725 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Eyebrows *zla ba’i smin ma*, Skt. *zla ba’i smin ma*, Name of a brahmin, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Moon Face *zla ba’i zhal*, Skt. *zla ba’i zhal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Baladeva (167 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Flower *me tog zla ba*, Skt. *me tog zla ba*, Attendant of the buddha Prabhaṃkara. ## Moon Foot *zla rkang*, Skt. *zla rkang*, Son of the buddha Pradyota. ## Moon Garland *zla ba’i phreng ba*, Skt. *candramālā*, A realm below that of Rāhu. ## Moon Gift *zlas byin*, Skt. *zlas byin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anupama (274 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Gift Melody *zlas byin dbyangs*, Skt. *zlas byin dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmamati. ## Moon Glory *zla ba’i dpal*, Skt. *zla ba’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Velāmaprabha (860 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon God *zla ba lha*, Skt. *zla ba lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇaskandha (211 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Joy *zla ba dga’*, Skt. *zla ba dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigatatamas. ## Moon King *zla ba’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## Moon Lamp *zla ba’i sgron*, Skt. *zla ba’i sgron*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pūritāṅga (570 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Light *zla ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *zla ba’i sgron ma*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Replete with Coral Trees. ## Moon Master *zla ba’i bla ma*, Skt. *zla ba’i bla ma*, Son of the buddha Nirbhaya. ## Moon Melody *zla ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *zla ba’i dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmadatta (683 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Mind *zla ba’i blo*, Skt. *zla ba’i blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arthadarśin. ## Moon Mountain *zla ba’i ri bo*, Skt. *zla ba’i ri bo*, (1) A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa (zla ba’i ri bo). (2) A mountain upon which the gods of the Four Great Kings will take position while awaiting the asura army (ri bo zla ba). ## Moon of Beauty *zla mdzes*, Skt. *zla mdzes*, Son of the buddha Ratnapriya. ## Moon of Divine Worship *lhas mchod zla ba*, Skt. *lhas mchod zla ba*, Son of the buddha Kuśalapradīpa. ## Moon of Excellent Flowers *zla ba me tog bzang po*, Skt. *zla ba me tog bzang po*, Birthplace of the buddha Kusumaraśmi. ## Moon of Existence *srid pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *srid pa’i zla ba*, Father of the buddha Lokottīrṇa. ## Moon of Fearlessness *’jigs pa med pa’i zla*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i zla*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇasañcaya. ## Moon of Generosity *zla sbyin*, Skt. *zla sbyin*, A buddha. ## Moon of Glory *zla ba dpal*, Skt. *zla ba dpal*, A prince, who later became the buddha Jewel Crown Ornament. ## Moon of Highest Glory *zla dpal bla ma*, Skt. *zla dpal bla ma*, Attendant of the buddha Bahudevaghuṣṭa. ## Moon of Humanity *mi yi zla ba*, Skt. *mi yi zla ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vimuktaketu (616 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon of Intelligence *blo gros zla ba*, Skt. *blo gros zla ba*, Father of the buddha Ratnaprabhāsa. ## Moon of Joy *dga’ ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i zla ba*, Father of the buddha Somaraśmi. ## Moon of Knowledge *shes pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *shes pa’i zla ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānavikrama. ## Moon of Merit *bsod nams zla ba*, Skt. *bsod nams zla ba*, Mother of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Moon of Power *mthu rtsal zla ba*, Skt. *mthu rtsal zla ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśas. ## Moon of Qualities *yon tan zla ba*, Skt. *yon tan zla ba*, Mother of the buddha Jñānaśrī. ## Moon of Sages *drang srong zla ba*, Skt. *drang srong zla ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arthamati. ## Moon of Superior Glory *zla ba ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *zla ba ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Moon of Supreme Glory *zla mchog dpal*, Skt. *zla mchog dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sulocana (638 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon of the Gods *lha’i zla ba*, Skt. *lha’i zla ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Meruprabha. ## Moon of the Land *yul ’khor zla ba*, Skt. *yul ’khor zla ba*, Father of the buddha Arthadarśin. ## Moon of the World *’jig rten zla ba*, Skt. *’jig rten zla ba*, Mother of the buddha Balatejojñāna. ## Moon Orbit *zla ba’i ’gros*, Skt. *zla ba’i ’gros*, Mother of the buddha Utpala. ## Moon Parasol *zla ba’i gdugs*, Skt. *zla ba’i gdugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sāgara (380 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Petals *zla ba’i ’dab ldan*, Skt. *zla ba’i ’dab ldan*, Mother of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Moon Possessor *zla ldan*, Skt. *zla ldan*, Mother of the buddha Sthitārtha­jñānin. ## Moon Power *zla ba’i stobs*, Skt. *zla ba’i stobs*, Father of the buddha Śrīgarbha. ## Moon Protector *zla ba srung*, Skt. *zla ba srung*, A nāga king. ## Moon Ruler *zla dbang*, Skt. *zla dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānasāgara. ## Moon Sight *zla mthong*, Skt. *zla mthong*, Father of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## Moon Splendor *zla ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *zla ba’i gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sujñāna (749 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moon Strength *zla ba’i stobs*, Skt. *zla ba’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pūrṇamati. ## Moon Vision *zla ba gzigs*, Skt. *zla ba gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tacchaya (231 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## moonless *zla ba nyams pa*, Skt. *naṣṭacandra*, The sixteenth solar phase. ## Moonlight *zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *zla ba’i ’od*, Moonlight (the light of the moon), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bodhidhvaja (894 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## moonlight face *bsil byed gtong*, Skt. *bsil byed gtong*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Moon-like *zla ba lta bu*, Skt. *zla ba lta bu*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sovereign King of All Flowers’ Fragrance. ## Moonlike Body *lus zla ba*, Skt. *lus zla ba*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Moonlike Speech *zla ba lta bur gsung*, Skt. *zla ba lta bur gsung*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Maruttejas (445 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Moonlike Splendor *zla ba’i dpal*, One of King Ajātaśatru’s sons. He is prophesied to have the same name on attaining buddhahood in the distant future. ## Moon-Like Supreme Accomplisher *zla bzhin don yod mchog*, Skt. *zla bzhin don yod mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kṣatriya. ## Moonlit Moonlit (lit by the light of the moon), also the name of one of King Ajātaśatru’s queens, the mother of Aśokadattā. ## Moon’s Light *zla ba’i ’od*, Skt. *zla ba’i ’od*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Fragrance of Aloeswood. Likely an alternate name of the thus-gone one Light of the Sublime Precious Moon. ## Moon’s Uṣṇīṣa *zla ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *candraketu*, A deva. ## moonseed *sle tres*, Skt. *guḍūcī*, Tinaspora cordifolia. ## moral discipline *tshul khrims*, Skt. *śīla*, Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. The term is often used in reference to following precepts or rules according to one’s ordination or vows. It is foundational to Buddhist practice as one of the three trainings (triśikṣā). In the Mahāyāna, it is the second of the six perfections (ṣaṭpāramitā). ## moral shame *ngo tsha*, Skt. *hrī*, A sense of shame that prevents one from carrying out immoral actions. ## moral supremacy *tshul khrims mchog ’dzin*, Skt. *śīla­parāmarśa­granthā*, Third of the four knots. ## morality *tshul khrims*, Skt. *śīla*, Morally virtuous or disciplined conduct and the abandonment of morally undisciplined conduct of body, speech, and mind. One of the six perfections of the bodhisattva. Also often rendered as “ethics,” “discipline,” and so on. ## morality with eight branches *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i tshul khrims*, Skt. *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i tshul khrims*, The eight branches are the same as the eight precepts, the upavasatha or upavāsa vows, namely: to refrain from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual conduct, (4) lying or divisive speech, (5) intoxication, (6) eating at inappropriate times, (7) entertainment such as singing, dancing, seeing shows, and beautifying oneself with adornments or cosmetics, and (8) using a high bed. ## morality with five branches *yan lag lnga dang ldan pa’i tshul khrims*, Skt. *yan lag lnga dang ldan pa’i tshul khrims*, The five branches are the same as the five precepts, namely: abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and consuming intoxicants. ## morbid pallor *skya rbab*, Skt. *pāṇḍuroga*, A medical condition in which the patient is pale. ## More Majestic *lhag ’phags*, Skt. *lhag ’phags*, Child of the high brahmin Majestic Body, he visited Lord Buddha to inquire about the proper way to perform the sacrifice, and hearing the Dharma that the Buddha taught in reply he attained stream entry. ## Morikā Skt. *mayūrikā*, A great rākṣasī. Morikā is the Middle Indic equivalent of mayūrikā. ## moringa Moringa oleifera. ## moringa tree *so pany+dza*, Skt. *śobhāñjana*, Moringa oleifera. ## Most Clear *rab gsal*, Skt. *rab gsal*, Father of the buddha Pradyotarāja. ## Most Excellent Immortality *mi ’chi ba kun tu ’phags pa*, Skt. *mi ’chi ba kun tu ’phags pa*, The name of an eon. ## most extensive discourses *shin tu rgyas pa’i mdo sde*, Skt. *vaipulya­sūtra*, Twelfth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## most extensive teachings *shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *vaipulya*, Twelfth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## Most Fragrant *dri mchog*, Skt. *dri mchog*, The name of an eon in the past. ## Most Glorious Lotus *pad ma bla ma’i dpal*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## most humble *shin tu dud pa*, Skt. *shin tu dud pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Most Melodious *rab dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Most Supreme *rab mchog*, Skt. *rab mchog*, Mother of the buddha Sārathi. ## Mother Mother (a female parent), also the name for ferocious female deities to which are attributed both dangerous and protective functions. In the Indian tradition, they are often in a set of seven or eight. ## Mother of Victors *rgyal ba’i yum*, Skt. *jinajananī*, The Mother of Victors, the Perfection of Wisdom (prajñāpāramitā), is variously (1) the ultimate truth, the knowledge of the ultimate truth, or a nondual knowledge of the ultimate truth; (2) a complex of the three knowledges of buddhas, bodhisattvas, and śrāvakas; (3) the knowledge-path that leads to (1) and (2); (4) books with any or all of (1) (2) and (3) as subject matter; and (5) the iconographic representation of all those. See also “perfection of wisdom.” ## Mother’s Gift *ma la sbyin*, Skt. *ma la sbyin*, The name of a yakṣa. ## motion *gsol ba*, Skt. *jñapti*, A formal request, e.g., that a postulant be accepted into the renunciate order or that a monk serve as [preceptor](#preceptor) granting ordination, etc. ## motion to act *las brjod pa*, Skt. *karmavācanā*, After a [motion](#motion) is put to the [saṅgha](#saṅgha), a monk other than the petitioner must make a move to [act](#act) on the [motion](#motion). ## motionless *g.yo ba med pa*, Skt. *g.yo ba med pa*, Also translated here as “immovable.” ## motionlessness of all phenomena *chos thams cad mi g.yo ba nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharmācalana*, The third of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## motivation A general term for “inclination,” somewhat like adhimokṣa, but in sūtras such as this one, it is used as a term for the firm intent to pursue the Buddhist path. ## Motley Army *sna tshogs sde*, Skt. *citrasena*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Mount Bhasabha *bha sa bha sa’i ri*, Skt. *bha sa bha sa’i ri*, A mountain on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Mount Cakravāḍa *khor yug*, Skt. *cakravāḍa*, In Buddhist cosmology, this is commonly described as the outer ring of mountains at the edge of the flat disk that is the world, with Mount Sumeru in the center. ## Mount Cakravāla *’khor yug*, Skt. *cakravāla*, Unidentified mountain, probably synonymous with Cakravaḍa, which sometimes refers to the mountain that leads to hell. ## Mount Conch Spire *ri dung gi lte ba*, Skt. *ri dung gi lte ba*, A mountain on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Mount Īśādhāra One of seven golden mountains enumerated in Abhidharma cosmology. ## Mount Gandhamādana A legendary mountain north of the Himalayas, with Lake Anavatapta, the source of the world’s great rivers, at its base. It is said to be south of Mount Kailash, though both have been identified with Mount Tise in west Tibet. ## Mount Gayā *ri ga ya*, Skt. *gayā­śīrṣa­parvata*, A sacred hill immediately to the south of the city of Gayā. ## Mount Gośṛṅga *ri glang ru*, Skt. *ri glang ru*, The hill in Khotan from which the Buddha deliveres his prophecy. Gośṛṅga means “cow horn” in Sanskrit and the hill is said to have received this name due to having two pointed peaks. ## Mount Gośṛṇga *ri glang ru*, Skt. *gośṛṇga*, A mountain in Khaṣa. Gośṛṅga means “cow horn” in Sanskrit and the hill is said to have received this name due to having two pointed peaks. ## Mount Golāṅgula­parivartana *mjug ma sgyur ba zhes bya ba’i ri*, Skt. *golāṅgula­parivartana*, A place in the city of Rājagṛha. ## Mount Hawo Also known as Nöjin Gangsang (gnod sbying gangs bzang), Mount Hawo is located in present-day Nakartse (sna dkar rtse) county in Tibet. According to the Nyang History (myang chos ’byung) attributed to Tāranātha (1575–1634), the area around this mountain is associated with Padmasaṃbhava, who practiced and hid treasures there. ## Mount Himavat *gangs ri*, Skt. *gangs ri*, “Snowy mountain,” the name of a mountain range and the god who personifies it. ## Mount Illuminator *kun tu snang byed*, Skt. *kun tu snang byed*, A mountain in Kuru. ## Mount Śiśumāri *shi shu ma ri’i ri*, Skt. *śiśumāragiri*, The name of the capital city of Bharga (see “Garga”). (Edgerton 531.2). ## Mount Kailash *ti se*, Skt. *kailāsa*, Normally regarded the same as Mount Sumeru; in some contexts, though, it appears to be different. ## Mount Kailāsa A sacred mountain located in the Himālayas, thought by both Buddhists and Hindus to be the abode of a number of important gods. ## Mount Kalatiya *ri kha la ti ya*, Skt. *kalatiya*, A mountain located near Mount Sumeru. ## Mount Kauśika *kau shi ka’i ri*, Skt. *kau shi ka’i ri*, A mountain on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Krakucchanda. ## Mount Leafy Green *kha dog ljang lo ri*, Skt. *kha dog ljang lo ri*, A mountain on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Kanakamuni. ## Mount Mahāmucilinda One of ten “kings of mountains” according to Abhidharma cosmology. ## Mount Meru The huge mountain at the center of the world according to the classical Buddhist view. Sometimes named Sumeru, as it is in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra, as well as “the king of mountains” (parvatarāja, ri’i rgal po). ## Mount Moon *zla ba’i ri*, Skt. *zla ba’i ri*, A mountain on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Kāśyapa. ## Mount Mucilinda One of ten “kings of mountains” according to Abhidharma cosmology. ## Mount Musalaka *gtun ri*, Skt. *musalakaḥ parvataḥ*, A mountain. ## Mount Playful *rtse ba’i ri*, Skt. *rtse ba’i ri*, (1) A mountain in the forest of Joyous Women. (2) A mountain in High Conduct. ## Mount Potala *ri po Ta la*, Skt. *poṭala*, The mountain in Avalokiteśvara’s pure realm. ## Mount Potalaka Mount Potalaka is the abode of Avalokiteśvara, believed to be an island off the coast of India. The locus classicus for Mount Potalaka is the final chapter of the Buddhāvataṃsaka, the Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra. It has also been identified as Pothigai Malai or Potityil, in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu. In Tibet and China, Potalaka was believed to be an island. In Tibet it is usually referred to by the shortened form Potala. ## Mount Rohita *ro hi tI’i ri*, Skt. *ro hi tI’i ri*, A mountain on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Mount Sabkang *sab kang ri*, Skt. *sab kang ri*, A mountain that is home to The Terrifying Forest (’jigs byed ma’i tshal) and a deer park where Devadatta’s disciple Kokālika is said to have lived. ## Mount Sky Reacher *ri mkha’ thug*, Skt. *ri mkha’ thug*, A mountain in Pleasant Sound. ## Mount Stainless *ri grib med*, Skt. *ri grib med*, A mountain in Pleasant Sound. ## Mount Sumeru *ri rab*, Skt. *meru*, According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, Meru is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit lies Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four great island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it lie the abodes of the gods of the realm of desire. ## Mount Tisé Also known as Mount Kailāśa, Mount Tisé is one of Tibet’s three famous mountains. Located in present-day Purang county in Ngari prefecture. The name Tisé is a Shangshung (zhang zhung) word for “water deity,” since the mountain is said to be the source of four rivers. ## Mount Triśaṅku *ri bo rtse gsum*, Skt. *triśaṅkuḥ parvataḥ*, A mountain. ## Mount Universal Joy *ri thams cad dga’*, Skt. *ri thams cad dga’*, A mountain in Pleasant Sound. ## Mount Uśīra *u shi’i ri*, Skt. *uśīragiri*, A mountain at the northern tip of the Middle Country, located in modern-day Punjab. ## Mount Utkīlaka *phur pa’i rtse*, Skt. *utkīlaka*, (1) A mountain. (2) Another mountain mentioned in the story of Prince Sudhana, which is listed along with the mountain of the same name (differentiated in Tib. as phur pa’i dbyibs). ## Mount Śuśumāra *chu srin byis pa gsod lta bu’i ri*, Skt. *śuśumāragiri*, Sometimes has the alternative Sanskrit spelling Śiśumāragiri. ## Mount Videha *ri bi de ha*, Skt. *ri bi de ha*, A certain mountain south of Rājagṛha. ## Mount Vindhya *’bigs byed*, Skt. *vindhya*, A range of mountains located to the north of the Narmada River. ## Mount Wish-Fulfilling Emanation *ri yid bzhin sprul*, Skt. *ri yid bzhin sprul*, A mountain in Pleasant Sound. ## Mountain *ri bo can*, Skt. *ri bo can*, Mountain (a large natural elevation of land), also (1) the son of the brahmin Agnidatta (ri bo can); (2) the son of the nāga Apalāla (ri bo). ## Mountain Banner *ri bo’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ri bo’i rgyal mtshan*, Son of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Mountain Banner of Joy *lhun po rgyal mtshan dga’*, Skt. *lhun po rgyal mtshan dga’*, City where a buddha resides. ## mountain based *ri rnams la kun tu chags pa*, Skt. *ri rnams la kun tu chags pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## mountain cave *ri phug*, Skt. *giriguhā*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Mountain Crest *tog gi phung po*, Skt. *tog gi phung po*, Attendant of the buddha Creator. ## mountain deity *ri’i lha*, Skt. *giridevatā*, A class of spirit being. ## Mountain Dwellings *ri la nges par gnas pa*, Skt. *ri la nges par gnas pa*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Mountain Free from Suffering *mya ngan med pa’i ri bo*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa’i ri bo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhaketu. ## Mountain Gift *lhun po sbyin*, Skt. *lhun po sbyin*, Son of the buddha Ūrṇa. ## Mountain Light *ri bo’i ’od*, Skt. *ri bo’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaketu. ## mountain mansion dwellers *lhun po’i khang na gnas pa*, Skt. *lhun po’i khang na gnas pa*, A class of asuras. ## Mountain Mass *ri bo’i phung po*, Skt. *ri bo’i phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthitagandha (658 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mountain of Joy *ri dga’*, Skt. *ri dga’*, Father of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Mountain of Light *lhun ’od*, Skt. *lhun ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śāntagati (701 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Mountain of Meadows *spang ri*, Skt. *spang ri*, Dwelling place of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī. ## Mountain of Play *rtsed mo’i ri bo*, Skt. *rtsed mo’i ri bo*, A mountain in Endowed with Increasing Bliss. ## Mountain of Purity *lhun po rnam dag*, Skt. *lhun po rnam dag*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mountain of Supreme Confidence *spos mchog lhun po*, Skt. *spos mchog lhun po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Mountain of Thorough Ascertainment *shin tu rnam par nges pa’i ri bo*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par nges pa’i ri bo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Mountain of Wisdom *ye shes ri bo*, Skt. *ye shes ri bo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānaruci. ## Mountain Peak *lhun po brtsegs*, Skt. *lhun po brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Mountain Shaker *ri bo sgul*, Skt. *ri bo sgul*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tīrthakara. ## Mountain Stream *ri bo la rgyu ba*, Skt. *ri bo la rgyu ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Mountainous Environs *ri’i nye ’khor*, Skt. *ri’i nye ’khor*, A part of Mountainous Garland. ## Mountainous Garland *ri’i phreng ba*, Skt. *ri’i phreng ba*, A mountain in Controlled Movement. ## Mountainous Joy *ri’i khrod dga’ ba*, Skt. *ri’i khrod dga’ ba*, A mountain in Total Pleasure. ## Mountainous Light Garland *ri’i ’od phreng*, Skt. *ri’i ’od phreng*, A peak on Sumeru. ## Mountaintop Cloud *ri bo dang sprin lta bu*, Skt. *ri bo dang sprin lta bu*, An elephant king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## mouth *mu kha*, Skt. *mu kha*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## mouth is compact *zhal yongs su rgyas pa*, Skt. *cita­vadana­tā*, Twenty-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## mouth is fragrant *zhal dri zhim pa*, Skt. *su­gandha­mukha­tā*, Forty-first of the eighty minor marks. ## mouth is not too wide *zhal ha cang yang mi ring ba*, Skt. *nātyāyata­vacana­tā*, Twenty-first of the eighty minor marks. ## mouth is without blemish *zhal rkang rkong med pa*, Skt. *a­jihma­vadana­tā*, Twenty-second of the eighty minor marks. ## mouth terminators *kha rdzogs*, Skt. *kha rdzogs*, Parasites that are said to live in the noses of women. ## Moved *g.yos pa*, Skt. *g.yos pa*, Moved (set in motion; also emotionally affected), also the name of an area in Kuru. ## Movement *’gro ba*, Skt. *’gro ba*, Movement (the act of moving or changing position), also the birthplace of the buddha Mahābāhu. ## Movement Everywhere *thams cad ’gro ba*, Skt. *thams cad ’gro ba*, A city in Videha. ## movement of breath *srog dang rtsol ba*, Skt. *prāṇāyāma*, The manipulation of breath by means of yogic exercise. The Tibetan translation of the Sanskrit compound prāṇāyāma is more usually the compound srog rtsol. ## Movement of Bright Qualities *yon tan mdangs ’gro*, Skt. *yon tan mdangs ’gro*, Birthplace of the buddha Ojastejas. ## Movement of Highest Renown *grags bla bzhud pa*, Skt. *grags bla bzhud pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇagaṇa (383 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Movement of Infinite Fame *grags pa’i mtha’ yas ’gro*, Skt. *grags pa’i mtha’ yas ’gro*, Father of the buddha Kuśalapradīpa. ## Movement of the Sage’s Intelligence *drang srong blo gros ’gro*, Skt. *drang srong blo gros ’gro*, Attendant of the buddha Velāmaprabha. ## Movement of Wind *rlung gi rgyu*, Skt. *rlung gi rgyu*, (1) Alternative name for Enjoying the Wind (rlung gi rgyu). (2) One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife (rlung gi rgyu ba). ## Moves with a Hero’s Gait *dpa’ bo’i ’gros kyis ’gro ba*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Moves with the Strength of a Lion *seng ge’i stobs su ’gro ba*, Skt. *Siṃhavikrāntagāmin*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Moves with the Unmoving Stride *mi g.yos ba stabs kyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *mi g.yos ba stabs kyis ’gro ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Moves with the Vajra Stride *rdo rje’i stabs kyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *rdo rje’i stabs kyis ’gro ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Moving among Eyes *mig la kun tu rgyu ba*, Skt. *mig la kun tu rgyu ba*, An area in Kuru. ## Moving Flowers *me tog rgyu ba*, Skt. *me tog rgyu ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Moving Fragrance *dri rgyu ba*, Skt. *dri rgyu ba*, An area in Kuru. ## Moving in Existence *srid par ’gro*, Skt. *srid par ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Satyabhāṇin. ## Moving in Gatherings *tshogs pa rgyu ba*, Skt. *tshogs pa rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Moving in Mixed Environments *rab tu rnam par ’dres pa’i khor yug na rgyu ba*, Skt. *rab tu rnam par ’dres pa’i khor yug na rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife, possibly the same as Continuous Movement (rgyun gyis rgyu ba). ## Moving in Mountain Ranges *ri’i tshogs na rgyu ba*, Skt. *ri’i tshogs na rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Moving in One’s Land *rang gi yul bar rgyu ba*, Skt. *rang gi yul bar rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Moving in Places *gnas na rgyu*, Skt. *gnas na rgyu*, A nāga king. ## Moving in the Stream *rgyun gyi gnas na rnam par rgyu ba*, Skt. *rgyun gyi gnas na rnam par rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Moving in the Wink of an Eye *mig phye zhing ’gro ba btsums nas ’gro ba*, Skt. *nimeṣonmeṣa­gatī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Moving in Vast Environments *rgya chen po’i khor yug na rgyu ba*, Skt. *rgya chen po’i khor yug na rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife, presumably the same as Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Moving Legs *rkang ’gro*, Skt. *rkang ’gro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suvayas. ## Moving Like the Moon *zla ba’i gnas ltar rgyu ba*, Skt. *candrāyaṇacāra*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. Also called Resembling the Full Moon. ## Moving like the Wind *rlung ltar ’gro*, Skt. *rlung ltar ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Moving Mind *yid g.yo ba*, Skt. *yid g.yo ba*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Moving Moon *zla ba rgyu ba*, Skt. *zla ba rgyu ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Moving on Springy Ground *dma’ ba dang mtho ba na rgyu ba*, Skt. *nimnonnatā­cāriṇī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## moving underground *sa ’og*, Skt. *pātāla*, One of the eight siddhis. ## Moving upon the Ground *sa la ’gro*, Skt. *sa la ’gro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amṛtaprasanna. ## Moving with Heroic Strength *dpa’ ba’i rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *dpa’ ba’i rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Moving with Infinite Strength *mtha’ yas rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *mtha’ yas rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Moving with Joy *dga’ bas ’gro*, Skt. *dga’ bas ’gro*, Birthplace of the buddha Śanairgāmin. ## Moving with Meaningful Strength *don yod rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *don yod rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Moving with Power *mthu rtsal gyis rab tu ’gro ba*, Skt. *mthu rtsal gyis rab tu ’gro ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pārthiva. ## Moving with Recollection *dran pas ’gro*, Skt. *dran pas ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Moving with Strength *stobs kyis ’gro*, Skt. *stobs kyis ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sumanas. ## Moving with the Gait of a Lion *seng ge’i stabs ltar ’gro*, Skt. *seng ge’i stabs ltar ’gro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Adbhutayaśas. ## Moving with the Power of Meaningful Steps *don yod gom pa’i rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *don yod gom pa’i rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## moving without delay *’gor ba med par ’gro ba*, Skt. *’gor ba med par ’gro ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Māra *bdud*, [demon](#demon); the tempter in general, that which makes obstacles to spiritual practice and [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## Māraṇī *gsod par byed ma*, Skt. *māraṇī*, A deity personifying the true nature of the element of water. ## Māra Conqueror *bdud ’joms pa*, Skt. *bdud ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñāgati. ## Māra Crusher *bdud ’joms*, Skt. *bdud ’joms*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amarapriya. ## Māra Faith *bdud dad pa*, Skt. *bdud dad pa*, A buddha. ## māra god *bdud kyi ris kyi lha’i bu*, Skt. *mārakāyikadevaputra*, The “divine sons,” members of the māra type of nonhuman being, but in this case without a negative or harmful character. See also Sārthavāha. ## Māra Pāpīyān “Wicked Māra.” The Sanskrit pāpīyān and the Tibetan sdig can (literally meaning “wicked” or “sinful”) is both the epithet of the great demon Māra, the embodiment of evil and obstruction who repeatedly tries to thwart the Buddha and his teachings, and an epithet used for all his kind, the “wicked māras.” They are portrayed as the primary adversaries and tempters of people who vow to take up the religious life, and are held responsible for perpetuating the illusions that keep beings bound to the world and worldly attachments. In some sources Māra and his kind are said to primarily reside in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations. ## Māra the Evil One *bdud sdig can*, Skt. *māra pāpīyas*, A demon. See also “Māra.” ## Māra the wicked one *bdud sdig can*, Skt. *māraḥ pāpīyān*, A frequent epithet of Māra. ## Māra­bala­pramardin *bdud kyi stobs rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *māra­bala­pramardin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Māra­bhavana­vidhvaṃsana *bdud kyi gnas rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *Māra­bhavana­vidhvaṃsana*, A buddha in a northeastern realm who sends bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Māradama *bdud ’dul*, Skt. *māradama*, The 382nd buddha in the first list, 381st in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Māradārikā *bdud ’dral ma*, Skt. *māradārikā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Mārajit *bdud thul*, Skt. *mārajit*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Mārakṣayaṃkara *bdud brlag par mdzad pa*, Skt. *mārakṣayaṃkara*, The 897th buddha in the first list, 896th in the second list, and 887th in the third list. ## Mārakāyika *bdud kyi ris*, Skt. *mārakāyika*, The deities ruled over by Māra. This can also mean the devas in his paradise, which is sometimes identified with the Paranirmitavaśavartin, the highest paradise in the “realm of desire,” which incudes all ordinary samsaric existences. ## Māra­maṇḍala­nirghoṣa­svara *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor bcom zhing myed par byed pa’i sgra*, Skt. *māra­maṇḍala­nirghoṣa­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## māra­maṇḍala­vidhvaṃsana­kara *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor rnam par ’joms par byed pa*, Skt. *māra­maṇḍala­vidhvaṃsana­kara*, Lit. “totally defeats the circle of māras.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Āmrapālī *a mra srung ba*, Skt. *āmrapālī*, A courtesan of Vaiśālī who gave her garden to the Buddha and his retinue, where they stay during the events of the sūtra. ## Āmrapālī’s grove *a mra srung ba’i tshal*, Skt. *āmrapālīvana*, A mango grove in Vaiśālī donated to the Buddha by the courtesan Āmrapālī. ## Mārapramardaka *bdud rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *mārapramardaka*, A buddha that resides in an eastern world system called Adorned with Every Pleasure. ## Māra­pramardaka *bdud rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *māra­pramardaka*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Māraputra *bdud kyi bu*, Skt. *māraputra*, Lit. “Son of Māra.” ## māras *bdud*, Skt. *mārāḥ*, The deities ruled over by Māra who attempted to prevent the Buddha’s enlightenment, and who do not wish any being to escape from saṃsāra. Also, they are symbolic of the defects within a person that prevent enlightenment. These four personifications are: Devaputra-māra (lha’i bu’i bdud), the Divine Māra, which is the distraction of pleasures; Mṛtyumāra (’chi bdag gi bdud), the Māra of Death; Skandhamāra (phung po’i bdud), the Māra of the Aggregates, which is the body; and Kleśamāra (nyon mongs pa’i bdud), the Māra of the Afflictions. ## Māras and Doubt Conquered and Subdued *bdud dang yid gnyis kun ’joms rnam gnon*, A buddha in the northeastern direction in the present. ## Māra’s gods *bdud kyi ris kyi lha*, Skt. *mārakāyika*, Deities in the Paranirmitavaśavartin paradise in which Māra is the principal deity. They attempt to prevent anyone from attaining liberation from saṃsāra. This is distinct from the four personifications of obstacles to enlightenment: Devaputra-māra (lha’i bu’i bdud), the Divine Māra, which is the distraction of pleasures; Mṛtyumāra (’chi bdag gi bdud), the Māra of Death; Skandhamāra (phung po’i bdud), the Māra of the Aggregates, which is the body; and Kleśamāra (nyon mongs pa’i bdud), the Māra of the Afflictions. ## Āmratīrthaka *a mra mu stegs pa*, Skt. *āmratīrthaka*, A nāga king. ## Māravinardita *nga rgyal sgrogs*, Skt. *māravinardita*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Mārīcī *’od zer can ma*, Skt. *mārīcī*, Lit. “With Light Rays” or “Radiant One.” The name of a goddess, often associated with sunrise and moonrise. ## Mārīca *’od zer gyi bu*, Skt. *mārīca*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Mārīci *’od zer can*, Skt. *mārīci*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-first) when he becomes a buddha. ## Mārīcī’s Arising *’od zer can ’byung ba*, Skt. *mārīcyudbhava*, See “The Tantra of Mārīcī’s Arising.” ## Mārdava *mnyen des*, Skt. *mārdava*, The twelfth of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. No details are given of the prophecy given to him. ## Mūrdhaṭaka *spyi bo’i gdu bu*, Skt. *mūrdhaṭaka*, One of the wrathful emanations of Vajrapāṇi. ## Mūrdhnāta *spyi bo skyes*, Skt. *mūrdhnāta*, Another name for Māndhātṛ, a wheel-turning king who was the Buddha in a former life. See also . ## Mārgadhara *lam ’dzin pa*, Skt. *mārgadhara*, “Path Bearer.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## mārgani An unidentified ritual substance. ## Mārgaśīrṣa The ninth lunar month that falls within the period of November–December, when the full moon is in the Mṛgaśirā asterism. ## Mārgāgeya *gar ge*, Skt. *mārgāgeya*, One of the ancient sages. ## Māriṇī *phreng ma can*, Skt. *māriṇī*, Māra’s chief queen. ## Mārṣṭi Skt. *mārṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## Mārjārī *byi la mo*, Skt. *mārjārī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Mārkaṇḍa *nyi ma’i rigs*, Skt. *mārkaṇḍa*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Mārkaṇḍeya *lha skyabs kyi bu*, Skt. *mārkaṇḍeya*, A great ṛṣi. ## Mārpa *lho brag mar pa* (1012 - 1097), great Tibetan master and translator, [disciple](#disciple) of Drogmi, [Nāropa](#nāropa), Maitripa and other great [siddhas](#siddha). He brought many [tantras](#tantra) from India to Tibet and translated them. These teachings were passed down through [Milarepa](#milarepa) and his other [disciple](#disciple)s, and are the basis of the teachings of the [Kagyu](#kagyupa) lineage. ## Mārtaṇḍa *bdud las rgyal ba*, Skt. *mārtaṇḍa*, A nāga king; a member of the Buddha’s retinue. ## māruta *rlung lha*, Skt. *māruta*, God or spirit of wind (usually plural). ## Māskārin Gośāli­putra *kun tu rgyu gnag lhas kyi bu*, Skt. *māskārin gośāli­putra*, One of the six outsider teachers. ## mātṛ *ma mo*, Skt. *mātṛ*, “Mothers,” a class of female deities, typically seven or eight in number, who are common to both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions. Sometimes considered dangerous. ## Mātaṅgī *ban glang chen po*, Skt. *mātaṅgī*, A being in this sūtra. ## Mātaṅga *glang po*, Skt. *mātaṅga*, A solitary buddha who dwelt on Mount Golāṅgula­parivartana in the city of Rājagṛha. ## Mātali *ma dang*, Skt. *mātali*, A yakṣa general and a yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Mātarā *ma mo*, Skt. *mātarā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Mātṛceṭa *ma khol*, Skt. *mātṛceṭa*, A Buddhist poet who flourished around the second century ce. ## mātṛkā *ma mo*, Skt. *mātṛkā*, An early name for the abhidharmapiṭaka and also a germinal list or index of topics. ## mātṛnandī *ma mo dga’ bar byed pa*, Skt. *mātṛnandī*, A class of supernatural beings. ## mātṛs “Mothers,” a class of female deities, typically seven or eight in number, who are common to both Buddhist and non-Buddhist traditions. ## Mātsaryavajra *ser sna rdo rje ma*, Skt. *mātsaryavajra*, A deity personifying the true nature of the faculty of touch. ## Muci *gtong po*, Skt. *muci*, A nāga king. ## Mucilinda *btang bzung*, Skt. *mucilinda*, An unidentified mountain mentioned in a number of sūtras, not apparently connected to the well-known nāga of that name, but perhaps to the sacred mucilinda tree, known in English mainly as the bayur tree. ## Mucilinda Cave *btang bzung gi phug*, Skt. *btang bzung gi phug*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in the region called Perfect Virtue. ## Mudgalā *maud gal*, Skt. *mudgalā*, The mother of Maudgalyāyana. ## Mudgara Yamāri *tho ba gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *mudgarayamāri*, “Hammer Yamāri,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Mudgaravajra *rdo rje tho ba*, Skt. *mudgaravajra*, Another name for Mudgara Yamāri. ## Mudgirika A city outside of Śrāvastī held principally by non-Buddhists. ## mudrā A term for any kind of symbol or symbolic gesture. Also a term for the consort—whether actual, imagined, or spontaneously realized—with which an initiated practitioner engages in sexual yoga in Buddhist tantric literature. ## muhūrta A measure of time defined as consisting of two nāḍikās. There are thirty muhūrtas in one full day and night, which means that the duration of one muhūrta is forty-eight minutes. ## muṇḍirī *muN+Da rI*, Skt. *muṇḍirī*, Not identified, but perhaps Nardostachys jatamansi (?). ## Muṣitasmṛti *brjed ngas*, Skt. *muṣitasmṛti*, A māra. ## muñja *mun dza*, Skt. *muñja*, Tripidium bengalense, a plant species indigenous to Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. Its fiber was commonly sourced for the manufacture of ropes. ## Mukhale The name of a powerful Tibetan female spirit. ## Mukhamaṇḍitikā *mgo bregs ma*, Skt. *mukhamaṇḍitikā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## mukhaphullaka *spen tog rgyan*, Skt. *mukhaphullaka*, A specific kind of ancient Indian ornament, probably meaning “flower on the front” or “face with a flower.” It was made by metallurgists, presumably from gold. The Tibetan has a definition which involves a woman’s face. It is probably a central feature of a necklace, in which there is a face and a flower—possibly a face within a flower as is seen on ancient stūpa railings such as those in Bodhgaya. ## Mukhava *gdong can*, Skt. *mukhava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Muktaka *btang brjod*, Skt. *muktaka*, A merchant, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 8. ## Muktaprabha *’od ’gyed pa*, Skt. *muktaprabha*, The 817th buddha in the first list, 816th in the second list, and 806th in the third list. ## Muktiskandha *grol ba’i phung po*, Skt. *muktiskandha*, The 19th buddha in the first list, 19th in the second list, and 20th in the third list. ## Muktāprabhasaṃcaya *’od ’gyed yang dag bsags*, Skt. *muktāprabha­saṃcaya*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Muktāsāra *gces pa gtong ba*, Skt. *muktāsāra*, A goldsmith, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 49. ## Mukuṭālaṃkṛta A bodhisattva who is prince predicted to become the Buddha Anantaguṇa­kīrti, and whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Mukundā *mu kun da*, Skt. *mukundā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## mukunda drum *rnga zlum*, Skt. *mukunda*, This appears to be a small version of the mṛdaṅga drum. ## Mule *dre’u*, Skt. *dre’u*, Mule (the offspring of a horse and a donkey), also the name of a yakṣa. ## Mule Lady A goddess. ## Multicolor *’dres pa*, Skt. *’dres pa*, Multicolor (having many colors), also the name of a mountain on the continent of Kuru. ## multifacetedness of Mount Sumeru *ri rab rnam pa sna tshogs pa*, Skt. *meruvicitra*, The twelfth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## multistoried palace A distinctive Indian building structure used for mansions, palaces, or temples. Usually it has a tapering roof, tower, or spire, containing at least one additional upper room within the structure. The Sanskrit kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber.” ## mundane phenomena *’jig rten pa’i chos*, Skt. *laukika­dharma*, These comprise the five psycho-physical aggregates, the twelve sense fields, the eighteen sensory elements, the ten virtuous actions, the four meditative concentrations, the four immeasurable aspirations, the four formless absorptions, and the five extrasensory powers. ## mung bean Vigna radiata, also known as green gram. ## mung khichri A dish of rice and mung beans cooked together. ## Muni *thub pa*, lit. the Mighty One. An epithet for a [Buddha](#buddha). ## Munigāthā *thub pa’i tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *munigāthā*, A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins. ## Muniprasanna *thub gsal*, Skt. *muniprasanna*, The 612th buddha in the first list, 611th in the second list, and 605th in the third list. ## Muni­śrīkūṭavega­saṃkusuma *thub pa dpal brtsegs shugs kyi me tog*, Skt. *muni­śrīkūṭavega­saṃkusuma*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Munivara *thub pa mchog*, Skt. *munivara*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Munivarman An Indian paṇḍita who was resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries and one of the translators of this sūtra. ## Munīndra *thub dbang*, Skt. *munīndra*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixteenth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Murajā *rdza rnga ma*, Skt. *murajā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## muraja drum *rdza rnga chen po*, Skt. *muraja*, A kettledrum with ends played horizontally. Unlike the mṛdaṅga, one half of the drum is wider than the other. Another description says that the heads of the drum are smaller than those of the mṛdaṅga. ## Musalā Skt. *musalā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## musical tree *rol mo’i sgra can gyi shing ljon pa*, Skt. *vādya­svara­vṛkṣa*, A tree in Vaiśālī at whose base the Buddha Śākyamuni taught The Detailed Account of the Previous Aspirations of the Blessed Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha. ## musk *skal ba che*, Skt. *mahābhāgā*, Also called subhaga in Sanskrit. Derived from a gland on the musk deer. (Toh 555: sha ma ka sha mi. Chinese: mojiapojia; 莫迦婆伽.) ## musk shrew Possibly Sunucus murinus, which is also known as the Asian house shrew. ## muslin *dar la*, Skt. *aṃśuka*, An acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## musāragalva *mu sA ra gal+ba*, Skt. *musāragalva*, Musāragalva is fossilized coral that has undergone transformation under millions of years of underwater pressure. It appears in one version of the list of seven precious materials. The Tibetan tradition describes it as being formed from ice over a long period of time. It can also refer to tridacna (Tridacnidae) shell, which is also presently referred to by the name musaragalva. Attempts to identify musāragalva have included sapphire, cat’s eye, red coral, conch, and amber. ## mustard *yungs kar*, Skt. *sarṣapa*, This plant has several edible varieties. ## mustard seed *yung kar*, Skt. *sarṣapa*, Variant spelling: yung dkar; “white mustard.” ## Musulundha *mu su lun dha*, Skt. *musulundha*, King of the gods in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## mutaka An unknown ingredient used in rites. ## Mutation *gzhan du ’gyur ba*, Skt. *anyathā­parivarta*, Mutation (a change or alteration in form), also (1) one of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell; (2) one of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Mutik Tsenpo *mu tig btsan po*, Born in 761, he reigned as king of Tibet from 804 to 814 or 815. A son of Tri Songdetsen and father of Tri Ralpachan, Gyalse Lharjé, and Langdarma. Also known as Senalek Jingyön (sad na legs mjing yon) and Tridé Songtsen (khri sde srong tsan). ## Mutilation by Iron *lcags kyis bsgyur ba*, Skt. *ayaḥ­parivartaka*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## mutiri An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Mutual Harm *phan tshun gnod pa*, Skt. *paraspara­pīḍā­saṃvarta*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Mutual Liking *phan tshun dga’*, Skt. *phan tshun dga’*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## Māyā *sgyu ’phrul*, Skt. *māyā*, Buddha Śākyamuni’s aunt, and the daughter of Śākya Suprabuddha. She and her sister Mahā­māyā (Buddha Śākyamuni’s mother) both married King Śuddhodana of Kapilavastu. Somewhat confusingly, in other stories she is identified as Mahā­prajāpatī Gautamī, q.v., while Māyā is often used as a short form of the name of the Buddha’s mother Mahā­māyā. ## Māyā Mārīcī *sgu ma’i ’od zer can*, Skt. *māyāmārīcī*, Lit. “Illusory Mārīcī,”an epithet for the goddess Mārīcī. ## Māyā Mārīcī’s Arising *’od zer can ’byung ba*, Skt. *māyā­mārīcyudbhava*, The name of a work mentioned in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. This work is also mentioned as the source text for The King of Ritual Manuals from the Tantra of Māyā Mārīcī’s Arising (Toh 565). ## my previous lifetimes *skyes rabs*, Skt. *jātaka*, The Buddha’s accounts of his own previous lifetimes. One of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra. More commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine. ## Māyādevī *lha mo sgyu ’phrul*, Skt. *māyādevī*, The Buddha Śākyamuni’s mother, who died shortly after his birth; also called here simply Māyā. She was one of the wives of King Śuddhodana of Kapilavastu and is said to have been the daughter of Śākya Suprabuddha. ## Māyūrī *rma bya ma*, Skt. *māyūrī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; also a short form of Mahāmāyūrī. ## Myriad Delights *dga’ ba sna tshogs*, Skt. *dga’ ba sna tshogs*, A grove. ## Myriad Flowers *me tog sna tshogs*, Skt. *me tog sna tshogs*, A past buddha to whom the Buddha Śākyamuni was devoted in his previous life as King Nimi. ## Myriad Jewels *rin chen mang*, Skt. *rin chen mang*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Place Endowed with Great Power. ## myrobalan *a ru ra*, Skt. *harītakī*, Plant of the Himalayas believed to possess extraordinary healing properties as well as contribute to longevity. It is also believed to be very conducive to meditation practice. The Medicine Buddha is often depicted with a fruit or sprig of this plant. ## myrobalan fruit *a ru ra*, Skt. *harītakī*, A plant native to the Indian Subcontinent, West Yunnan, and Indo-China that is believed to possess extraordinary healing properties and contribute to longevity. It is also believed to be very conducive to meditation practice. The Medicine Buddha is often depicted with a fruit or sprig of this plant. Here, the so-called yellow myrobalan fruit, Terminalia chebula Retz., is specified. See Meulenbeld 1974, s.v. “harītakī.” ## myrrh *gu gul*, Skt. *guggula*, Commiphora mukul Engl, a type of myrrh commonly known as Indian bdellium. ## mysterious words *gsang tshig*, Skt. *rahasyapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## mystery Derived from a verb that means “to think,” this term can be used as a noun or an adjective to describe something that cannot be conceived or understood. In that sense, the term overlaps with the sense of the English word mystery. The term is often found in this sūtra in close association with the term guhya (“secret”), and also used as an adjective in combination with dharma (“thing” or “quality”). Rendered that way, it can also be used in the sense of an inconceivably large number of things. ## māyāvivarjita *sgyu ma rnam par spangs pa*, Skt. *māyāvivarjita*, Lit. “where illusion has been eliminated.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Naṭī *gar mkhan ma*, Skt. *naṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Naṭṭā *’dud ma*, Skt. *naṭṭā*, A yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites. ## Īśāna *dbang bdag*, Skt. *īśāna*, A form of Śiva. One of the eight guardians of the directions, Īśāna guards the northeast quarter. ## Īśāna the Lord of Beings *dpal ldan*, Skt. *īśānabhūtādhipati*, Epithet of Śiva-Rudra. ## Naḍa *’dam bu*, Skt. *naḍa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Naṭa *gar mkhan*, Skt. *naṭa*, One of the two brothers in Mathurā who were predicted by the Buddha to build a monastery in the future. ## Naṭabhaṭika *gar mkhan dpa’ bo*, Skt. *naṭabhaṭika*, A monastery in Mathurā predicted by the Buddha to be built a hundred years after his nirvāṇa. ## Naḍadaryā *sbubs can*, Skt. *naḍadaryā*, A yakṣiṇī. See also . ## Naḍadatta *’dam bus byin*, Skt. *naḍadatta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Naḍakūbara *gar mkhan mchog*, Skt. *naḍakūbara*, One of the sons of Kubera. ## Nabhigarbha *lte ba’i snying po*, Skt. *nabhigarbha*, A bodhisattva. ## Nadī Kāśyapa *chu klung ’od srung*, Skt. *nadī kāśyapa*, Went forth under the Buddha in Vārāṇasī shortly after the Buddha’s enlightenment; brother of Uruvilvā Kāśyapa. ## Nada defined as *chos nyid kyi rang sgra*, the spontaneous sound of [dharmatā](#dharmatā). In the syllable *hum* it is represented by a little flame above the circle on top, symbolizing the state of [enlightenment](#enlightenment), the sole [essence](#essence), awakened [awareness](#awareness). ## Nadī-Kāśyapa *chu klung ’od srung*, Skt. *nadī-kāśyapa*, A monk (bhikṣu) and disciple of the Buddha. ## Nadīkāśyapa *chu klung ’od srung*, Skt. *nadīkāśyapa*, The brother of Gayākāśyapa and Uruvilva­kāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilva (Bodhgayā), he and his three hundred students were converted to becoming bhikṣus of the Buddha. He and his brothers and their students were the third group to become followers of the Buddha after his enlightenment. ## Naḍera *sbu bu can*, Skt. *naḍera*, A place near Vairambhya in Śūrasena. ## Naṅgā *nang ga*, Skt. *naṅgā*, A river. ## Nagara *nA ga ra*, Skt. *nagara*, One of the charnel grounds. ## Nagarabindu *thigs pa can*, Skt. *nagarabindu*, A city in Kosala. ## Nagarānanta *grong khyer mtha’ yas*, Skt. *nagarānanta*, King Ananta’s palace. ## Nagna *gcer bu*, Skt. *nagna*, This seems to be the name of an island, but is rather dubious. ## Nagtsho Lotsawa *nag tsho lo tsA ba*, Skt. *nag tsho lo tsA ba*, 1011–1064. His personal name was Tsultrim Gyalwa (tshul khrims rgyal ba). A translator who brought Atiśa to Tibet and wrote an important record of his travels to India. ## Nahuṣa *na hu sha*, Skt. *nahuṣa*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Naigameśa *grong rdal tshol ba*, Skt. *naigameśa*, A yakṣa general. ## Naikṛtika *gzhan brnyas*, Skt. *naikṛtika*, A yakṣa general. ## Nairañjanā *nai ran dzan na*, Skt. *nairañjanā*, A river near Gayā. It was on the banks of this river that Prince Siddhārtha practiced asceticism, and where he bathed at the end of this period. ## Nairañjana­vasinī *nai rany+dza nar gnas pa*, Skt. *nairañjanavasinī*, Goddess of the Nairañjana River, near which the Buddha practiced asceticism and later attained enlightenment. ## Nairañjanāvasinī *nai rany+dza nar gnas pa*, Skt. *nairañjanāvasinī*, Goddess of the Nairañjanā River, near which the Buddha practiced asceticism and later attained enlightenment. ## Nairṛta A demon ( rākṣasa ) who is the child of Nirṛti, the goddess of destruction in the Vedic pantheon. He is associated with the lunar asterism Mūlā and the southwest quarter. In the Mahābhārata the Nairṛta are mentioned as a people in northern India who are part of the army of the Kauravas. ## Nairṛti A demon ( rākṣasa ) who is the child of Nirṛti, the goddess of destruction in the Vedic pantheon. ## Nairātmyā *bdag med ma*, Skt. *nairātmyā*, “No-self”; Heruka’s consort personifying the absence of self. ## nairvedhika­sarva­bhava­tamo’pagata *rtogs pas srid pa’i mun pa thams cad dang bral ba*, Skt. *nairvedhika­sarva­bhava­tamo’pagata*, Lit. “freed by realization from all darkness of the world.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Naitarī *yul dbang ldan*, Skt. *naitarī*, A country. ## Naivakiñcanya *ci yang med min*, Skt. *naivakiñcanya*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Naivākāśānantya Skt. *naivākāśānantya*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## nakṣatra *rgyu skar*, Skt. *nakṣatra*, The term for the lunar asterisms through which the moon passes as it moves across the sky and the celestial beings associated with them. The Dhāraṇī “The Mother of Grahas” notes that there are twenty-eight. ## Nakṣatrarāja A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra; attested as the name of a realized one in the Śikṣāsamuccaya. ## Nakṣatra­rāja­prabhāvabhāsa­garbha *skar ma’i rgyal po ’od rab tu snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *nakṣatra­rāja­prabhāvabhāsa­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Nakṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitābhi­jña *skar ma’i rgyal po me tog kun tu rgyas pa mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *nakṣatra­rāja­saṃkusumitābhi­jña*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. Known only from this sūtra. ## Nakṣatravali *rgyu skar gyi phreng ba*, Skt. *nakṣatravali*, A great bodhisattva. ## Nakṣatra­vibhavakīrti *skar ma rnam ’jig grags pa*, Skt. *nakṣatra­vibhavakīrti*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Nakṣatra­vidhāna­kīrti *rgyu skar cho ga grags pa*, Skt. *nakṣatra­vidhānakīrti*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Nakṣatrikā *rgyu skar*, Skt. *nakṣatrikā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## naked ascetic *gcer bu pa*, Skt. *nirgrantha*, A certain class of Indian renunciants whose ascetic practice involves the eschewal of clothing. ## Naked Mendicant A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## nakha *sder mo*, Skt. *nakha*, Unguis odoratus, or sweet hoof (blattes de byzance): the operculus of certain sea snails (McHugh, 2008, p 180 n33). ## Nakhaka *sen mo can*, Skt. *nakhaka*, A nāga king. ## naktamāla Pongamia glabra. The pongam tree, also known as the Indian beech. ## Nakula *rigs med*, Skt. *nakula*, One of the five Pāṇḍava brothers. Son of the two Aśvins. ## Nakulamātā Nakulamātā and her husband, Nakulapitā, were eminent lay disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni and were his parents and near relations during five hundred of his previous lives as a bodhisattva. Their home was the city Suṃsumāragiri (Skt. Śuśumāragiri) in the country of the Bhaggas (Skt. Bhargas). According to Malalasekera, they lived a celibate married life as coreligionists devoted to Buddhist practice, and the Buddha regarded them as the most intimate among his disciples (see Malalasekera 1938, p. 3). Their celibacy does not appear to be supported by the Tibetan translation of The Benefits of the Five Precepts, nor by their names, which could be translated as “father of Nakula” and “mother of Nakula,” respectively. ## Nakulapitā Nakulapitā and his wife, Nakulamātā, were eminent lay disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni and were his parents and near relations during five hundred of his previous lives as a bodhisattva. Their home was the city Suṃsumāragiri (Skt. Śuśumāragiri) in the country of the Bhaggas (Skt. Bhargas). According to Malalasekera, they lived a celibate married life as coreligionists devoted to Buddhist practice, and the Buddha regarded them as the most intimate among his disciples (see Malalasekera 1938, p. 3). Their celibacy does not appear to be supported by the Tibetan translation of The Benefits of the Five Precepts, nor by their names, which could be translated as “father of Nakula” and “mother of Nakula,” respectively. ## Nala *’dam bu*, Skt. *nala*, The 265th buddha in the first list, 264th in the second list, and 264th in the third list. ## Naladatta *’dam bu byin*, Skt. *naladatta*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nalakūbera *nA da ku be ra*, Skt. *nalakūbera*, The name of one of Kubera’s sons. ## Nalinī *pad+ma can*, Skt. *nalinī*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Nama Skt. *nama*, A brahmin statesman. ## Namajyoti *skar ma ’dud*, Skt. *namajyoti*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Namantreya *byams pa’i bu ma yin pa*, Skt. *namantreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Namcho Mingyur Dorje *gnam [cho](#cho)s mi 'gyur rdo rje*, a famous [treasure discoverer](#treasure-discoverer) of the 16th century. ## Namdé Ösung *gnam sde ’od srungs*, One of Langdarma’s two sons, by his second wife (born 842?). ## name *ming*, Skt. *nāma*, The term nāma ordinarily means “name,” but in the context of “name-and-form” it refers more specifically to everything that makes up sentience, i.e., the mind and mental factors. In that context, the term is sometimes etymologized from the root nam in the sense of “bending,” either toward an object (perceiving an object), or toward a new birth. ## name and form *ming dang gzugs*, Skt. *nāmarūpa*, Fourth of the twelve links or phases of dependent origination in Buddhism, this term refers to the constituents of a living being: Sanskrit nāma (“name”) is typically considered to refer to the mental constituents of the person, while rūpa (“form”) refers to the physical. While the the two together can thus be seen as referring to mind and matter, in practice this is a shorthand term for the five skandhas. ## name-and-form *ming dang gzugs*, Skt. *nāmarūpa*, A name for the embryonic phase of an individual’s existence where there is form but the rest of the skandhas, or aggregates, which are mental, are undeveloped and have only a nominal presence. ## Nameless *ming med pa*, Skt. *ming med pa*, Nameless (having no name), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## names-and-form *ming dang gzugs*, Skt. *nāmarūpa*, Literally “name and form” means the mental and physical consituents of a being. It is a synonym for the five skandhas, with the four aggregates of the mind being called “names.” In the context of the twelve phases of dependent origination the term is also used specifically to refer to the embryonic phase of an individual’s existence where the mental aggregates are undeveloped and have only a nominal presence, and therefore are called “names.” ## Namkha *nam mkha’*, Skt. *nam mkha’*, Eighth-century Tibetan editor of Toh 21. ## Namkhai Nyingpo *gnam mkha’i snying po*, Tibetan translator (fl. late eighth–early ninth centuries). ## Namuci *phrag rtsub*, Skt. *namuci*, An asura king; this is the name of Indra’s principal enemy among the asuras. In Buddhist mythology, Namuci appears as a drought-causing demon, and is also a name of Māra, the principal opponent of the Buddhadharma. (Toh 555: phrag chen) ## Nāśana *’jig byed*, Skt. *nāśana*, One of the grahas. ## Nanam Yeshé Dé *sna nam ye shes sde*, Skt. *sna nam ye shes sde*, Chief editor of the Tibetan translation of The White Lotus of the Good Dharma and the translation program from the late eighth to early ninth century in Tibet. From the Nanam (sna nam) clan. ## Nandā *dga' mo*, Skt. *nandā*, One of two sisters who nursed Siddhārtha Gautama after his six years of austerities. ## Nandī *dga’ ba can*, Skt. *nandī*, A yakṣa general. ## Nanda Identification uncertain. One figure named Nanda was the younger half-brother of Prince Siddhārtha (the Buddha Śākyamuni); his mother was Mahāprajāpatī Gotamī, Siddhārtha Gautama’s maternal aunt. He became an important monastic disciple of the Buddha. However, several other individuals of that name are known, including a prominent king of the nāgas. ## Ānanda *kun dga' bo*, Skt. *ānanda*, a cousin of the [Buddha](#buddha) who became his attendant. He was instrumental in the preservation of the teachings after the [Buddha](#buddha) had left this world, as he was able to remember everything that he had heard the [Buddha](#buddha) say. ## Ā­nanda *kun dga’ bo*, Skt. *ā­nanda*, A great hearer disciple and principal attendant of the Buddha. ## Nanda (the minister) *dga’ bo*, Skt. *nanda*, Along with Upananda, one of King Mahā­deva’s two chief ministers in the city of Mithilā. Not to be confused with “Nanda,” a certain nāga. ## Nanda (the nāga) *dga’ bo*, Skt. *nanda*, The name of a certain nāga. Not to be confused with “Nanda,” one of King Mahā­deva’s ministers. ## Nandabalā *dga' stobs*, Skt. *nandabalā*, One of two sisters who nursed Siddhārtha Gautama after his six years of austerities. ## Ānandabhadra *kun dga’ bzang po*, Skt. *ānandabhadra*, A monk mentioned as being present at the dialogue. ## Nandadatta *dga’ bas byin pa*, Skt. *nandadatta*, Name of a bodhisattva from a distant world system in the direction of the zenith called Nandā, who comes to this world to pay homage to the Buddha. ## Ānandagarbha *bde mchog snying po*, another name of [Adhicitta](#adhicitta). ## Nandaja *dga’ skyes*, Skt. *nandaja*, See also . ## Nandaka *dga’ byed*, Skt. *Nandaka*, Nephew of the lay patron Anāthapiṇḍada of Śrāvastī. Nandaka became an important śrāvaka disciple of the Buddha, “foremost in teaching.” ## Nandana *dga’ bo*, Skt. *nandana*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nandana grove *dga’ ba’i tshal*, Skt. *nandanavana*, “Grove of Delight.” One of the four heavenly groves outside the city of Sudarśana on Mount Meru. It owes its name to the fact that anyone who enters it becomes joyous and happy, as it offers all sorts of sense pleasures. ## Nandanavana *dga’ ba’i tshal*, Skt. *nandanavana*, “The Pleasure Grove”; the chief of the parks in Sudarśana city, where the resident gods of the city, headed by Śakra (Indra), go for their amusement. ## Nandapura *nye dga’ grong khyer*, Skt. *nandapura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Nandaśrī *dga’ ba’i dpal*, Skt. *nandaśrī*, Name of a buddha in the direction of the zenith, residing in the world system called Nandā. ## Ānandaśrī A Theravāda monk from Sri Lanka who visited Tibet during the fourteenth century ce. No details about his life are known. ## Nandavardhanī *dga’ ’phel ma*, Skt. *nandavardhanī*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Nandīdhvaja *dga’ ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *nandīdhvaja*, A town in another world in the distant past. ## Nandeśvarī The name of a goddess in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Nandeśvara *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *nandeśvara*, The 296th buddha in the first list, 295th in the second list, and 295th in the third list. ## Nandi *na n+ti*, Skt. *nandi*, Nandi is the bull attendant of Śiva and the guardian of Śiva’s realm in Kailāsa. He is commonly depicted at Śaiva temples as a bull positioned outside of the main gate of the temple gazing in upon Śiva’s liṅga with utter devotion. ## Nandicandra *dga’ ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *nandicandra*, A brahmin youth. ## Nandihāra *dga’ ba’i phreng ba*, Skt. *nandihāra*, A town in South India. ## Nandika *mos pa*, Skt. *nandika*, One of the great śrāvakas present in Śrāvastī. Also called Vasunandi. In other sūtras translated as dga’ byed. ## Nandika Kapphiṇa *dga’ yod gnas brtan ka pi na*, Skt. *Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇas sthaviraḥ*, A disciple of the Buddha. The Tibetan instance of dga’ yod gnas brtan ka pi na, which would render the name “Nandika Kapphiṇa,” is read in the Sanskrit source as brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇas sthaviraḥ, “the elder Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa.” This figure seems to be identical to Brāhmaṇa­kapphiṇa. ## Nandikasūtra *dga’ bo’i mdo*, Skt. *nandikasūtra*, An often-quoted sūtra in which the Buddha teaches the negative consequences of breaking the five precepts, and in particular inebriation by alcohol, to the layman Nandika; see The Sūtra of Nandika (Nandikasūtra, Toh 334). For an edition and English translation of the extant Skt. witness, see the Ārya­nandika­pari­pṛcchā­sūtra, in Vinīta 2010, pp. 97–114. ## Nandikeśvara *nan di ke shwa ra*, Skt. *nandikeśvara*, This seems to be another name of Nandi, Śiva’s bull. ## Nandikeśvara Mahākāla *dga’ byed dbang phyug nag po chen po*, Skt. *nandikeśvara­mahākāla*, Likely a reference to a prominent deity in the pantheon of tantric Śaivism. ## Nandikāma *dga’ ’dod*, Skt. *nandikāma*, One of the Buddha’s foremost hearer disciples. ## Nandin *dga’ ba can*, Skt. *nandin*, A yakṣa general. ## Nandinī *dga’ can ma*, Skt. *nandinī*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Nandinagara *dga’ ba’i grong*, Skt. *nandinagara*, A geographical location in this sūtra. A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Nandisenā *dga’ sde*, Skt. *nandisenā*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Nandisena *dga’ sde*, Skt. *nandisena*, One of the Buddha’s foremost hearer disciples. ## Ānandita *kun tu dga’ byed*, Skt. *ānandita*, A gatekeeper. ## Nandivardhana *dga’ ba ’phel byed*, Skt. *nandivardhana*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Nandopananda *dga’ bo dang nye dga’ bo*, Skt. *nandopananda*, One of the nāga kings. ## Nandottamā *dga’ ba mchog*, Skt. *nandottamā*, Lit. “Supreme Happiness.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Nandottama *dga’ mchog*, Skt. *nandottama*, A buddha. ## Nandottarā *dga’ mtsho gam*, Skt. *nandottarā*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Nandīpāla *dga’ skyong*, Skt. *nandīpāla*, A potter. ## Nandātīta *dga’ las ’das*, Skt. *nandātīta*, One of the deities invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## nandyāvarta *g.yung drung ’khyil ba*, Skt. *nandyāvarta*, Lit. “Nandi the bull’s curl.” One of the symbols adorning the palms of the hands and soles of the feet of the buddhas. Together with the śrīvatsa and svastika, it forms the eightieth minor sign. It is a symbol of auspiciousness. ## ānantariya *bar chad med pa*, Skt. *ānantariya*, “Uninterrupted” or “immediate,” applied to a particular meditative absorption at the junction between the paths of preparation and seeing in Vaibhāṣika and Yogācāra systems. ## Naradatta *mis byin*, Skt. *naradatta*, Here the name of two different bodhisattvas, one also a householder. Perhaps he is the same figure listed in the The Play in Full (Lalitavistara, Toh 95), 7.90ff., as the nephew of the sage Asita. ## Nara­datta *na las byin*, Skt. *nara­datta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Naraka *dmyal ba*, Skt. *naraka*, One of the rāśis. ## Narakuvera *nal ku ba*, Skt. *narakuvera*, A yakṣa general. ## Nararāja *mi’i rgyal po*, Skt. *nararāja*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Narasiṃha *mi’i seng ge*, Skt. *narasiṃha*, The fourth incarnation of Viṣṇu. ## Naravāhana *mi la zhon pa*, Skt. *naravāhana*, Another name of Kubera. ## Naravīrā *mi’i dpa’ mo*, Skt. *naravīrā*, One of the seven yakṣiṇīs. ## Nārāyaṇa Cave *mthu bo’i che phug pa*, Skt. *mthu bo’i che phug pa*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in China. ## Nardaścoca *zla bsgrags*, Skt. *nardaścoca*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. Note that the Tibetan zla bsgrags would better match the Sanskrit nardacandra, but the attested Sanskrit instead reads Nardaścoca, which we have chosen to preserve here. ## Nardana *ngar ba*, Skt. *nardana*, A nāga king. ## Narendra *mi dbang*, Skt. *narendra*, A buddha in the past. ## Naṣṭārka Skt. *naṣṭārka*, One of the grahas. The Tibetan lists his name as nor ’dzin, which does not correspond to the Sanskrit. ## Narmadā *rtsed mo sbyin ma*, Skt. *narmadā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## narrative discourses *rtogs pa brjod pa’i sde*, Skt. *avadāna*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## narrative introduction *gleng gzhi*, Skt. *nidāna*, In the Vinaya, a “narrative introduction” explains the who, why, when, and where behind each new monastic rule decreed by the Buddha. In the sūtras, the “narrative introduction” begins, “Thus did I hear at one time. The Blessed One was staying at…” ## narratives *gleng gzhi’i sde*, Skt. *nidāna*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## narrow-minded attitude *nyi tshe ba’i spyod pa*, Skt. *pradeśakārin*, This term refers to the restricted, biased, narrow-minded attitudes and practices of the Disciple Vehicle, which itself is called Skt. prādeśikāyāna (“limited, or narrow-minded, vehicle”) (Mvy, 1254). It is narrow-minded because it posits the reality of the elements of existence as apparently perceived and because it aspires only to personal liberation, not to the exaltation of buddhahood. ## narrow-minded teachings *nyi tshe ba’i chos*, Skt. *pradeśika­dharma*, I.e. the teachings of the Disciple Vehicle (śrāvakayāna). See “narrow-minded attitudes.” ## Nartaka *gar byed*, Skt. *nartaka*, One of the grahas. ## Narteśvarī *gar dbang phyug*, Skt. *narteśvarī*, A deity personifying the true nature of the element of wind. ## Narteśvara *gar gyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *narteśvara*, ‟Lord of Dance,” most often the dancing form of Avalokiteśvara; in the Bhūta­ḍāmara Tantra, he is a dancing form of Śiva. ## Narthang A monastery in Tsang known for producing the first edition of the Kangyur. ## Nartāpaka *sems par byed pa*, Skt. *nartāpaka*, One of the grahas. ## natural *grub pa*, Kalyāṇamitra explains that a “natural” (grub pa) site is one whose features formed naturally during the world’s formation (Kalyāṇamitra, F.313.a.1–2). ## natural crevice *bya skyibs su ma byas pa*, Skt. *akṛtaprāgbhāra*, An acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## natural seal absorbing all phenomena *chos thams cad yang dag par ’du ba’i rang bzhin phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇākaramudrā*, A meditative stability. ## Natural state *gnas lugs*, Skt. *prakṛti*, lit. way of abiding. "The nature or condition of everything." DICT. ## naturally devoid of conventional expression *rang bzhin gyis tha snyad med pa*, Skt. *prakṛtyavyavahāro*, The nineteenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## naturally present *rang bzhin du gnas pa*, Skt. *svabhāvasthita*, Schmithausen understands this term as meaning “normal”: “should we [indeed] say that even the normal (rang bzhin du gnas pa, *prakṛtisthita?) images…” (Schmithausen 2014, p. 392, n. 1733). I understand the use of rang bzhin du gnas pa as implying a context where the object of the cognition is not an object of concentration corresponding to visualization practices as in the case of the kasiṇa. In the Pāli tradition, kasiṇa designates a visualization object used as a support for the totality of the meditator’s attention. In this paragraph, sems can has the connotation of beings who do not practice the yoga taught in this chapter, that is, ordinary beings. ## nature of being devoid of a defining characteristic *dben pa’i mtshan nyid*, A phrase used in the text with respect to applying the concept of emptiness to the body (kāya) to all things (sarvadharma), as well as to the realm of reality (dharmadhātu). Although not attested in the Sanskrit manuscript, the Sanskrit compound is understood here to be vigata­lakṣanatā. ## nature of phenomena *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Throughout Buddhist discourse this term is used both in regard to the specialized relative characteristics of phenomena, such as the heat of fire and the moisture of water, and in terms of their common ultimate characteristic, emptiness. ## Nature of Precious Bliss *bde ba rin po che’i rang bzhin*, Skt. *bde ba rin po che’i rang bzhin*, A forest on Vast Garlands of Bliss. ## nature of reality *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, Literally, the “nature of phenomena,” or “phenomena themselves.” The quality or condition of things as they really are, which eludes appropriation by conceptual thought. ## nausea *skyug bro ba*, Skt. *chardi*, Symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Navakūpara *nad kU be ra*, Skt. *navakūpara*, A variant spelling of Naḍakūbara. ## Navanāmikā *dgu ba*, Skt. *navanāmikā*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Navaśīrṣaka *mgo bo dgu pa*, Skt. *navaśīrṣaka*, One of the nāga kings. ## Navarāja *nags kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *navarāja*, One of the māras. ## navel curls to the right *lte ba g.yas su ’khyil ba*, Skt. *pra­dakṣiṇāvarta­nābhi­tā*, Twenty-eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## navel does not protrude *lte ba ma bye ba dag*, Skt. *nābhi­nāla­rahita*, Fifty-sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## navel is deep *lte ba zab pa*, Skt. *gambhīra­nābhi­tā*, Twenty-sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## navel is well rounded *lte ba shin tu zlum pa*, Skt. *vṛtta­kukṣi­tā*, Twenty-seventh of the eighty minor marks. ## navel that curls to the right *lte ba g.yas phyogs su ’khyil pa*, Skt. *pradakṣināvartanābhi*, Thirty-eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## navel that is deep *lte ba zab pa*, Skt. *gaṃbhīranābhi*, Thirty-seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## Nayamanas “Right Mind.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Nābhi *lte ba*, Skt. *nābhi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; a legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Nābhigarbha *gtsug gi snying po*, Skt. *nābhigarbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Önchang Do A location in central Tibet that is also where the Tashi Pemé Gephel temple is located. ## nāda *nA da*, Skt. *nāda*, A term for the concave line shaped like an upturned crescent moon that is drawn beneath a superscribed nasal anusvāra. ## Nādikā *sgra can*, Skt. *nādikā*, A village. ## Ṛṣīndra *drang srong dbang po*, Skt. *ṛṣīndra*, The 770th buddha in the first list, 769th in the second list, and 759th in the third list. ## Nearby Nāga *nye ba’i klu*, Skt. *nye ba’i klu*, One of the eight great nāgas. ## nearly stable A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## nearly swallowing A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## necklace *mgul phreng*, Skt. *mgul phreng*, A class of asuras ruled by Kaṇṭhamāla. ## necklaces *do shal*, Skt. *hāra*, A garland of pearls or necklaces (according to some, made of 108 or 64 strings). ## Nectar see [ambrosia](#ambrosia) ## Nectar Armor *bdud rtsi’i go cha*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i go cha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śaśin (691 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Array *gzi brjid bkod pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid bkod pa*, Son of the buddha Avabhāsadarśin. ## Nectar Banner *bdud rtsi’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmadhvaja. ## Nectar Conqueror *bdud rtsi rnam gnon*, Skt. *bdud rtsi rnam gnon*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siddhi (681 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Crest *bdud rtsi’i tog*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i tog*, A buddha. ## Nectar Drink *bdud rtsi’i skom*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i skom*, A demon leader. ## Nectar Essence *bdud rtsi’i snying po*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i snying po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jyotiṣmat. ## Nectar Eye *bdud rtsi’i mig*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i mig*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Subuddhinetra. ## Nectar Fame *bdud rtsi grags*, Skt. *bdud rtsi grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Nectar Flow *bdud rtsi ’bab pa*, Skt. *bdud rtsi ’bab pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Nectar Flower *bdud rtsi’i me tog*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mañjughoṣa (707 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## nectar flows The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its sixteenth week. ## Nectar Form *bdud rtsi’i gzugs*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i gzugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Varabodhigati (864 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Fragrance *bdud rtsi’i spos*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i spos*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnadhara. ## Nectar Garden *bdud rtsi’i skyed mos tshal*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i skyed mos tshal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Priyābha. ## Nectar Giver *bdud rtsi byed*, Skt. *bdud rtsi byed*, Mother of the buddha Madhuvaktra. ## Nectar Holder *bdud rtsi ’chang*, Skt. *bdud rtsi ’chang*, A bodhisattva. ## Nectar Intelligence *bdud rtsi’i blo gros*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśaḥkīrti. ## Nectar Intent *bdud rtsi sems pa*, Skt. *bdud rtsi sems pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sukhita (989 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Joy *bdud rtsi dga’*, Skt. *bdud rtsi dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Janendrarāja. ## Nectar King *rtsi’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rtsi’i rgyal po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Nectar Lamp *bdud rtsi’i sgron ma*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i sgron ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyabāhu (610 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Light *bdud rtsi’i ’od*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmeśvara (393 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Maker *bdud rtsi mdzod*, Skt. *bdud rtsi mdzod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratna (51 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Melody *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs can*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs can*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Rāhu­sūrya­garbha (790 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Mind *bdud rtsi’i blo*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tacchaya. ## Nectar Moon *bdud rtsi zla ba*, Skt. *bdud rtsi zla ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candraprabha. ## Nectar of Intelligence *blo gros bdud rtsi*, Skt. *blo gros bdud rtsi*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arthabuddhi. ## Nectar of Mindful Conduct *sems spyod bdud rtsi*, Skt. *sems spyod bdud rtsi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Askhalita­buddhi (913 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar of Qualities *yon tan bdud rtsi*, Skt. *yon tan bdud rtsi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sugaṇin (453 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Proclaimer *bdud rtsi sgrogs*, Skt. *bdud rtsi sgrogs*, Attendant of the buddha Subāhu. ## Nectar Radiance *bdud rtsi’i ’od zer*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jaya (593 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Renown *bdud rtsi’i grags pa*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i grags pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Manuṣyacandra (696 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Roar *bdud rtsi’i nga ro*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i nga ro*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dhārmika (68 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar Sound *bdud rtsi’i sgra*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i sgra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Nectar Splendor *bdud rtsi’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Kuśalapradīpa. ## Nectar Strength *bdud rtsi’i stabs*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i stabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vīryadatta (62 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nectar-like *rtsi lta bu*, Skt. *rtsi lta bu*, A buddha realm. ## Needle Eye *khab kyi kha*, Skt. *khab kyi kha*, A mountain off Videha. ## needle lips *khab mchu*, Skt. *khab mchu*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## neem *nim pa*, Skt. *nimbaka*, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Used for the preparation ink in tantric rituals. ## Negative action *sdig pa* or *mi dge ba*, Skt. *aśubha*. "That which produces suffering" (Dudjom Rinpoche). AT: harmful action, unwholesome [act](#act), evil. ## negative consequence *nyes dmigs*, A term used in Buddhist texts to denote bad situations in general. Here it is used for the negative karmic consequences of unvirtuous behavior. Elsewhere it is used for the shortcomings of saṃsāra in general. ## negative deed Deeds of body, speech, or mind, that have a negative impact on oneself and others, and lead to lower states of rebirth. ## Negative emotions *nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *kleśa*, "mental phenomena which assail body and mind and lead to harmful actions, creating a state of mental torment." DICT. AT: afflictive [emotions](#emotions), passions, afflictions. Synonym of poison (*dug*). See [five poisons](#five-poisons). ## negativity *gnas ngan len*, Skt. *dauṣṭhulya*, That is to say, negativity of body, speech, and mind. ## neglected spirits *smad pa*, Skt. *avadhūta*, The Sanskrit term means “neglected, discarded, rejected, cast off”, and thus appears to refer to nonhuman beings designated as such. The term used in the Tibetan translation is smad pa, “contemptible.” ## negro coffee *kA sha mar d+ha*, Skt. *kāsamarda*, Cassia occidentalis. ## neighboring hell Four secondary hells located on each of the four sides of the hot hells and through which beings have to go once they leave one of the hot hells. The names and descriptions of the sufferings and punishments in these hells vary in different textual corpora. ## neither perception nor nonperception *’du shes med ’du shes med min*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñā­nāsaṃjñā*, See “station of neither perception nor nonperception.” ## Neither-Perception-nor-Nonperception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṁjñānāsaṁjñāyatana*, Fourth of four states in the formless realm. ## Nelpa Paṇḍita *nel pa pandi ta*, Skt. *nelpa paṇḍita*, A 13th century Tibetan historian. Personal name: Drakpa Mönlam Lodrö (grags pa smon lam blo gros). ## Nemi *mu khyud*, Skt. *nemi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas. ## Nepāla *bal po*, Skt. *nepāla*, Although the name “Nepal” derives from it, the ancient Nepāla would probably not extend beyond the Kathmandu Valley. ## Nerava *mig can*, Skt. *nerava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## nerve of Vajra­dhātvīśvarī *rdo rje dbying kyi dbang phyug ma’i rtsa*, Skt. *vajra­dhātvīśvarī­nāḍī*, The most sensitive spot of the woman’s genitals. ## Net Garland *dra ba’i phreng ba*, Skt. *dra ba’i phreng ba*, A forest in Dwelling in Excellent View. ## net mouth *dra ba kha*, Skt. *dra ba kha*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Net of Light *’od dra ba can*, A buddha. ## Netra *dri med spyan*, Skt. *netra*, The 477th buddha in the first list, 476th in the second list, and 470th in the third list. ## Netraśrī *mig gi dpal*, Skt. *netraśrī*, A bodhimaṇḍa goddess in another world in the distant past. ## Netrasañcāra *spyan rig*, Skt. *netrasañcāra*, A buddha. ## Nets of Light *dra ba can gyi ’od*, Skt. *dra ba can gyi ’od*, Mother of the buddha Pratimaṇḍita­locana. ## Ne’u Khenpo *ne’u mkhan po*, Skt. *ne’u mkhan po*, A Tibetan teacher and author active in the thirteenth century, associated with Tharpa Lotsāwa and best known for his historical works, although he also appears in some lineage records for the transmission of the Pratimokṣa vows, as suggested in the colophon of this text. Also known as Nelpa Paṇḍita Drakpa Mönlam Lodrö (nel pa paN+Di ta grags pa smon lam blo gros). ## neuter *ma ning*, Skt. *napuṃsakam*, The Tibetan term ma ning is broader than any existing English term and refers not only to those whose sexual characteristics are not clearly defined as male or female (intersexual), but also to those who do not have any proper gender organs, those who may have both, and those who are neuter, infertile, or who simply have physical or non-physical characteristics of a ma ning. ## neutral *ma ning*, Skt. *napuṃsaka*, Neither male nor female. ## Neutralization of Nāga Poison *klu’i dug bcom*, Skt. *klu’i dug bcom*, An ocean between Godānīya and Videha. ## never fall from the path See also “irreversibility.” ## never mistreated though visible to all creatures *srog chags thams cad kyis mthong yang brnyas par mi byed*, Skt. *sarva­prāṇyavimānita­darśana­tā*, Sixty-sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## Never Terrified *’jigs pa’i spu zing zhes byed pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *’jigs pa’i spu zing zhes byed pa dang bral ba*, A buddha. ## never-returner *mi ’ong ba*, Skt. *anāgāmin*, A person who has attained the third of the four stages of spiritual achievement and is considered to be free from future rebirth in the realm of desire. ## new lexical standards An edict of King Senalek Jingyön aimed at creating standards for spelling and terminology in the Tibetan language. ## new terminological register *skad gsar chad*, Skt. *skad gsar chad*, The ninth-century revision and codification of translational equivalents and procedure in Tibet. It was undertaken during the reigns of Senalek (sad na legs, d. 815 ᴄᴇ) and Ralpachen (ral pa can, r. 815–838) and resulted in the Mahāvyutpatti and Drajor Bampo Nyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa), the very influential manuals of translation from Sanskrit to Tibetan. ## New Tradition *gsar ma pa*, the followers of the [tantras](#tantra) that were translated and propagated from the time of the translator [Rinchen Zangpo](#rinchen-zangpo) (958-1055) onwards. It designates all the schools of Tibetan Buddhism except for the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa), or [Ancient Tradition](#ancient-tradition). ## New Translations see [New Tradition](#new-tradition). ## New Village *grong gsar*, Skt. *grong gsar*, A village. See also . ## next life *’jig rten pha rol*, Skt. *paraloka*, Lit. “the world beyond [death].” ## nāgī A female nāga. ## Nāga *klu*, a kind of snakelike being living in the depths of water or under the ground. Although they have miraculous powers they are classified as belonging to the animal [realm](#realm). See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## Nāga Beru *klu’i be ruH*, Skt. *beru*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Nāga City *klu khyer*, Skt. *klu khyer*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nāga Display *rnam ’phrul klu*, Skt. *rnam ’phrul klu*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Viniścitamati. ## Nāga Flower *klu’i me tog*, Skt. *klu’i me tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Nāga Gift *klu yis byin pa*, Skt. *klu yis byin pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Āryastuta (874 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Nāga Glory *klu dpal*, Skt. *klu dpal*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## nāga graha A type of “possessor,” or demon. ## Nāga Hand *klu lag ma*, Skt. *klu lag ma*, Mother of the buddha Puṇyabāhu. ## Nāga Head *klu mgo*, Skt. *klu mgo*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nāga Incense *klu spos*, Skt. *klu spos*, Son of the buddha Toṣaṇa. ## nāga king *klu’i rgyal po*, Skt. *nāgarāja*, A king among the nāga. ## nāga king Blessed Buddha *sangs rgyas bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *sangs rgyas bcom ldan ’das*, A nāga king. ## Nāga King Sāgara *klu’i rgyal po rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sāgaranāgarāja*, Name of a king of a race of supernatural serpents who protect the doctrine. ## Nāga Light *klu ’od*, Skt. *klu ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Arciskandha. ## nāga lord *klu’i bdag po*, Skt. *nāgādhipati*, A lord among the nāga. ## Nāga Melody *klu dbyangs*, Skt. *klu dbyangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Varuṇa. ## Nāga Mother Bhagavatī *klu’i yum bcom ldan ’das ma*, Skt. *klu’i yum bcom ldan ’das ma*, A goddess. ## Nāga Protector *klus skyong*, Skt. *klus skyong*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nāga River *klu’i chu*, Skt. *klu’i chu*, A river on Great Slope. ## Nāga Strength *klu stobs*, Skt. *klu stobs*, Father of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## Nāga Supremacy *klu’i mchog*, Skt. *klu’i mchog*, A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Nāgabhuja *klu yi lag*, Skt. *nāgabhuja*, The 170th buddha in the first list, 169th in the second list, and 169th in the third list. ## Nāgadantā Skt. *nāgadantā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Nāgadanta *klus byin*, Skt. *nāgadanta*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-first) when he becomes a buddha. ## Nāgadatta *klus byin*, Skt. *nāgadatta*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Nāgadeva *klu lha*, Skt. *nāgadeva*, The name of a king who reigned over the peaceful, flourishing city Ayodhyā before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nāgahṛdaya *klu’i snying po*, Skt. *nāgahṛdaya*, A being in this sūtra. ## nāgakesara Skt. *nāgakesara*, The plant nāgakesara, also known as nāgapuṣpa, presumably refers to the Mesua ferrea L., for which see Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Nāgakrama *glang po’i ’gros*, Skt. *nāgakrama*, The 290th buddha in the first list, 289th in the second list, and 289th in the third list. ## Nāga­kulodbhava­megha­virājita *klu’i rigs las byung ba sprin gyis rnam par mdzes*, Skt. *nāga­kulodbhava­megha­virājita*, A tathāgata. ## Nāganandin *klu dga’*, Skt. *nāganandin*, The 165th buddha in the first list, 164th in the second list, and 164th in the third list. ## Nāganinardita *’brug sgra bsgrags pa*, Skt. *Nāganinardita*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Nāgapāśa *klu’i zhags pa*, Skt. *nāgapāśa*, One of the nāga kings. ## Nāgaprabhāsa *klu yi ’od*, Skt. *nāgaprabhāsa*, The 163rd buddha in the first list, 162nd in the second list, and 162nd in the third list. ## Nāgaśrī *klu dpal*, Skt. *nāgaśrī*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Nāgara *grong khyer*, Skt. *nāgara*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Nāgaśūra *klu dpa’*, Skt. *nāgaśūra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ngari Western Tibet. ## Nāgaruta *klu dbyangs*, Skt. *nāgaruta*, The 958th buddha in the first list, 957th in the second list, and 948th in the third list. ## Nāgasena *klu sde*, Skt. *nāgasena*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nāga­vinarditeśvara­ghoṣa *glang po rnam par bsgrags pa’i dbang phyug dbyangs*, Skt. *nāga­vinarditeśvara­ghoṣa*, The buddha who succeeds the Buddhas Akṣobhya and Suvarṇapuṣpa in the realm Abhirati, by then renamed Jayasoma, as prophesied of King Araṇemin’s eleventh son, Siṃha. ## Nāga­vivarjitakusumateja­rāja *klus spangs me tog gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *nāga­vivarjitakusumateja­rāja*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## nāgavṛkṣa *klu shing gi me tog*, Skt. *nāgavṛkṣa*, Mesua roxburghii. The Sanskrit literally translates as “nāga flowers.” ## Ngawang Kunga Sönam *a myes zhabs ngag dbang kun dga’ bsod nams*, Skt. *a myes zhabs ngag dbang kun dga’ bsod nams*, The 27th Sakya throneholder (1597–1659), an accomplished scholar, author, and diplomat. ## Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso The Great Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–82) was the first Dalai Lama to serve as the temporal and religious leader of Tibet. ## Nāgābhibhū *klu zil gnon*, Skt. *nāgābhibhū*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Nāgendracūḍa *klu’i dbang po’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *nāgendracūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Nāgendravi­mukti­buddha­loka­sāgaralocanaśaila *klu dbang rnam grol sad byed ’jig rten rgya mtsho’i mig gi ri bo*, Skt. *nāgendravi­mukti­buddha­loka­sāgaralocanaśaila*, One of the two names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for a group of a thousand buddhas, with presumably five hundred buddhas having this name. ## Nāgeśvararāja *klu dbang gi rgyal po*, Skt. *nāgeśvararāja*, A buddha in a southeastern realm. ## Nāgeśvara­rāja *klu dbang gi rgyal po*, Skt. *nāgeśvara­rāja*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## nāginī *klu’i bu mo*, Skt. *nāginī*, A female nāga, or “daughter of nāgas.” ## Ngülda An area close to Degé. ## Nāgānta *klu mthar byed*, Skt. *nāgānta*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Ngok Loden Sherab *ngog blo ldan shes rab*, A Tibetan translator and influential scholar (1059–1110) who spent seventeen years studying in Kashmir in his youth and returned to Tibet to become the abbot of Sangphu Neuthok (gsang phu ne’u thog) monastery, an important study center in central Tibet. ## Ngorchen Könchok Lhundrup *ngor chen dkon mchog lhun grub*, Skt. *ngor chen dkon mchog lhun grub*, (1497−1557). The tenth abbot of Ngor Monastery and a prominent master of the Sakya tradition who wrote a history of Buddhism. ## Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo *ngor chen kun dga’ bzang po*, Skt. *ngor chen kun dga’ bzang po*, A great Sakya scholar and prolific author (1382–1456), founder of the Ngor tradition and the monastery of Ngor Ewam Chöden. ## Nāgottara A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Nāgārjuna *klu sgrub* (1st-2nd century), Indian master, one of the [Six Ornaments](#six-ornaments). He expounded the teachings of the [Middle Way](#middle-way) and composed numerous philosophical and medical treatises. ## Ngu Chödorwa The son of Karchen Jangchup Bum and an accomplished master from the Ngu clan. The full form of his name was Ngupa Chöki Dorje. He features in The Royal Genealogy of Degé as belonging to the thirtieth generation of the royal line. ## Ngu Guru Nephew of Sönam Rinchen and father of Tongpön Dawa Sangpo. ## Ngu Gyalwa Sangpo The son of Tongpön Dawa Sangpo and father of Pema Tensung. ## Nāgāyana *mthu bo che*, Skt. *nāgāyana*, A yakṣa king. (The Tibetan appears to have been translating from a manuscript that had nārāyaṇa.) ## Niśaṅka *bag tsha ba mi mnga’ ba*, Skt. *niśaṅka*, A buddha. ## Niḥśaṅka *bag tsha ba med pa*, Skt. *niḥśaṅka*, A great bodhisattva. ## Niḥśaṅka­sthāna *bag tsha ba med par gnas pa*, Skt. *niḥśaṅka­sthāna*, A bodhisattva. ## Niśācarā *mtshan mo rgyu*, Skt. *niśācarā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Niśācarapati *mtshan mo rgyu dbang*, Skt. *niśācarapati*, Notes on the Meaning identifies this deity as a yakṣa general, but the name is also used as an epithet of Śiva. ## Niścarita­tejas­padma­praphullita­gātra *gzi brjid ’gro ba la ’phro ba’i pad ma rab tu rgyas pa’i lus*, Skt. *niścarita­tejas­padma­praphullita­gātra*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## niścitta *sems med pa*, Skt. *niścitta*, Lit. “without thoughts.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Niculundha Flow *ni tsu lun+da ’bab pa*, Skt. *niculundha*, A river on Flocking Peacocks. ## Nidhisaṃdarśana *gter ston*, Skt. *nidhisaṃdarśana*, A previous life of Śākyamuni as a nāga king. ## nidāna *gleng gzhi*, Skt. *nidāna*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means the introductions to teachings. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Nigama *grong brdal*, Skt. *nigama*, A world system. ## night is fading *nam nangs*, Skt. *nirgacchantī rātriḥ*, The translation follows the Sanskrit: nirgacchati ratri. The Tibetan might be rendered “first light.” ## night lotus *ku mu da*, Skt. *kumuda*, Nymphaea pubescens. This night-blossoming water lily, which can be red, pink, or white, is not actually a lotus, since it does not have the lotus’s distinctive pericarp. Nevertheless it is commonly called the “night lotus.” It is also known as hairy water lily, because of the hairs on the stem and the underside of the leaves. ## night-flowering jasmine *yongs ’dus*, Skt. *pārijāta*, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. Presently in Hindi called parijat, pārijāta in Kannada, and so on. It features prominently in Indian legends and is one of the earthly trees that are are said to be in paradise. Some dictionaries equate it with the coral tree (māndārava). ## Nigrahadhāraṇī *tshar gcod pa’i gzungs ma*, Skt. *nigrahadhāraṇī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Nihata­dhīra *brtson ’grus ma nyams pa*, Skt. *nihata­dhīra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Nihata­rāga­rajas *’dod chags rdul bcom pa*, Skt. *nihata­rāga­rajas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Nihata­tejas *gzi brjid mnyam pa*, Skt. *nihata­tejas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Niṣṭhāgata *mthar thug*, Skt. *niṣṭhāgata*, A pure realm. ## Nihilism *chad par lta ba*, Skt. *vibhava dṛṣṭi*, materialism, the [view](#view) which denies the existence of past and future lives, the [principle of cause and effect](#principle-of-cause-and-effect), and so on. ## Nihilism Relinquished *chad pa spangs pa*, Skt. *chad pa spangs pa*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Excellent Glory Renowned for Virtue resides. ## nihilist *med par smra ba*, Skt. *nāstikyavādin*, In Buddhist terms, a view or outlook that rejects the validity or truth of the law of karma and rebirth (see “wrong view of nihilism”). ## Nihita­guṇodita *ma nyams pa’i yon tan ’byung ba*, Skt. *nihita­guṇodita*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## āniñjya *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *āniñjya*, Lit. “immovable.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## nāḍikā A measure of time defined as consisting of thirty kalās. It is measured by means of a water container fitted with a “tube” (nālika). Two nāḍikās make one muhūrta, which means that the duration of one nāḍikā is twenty-four minutes. ## Nikaṭa *nye ba*, Skt. *nikaṭa*, A lay brother living in Nādikā. ## Nikaṇṭha *nges mgrin*, Skt. *nikaṇtha*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: Nīlakaṇṭha, ne gan) ## Nikaṇṭhaka *mgul nges*, Skt. *nikaṇṭhaka*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Niṣkakuru *mthar phyed*, Skt. *niṣkakuru*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nikarṣa *sel byed*, Skt. *nikarṣa*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nikhiladarśin *kun ni gzigs*, Skt. *nikhiladarśin*, The 200th buddha in the first list, 199th in the second list, and 199th in the third list. ## Nikuṇṭḥā *nges gtum mo*, Skt. *nikuṇṭḥā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Nikumbha *bum pa ma lus*, Skt. *nikumbha*, Another name of the king Budha. ## Nilayadhruva *gnas can rtag pa*, Skt. *nilayadhruva*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## nimb tree *nim ba*, Skt. *nimba*, Azadirachta indica. ## Nimi *mu khyud*, Skt. *nimi*, The second of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin, who in becoming a bodhisattva is given the name Mahāsthāmaprāpta, and as such in the future will be in Sukhāvatī as that bodhisattva when his father becomes the Buddha Amitābha. He will eventually become in that realm the Buddha Supra­tiṣṭhita­guṇa­maṇikūṭa­rāja. ## Nimiṃdhara *sa ’dzin*, Skt. *nimiṃdhara*, Name of a universal monarch who lived in the past. ## Nimiketu *mu khyud tog*, Skt. *nimiketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nimindhara The name of a universal monarch, a future life of the queen Moonlit, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Nimnaga Skt. *nimnaga*, One of the rāśis. ## nine abodes of beings *sems can gyi gnas dgu*, Skt. *sems can gyi gnas dgu*, The dung dkar tshig mdzod chen mo lists the nine as (1) among those with different (tha dad) bodies and perceptions, such as humans and some gods, (2) among those with different bodies and a single perception, such as the Brahmakāyika gods, (3) among those with a single body and different perceptions, such as the Ābhāsvara gods, (4) among those with a single body and a single perception, such as the Śubhakṛtsna gods, and (5) among beings in Asaṃjñisattva, (6) in the station of endless space, (7) in the station of endless consciousness, (8) in the station of nothing-at-all, and (9) in the station of neither perception nor nonperception. ## nine abodes of sentient beings The dung dkar tshig mdzod chen mo lists the nine as (1) among those with different (tha dad) bodies and perceptions, such as humans and some gods, (2) among those with different bodies and a single perception, such as the Brahmakāyika gods, (3) among those with a single body and different perceptions, such as the Ābhāsvara gods, (4) among those with a single body and a single perception, such as the Śubhakṛtsna gods, and (5) among beings in Asaṃjñisattva, (6) in the abode of limitless space, (7) in the abode of limitless consciousness, (8) in the abode of nothing whatsoever, and (9) in the abode of neither perception nor nonperception. ## nine categories of discourses *yan lag dgu’i mdo*, Skt. *navāṅgaśāsana*, Nine divisions of the Buddhist scriptures. ## nine causes of antagonism *kun nas mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, Skt. *navā­ghātavastūni*, Thinking that someone harms oneself, harms someone dear to oneself, or benefits someone dear to oneself, each in the present, past, or future. ## nine causes of irritation *kun nas mnar gsems kyi dngos po dgu*, Skt. *āghātavastu*, These consist of various mental distractions caused by the nine considerations “He has caused, causes, will cause wrong to me. He has caused, causes, will cause wrong to one dear to me. He has served, serves, will serve my enemies.” ## nine causes of resentment *mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, Skt. *navāghāta­vastu*, The nine causes of resentment are thinking that someone has done, is doing, or will do injury to oneself; thinking that someone has done, is doing, or will do injury to someone dear to oneself; and thinking that someone has done, is doing, or will do a favor to someone who is hateful to oneself. ## nine contemplations of impurity *’du shes dgu*, Skt. *nava­saṃjñā*, The nine contemplations of impurity, as described in , are as follows: (1) contemplation of a bloated corpse, (2) contemplation of a worm-infested corpse, (3) contemplation of a bloody corpse, (4) contemplation of a putrefied corpse, (5) contemplation of a blue-black corpse, (6) contemplation of a devoured corpse, (7) contemplation of a dismembered corpse, (8) contemplation of a skeleton, and (9) contemplation of an immolated corpse. For Pāli and Sanskrit sources relevant to the nine contemplations of impurity, see Dayal (193)2: 93–94. ## nine dramatic moods *gar gyi cha byad dgu*, Skt. *navanāṭyarasa*, The nine dramatic moods, contained in the sixty-four crafts, comprise those of (1) grace (śṛṅgāra, sgeg pa); (2) heroism (vīra, dpa’ ba); (3) ugliness (bībhatsa, mi sdug pa); (4) ferocity (raudra, drag shul); (5) joviality (hāsya, bzhad gad); (6) fearsomeness (bhayānaka, ’jigs rung); (7) compassion (karuṇā, snying rje); (8) awesomeness (adbhūta, rngam pa); and (9) peace (śānta, zhi ba). On all these and related matters, see Jamgon Kongtrul TOK Book 6, Pt.1: 311–315. ## nine dramatic sentiments The nine dramatic sentiments are borrowed from South Asian performance theory (nāṭyaśāstra), where they signify nine modes of performance that evoke the specific emotional responses from an audience. The traditional list of nine includes the erotic (sgeg pa, śrṅgāra), heroic (dpa’ ba, vīra), disgusting (mi sdug pa, bībhatsa), comical (dgod pa, hāsya), wrathful (drag zhul, raudra), terrifying (’jigs su rung ba, bhayānaka), compassionate (snying rje, karuṇā), wonderous (rngam pa, adbhūta), and peaceful (zhi ba, śānta) sentiments. ## Nine Expanses *klong dgu*, nine subdivisions of the Expanse [Section](#section) (*klong sde*) in the teachings of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). ## nine gradual attainments *mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu*, Skt. *navānupūrvavihārasamāpatti*, Nine states of concentration that one may attain during a human life, corresponding to the four concentrations found in the form realm, the four concentrations found in the formless realm, and the attainment of the state of cessation. ## nine malicious intentions See “nine types of harmful acts.” ## nine mundane contemplations *’du shes dgu*, Skt. *navasaṃjñā*, The nine contemplations of impurity, as described in are as follows: (1) contemplation of a bloated corpse, (2) contemplation of a worm-infested corpse, (3) contemplation of a putrefied corpse, (4) contemplation of a bloody corpse, (5) contemplation of a blue-black corpse, (6) contemplation of a devoured corpse, (7) contemplation of a dismembered corpse, (8) contemplation of a skeleton, and (9) contemplation of an immolated corpse. For Pāli and Sanskrit sources relevant to the nine contemplations of impurity, see Dayal (1932): 93–94. ## nine perceptions *’du shes dgu*, Skt. *navasaṃjñā*, The nine perceptions of impurity, as described in , are as follows: (1) perception of a bloated corpse, (2) perception of a worm-infested corpse, (3) perception of a putrefied corpse, (4) perception of a bloodied corpse, (5) perception of a black-and-blue corpse, (6) perception of a chewed-up corpse, (7) perception of a dismembered corpse, (8) perception of bones, and (9) perception of an immolated corpse. For Pali and Sanskrit sources relevant to the nine perceptions of impurity, see Dayal 1932: 93–94. ## nine places beings live *sems can gyi gnas dgu*, Skt. *sems can gyi gnas dgu*, The dung dkar tshig mdzod chen mo lists the nine as (1) among those with different (tha dad) bodies and perceptions, such as humans and some gods, (2) among those with different bodies and a single perception, such as the Brahmakāyika gods, (3) among those with a single body and different perceptions, such as the Ābhāsvara gods, (4) among those with a single body and a single perception, such as the Śubhakṛtsna gods, and (5) among beings in Asaṃjñisattva, (6) in the station of endless space, (7) in the station of endless consciousness, (8) in the station of nothing-at-all, and (9) in the station of neither perception nor nonperception. See also . ## Nine Preeminent Dabren Medicine Ladies A group of deities or spirits who cause illness. ## nine serial absorptions *mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu*, Skt. *navānupūrva­vihāra­samāpatti*, Nine states of concentration that one may attain during a human life, namely the four concentrations corresponding to the form realm, the four formless absorptions, and the attainment of the state of cessation. ## nine serial steps of meditative absorption *mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu*, Skt. *navānupūrva­vihāra­samāpatti*, The nine levels of meditative absorption that one may attain during a human life, namely the four meditative concentrations corresponding to the realm of form (caturdhyāna), the four formless meditative absorptions (caturārūpya­samāpatti), and the attainment of the state of cessation. For an explanation of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption in this text, see . These are also summarized in Jamgon Kongtrul, The Treasury of Knowledge, Book 6, Pt. 2: pp. 428–29. ## nine stages of meditative absorption *mthar gyis gnas pa'i snyoms par 'jug pa dgu*, Skt. *navānupūrvavihārasamāpattaya*, The four dhyānas, the four absorptions of the formless [realm](#realm), and absorption in cessation. ## nine states of beings *sems can gyi gnas dgu*, Skt. *navasattvāvāsa*, The nine states of beings (navasattvāvāsa, sems can gyi gnas dgu, Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.41.a ) comprise (1) human beings and certain gods exemplifying those who have different bodies and different perceptions (lus tha dad cing ’du shes tha dad pa dag dper na mi rnams dang lha kha cig); (2) the gods appearing in the first tier of the Brahmakāyika realms, exemplifying those who have different bodies and identical perceptions (lus tha dad pa la ’du shes gcig pa dag dper na tshangs ris kyi lha dag dang po ’byung ba), (3) the gods of the Ᾱbhāsvara realms, exemplifying those who have identical bodies and different perceptions (lus gcig la ’du shes tha dad pa dag dper na ’od gsal ba rnams); (4) the gods of the Śubhakṛtsna realms, exemplifying those who have identical bodies and identical perceptions (lus gcig la ’du shes gcig pa dag dper na dge rgyas kyi lha rnams); (5) the activity field of infinite space (nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched); (6) the activity field of infinite consciousness (rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched); (7) the activity field of nothing-at-all (ci yang med pa’i skye mched); [(8) the activity field of neither perception nor nonperception (’du shes med ’du shes med min gyi skye mched)]; and (9) the activity field of nonperception (’du shes med pa’i skye mched). The missing one is included in Nordrang Orgyan, pp. 2034–35. ## nine successive meditative absorptions *mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa dgu*, Skt. *navānupūrvavihārasamāpatti*, (1–4) the four meditative states, (5–8) the four absorptions within the formless realm (caturārūpyasamāpatti, gzugs med [snyoms ’jug] bzhi), and (9) the meditative absorption of cessation (nirodhasamāpatti, ’gog pa’i snyoms ’jug). ## nine successive states of absorption Nine meditative absorptions in a series: four in the form realm, four in the formless realms, and finally the absorption of cessation. ## nine successive states of meditative attainment The four attainments corresponding to the form realm, the four formless absorptions, and the attainment of the state of cessation. ## nine things that harm *gnod pa’i dngos po dgu*, Skt. *āghātavastu*, Nine points of reference that inflame one’s anger and hostility: (1) my enemy has harmed me, (2) is harming me, and (3) will harm me; (4) my enemy has harmed my friend, (5) is harming my friend, and (6) will harm my friend; (7) my enemy has assisted other enemies, (8) is assisting other enemies, and (9) my enemy will assist my other enemy. ## nine things that inspire aggression *kun nas mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, Skt. *navāghātavastūni*, In his Gateway to Knowledge, Mipham identifies three groups of three [thought](#thought)s that inspire aggression: (1–3) the [thought](#thought)s, "This has hurt me," "This is hurting me," and "This will hurt me"; (4–6) the [thought](#thought)s "This has hurt someone dear to me," "This is hurting someone dear to me," and "This will hurt someone dear to me"; and (7–9) the [thought](#thought)s, "This has helped my enemy," "This helps my enemy," and "This will help my enemy" (mi pham rgyam mtsho 1978, p. 74). ## nine things that torment the mind *mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, Skt. *mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, That one has been harmed by an enemy, that one’s loved ones have been harmed, or that one’s enemies have been helped, each in the past, present, or future respectively. ## nine types of harmful acts Thinking “I have been treated unjustly” and giving rise to animosity, thinking “I am being treated unjustly” and giving rise to animosity, thinking “I will be treated unjustly” and giving rise to animosity, thinking “my dear ones have been, are being, or will be treated unjustly” and giving rise to animosity, and thinking “my enemy has gained, is gaining, or will gain an advantage” and giving rise to animosity. ## nine vindictive attitudes *mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, Skt. *mnar sems kyi dngos po dgu*, Thinking that one’s enemy has harmed, is harming, or will harm oneself; thinking that one’s enemy has harmed, is harming, or will harm one’s friend; and thinking that someone has helped, is helping, or will help one’s enemy. ## Nine-Headed Snake The name of a king of the kumbhāṇḍas. ## niradhiṣṭhāna *gnas su bya ba med pa*, Skt. *niradhiṣṭhāna*, Lit. “without anything to rest on” (Conze: “All Stability Stopped”). Name of a meditative stabilization. ## nirarbuda *chu bur rdol*, Skt. *nirarbuda*, A word for a high number (one hundred million). A variant of the Skt. nyarbuda. Also translated as “Bursting Blister Hell” when it designates one of the eight cold hells. See also . ## nirargaḍa A more elaborate and “unrestrained” (nirargaḍa) form of the Vedic ritual of horse sacrifice. ## Nir­avadya­sthāna­vāsinī *kha na ma tho ba med pa’i gnas na ’dug ma*, Skt. *nir­avadya­sthāna­vāsinī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Niravagraha *’dzin med*, Skt. *niravagraha*, A buddha realm. ## Nirbhaya *mi bsnyengs*, Skt. *nirbhaya*, The 49th buddha in the first list, 49th in the second list, and 50th in the third list. ## Nirdhūtarāja *nges par g.yo bar byed pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *nirdhūtarāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nirghautālaya *gzhi shin tu sbyangs pa*, Skt. *nirghautālaya*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Nirghoṣa *rab sgrogs*, Skt. *nirghoṣa*, A buddha realm. ## Nirghoṣamati *dbyangs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *nirghoṣamati*, The hundred-and-fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Nirghāta Skt. *nirghāta*, Hurricane or earthquake personified. ## nirgrantha *gcer bu pa*, Skt. *nirgrantha*, The Tibetan means “naked one,” and the Sanskrit “without possessions” or “without ties.” A nirgrantha is a non-Buddhist religious mendicant who eschews clothing and possessions, the term usually referring to Jains, including both ascetics and anyone otherwise following the tradition, such as householders. ## Nirgrantha Jñatiputra *gcer bu pa nye du’u bu*, Skt. *nirgrantha jñatiputra*, Also known as the Mahāvīra, the founder of the Jaina sect. ## Nirgrantha Jñātiputra *gcer bu pa gnyen gyi bu*, Skt. *nirgrantha jñātiputra*, One of the six philosophical extremists who lived during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Nirgrantha Jñāti­putra *gcer bu gnyen gyi bu*, Skt. *nirgrantha jñāti­putra*, One of the six outsider teachers. ## Nirgrantha Kinsman of the Kāśyapas *gcer bu pa ’od srung dang rus gcig pa*, The son of a poor brahmin farmer who lived outside of Rājagṛha, he mistook Nirgrantha Jñātiputra for Buddha Śākyamuni and became Nirgrantha Jñātiputra’s student. He then took refuge in the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha shortly before his death. Also called “Nirgrantha Kāśyapa,” or simply “Kāśyapa,” his given name. ## Nirgrantha Kāśyapa *gcer bu pa ’od srung*, Skt. *nirgrantha kāśyapa*, See “Nirgrantha Kinsman of the Kāśyapas.” ## Nirjvara *rims med*, Skt. *nirjvara*, The 241st buddha in the first list, 240th in the second list, and 240th in the third list. ## Nirmāṇa *sprul pa*, Skt. *nirmāṇa*, A god. ## nirmāṇa cakra *sprul pa’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *nirmāṇacakra*, The energy center (cakra) in the navel. ## Nirmadakarā *rgyags pa med pa*, Skt. *nirmadakarā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Nirmāṇakāya *sprul sku*, body of manifestation, the aspect of Buddhahood which manifests out of compassion to help ordinary beings. ## Nirmalā *dri ma med pa*, Skt. *nirmalā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nirmāṇarata *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇarata*, The fifth (counting from the lowest) of the six paradises in the desire realm. ## Nirmāṇa­rata *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇa­rata*, Fifth god realm of desire, meaning “delighting in emanation.” ## Nirmāṇarati *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇarati*, Lit. “Those Who Enjoy Magically Produced Creations.” The fifth of the six heavens of the desire realm; also the name of the gods living there. Its inhabitants magically create the objects of their own enjoyment. ## Nirmāṇaratin *’phrul dga’*, Skt. *nirmāṇaratin*, The fifth (counting from the lowest) of the six paradises in the desire realm. ## Nirmitā Skt. *nirmitā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Nirmita *sprul pa bzang po*, Skt. *nirmita*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Nirmita­megha­garjanayaśaḥ­śrī *sprul ba’i ’brug sgra snyan pa’i dpal*, Skt. *nirmita­megha­garjanayaśaḥ­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Nirmita­megha­susvara­śrī *sprul pa’i sprin sgra snyan pa’i dpal mnga’*, Skt. *nirmita­megha­susvara­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS in verse: Nirmita­megha­susvara­śiri. ## Nirnaṣṭa *mi snang byed*, Skt. *nirnaṣṭa*, One of the grahas. ## Nirodha *gsal*, Skt. *nirodha*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Nirodhanimna *’gog par gzhol ba*, Skt. *nirodhanimna*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Nirārambha A bodhisattva and interlocuter in The Dharma Council. ## Nirāsravarati *zag pa med par ’gro ba*, Skt. *nirāsravarati*, The mansion within the city of Mānasaṅkalpa in the Heaven of Joy in which the bodhisattva Maitreya lives. ## Nirṛti *srin po*, Skt. *nirṛti*, The deity governing the eastern direction. ## nirukti­nirdeśa­praveśa *nges pa’i tshig bstan pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *nirukti­nirdeśa­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into the exposition of etymologies.” Name of a meditative stabilization. (Ghoṣa has niruktāniyata­praveśa.) ## nirukti­niyata­praveśa *nges pa’i tshig la gdon mi za bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *nirukti­niyata­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into certainty about the etymologies.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Nirvāṇa *mya ngan las 'das pa*, the state beyond suffering. The conception of nirvāṇa differs in the [Śrāvakayāna](#śrāvakayāna), [Mahāyāna](#mahāyāna) and [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). ## nirvāṇa without any remainder of the aggregates *lhag ma med pa’i mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *nir­upadhi­śeṣa­nirvāṇa*, The attainment of nirvāṇa without any remainder of the physical and mental aggregates. ## nirvāṇa without remainder *lhag med mya ngan ’das pa*, Skt. *anupadhiśeṣa­nirvāna*, The mode of nirvāṇa in which all physical and mental attributes have been relinquished. This mode occurs after death, as some physical and mental attributes remain when an awakened being is still alive. ## nirvāṇa without remaining aggregates *phung po’i lhag ma med pa’i mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *nirupadhiśeṣanirvāṇa*, The attainment of nirvāṇa without any remainder of the physical and mental aggregates. ## Nirviṇṇā *yid ’byung ma*, Skt. *nirviṇṇā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nirvikalpadharmanirdeśakuśala *rnam par rtog med chos ston mkhas pa*, Skt. *nirvikalpadharmanirdeśakuśala*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Skilled in Teaching the Dharma of Nonconceptuality.” ## Nirvikalpamahāmaitrīśvara *rnam par rtog med byams pa chen po dbang phyug*, Skt. *nirvikalpamahāmaitrīśvara*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Lord of Nonconceptual Great Love.” ## Nirvikalpamati *rnam par rtog med blo gros*, Skt. *nirvikalpamati*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Wise in Nonconceptuality.” ## Nirvikalpanāda *rnam par rtog med nga ro*, Skt. *nirvikalpanāda*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Roar of Nonconceptuality.” ## Nirvikalpaspharaṇa *rnam par rtog med khyab byed*, Skt. *nirvikalpaspharaṇa*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Pervading Nonconceptuality.” ## Nirvikalpasvabhāva *rnam par rtog med ngo bo nyid*, Skt. *nirvikalpasvabhāva*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Having the Nature of Nonconceptuality.” ## Nirvikalpasvara *rnam par rtog med dbang phyug*, Skt. *nirvikalpasvara*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Lord of Nonconceptuality.” ## Nirvikalpavīra *rnam par rtog med dpa’ bo*, Skt. *nirvikalpavīra*, Name of a bodhisattva; “Hero of Nonconceptuality.” ## Niryāṇa *nges ’byung*, Skt. *niryāṇa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Niryūhavijṛṃbhita *ba gam gyis bsgyings pa*, Skt. *niryūhavijṛṃbhita*, A realm to the south of the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s realm in which resides the Buddha Siṃhavijṛṃbhiteśvararāja. ## Nisumbha *nges par gnod mdzes*, Skt. *nisumbha*, The name of an asura. ## nisundara An unidentified ritual substance. ## nityajvarā *rtag pa’i rims*, Skt. *nityajvarā*, A class of spirits causing continuous fever. ## Nitya­pari­nirvṛta *rtag par yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *nitya­pari­nirvṛta*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Nityaprahasitapramuditendriya *rtag tu rgod dga’ dbang po*, Skt. *nityaprahasita­pramuditendriya*, The name of a bodhisattva meaning “Faculty of Ever-Joyous Excitement.” ## Nityapramūdita *rtag tu rab dga’*, Skt. *nityapramūdita*, Lit. “Always a Joy.” Name of one of four gardens in the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Nityapramudita *rtag par rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *nityapramudita*, Name of one of four gardens in the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Nityaprayukta *brtson pa mi gtong*, Skt. *nityaprayukta*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Nityaujohara­druma­rāja *rtag tu mdangs ’phrog pa sdong po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *nityaujohara­druma­rāja*, A rākṣasa lord. ## Nityayukta *rtag tu sbyor ba*, Skt. *nityayukta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Nityodyukta *rtag tu brtson pa*, Skt. *nityodyukta*, A bodhisattva present during the delivery of the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities. ## Nityo­dyukta *rtag tu brtson*, Skt. *nityo­dyukta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Nityotkaṇṭhita A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Nityotkṣiptahasta A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Nityotkṣipta­hasta *rtag tu phyag brkyang*, Skt. *nityotkṣipta­hasta*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Nityotpalakṛtahasta A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Nityāvabhāsa *rtag par snang ba*, Skt. *nityāvabhāsa*, “Permanent Luster.” The name of the future eon in which the girl Vimalaśraddhā will become a buddha. ## Nivartana *ldog par gnas*, Skt. *nivartana*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Niyatā *nges pa*, Skt. *niyatā*, Lit. “Certain.” Name of four lotus ponds, each located in one of the four gardens of the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Niyatabuddhi *nges pa’i blo*, Skt. *niyatabuddhi*, The 177th buddha in the first list, 176th in the second list, and 176th in the third list. ## niyata­dhvaja­ketu *nges pa’i rgyal mtshan tog*, Skt. *niyata­dhvaja­ketu*, Lit. “crest of the victory banner of certainty.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Nīlā *sngon mo*, Skt. *nīlā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Nīla *sngo ba*, Skt. *nīla*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Nīlabhūti *sngor gyur*, Skt. *nīlabhūti*, A brahmin. ## Nālada *na la da*, Skt. *nālada*, [Śāriputra](#śāriputra)'s birthplace in [Magadha](#magadha). King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra) granted [Śāriputra](#śāriputra)'s grandfather [Māṭhara](#māṭhara) and father [Tiṣya](#tiṣya) rights to this village as a victor's spoils after debates held in his presence. ## Nīladaṇḍa *dbyug sngon*, Skt. *nīladaṇḍa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi and a mantra deity. ## Nīlagandha­prabhāsavi­raja *dri sngo snang ba rdul bral*, Skt. *nīlagandha­prabhāsavi­raja*, The eastern realm in which the seventh son of King Araṇemin will become a buddha. ## Nīla­giryanila­vega *ri sngo rlung gi shugs*, Skt. *nīla­giryanila­vega*, “The Power of a Blue Mountain of Wind,” the name of a precious horse of a cakravartin in the distant past. ## Nīlagrīva *mgrin sngon*, Skt. *nīlagrīva*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Nīlakaṇṭhī *mgrin sngon*, Skt. *nīlakaṇṭhī*, A goddess associated with Avalokiteśvara. ## Nīlakaṇṭha Skt. *nīlakaṇṭha*, An epithet of Śiva (lit. “blue-throated one”), here apparently understood as a form of Avalokiteśvara. This epithet references the Purāṇic narrative in which Śiva drank the poison that arose when the gods churned the cosmic ocean, thus saving the world. Śiva did not die, but his neck turned blue. There are many parallels between Śiva and Avalokiteśvara, and here the text appears to explicitly understand Śiva as a form of Avalokiteśvara. ## Nālandā the birthplace near [Rājagṛha](#rājagṛha) of the [Buddha's](#buddha) [disciple](#disciple) [Śāriputra](#śāriputra), which much later, starting in the time of the Gupta kinds (5th century), became one of the great centers of learning in Buddhist India. It was destroyed around 1200 A.D. ## Nālati *na la ti*, Skt. *nālati*, A town in ancient India where this sūtra is taught. ## Nālayu *chu ba gtsang ma*, Skt. *nālayu*, A place in the south of India. ## Nīlāmbaradhara *gos sngon gyon pa*, Skt. *nīlāmbaradhara*, A form of Vajrapāṇi. ## Nīlāmbuda *chu sbyin sngo ba*, Skt. *nīlāmbuda*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## nāma Literally “name,” this refers to the four mental skandhas of vedanā, saṃjñā, saṃskāra, and vijñāna, in contrast to rūpa. ## nāma­nirukti­pada­vyañjana *ming dang nges pa’i sgra dang tshig dang ’bru*, Skt. *nāma­nirukti­pada­vyañjana*, Lit. “of words, etymologies, sentences, and syllables.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## nāma­niyata­praveśa *ming nges par ’jug pa*, Skt. *nāma­niyata­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into certainty about words.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Nāmbhapālita The name of a king. ## Nāmrā *’dud ma*, Skt. *nāmrā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Nānāpuṣpa *me tog sna tshogs*, Skt. *nānāpuṣpa*, A buddha realm. ## Nānā­raśmi­śrī­meru­garbha *’od gzer dpal gyi ri bo’i snying po*, Skt. *nānā­raśmi­śrī­meru­garbha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## nānāruta­pada­vyañjanābhinirhāra *sgra dang tshig dang ’bru sna tshogs sgrub pa*, Skt. *nānāruta­pada­vyañjanābhinirhāra*, Lit. “producing skill in [making] the variety of sounds, words, and syllables.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## no actual entity denoted by the word *tshig gi don myed pa*, Skt. *apadārtha*, See . ## no aspect *rnam pa med pa*, Skt. *rnam pa med pa*, The 71st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. In Dutt 198, the Sanskrit is prabhākara, light maker. ## No Being *sems dpa’ med*, Skt. *sems dpa’ med*, A great bodhisattva. ## No Contact *phrad med*, Skt. *phrad med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokottīrṇa. ## No Death *’chi med*, Skt. *’chi med*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. Alternatively referred to as Impossible to Die (gsod med) in the Tibetan text. ## No Fear of Attack *rgol bas ’jigs pa med pa*, Skt. *rgol bas ’jigs pa med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śāntagati. ## No Fear of Nāgas *klu yis ’jigs pa med pa*, Skt. *klu yis ’jigs pa med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Marutpūjita. ## No Fear of the World *’jig rten dag gis mi ’jigs*, Skt. *’jig rten dag gis mi ’jigs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mañjughoṣa. ## no fixed abode *gnas la rten pa med pa*, Skt. *aniketasthita*, The 33rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## No Hardship *mi gdung ba*, Skt. *atapa*, One of the five pure abodes within the realm of form. ## no harmony or disharmony *’thun pa dang ’gal ba med pa*, Skt. *rodha­virodha­pratirodha*, A meditative stability. ## No Hope of Joy *kun dga’ la re ba med pa*, Skt. *kun dga’ la re ba med pa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. Appears to be identical with Joyless Thought. ## No Lack of Embankments *’jug ngogs med pa ma yin pa*, Skt. *’jug ngogs med pa ma yin pa*, A location in Heaven Free from Strife. ## no longer subject to rebirth *phyir mi ’ong ba*, Skt. *āgāmī*, One of the four types of noble individuals, the third stage of the progression culminating in the state of arhat. The term is often rendered “non-returner.” “Rebirth” refers to rebirth in cyclic existence. ## no mental engagement A term for a state in which the mind is not directed toward any object or referent. ## No Merit Deficiency *bsod nams mi dman pa*, Skt. *bsod nams mi dman pa*, Attendant of the buddha Adbhutayaśas. ## no self *bdag med*, Skt. *nairātmya*, The absence of any enduring, singular, or independent essence in individuals or phenomena. ## No Shadows *grib ma med pa*, Skt. *grib ma med pa*, A forest on Vast Garlands of Bliss. ## No Thought of I *ngar mi sems pa*, Skt. *ngar mi sems pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpaprabha (904 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## No View *lta ba med*, Skt. *lta ba med*, A bodhisattva. ## noble *’phags pa*, Skt. *ārya*, When referring to a person, it is someone who has entered the “path of seeing”—someone who has a direct and stable realization of the four truths of the noble ones and who thus ceases to be an “ordinary person,” becoming a “noble one.” ## noble being *’phags pa*, Skt. *ārya*, A person who has directly realized the noble truths. ## Noble Bliss *bde dpal*, The wife of a householder in this sūtra. ## noble daughter *rigs kyi bu mo*, Skt. *kulaputrī*, Indian term of address used by a teacher regarding a student. While originally related to family lineage, in Great Vehicle sūtras the term is also sometimes interpreted as implying that the person so addressed has entered the lineage of the buddhas, i.e., is a follower of the bodhisattva path. ## Noble Dharma *chos ’phags*, Skt. *chos ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Diligence *’phags par gzhol*, Skt. *’phags par gzhol*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnābhacandra. ## noble disciple *’phags pa nyan thos*, Skt. *āryaśrāvāka*, A practitioner of the Disciple Vehicle teaching who has reached at least the initial stages of realization. ## Noble Discipline *’phags ’dul*, Skt. *’phags ’dul*, Attendant of the buddha Mokṣatejas. ## Noble Distribution *bgo ba des pa*, Skt. *bgo ba des pa*, Someone who sacrificed his limbs. ## noble eightfold path *’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *aṣṭaṅgārya­mārga*, The noble eightfold path, enumerated in , comprises (1) correct view, (2) correct ideation, (3) correct speech, (4) correct action, (5) correct livelihood, (6) correct effort, (7) correct recollection, and (8) correct meditative stability. ## Noble Equality *’phags mnyam*, Skt. *’phags mnyam*, Mother of the buddha Ṛṣīndra. ## Noble Eye *’phags spyan*, Skt. *’phags spyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūryaprabha (435 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Noble Fame *grags pa ’phags*, Skt. *grags pa ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Great Compassionate One Ārya Mahākāruṇika, or the Noble Great Compassionate One, is an epithet of Avalokiteśvara, the bodhisattva of compassion. ## Noble Great Love *byams pa chen po ’phags*, Skt. *byams pa chen po ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Illumination *kun nas snang ba ’phags*, Skt. *kun nas snang ba ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Intellect *blo gros ’phags pa*, Skt. *blo gros ’phags pa*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Noble Intelligence *dpal gyi blo gros*, Skt. *dpal gyi blo gros*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Noble Jewel *rin chen mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *rin chen mngon par ’phags pa*, A buddha. ## Noble Joy *’phags par dga’ ba*, Skt. *unnatananda*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Joyous Lady *dpal dga’ mo*, One of the maids of Queen Mālādhārā. ## Noble Kind Lady *dpal bzang mo*, One of the maids of Queen Mālādhārā. ## Noble King of Splendor *gzi brjid mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *gzi brjid mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Noble King of the Terrifying Lotus *pad ma ’jigs byed mngon du ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *pad ma ’jigs byed mngon du ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Noble Light *’od ’phags*, Skt. *’od ’phags*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Noble Lineage of the Thus-Gone Ones *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rus rigs ’phags*, Skt. *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rus rigs ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Merit *bsod nams ’phags*, Skt. *bsod nams ’phags*, A god. ## Noble Merit and Qualities *yon tan bsod nams ’phags*, Skt. *yon tan bsod nams ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Merit Like Mount Meru *bsod nams ri rab ’phags*, Skt. *bsod nams ri rab ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Moonlight *zla ba ’phags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *zla ba ’phags pa’i ’od*, A buddha realm. ## Noble Mother Cow *’phags be’u ma*, Skt. *’phags be’u ma*, Mother of the buddha Arhatkīrti. ## noble (one) *’phags pa*, Skt. *ārya*, An honorific term used to refer to anything of exalted status. Thus, it can refer to a noble person, one of a higher class or caste. In the context of Buddhism, it refers to one who has gained realization on the path of seeing and thus understands selflessness. ## noble one *’phags pa*, Skt. *ārya*, The Sanskrit ārya generally has the common meaning of a noble person, one of a higher class or caste. In Dharma terms it means one who has gained the realization of the path and is superior for that reason. ## noble path *’phags pa’i lam*, Skt. *āryamārga*, The noble eightfold path, enumerated in , comprises (1) right view, (2) right idea, (3) right speech, (4) right conduct, (5) right livelihood, (6) right effort, (7) right mindfulness, and (8) right meditative stabilization. ## noble path with eight parts *’phags pa’i lam yan lag brgyad*, Skt. *āryāṣṭāṅga­mārga*, Right view, right thinking, right speech, right activity, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right samādhi. ## Noble Peace *nye bar zhi ’phag*, Skt. *nye bar zhi ’phag*, A buddha. ## noble son *rigs kyi bu*, Skt. *kulaputra*, Indian term of address used by a teacher regarding a student. While originally related to family lineage, in Great Vehicle sūtras the term is also sometimes interpreted as implying that the person so addressed has entered the lineage of the buddhas, i.e., is a follower of the bodhisattva path. ## Noble Source of Wisdom *ye shes ’byung ba ’phags*, Skt. *ye shes ’byung ba ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## Noble Splendor *gzi brjid drag pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid drag pa*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## noble statements *gsung rab*, Skt. *pravacana*, Refers to the discourses of the Buddha. ## noble superior path *’phags pa bla na med pa’i lam*, Skt. *’phags pa bla na med pa’i lam*, See “noble path.” ## noble truth *’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *āryasatya*, Strictly speaking, this should be translated “truth of the noble ones,” but for brevity the widespread short form has been used. See also “four truths of the noble ones.” ## noble truth of suffering *sdug bsngal ’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *duḥkhārya­satya*, First of the four noble truths. ## noble truth of the cessation of suffering *’gog pa ’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *ni­rodhārya­satya*, Third of the four noble truths. ## noble truth of the origin of suffering *kun ’byung ba ’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *sam­udayārya­satya*, Second of the four noble truths. ## noble truth of the path *lam ’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *mārgārya­satya*, Fourth of the four noble truths. ## noble truths *’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *āryasatya*, Also explained as the truths of the noble ones (ārya), a paradigmatic set of teachings traditionally believed to have been taught by the Buddha in the first sermon. They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the origin of suffering, the truth of the cessation of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the cessation of suffering. ## Noble Wisdom *ye shes ’phags*, Skt. *ye shes ’phags*, A bodhisattva. ## noblest intention *lhag pa’i bsam pa*, Skt. *adhyāśaya*, As defined in the Bodhisattva­bhūmi, this is a bodhisattva’s determined, deeply informed enthusiasm for the Buddhist teachings that is grounded in faith and careful study of the Dharma. ## Nāḍoḍina *nA Do DI na*, Skt. *nāḍoḍina*, A mountain in Godānīya. ## Non-Abiding Action *mi gnas pa’i spyod pa*, Skt. *mi gnas pa’i spyod pa*, Name of a buddha. ## Nonabiding Mind *mi gnas sems*, Skt. *mi gnas sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Non-action acting without conceptualizing, from the state of realization that the actor, the action and the object acted upon are all without intrinsic reality. ## Non-aggressive Intellect *zhes ’gras pa med pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *zhes ’gras pa med pa’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## nonapprehending manner *myi dmyigs pa’i tshul*, Skt. *anupalambha­yogena*, See “without apprehending anything.” ## nonapprehensibility (of the essential nature) of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi ngo bo nyid dmigs su med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāvānupalabdhi*, The twenty-first of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Nonapprehension *dmigs pa med pa*, Skt. *dmigs pa med pa*, A bodhisattva. ## nonapprehension of all phenomena *chos thams cad mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānupalabdhir*, The ninth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## nonapprehension of the essential nature of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi ngo bo nyid mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāvānupalabdhir*, The second of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## nonarising of all phenomena *chos thams cad skye ba med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāvānutpatti*, The initial meditative stability mentioned before the list in chapter 6, but not mentioned in chapter 8. This meditative stability appears to be equated with “all-aspect omniscience.” ## nonbeing *dngos med*, Skt. *abhāva*, Also rendered here as “nonexistence.” ## non-Buddhist *mu stegs pa*, Skt. *tīrthika*, Those of religious or philosophical orders that were contemporary with the early Buddhist order, including Jains, Jaṭilas, Ājīvikas, and Cārvākas. Initially, the term tīrthika or tīrthya may have referred to non-brahmanic ascetic orders. Tīrthika (“forder”) literally translates as “one belonging to or associated with (possessive suffix -ika) stairs for landing or for descent into a river,” or “a bathing place,” or “a place of pilgrimage on the banks of sacred streams” (Monier-Williams). The term may have originally referred to temple priests at river crossings or fords where travelers propitiated a deity before crossing. The Sanskrit term seems to have undergone metonymic transfer in referring to those able to ford the turbulent river of saṃsāra (as in the Jain tīrthaṅkaras, “ford makers”), and it came to be used in Buddhist sources to refer to teachers of rival religious traditions. The Sanskrit term is closely rendered by the Tibetan mu stegs pa: “those on the steps (stegs pa) at the edge (mu).” ## non-Buddhist schools *mu stegs can*, Skt. *tīrthika*, The non-Buddhist spiritual traditions of ancient India, which according to the Buddhist view are generally said to fall into one of two categories of erroneous views: the view of eternalism or the view of nihilism. ## nonceasing of all phenomena *chos thams cad ’gag pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānirodha*, The ninth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## nonconceptual realm *rnam par mi rtog pa’i dbyings*, Skt. *avikalpadhātu*, The state of nonconceptuality. ## non-cultivation *rnam par ’jig pa*, Skt. *vi­bhāvanā*, (See also ). ## Non-Deficiency of Mind *sems kyi mi dman pa*, Skt. *sems kyi mi dman pa*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## nondifferentiation of all phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par ’byed pa mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāsaṃbheda*, The twenty-second of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and the twentieth of the meditative stabilities realized by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## nondifferentiation with respect to all phenomena *chos thams cad la tha dad pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirnānātvo*, The fourth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Non-dispersion of Aspects *rnam pa dor ba med pa*, Skt. *ākārān­ava­kāra*, Name of the eighty-fifth meditative stability. ## nondistinguished *mngon par dmigs pa med pa*, Skt. *anabhilakṣita*, The 97th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## nonduality *gnyis su med pa*, Skt. *advayatvā*, This is synonymous with reality, voidness, etc. But it must be remembered that nonduality does not necessarily mean unity, that unity is only one of the pair unity-duality; hence nonduality implies nonunity as well. This point is obscured by designating this nondual philosophy as “monism,” as too many modern scholars have done. ## Non-dwelling nirvāṇa *mi gnas pa'i myang 'das*, [total enlightenment](#total-enlightenment), beyond both [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) and [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa), not "dwelling" in either of them. ## None Greater *mi che ba’i lha rnams*, Skt. *avṛha*, The lowest of the five classes of the gods that constitute the Pure Abodes (Śuddhāvāsa) in the world of form. ## non-entity *dngos po med pa*, Skt. *a­bhāva*, See . ## nonentity *dngos po med pa*, Skt. *abhāva*, Generally refers to nonexistence. ## nonexclusion *rnam pa ’dor ba med pa*, Skt. *ākārānavakāra*, The 91st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## nonexclusion of the aspect *rnam pa ’dor ba med pa*, Skt. *ākārānavakāra*, A meditative stability. ## non-existence *dngos po med pa nyid*, Skt. *niḥsvabhāvatā*, A synonym for liberation from becoming or rebirth in the three realms (desire, form, and formless). ## nonexistence *dngos med*, Skt. *abhāva*, Also rendered here as “nonbeing.” ## nonfixation on the three realms *khams gsum la mngon par ma zhen pa*, Skt. *trailokyānabhiniviṣṭo*, The forty-ninth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. See an exception to the attested Sanskrit source at . ## nonforgetfulness *brjed pa med pa*, Skt. *asaṃpramoṣa*, One of the three qualities of mindfulness (dran pa; smṛti) including familiarization (’dris pa’i dngos po; samstute vastuni) and nondistraction (mi g.yeng ba; avikṣipta). See, for example, Jaini 1992 (pp. 47–59) on asaṃpramoṣa in Abhidharma literature. The “absorption of nonforgetfullness” (asaṃpramoṣo nāma samādhiḥ) is listed in the Mahāvyutpatti §526. ## Non-grasping *yongs su ’dzin pa med pa*, Skt. *yongs su ’dzin pa med pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Inexpressible Intention. ## nonhuman A spirit. ## Non-Intoxication *myos pa med pa*, Skt. *myos pa med pa*, A river in the Swan Forest. ## nonmaterial reality *rdzas su ma mchis pa*, Things that are merely labelled through concepts or ideas. ## Nonoccurrence *’byung med*, Skt. *’byung med*, Son of the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa. ## nonperception *mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *anupalambha*, This refers to the mental openness cultivated by the bodhisattva who has reached a certain awareness of the nature of reality, in that he does not seek to perceive or apprehend any object or grasp any substance in anything; rather, he removes any static pretension of his mind to have grasped at any truth, conviction, or view (see also “incomprehensibility”). (See also ). ## nonperception of all phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par mi mthong ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vipaśyano*, The twenty-third of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Non-perception of Time *dus mi mthong*, Skt. *dus mi mthong*, A lotus pool in Lateral. ## Non-referential Concentration *dmigs pa med pa’i bsam gtan pa*, Skt. *dmigs pa med pa’i bsam gtan pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## nonregressing level *phyir mi ldog pa’i sa*, Skt. *avaivartya­bhūmi*, A level of no retrogression, the attainment of which assures further progress. Such a state is associated variously with different stages of the path or bodhisattva levels, as well as with pure lands such as Sukhāvatī or, in this case, Tuṣita heaven. ## nonregressing wheel *phyir mi ldog pa’i ’khor lo*, The realm of phenomena just as it is. Having the characteristic of space because it accompanies everything, the nonregressing wheel denotes ultimate reality and the irreversible awakening that results from realizing it. ## nonregressing wheel of Dharma *phyir mi ldog pa’i sa’i chos kyi ’khor lo*, Skt. *avaivartya­bhūmi­dharmacakra*, See nonregressing level. ## non-regression *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avaivartikatva*, A stage in the bodhisattva path where the practitioner will never turn back. ## nonregression *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avaivartika*, A stage on the bodhisattva path where the practitioner will never turn back, or be turned back, from progress toward the full awakening of a buddha. ## non-residual nirvāṇa *lhag ma med pa’i mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *nir­upadhi­śeṣa­nirvāṇa*, One of the different types of nirvāṇa, where the aggregates have also been consumed within emptiness. See also “final nirvāṇa.” ## nonresidual nirvāṇa *phung po ma lus pa’i mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *nirupadhi­śeṣa­nirvāṇa*, One of the different types of nirvāṇa, where the aggregates have also been consumed within emptiness. See also “final nirvāṇa.” ## non-returner *phyir mi ’ong ba*, Skt. *anāgāmin*, There are four kinds of “noble persons” (Skt. āryapudgala) according to the Śrāvakayāna path, characterized by a gradual abandonment of ten kinds of fetters (Skt. saṃyojana) that bind one to saṃsāra. This is the third of the four (or eight) stages of the realization of the supermundane path (and fruit) leading to awakening. ## nonreturner *phyir mi ’ong ba*, Skt. *anāgāmin*, The third level of noble ones when practicing the path of the hearers (bound to never be reborn). ## non-returning *phyir mi ’ong ba*, Skt. *anāgāmin*, One who will not be reborn again. Third of the four fruitions. ## non-self *bdag med pa*, Skt. *an­ātman*, The view that there is no self existing independent of the five psycho-physical aggregates. Also translated here as “selflessness” and “absence of self.” ## nonself *bdag med pa*, Skt. *anātman*, The idea that persons and all phenomena have no permanent self or essence that exists and does not change. Can also refer in this text to the technique, application, or rehearsal of this idea in a meditative practice. ## nonsensical chatter *tshig kyal pa*, Skt. *abaddhapralāpa*, Seventh of ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered as “irresponsible chatter.” ## nonsequential *snrel zhi*, Skt. *vyutkrāntaka­samāpatti*, Lit. “topsy-turvy”; in a mixed order. Also translated here as “loosely organized” and “perverted.” See . ## non-specific phenomena *lung du ma bstan pa’i chos*, Skt. *a­vyākṛta­dharma*, Non-specific phenomena, as found in , include the following: non-specific physical actions, non-specific verbal actions, non-specific mental actions, the non-specific four primary elements, the non-specific five sense organs, the non-specific five psycho-physical aggregates, the twelve sense fields, the eighteen sensory elements, and the maturation of past actions. (See also ). ## Non-thought (experience) *mi rtog pa'i nyams*, Skt. *avikalpa, nirvikalpa*, one of the three types of experience in meditation. A calm state in which there are no [thought](#thought)s. See [experiences](#experiences-meditative). ## nonvirtuous *mi dge ba*, Skt. *akuśala*, The opposite of “virtuous.” ## nonvirtuous actions *mi dge ba*, Skt. *akuśala*, See “ten nonvirtuous actions.” ## non-virtuous phenomena *mi dge ba’i chos*, Skt. *a­kuśala­dharma*, Non-virtuous phenomena, as presented in , include the following: the slaying of living creatures, theft, sexual misconduct, lying, slander, verbal abuse, irresponsible chatter, covetousness, malice, wrong views, anger, enmity, hypocrisy, annoyance, violence, jealousy, miserliness, and pride. (See also ). ## nonvirtuous phenomena *mi dge ba’i chos*, Skt. *akuśaladharma*, Nonvirtuous phenomena, as listed in , include the following: the killing of living creatures, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, slander, verbal abuse, irresponsible chatter, covetousness, malice, wrong views, anger, enmity, hypocrisy, annoyance, violence, jealousy, miserliness, pride, and perverse pride. ## North Pañcāla *byang phyogs kyi lnga len pa*, Skt. *uttarapañcāla*, One of the two kings of the country of Pañcāla. ## nose consciousness constituent *sna’i rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *ghrāṇavijñānadhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents. ## nose is prominent *shangs mtho ba*, Skt. *tuṅga­nāsa­tā*, Forty-eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## nose that is extremely clean *shangs shin du gtsang ba*, Skt. *śucināsa*, Fifty-ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## nose that is prominent *las legs par mtho ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *uttuṅganāsa*, Fifty-eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## no-self *bdag med*, Skt. *nirātman*, The Buddhist view that there is no self in persons or phenomena that exists independently of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## not an actual entity *tshig gi don med pa*, Skt. *apadārtha*, See . ## not apprehending *mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *anupalambha*, See “apprehend.” ## not arrived A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Not Craving for Fire *sbar ’chums ma yin*, Skt. *sbar ’chums ma yin*, A great bodhisattva. ## not direct the mind *yid la mi byed pa*, Skt. *amanasikāra*, To not conceptually engage or even direct the mind toward an object of perception. ## Not Dwelling in the World *’jig rten mi gnas pa*, Skt. *’jig rten mi gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## not forsaking any beings *sems can thams cad yongs su mi gtong ba*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­parityāgitā*, Fifth of the eight attributes of the second level. ## Not Grasping Any Phenomenon *chos thams cad mi len pa*, Skt. *chos thams cad mi len pa*, A bodhisattva. ## not grating *mi tshugs*, Skt. *aneḍa*, An attribute of speech. ## Not Inferior *dman med*, Skt. *dman med*, Attendant of the buddha Toṣitatejas. ## Not Intimidated by Fears or the Fearsome *’jigs shing ’jigs su rung bas mi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *’jigs shing ’jigs su rung bas mi ’jigs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Not Involved with Objects *yul la mi gnas pa*, Skt. *yul la mi gnas pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## not noisy *ca co myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti ravitam*, Second of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## not regress *phyir mi ldog pa*, A stage on the bodhisattva path where the practitioner will never turn back, or be turned back, from progress toward the full awakening of a buddha. ## not seeing with sight *ltar mi mthong ba*, Skt. *ltar mi mthong ba*, An absorption. ## Not Traveling by Foot *rkang mi ’khyol*, Skt. *rkang mi ’khyol*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Oghajaha. ## not turning back *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avaivartika*, See “irreversible.” ## Nothing *ci yang min*, Skt. *ci yang min*, Nothing (not anything, the absence of things), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## Nothing Higher *mtho ba med pa*, Skt. *mtho ba med pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siddhi. ## Nothing Lacking *ma spangs pa*, Skt. *ma spangs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Samṛddha. ## nothing-at-all *ci yang med pa*, Skt. *ākiṃcintya*, See “station of nothing-at-all.” ## Nothingness *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *akiñcanyāyatana*, Nothingness (the state of nonexistence or absence), also the third of four states in the formless realm. ## notion *’du shes*, Skt. *saṃjñā*, Has the sense of notions involving nominal designation, the imputation of names to things. ## notion of happiness *bde ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *sukhasaṃjñā*, Second of the four misconceptions. ## notion of permanence *rtag pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *nityasaṃjñā*, First of the four misconceptions. ## notion of self *bdag tu ’du shes*, Skt. *ātma­saṃjñā*, Third of the four misconceptions; the mistaken notion of a self existing independent of the five psycho-physical aggregates. ## notion that existence is pleasant *sdug par ’du shes*, Skt. *śubhasaṃjñā*, Literally, the “notion of pleasantness;” fourth of the four misconceptions. ## notion that there is happiness *bde ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *sukha­saṃjñā*, Second of the four misconceptions. ## notion that there is permanence *rtag pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *nitya­saṃjñā*, First of the four misconceptions. ## notions *’du shes*, Skt. *saṃjñā*, Often this term is translated as “perception” or “discrimination” when it is included as the third of the five aggregates, in which case it refers to the mental function of differentiating and identifying objects according to their qualities. Thus it does not refer to the perceptions of the senses but to the conceptual notions or labels that are ascribed to sense perceptions before they may be conceived by the rational mind. In this sense, they are not really concepts or thoughts either, but rather the fundamental units ascribed to phenomena by the dualistic mind in order to form conceptual thoughts about them. Thus we have translated this as a “notion,” as the verses of the Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra emphasize the insubstantiality of the names as mere notions ascribed to phenomena, which exist as nothing other than a designation imputed by the mind. ## notions about characteristics *mtshan ma’i ’du shes*, Skt. *nimittasaṃjñā*, This refers to the conceptual designation of things using linguistic signs. ## nouns, lexical explanations, words, and syllables *ming dang nges pa’i sgra dang tshig dang ’bru*, Skt. *nāma­nirukti­pada­vyañjano*, The twenty-second of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## nourishing being *gso ba*, Skt. *poṣa*, Edgerton favors the theory according to which poṣa/posa should be derived from puruṣa; however, the Tibetan translation reflects a different etymologization of the term that must have been current at the time of the Tibetan translations of Sanskrit texts. Pāli etymologies also suggest a link to the idea of “nourishing” (attabhāvassa posanato poso), and therefore we have preferred to follow traditional etymologies that better reflect how the South Asian and Tibetan masters understood the term.Distinctly Ascertaining the Meanings into Tibetan (or to any other premodern Buddhist readership).--> ## nourishment of consciousness *rnam par shes pa’i zas*, Skt. *vi­jñānāhāra*, Fourth of the four nourishments. ## nourishment of food *kham gyi zas*, Skt. *kavalīkārahāra*, The first of the four nourishments. ## nourishment of mentation *sems pa’i zas*, Skt. *cetanāhāra*, Third of the four nourishments. ## nourishment of sensory contact *reg pa’i zas*, Skt. *sparśāhāra*, Second of the four nourishments. ## Novice *dge tshul*, Skt. *śrāmaṇera*. A novice monk holding fewer vows than a fully ordained monk (*dge slong*, Skt. *bhikṣu*). ## novitiate *rab tu ’byung ba*, Skt. *pravrajyā*, The so-called lower ordination to become a novice in the ordained Buddhist saṅgha; during the novitiate, aspirants observe ten precepts (for Theravādins and others) or thirty-six precepts (for Mūlasarvāstivādins) for a certain time before becoming fully ordained (Skt. upasampadā). ## Nṛpaprabhu *mi bdag*, Skt. *nṛpaprabhu*, A character from literature (it is not clear which one). ## Nūpuraka *rkang rgyan ldan*, Skt. *nūpuraka*, A son of King Ikṣuvāku. ## Nārada *mi sbyin*, Skt. *nārada*, A famous South Indian rishi who also appears in the Ramayana and is credited with writing the first judicial text. ## nīrakala An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Nārikela *na li ke ra*, Skt. *nāḍikera*, The name of an island. ## Nāropa *na ro pa* (1016-1100), Indian [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita) and [siddha](#siddha), the [disciple](#disciple) of [Tilopa](#tilopa) and teacher of [Mārpa the Translator](#mārpa). ## Nārāyaṇī *mthu chen thob*, Skt. *nārāyaṇī*, A goddess. ## Nārāyaṇa *mthu bo che*, Skt. *nārāyaṇa*, An alternate name for Viṣṇu (khyab ’jug), which is also used for Brahmā and for Kṛṣṇa. The Sanskrit is variously interpreted as “the path of human beings” and “the son of man.” In Buddhist texts it is used for powerful beings such as Śakra. The usual Tibetan translation is sred med kyi bu, meaning “the son of Nāra,” with Nāra translated as “one without craving.” However, here it appears to be translated as mthu bo che (“great power”). ## Nārāyaṇagarbha *sred med kyi bu’i snying po*, Skt. *nārāyaṇagarbha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-eighth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Nārāyaṇa­śrī­garbha *mthu chen dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *nārāyaṇa­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Nārāyaṇa­vajra­vīrya *rdo rje mthu bo che’i brtson ’grus*, Skt. *nārāyaṇa­vajra­vīrya*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Nārāyaṇa­vijita­garbha *sred med kyi bu’i rnam par rgyal ba’i snying po*, Skt. *nārāyaṇa­vijita­garbha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Nārāyaṇa­vrata­sannāha­sumeru­śrī *sred med kyi bu’i brtul zhugs kyi go cha ri rab kyi dpal*, Skt. *nārāyaṇa­vrata­sannāha­sumeru­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Nārāyaṇa­vrata­sumeru­śrī *mthu chen brtul zhugs ri rab dpal mnga’ ba*, Skt. *nārāyaṇa­vrata­sumeru­śrī*, The forty-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Nārāyaṇa­vrata­sumeru­śirī. ## Nāsika *sna nas byung*, Skt. *nāsika*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Śānta *zhi ba*, Skt. *śānta*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja, this name appears twice, perhaps in error. ## Śāntacarya *zhi ba’i spyod pa*, Skt. *śāntacarya*, A world system. ## Śānta­dhvaja *zhi ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *śānta­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Śāntaga *zhi ba ston*, Skt. *śāntaga*, A place in ancient India that Prince Siddhārtha ruled in a previous life. ## Śāntagarbha *zhi ba’i snying po*, Skt. *śāntagarbha*, The name of an eon. ## Śāntagati *zhi stobs*, Skt. *śāntagati*, The 712th buddha in the first list, 711th in the second list, and 701st in the third list. ## Śāntamati *zhi ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *śāntamati*, A bodhisattva, and the main interlocutor of the sūtra, The Secrets of the Realized Ones , Tathāgatācintya­guhya­nirdeśa, Toh 47. His name is also attested as Śāntimati. ## Śāntamānasa *zhi ba’i yid*, Skt. *śāntamānasa*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja, this name appears twice, perhaps in error. ## Śānta­nirghoṣa *zhi ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *śānta­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Śānta­nirghoṣa­hāra­mati *zhing dbyangs phreng ba’i blo gros can*, Skt. *śānta­nirghoṣa­hāra­mati*, A realm in the distant past. See . ## Śāntanu Skt. *śāntanu*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Śānta­prabha­rāja *zhi ba’i ’od kyi rgyal*, Skt. *śānta­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Śānta­prabhāketu­rāja *zhi ba’i ’od zer tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *śānta­prabhāketu­rāja*, A buddha. ## Śānta­pradīpa­megha­śrī­rāja *zhi ba’i sgron ma sprin gyi rgyal po’i dpal*, Skt. *śānta­pradīpa­megha­śrī­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS in verse: Śānta­pradīpa­megha­śiri­rāja. ## Śāntaprajñākara *zhi ba dang shes rab ’byung gnas*, Skt. *śānta­prajñā­kara*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-sixth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Śāntarakṣita *zhi ba mtsho*, also called the [Bodhisattva Abbot](#bodhisattva-abbot). This great Indian [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita) of the [Mahāyāna](#mahāyāna) school was [abbot](#abbot) of the Buddhist university of [Nālandā](#nālandā) and author of a number of philosophical commentaries, such as the *Ornament of the Middle Way* (*dbu ma rgyan*, Skt. *Madhyamakālṃkāra-kārikā*). He was invited to Tibet by King [Trisong Detsen](#trisong-detsen) to consecrate the site of the first Tibetan monastery at [Samye](#samye) and ordained the first Tibetan monks. ## Śānta­raśmi *zhi ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *śānta­raśmi*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Śāntaskandhin *zhi ba’i phung po*, Skt. *śāntaskandhin*, The name of an eon. ## Śāntatejas *zhi ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *śāntatejas*, The 302nd buddha in the first list, 301st in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Śāntendra *zhi ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *śāntendra*, Name of an attendant to a former buddha in a story the Buddha tells. ## Śāntendrarāja *zhi ba’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śāntendrarāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Śāntendriya *zhi ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *śāntendriya*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja, this name appears twice, perhaps in error. Translated the first time in Tibetan as zhi ba’i dbang po and the second time as zhi dbang. ## Nātha *mgon po*, Skt. *nātha*, The 582nd buddha in the first list, not listed in the second list, and 576th in the third list. ## Nāthabhūta *mgon por gyur pa*, Skt. *nāthabhūta*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śāntideva *zhi ba lha* (7th century), the great Indian poet and [mahāsiddha](#mahāsiddha), who astounded the monks of his monastery of [Nālandā](#nālandā) with his famous poem on the practice of bodhicitta, the Bodhicaryāvatāra (spyod 'jug), or *The Way of the Bodhisattva*. ## Śānti­dhvaja­jagatpradīpa­śrī *zhi ba’i rgyal mtshan ’gro ba’i sgron ma dpal*, Skt. *śānti­dhvaja­jagatpradīpa­śrī*, The ninety-seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Śānti­dhvaja­jaga­pradīpa­śiri. ## Śāntimati *blo gros zhi ba*, Skt. *śāntimati*, A bodhisattva present at the teaching of The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra who asks the Buddha why he appeared in an impure realm. ## Śāntin *zhi ba*, Skt. *śāntin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śānti­prabha *zhi ba’i ’od*, Skt. *śānti­prabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Śānti­prabha­gambhīra­kūṭa *’od zab mo zhi ba brtsegs pa*, Skt. *śānti­prabha­gambhīra­kūṭa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Śāntiśūra *zhi ba dpa’*, Skt. *śāntiśūra*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja, this name appears twice, perhaps in error. Translated the first time in Tibetan as zhi ba dpa’ and the second time as zhi bar dpa’. ## Śānti­rāja *zhi ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *śānti­rāja*, The fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Śāntivatī *zhi ldan*, Skt. *śāntivatī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Śāntākaragupta *shAn+ta A ka ra gup+ta*, Skt. *śāntākaragupta*, An Indian paṇḍita involved in translating this sūtra. ## Śāntīndriyeryāpatha­praśānta­gāmin *spyod lam zhi bas nye bar zhi bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *śāntīndriyeryāpatha­praśānta­gāmin*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Śāntottara *zhi ba’i bla ma*, Skt. *śāntottara*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja, this name appears twice, perhaps in error. ## Śāntārtha *zhi ba’i don*, Skt. *śāntārtha*, The 729th buddha in the first list, 728th in the second list, and 718th in the third list. ## Nṛtyā *gar*, Skt. *nṛtyā*, An offering goddess ## Nubchen Sangyé Yeshé *gnub chen sangs rgyas ye shes*, Skt. *gnub chen sangs rgyas ye shes*, Ca. eleventh century. An early Tibetan master of the Nyingma tradition. ## Numerous Arrays *bkod pa du ma*, Skt. *bkod pa du ma*, A great bodhisattva. ## Numerous Celestial Bodies *rgyu skar mang po*, Skt. *rgyu skar mang po*, A mountain beyond Videha. ## Numerous Joys *dga’ ba du ma*, Skt. *dga’ ba du ma*, A lake near Flow of Beauty. ## Numerous Leaves *lo ’dab mang ba*, Skt. *lo ’dab mang ba*, A town in Videha. ## Numerous Manifestations *rnam par du ma rnam par ’phrul pa*, Skt. *rnam par du ma rnam par ’phrul pa*, A buddha. ## nun *dge slong ma*, Skt. *bhikṣuṇī*, A female who has ordained (Tib. bsnyen par rdzogs pa; Skt. upasaṃpanna). Nuns in the Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition take 364 vows. ## nun postulant *dge slob ma*, Skt. *śikṣamāṇā*, A female must spend two years as a nun postulant before taking ordination as a nun. Nun postulants in the Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition observe six primary duties and six secondary duties. ## nut grass *gla sgang*, Skt. *musta*, Cyperus rotundus. Its tubers are used in Āyurveda. (Toh 557: gas gang) ## Nuta *nu ta*, Skt. *nu ta*, A great nāga king. ## Nīvaraṇa Skt. *nīvaraṇa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śūnya Skt. *śūnya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## nyagrodha The nyagrodha tree is commonly identified either as the Indian fig tree (Ficus Indica) or the Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis). Regarding it, see Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Nyagrodha Park *shing n+ya gro d+ha’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *nyagrodhārāma*, A grove of banyan trees (Skt. nyagrodha, Tib. nya gro dha) near Kapilavastu where the Buddha sometimes took up residence. It was a gift to the Buddhist community from King Śuddhodana, the father of the Buddha. ## nyagrodha tree Skt. *nyagrodha*, The nyagrodha tree is commonly identified either as the Indian fig tree (Ficus Indica) or the Banyan tree (Ficus benghalensis). Regarding it, see Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Nyagrodharāja *n+ya gro dha rgyal po*, Skt. *nyagrodharāja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-eighth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Nyagrodhikā *n+ya gro d+ha*, Skt. *nyagrodhikā*, A village. ## Nyang Indrawaro *nyang in+dra wa ro*, An early Tibetan translator. ## śūnyatā *stong pa nyid*, Skt. *śūnyatā*, Voidness, emptiness; specifically, the emptiness of absolute substance, truth, identity, intrinsic reality, or self of all persons and things in the relative world, being quite opposed to any sort of absolute nothingness (see glossary, under “emptiness”). ## Nāyikā Skt. *nāyikā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Nyima Gyaltsen Palsangpo A famous translator who lived during the fourteenth century ce. He is said to have spent fourteen years in Nepal and to have mastered the Sanskrit language to the degree that he was able to translate Indian works without the help of Indian paṇḍitas. He belonged to the Chel (dpyal) family, who owned Tharpaling (thar pa gling) monastery, a renowned translation center. Nyima Gyaltsen Palsangpo translated the “thirteen late-translated sūtras” with Ānandaśrī, as well as several tantras, tantra commentaries, hymns, and works on grammar and medicine. He was one of the most important teachers of Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub, 1290–1364), the famous scholar and redactor of the Tibetan Buddhist canon. ## Nyima Gyaltsen Sangpo *nyi ma rgyal mtshan bzang po*, Skt. *nyi ma rgyal mtshan bzang po*, A Tibetan translator active at the monastery of Tharpa Ling in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, also widely known as Tharpa Lotsāwa (thar pa lo tsA ba). He was one of the teachers of Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub) and translated a number of tantric works in the Kangyur and Tengyur as well as a set of sūtras from the Theravāda tradition. ## Nyingmapa see [Ancient Tradition](#ancient-tradition). ## Nyingön monastery A monastery in Ngülda, close to Degé. ## Nyomonya *nyo mo nya*, Skt. *nyo mo nya*, A piece of land belonging to Virtuous Castle. ## Nyāya *rig pa*, Skt. *nyāya*, Literally “logic,” Nyāya is one of the six great philosophical systems of ancient India. ## Oṃ Sāvitrī *om nyi ma’i bu mo*, Skt. *oṃ sāvitrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## oṣaṇī *do Sha Ni*, Skt. *oṣaṇī*, This has not been identified. ## śoṣa *skem pa*, Skt. *śoṣa*, A demon believed to be responsible for tuberculosis. ## oṣaṇa A type of plant. ## Ṣoḍaśavargika *bcu drug sde pa*, Skt. *ṣoḍaśavargika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. The Tibetan translation of the MMK actually records this name as bcu drug sde pa’i dga’ byed, which appears to be an error that reads the next member of the list Nandana (dga’ byed) as part of the name Ṣoḍaśavargika. ## Oṣadhi *rtsi sman*, Skt. *oṣadhi*, The 623rd buddha in the first list, 622nd in the second list, and 615th in the third list. ## Oḍasuta *o Da su ta*, Skt. *oḍasuta*, One of the eight great nāgas. ## Śobha *mdzes pa*, Skt. *śobha*, The name of the king of Śobhāvatī during the time of Buddha Krakucchanda or, alternately in the Pāli tradition, Buddha Kanakamuni (Edgerton 533.1). The Hundred Deeds contains stories about King Śobha that reflect both of these traditions. ## Śobhanasāgara *snying po bzang po*, Skt. *śobhanasāgara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Śobhita *legs mdzad*, Skt. *śobhita*, The 635th buddha in the first list, 634th in the second list, and 627th in the third list. ## Śobhāvatī *bde ldan*, Skt. *śobhāvatī*, A royal palace ruled by King Śobha during the time of Buddha Kanakamuni or, alternately, during the time of Buddha Krakucchanda. ## object conducive to purification *rnam par dag pa’i dmigs pa*, Skt. **viśuddhyālambana*, See Schmithausen 2014, p. 362, §306.5 and n. 1644. ## object of experience *spyod yul*, Skt. *gocara*, Also translated here as “sphere of activity.” See . ## object of veneration See “venerable one.” ## objectionable *kha na ma tho ba dang bcas pa*, Skt. *sāvadya*, The term is applied to actions, describing those that are negative in the sense either of being naturally wrong or of transgressing a formal rule or commitment, and is often translated as wrongdoing, unwholesome, etc. In some passages in this text the “objectionable” or “censurable” quality of actions is extended to any that are tainted with dualistic notions. ## objective basis The Tibetan can translate both a noun (ālambana) and a related verb (in which case the third person singular is ālambate, “[one] perceives or conceives [something] as having an objective basis”). This term is tied to the general idea that an act of sense perception or mental conception takes an object of some kind that forms the basis or support for its continuing perception or conception. ## Objective of the Noble *’phags pa’i don*, Skt. *’phags pa’i don*, Mother of the buddha Bhāgīratha. ## Objectives Accomplished *don grub*, Skt. *don grub*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gaṇin. ## objects of consciousness *gzugs kyi chos*, The objects of consciousness, namely, objects of sight up through mental objects. ## objects of meditative immersion Best known by the equivalent Pali term kasiṇa or kasiṇāyatana, this term refers to a set of ten objects of meditative contemplation used to induce deep meditative stability (dhyāna), to the mental image born from that contemplation, and to the resultant meditative stability. The ten meditative objects are the elements of earth, water, fire, wind, and space; the colors blue, yellow, red, and white; and consciousness. In some lists, “consciousness” is replaced with “light.” ## oblation *gtor ma*, Skt. *bali*, A food offering made to a deity or spirits; such an offering may be varied and elaborate, or may be a simple sacrificial cake. ## obliterating defects of speech, transforming them as if into space *ngag gi skyon rnam par ’jig pas nam mkha’ ltar gyur pa med pa*, Skt. *vākkalividhvaṃsana­gagana­kalpa*, The 118th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## obscuration *sgrib pa*, Skt. *āvaraṇa*, The obscurations to liberation and omniscience. They are generally categorized as two types: affective obscurations (kleśāvaraṇa), the arising of afflictive emotions, and cognitive obscurations (jñeyāvaraṇa), those caused by misapprehension and incorrect understanding about the nature of reality. ## obscuration of karma *las kyi sgrib pa*, Skt. *karmāvaraṇa*, An obscuration consisting of negative actions committed in the past that prevents progress on the path to awakening in the present. ## Obscurations *sgrib pa*, Skt. *āvaraṇa*, factors which veil one's Buddha-nature. See also: [two obscurations](#two-obscurations), [four obscurations](#four-obscurations). ## Obscurations of habitual tendencies *bag chags kyi sgrib pa*, Skt. *vāsanāvaraṇa*, the [habitual tendencies](#habitual-tendencies) imprinted on the [ground-of-all](#ground-of-all). See [obscurations](#obscurations). ## Obscurations of negative emotions *nyon mongs kyi sgrib pa*, Skt. *kleśāvaraṇa*, "[thought](#thought)s (of hatred, attachment, etc); they prevent one from attaining [liberation](#liberation)." DICT. See [obscurations](#obscurations). ## obscure *bsgrib*, Skt. *āvṛ*, See “obscuration.” ## Observance of Tremendous Discipline *shin tu dul bar gnas pa*, Skt. *shin tu dul bar gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suceṣṭa. ## observances *brtul zhugs*, Skt. *vrata*, Specific behavioral prescriptions, often time-delimited, that are adopted in esoteric Buddhist practices. They differ from rite to rite, and practice system to practice system. ## Observant *sdom pa*, Skt. *sdom pa*, Observant (attentive; quick to notice), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Cīrṇaprabha. ## observation of spatial directions *phyogs rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *digvilokita*, The 19th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## observation of the ten directions *phyogs bcur rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *daśa­digva­lokita*, A meditative stability. ## observation that all phenomena are unchanging *chos thams cad mi ’gyur bar mthong ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirvikāra­darśī*, The fifth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## observing everything *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāvaloka*, The 58th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Observing the Vows *sdom pa la rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *sdom pa la rab tu gnas pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Observing the World *’gro ba lta*, Skt. *’gro ba lta*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṅgha. ## obsession *kun nas ldang ba*, Skt. *paryutthāna*, The eight obsessions are confusion, sleepiness, mental excitement, doubt, jealousy, miserliness, lack of embarrassment, and not having a sense a shame. ## Obsidian Hair *stang zil gtsug phud*, Skt. *stang zil gtsug phud*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Obstinate Force of Evil *bdud stobs bsnyen par dka’*, Skt. *bdud stobs bsnyen par dka’*, Name of a god in a story the Buddha tells. ## obstructing being *bgegs*, Skt. *vighna*, An obstacle and a class of demonic beings that cause obstacles. ## occur *’byung bar ’gyur*, Skt. *prādur­bhāvo bhavati*, Also translated here as “emerge.” ## Ocean *rgya mtsho*, Skt. *rgya mtsho*, Ocean (a vast expanse of sea), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sahitaraśmi (358 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Ocean Crest *rgya mtsho’i tog*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Hutārci. ## ocean embracing all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi ’byor ba rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vibhavasamudro*, The forty-third of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Ocean Gift *rgya mtshos byin*, Skt. *rgya mtshos byin*, Mother of the buddha Sarvārtha­darśin. ## Ocean Intelligence *rgya mtsho’i blo gros*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i blo gros*, Mother of the buddha Janendrarāja. ## Ocean Mind *rgya mtsho’i blo*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vibhrājacchattra (157 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Ocean Mountain *rgya mtsho brtsegs*, Skt. *rgya mtsho brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sadgaṇin. ## ocean mudrā *rgya mtsho’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sāgaramudrā*, The name of an absorption and the name of a dhāraṇī. ## Ocean of All Qualities *yon tan kun gyi rgya mtsho*, Skt. *yon tan kun gyi rgya mtsho*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇaprabha. ## Ocean of Fame *grags pa’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *grags pa’i rgya mtsho*, Attendant of the buddha Anupamarāṣṭra. ## Ocean of Intelligence *blo gros rgya mtsho*, Skt. *blo gros rgya mtsho*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhadrapāla. ## Ocean of Joy *dga’ ba rgya mtsho*, Skt. *dga’ ba rgya mtsho*, Mother of the buddha Jñānākara. ## Ocean of Learning *thos pa rgya mtsho*, Skt. *thos pa rgya mtsho*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## Ocean of Light *snang ba’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *snang ba’i rgya mtsho*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pradīparāja. ## Ocean of Milk The Ocean of Milk is the fifth of seven oceans in Hindu cosmology. According to that tradition, the divine wish-fulfilling tree emerged when the Ocean of Milk was churned by the gods in their quest for the elixir of immortality. ## Ocean of Peace *zhi ba’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *zhi ba’i rgya mtsho*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣya. ## Ocean of Qualities *yon tan rgya mtsho*, Skt. *yon tan rgya mtsho*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha. ## Ocean of Supreme Intelligence *blo mchog rgya mtsho*, Skt. *blo mchog rgya mtsho*, A bodhisattva in the northern buddhafield Fully Adorned with Jewels. ## Ocean of Wisdom *ye shes rgya mtsho*, Skt. *ye shes rgya mtsho*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prāṇītajñāna. ## Ocean Sound *rgya mtsho’i sgra*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i sgra*, Mother of the buddha Akṣaya. ## Ocean Stirrer *rgya mtsho ’khrug byed*, Skt. *rgya mtsho ’khrug byed*, A preta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## ocean symbol *rgya mtsho’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sāgara­mudrā*, An absorption. ## Ocean Treasury *rgya mtsho’i mdzod*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i mdzod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sucintitārtha. ## Oceanic Intellect *blo gros rgya mtsho*, Skt. *blo gros rgya mtsho*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## oceanic seal gathering all phenomena *chos thams cad yang dag par ’du ba rgya mtsho’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *[sarva­dharma]samavasaraṇa[sāgara-mudrā]*, The 22nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## ocean-like seal *rgya mtsho’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sā­garamudrā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Ochre robes Traditional garments symbolizing spirituality and sacredness. In Buddhism, they are worn by monks to signify renunciation, simplicity, and detachment from material possessions. In Hinduism, they denote a pious demeanor and devotion, typically worn during pilgrimages. ## ocular distortion A disorder of the eye, often equated with cataracts or similar conditions. ## Śodhita *dag mdzad*, Skt. *śodhita*, The 901st buddha in the first list, 900th in the second list, and 891st in the third list. ## of good standing *rang bzhin du gnas pa*, Skt. *prakṛtistha*, An adjective applied to a monk who observes his vows and hence is "in good standing" or to a person who is sound of mind. ## offense *ltung ba*, Skt. *āpatti*, The different offenses monks and nuns may incur are divided into five types: defeats, saṅgha remnants, transgressions, confessable offenses, and misdeeds. Other offenses recorded in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya are classed under one of the above five. ## Offered by Brahmā *tshangs pas mchod*, Skt. *tshangs pas mchod*, A great bodhisattva. ## Offered by Nāgas *dbyangs kyi mchog ma*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi mchog ma*, Birthplace of the buddha Nāgaruta. ## offering ceremony *dgag dbye*, Skt. *pravāraṇa*, A ceremony marking the end of the rains retreat and the point at which the laity is once again allowed to make offerings of robes and provisions to the monastic saṅgha. ## Offering of Excellent Land *yul bzang mchod pa*, Skt. *yul bzang mchod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Offering of Qualities *yon tan mchod*, Skt. *yon tan mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyabāhu. ## offering post A post or pillar to which offerings (including, in pre-Buddhist tradition, animals to be sacrificed) could be attached. ## offering ritual *gtor ma’i cho ga*, Skt. *balividhi*, Food offering or oblation ritual. ## offering water *mchod yon*, Skt. *argha*, Drinking water, offering water, offering, gift. Also remuneration to a priest for performing a religious service. ## officer *zho shas 'tsho ba*, Skt. *pauruṣeya*, a government officer or official. Also a day-laborer. ## officer of the king *rgyal pos bkrabs pa*, Skt. *rājabhaṭa*, such as a courtier. One of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order. ## officiant *las byed pa*, Skt. *karmakāraka*, the monk that moves the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) [act](#act) on an aspirant’s request to join the order and be ordained. ## offspring of the Śākya *shAkya’i sras*, Skt. *śākyaputrīya*, The disciples of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Oghajaha *chu bo spong*, Skt. *oghajaha*, The 628th buddha in the first list, 627th in the second list, and 620th in the third list. ## Oḍiyāna The name of a country. This region is also identified as one of the primary “seats” (pīṭha) from which the tantric revelations of the Mahāyoga- and Yoginītantras were first disseminated. ## Oḍḍiyāna *o rgyan*, a [ḍākinī](#ḍākinī) land which is the birthplace of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). According to some it is located between present-day Afghanistan and Kashmire. It is also the birthplace of [Garab Dorje](#garab-dorje). The use of "Oḍḍiyāna" coupled with titles such as "Great One", "[Second Buddha](#second-buddha)", "Great Master", and so on invariably refers to [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## Ojaṅgama *mdangs ’gro*, Skt. *ojaṅgama*, The 466th buddha in the first list, 465th in the second list, and 459th in the third list. ## Ojastejas *gzi mdangs*, Skt. *ojastejas*, The 661st buddha in the first list, 660th in the second list, and 652nd in the third list. ## Ojobalā *mdangs stobs*, Skt. *ojobalā*, One of the eight goddesses dwelling in the Bodhi tree. ## Ojobala *mdangs stobs*, Skt. *ojobala*, The 851st buddha in the first list, 850th in the second list, and 840th in the third list. ## Ojodhārin *mdangs mnga’*, Skt. *ojodhārin*, The 916th buddha in the first list, 915th in the second list, and 906th in the third list. ## ojohara A class of supernatural beings who rob the strength of other beings. ## ojohāra *mdangs ’phrogs*, Skt. *ojohāra*, “Vitality thief”; a class of nonhuman beings believed to be the cause of disease. ## Ojohāriṇī *mdangs za ba*, Skt. *ojohāriṇī*, A great piśācī. ## Ojopati *mdangs ldan ma*, Skt. *ojopati*, One of the four deities who were dwelling at the Bodhi tree. ## Śokavigata *mya ngan bral*, Skt. *śokavigata*, Lit. “Free from Sorrow.” Name of one of four gardens in the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Oṁkāra *oM kA ra*, Skt. *oṁkāra*, An epithet or form of Brahmā, who is often represented by the sound oṁ. ## Olambā *kun tu ’phyang ma*, Skt. *olambā*, A great piśācī. ## old age and death The twelfth link of the twelve links of dependent origination. ## old-timer *rgan zhugs*, Skt. *mahallaka*, this term refers to those who renounce the world late in life, generally after having had and raised children of their own. It is somewhat pejorative; it is telling, for instance, that such monastics are directly addressed as “old-timers” rather than as “venerable,” the customary address for ordained monks. ## oleander wood *shing ka ra vI ra*, Skt. *karavīra*, The wood of Nerium odorum. ## oleogum resin *spos dkar*, Skt. *sarjarasa*, Vateria indica. ## olibanum Boswellia serrata. ## Ḍombī *g.yung mo*, Skt. *ḍombī*, One of the female deities in the retinue of Hevajra. ## omen *snga ltas*, Skt. *pūrvanimitta*, Prognostication, foreshadowing. ## Omnipotent *dbang byed*, Skt. *dbang byed*, Omnipotent (all-powerful), also the name of a god. ## Omnipresent Eyes *kun nas mig*, Skt. *kun nas mig*, A bodhisattva. ## omniscience *thams cad mkhyen pa*, Skt. *sarvajñatā*, This refers to the gnosis of the Buddha, with which there is nothing he does not know. However, not to confuse “omniscience” with the theistic conception of an omniscient god, the “everything” here is specifically everything about the source of the predicament of worldly life and the way of transcendence of that world through liberation. Since “everything” is only an abstract term without any particular referent, once we are clear about the implications of infinity, it does not refer to any sort of ultimate totality, since a totality can only be relative, i.e., a totality within a particular frame of reference. Thus, as Dharmakīrti has remarked, “it is not a question of the Buddha’s knowing the number of fish in the ocean,” i.e., since there are infinity of fish in infinity of oceans in infinity of worlds and universes. The Buddha’s omniscience, rather, knows how to develop and liberate any fish in any ocean, as well as all other living beings. ## Omniscient Dharma-King epithet of [Longchenpa](#longchenpa). ## omniscient masters of all phenomena *chos thams cad la dbang bsgyur ba thams cad mkhyen pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vaśa­vartaka­sarva­jña*, An epithet of the buddhas. ## Omniscient One *thams cad mkhyen pa*, Skt. *sarvajña*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## Once-Come-King *sngon byung gi rgyal po*, a [Buddha](#buddha) in the first [kalpa](#kalpa). ## once-returner *lan cig phyir ’ong ba*, Skt. *sakṛdāgāmin*, The second of the four (or eight) stages of the realization of the supermundane path (and fruit) leading to awakening. See “those who have entered the path of liberation.” ## once-returning *lan cig phyir ’ong ba*, Skt. *sakṛdāgāmin*, One who is bound for only one further rebirth. Second of the four fruitions. ## one achieves and abides in the cessation of all perceptions and feelings *’du shes dang tshor ba ’gog pa bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *saṃ­jnāvedita­nirodhakayena sākṣāt­krtvopa­sam­padya viharati*, Eighth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the ninth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption. ## one achieves and abides in the sense field of infinite consciousness, thinking, ‘Consciousness is infinite’ *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *vi­jñānāntyāyatanam­upasampadya­viharati*, Fifth of the eight aspects of liberation. ## one achieves and abides in the sense field of infinite space, thinking, ‘Space is infinite.’ *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatanam­upasampadya vi­harati*, Fourth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the fifth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption. ## one achieves and abides in the sense field of neither perception nor non-perception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjnā­saṃjnāyatanam­upasam­padya vi­harati*, Seventh of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the eighth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption. ## one achieves and abides in the sense field of nothing-at-all, thinking, ‘There is nothing at all.’ *ci yang med pa’i skye mched bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *a­kiṃc­anyāyatanam­upasam­padya vi­harati*, Sixth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the seventh of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption. ## one achieves and dwells in the cessation of all perceptions and feelings *’du shes dang tshor ba ’gog pa la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *saṃjñāvedita­nirodhakayena sākṣātkṛtvopasampadya viharati*, Eighth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the ninth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption. ## one achieves and dwells in the sphere of infinite consciousness, [thinking, ‘Consciousness is infinite.’] *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *vijñānāntyāyatanamupasampadya­viharati*, Fifth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the sixth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption and the second of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## one achieves and dwells in the sphere of infinite space, [thinking, ‘Space is infinite.’] *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatanamupasampadya viharati*, Fourth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the fifth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption and the first of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## one achieves and dwells in the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñāsaṃjñāyatanamupasampadya viharati*, Seventh of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the eighth of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption and the fourth of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## one achieves and dwells in the sphere of nothing-at-all, [thinking, ‘There is nothing at all’] *cung zad med pa’i skye mched la nye bar bsgrubs te gnas pa*, Skt. *akiṃcanyāyatanamupasampadya viharati*, Sixth of the eight aspects of liberation. Also the seventh of the nine serial steps of meditative absorption and the third of the four formless meditative absorptions. ## one born of Manu *shed can*, Skt. *manuja*, See “child of Manu.” ## one destined for only one more rebirth *lan gcig phyir ’ong ba*, Skt. *sakṛdāgāmī*, One of the four types of noble individuals, the second stage of the progression culminating in the state of arhat. The term is often rendered “once-returner.” “Rebirth” refers to rebirth in cyclic existence; in the Great Vehicle context the term is sometimes transposed to the bodhisattva path to designate one whose next rebirth will be in the Tuṣita realm before becoming a buddha. ## One for whom there is no surpassing *bla na med*, Skt. *anuttarika*, See . ## One for whom there is surpassing *bla na yod*, Skt. *uttarika*, See . ## one hundred sextillion If the Abhidharma system is followed, this is a number calculated by multiplying a koṭi (bye ba), or ten million, by a niyuta (khrag khrig), or a hundred billion, and by a śatasahasra (brgya stong), or one hundred thousand, which all together equals ten to the 23rd power or a hundred sextillion. This term is often used to express a number so large as to be inconceivable. ## One Hundred Strengths *mthu rtsal brgya pa*, Skt. *mthu rtsal brgya pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyatejas. ## One League of Cool Water *bsil ba’i chu ni rgyar dpag tshad du gyur pa*, Skt. *bsil ba’i chu ni rgyar dpag tshad du gyur pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## One like a Jewel Wheel and Fire *’khor rin po che dang me lta bu*, Skt. *’khor rin po che dang me lta bu*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Infused with the Fragrance of Flowers. ## one path to be traversed *bgrod pa gcig bu’i lam*, Skt. *ekayānamārga*, A synonym for the path of the Great Vehicle (Mahāyāna) and the path of the Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas (Bodhisattvayāna). ## one rebirth remaining A common epithet of bodhisattvas; in their next rebirth they will attain buddhahood. ## One Syllable *yig gcig pa*, Skt. *ekākṣara*, An epithet of deities, such as Mañjuśrī or Yamāntaka, whose mantras consists of a single syllable (ekākṣara). ## One That Arouses Great Pity *snying rje chen po*, Skt. *mahākaruṇa*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## one thousand buddhas of the Good Eon *bskal pa bzang po pa’i sangs rgyas stong*, The one thousand and four buddhas that will appear in the current Good Eon. ## One Who Dwells in Devotion to the Non-Abiding Melody *gnas med pa’i sgra dbyangs la lhag par mos pa yang dag par gnas pa*, Skt. *gnas med pa’i sgra dbyangs la lhag par mos pa yang dag par gnas pa*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## one who follows out of conviction *dad pas rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *śraddhānusārin*, Someone who follows his or her goal out of trust in someone else. ## one who follows the Dharma *chos kyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *dharmānusārin*, Someone who follows his or her goal according to the teaching of the sūtras and so forth. ## one who follows the meaning *don gyi rjes su ’brang ba*, Skt. *arthānusārin*, According to the Abhi­dharma­kośa­bhāṣya, both those who “follow out of conviction” and those who “follow due to the Dharma” are actually “following the meaning/goal.” On the other hand, the JAA seems to take this as a separate subdivision. ## one who has performed any of the acts with immediate results The acts with immediate results are the five extremely negative actions that result, at the time of one’s death, in immediate rebirth in the hells without the experience of the intermediate state. They are killing an arhat, killing one’s mother, killing one’s father, creating a schism in the Saṅgha, and maliciously drawing blood from a tathāgata’s body. ## One Who Makes No Promises *dam ’cha’ bar mi mdzad pa*, Skt. *dam ’cha’ bar mi mdzad pa*, Name of a buddha. ## One Who Satisfies the Kingdom with Rain from Dharma Clouds *chos kyi sprin gyi char gyis ryal srid shin tu tshim pa*, Skt. *chos kyi sprin gyi char gyis ryal srid shin tu tshim pa*, A buddha. ## one who would no longer regress *phyir mi ldog pa*, Skt. *avaivartika*, The stage on a bodhisattva’s path when there is no longer any chance of regressing to a preceding stage or state. ## One With Houses *khyim ldan*, Skt. *khyim ldan*, A river. ## One with the Great Gaze of the Holder of the Jewel and the Lotus *nor bu chen po pad+ma la lta ba*, Skt. *mahā­maṇi­padma­vilokita*, The name of an emperor. “The Jewel and the Lotus” (Maṇipadma) could in itself be treated as a proper name, as it happens to be the name of one of the lokeśvara emanations of Avalokiteśvara. ## One With the Lake *mtsho ldan*, Skt. *mtsho ldan*, A river. Lit. “has a lake.” Possibly the Sarasvatī river, or one of the rivers connected to Lake Manasarovar, perhaps the Brahmaputra. ## one with wisdom *ye shes ldan*, Skt. *jñānavatī*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## One-Braid *gtsug phud gcig pa*, Skt. *gtsug phud gcig pa*, A vighna/vināyaka. ## One-Pointed Light *rtse gcig ’od*, Skt. *rtse gcig ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśāntagāmin (483 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## one-pointed mind *yid rtse gcig*, Skt. *ekāgracitta*, The mind focused one-pointedly. ## One-Toothed One-Eyed Great Revatī The name of one of the eighteen primary emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## One-Toothed One-Eyed Revatī A grahī. This seems to be another name for the grahī otherwise called One-Toothed One-Eyed Great Revatī (nam gru chen mo so gcig mig gcig ma). ## only one birth remaining *skye ba gcig gis thogs pa*, Skt. *eka­jāti­pratibaddha*, A term for a bodhisattva held back from buddhahood by only a single remaining lifetime, as exemplified by Maitreya. ## Śoṇottara *sho no ta ra*, Skt. *śoṇottara*, A noble one who in a former life gave a ball of cow dung mixed with cowhage to a pratyekabuddha for his bath. ## oozing pustules *mdzes*, Skt. *kuṣṭha*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## oozing rashes *khyi rngo*, Skt. *kacchu*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. According to Monier-Williams, any cutaneous disease. ## śopagalikā An unidentified ritual substance. ## open state *bla gab med pa*, Literally “without cover.” ## opener of the gateways *sgo rnam par ’byed pa*, A meditative stability. ## opening statement A term for the opening statement or introduction to a text. ## opening under the earth This term refers to the ability to locate and see points of access to buried treasures or any object that might be buried underground. In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, this process generally requires mastery of the collyrium siddhi—the application of concoctions of various substances around one’s eyes in order to gain supernatural abilities. ## opinion *lta bar gyur pa*, Skt. *dṛṣṭi­kṛta*, Also translated here as “false view.” ## opponent *phas kyi rgol ba*, Skt. *paravāda*, One who teaches a false doctrine. ## opportunity so hard to find *dal ba rnyed dka’*, Skt. *kṣaṇadaurlabhya*, “Opportunity” in this phrase, found frequently in the commentarial literature, refers to the leisure and freedom to study and practice the Dharma characteristic of a human lifetime free of the eight inopportune states (q.v.); “so hard to find” is a reminder of the rarity of such a lifetime, seen both from a numerical comparison to other forms of existence and from the improbability that an individual might gather together the meritorious causes and conditions that give rise to it. ## oppositional factors *gnyen po*, Skt. *pratipakṣa*, In this text, refers to reciprocally determined constructs deriving from dualistic thought that are transcended in wisdom. ## Oppressor *rab gnon*, Skt. *rab gnon*, Oppressor (one who subjugates or treats harshly), also the name of a yakṣa. ## Oḍra Oḍra is the ancient name of the region roughly equivalent with the modern Indian state of Oḍisha. ## oracle *gsal bar ston pa*, Skt. *prasenā*, An oracular spirit that can be summoned into a reflective object or made to take possession of a human medium, typically a young child. ## Orange Light *dmar ser ’od*, Skt. *dmar ser ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śūra (218 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## orchid tree *kun nas ’du ba*, Skt. *kovidāra*, Bauhinia variegata, Phaneria variegata. In other sūtras kovidāra is translated as sa brtol. ## ordain *bsnyen par rdzogs pa*, Skt. *upasaṃpadā*, the formal term for granting orders and confirming a candidate as a monk. ## ordinary neutral phenomena *lung du ma bstan pa’i chos rnams*, As listed in , these are physical karma, verbal karma, and thinking-mind karma, the four great elements, the five faculties, the four formless absorptions, the aggregates, constituents, and sense fields, and maturation. ## ordinary people *so so’i skye bo*, Skt. *pṛthagjana*, Anyone who has not entered the “Path of Seeing” (i.e., has no stable direct realization of selflessness) is an ordinary person as opposed to a noble one. ## ordinary person *so so’i skye bo*, Skt. *pṛthagjana*, In the Buddhist taxonomy of persons, someone who has not reached any of the four stages of the path (stream enterer, once-returner, non-returner, or arhat) and is still bound by the ten fetters (saṃyojana) that bind one to saṃsāra and who is thus contrasted with those four stages. ## ordinary requirements *’jig rten pa’i ’tsho ba’i yo byad*, Skt. *jīvitopakaraṇa*, Food, drink, beds and seats, and medicines for sicknesses, tools, gems, pearls, beryl, conch shells, crystals, corals, silver, and gold‍. This is a list of requirements for sustaining oneself that differs from the requirements (yo byad, pariṣkāra) of an ordained person (robes, alms, beds and seats, and medicines for sicknesses). bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo gives ’tshog chas as an old word for ’tsho ba’i yo byad. ## ordinary unwholesome phenomena *’jig rten pa’i chos mi dge ba rnams*, As listed in , these comprise the ten unwholesome actions— killing, stealing, illicit sex because of lust, lying, backbiting, insulting, babbling nonsense, coveting, malice, and wrong view—and also anger, bearing a grudge, dissembling, nursing pent-up anger, violence, jealousy, envy, and pride. ## ordination stick *tshul shing*, Skt. *śalākā*, A bamboo stick given to monks, listing their ordination name as a means of identification. ## organ for excreting is hidden in a sheath *’doms kyi lba ba sbubs su nub*, Skt. *kośopagata­vasti­guhya*, Mvy ## Orgyen Nephew of Gar Dampa Chödingpa, Orgyen or Orgyenpa was one of the main heads of his uncle’s monasteries Phulung Rinchen Ling and Choding, under whom they greatly flourished. ## Orgyen Tashi The eighth Degé king, Orgyen Tashi (mid- to late seventeenth century) was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-eighth generation. ## Orgyenpa (Rinchen Pal) *o rgyan pa rin chen dpal* (1230-1309), a great [siddha](#siddha) of the [Drukpa Kagyu](#kagyupa) tradition, [disciple](#disciple) of [Gotsangpa](#gotsangpa-gonpo-dorje). He traveled widely, visiting [Oḍḍiyāna](#oḍḍiyāna), Bodhgaya and China. Among his [disciple](#disciple)s were [Karmapa](#karmapa) Rangjung Dorje, Kharchupa and Dawa Senge. ## orifices are without deterioration *bu ga’i sgo rnams yongs su ma nyams pa*, Skt. *pari­pūrṇa­vyañjana­tā*, Fifty-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## Origin *kun ’byung*, Skt. *kun ’byung*, Origin (the point where something begins), also the name of a sage. ## Origin of Jewels *rin chen ’byung*, Skt. *rin chen ’byung*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Precious Tārā. Likely a shortened name for the thus-gone one Glory of the Origin of Pure Jewels. ## origin of suffering *kun ’byung ba*, Skt. *samudaya*, Second of the four truths of the noble ones. ## origin of the ten powers *stobs bcu’i ’byung gnas su gyur pa*, A meditative stability. ## Ornament *rgyan*, Skt. *rgyan*, Ornament (a decorative object or adornment), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Sucīrṇabuddhi. ## Ornament of the Mind *yid kyi rgyan*, Skt. *yid kyi rgyan*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Ornamental Display of Courage *spobs pa’i rgyan bkod pa*, Skt. *spobs pa’i rgyan bkod pa*, A bodhisattva in the buddhafield at the nadir called Appearing as Illumination. ## Ornamented by Pure Conduct *tshangs par spyod pas brgyan pa*, Skt. *tshangs par spyod pas brgyan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Incense of Non-ignorance. ## Ornamented with Pure Eyes *spyan dag pas brgyan*, The prophesied name of a thousand bodhisattvas in the Buddha’s retinue when they attain awakening in the future. ## Ornaments of the Buddhas *sangs rgyas phal po che*, Skt. *buddhāvataṃsaka*, A collection of forty-five sūtras presented as a single, long sūtra, although many of its chapters are independent works. ## orris root *in+d+ra hasta*, Skt. *indrahasta*, Bletilla hyacinthina, hyacinth orchid. See Ludvik 2007, p. 310. Or possibly Rhizoma iridis. The root of the iris flower, specifically the Indian iris (Iris pallida). The root is said to resemble an arm, while the leaves resemble swords, and therefore there is a folktale of its having originated from Indra cutting off a yakṣa’s arm. (Toh 557: dbang po’i lag) ## ostārakī A female ostāraka. ## ostāraka *gnon po*, Skt. *ostāraka*, An obscure Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit term. Sanskrit equivalent: avastāraka. Translated into Tibetan as “suppressor, one who presses down on someone.” Presumably from avastṛ (“to cover over, as with a blanket”). ## Otalā *o ta la*, Skt. *otalā*, A region of ancient India, not far from Mathurā. ## Otalā Forest *o ta la’i nags*, Skt. *o ta la’i nags*, A forest near Otalā. ## Otalāyana *o ta la’i bu*, Skt. *otalāyana*, A brahmin. ## other-powered *gzhan dbang*, Skt. *paratantra*, One of the three natures. Also rendered here as “dependent.” ## out of order *snrel zhi*, Skt. *vyatyasta­samāpatti*, The 29th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## outcast *gdol pa*, Skt. *caṇḍāla*, The lowest and most disparaged class of people within the caste system of ancient India, they fall outside of the caste system altogether due to their low rank in society. ## outcast bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa’ gdol ba*, Skt. *bodhi­sattva­cāṇḍāla*, Bodhisattvas who are attached to disciplined practices and living in remote areas. ## outcaste A member of a tribe or ethnic group that falls outside the four caste categories (varṇa) of the brahmanical caste system. In brahmanical law books this social group of untouchables, also known as caṇḍālas, is sometimes defined as being as the result of the transgressive union of a low-caste śūdra man with a brahmin woman, but in origin the term was probably the name of a specific indigenous tribe. ## outcasts *gdol pa*, Skt. *caṇḍāla*, The lowest and most disparaged class of people within the caste system of ancient India, who fall outside of the caste system altogether due to their low rank in society. ## outer emptiness *phyi stong pa nyid*, Skt. *bahirdhā­śūnyatā*, One of the fourteen emptinesses and eighteen emptinesses ## outer limits of society *mtha’ ’khob*, Skt. *paryanta*, I.e., those living beyond the pale of civilization, out of reach of the sacred Dharma. ## outer patched robe *sbyar ma*, Skt. *saṃghāṭī*, Name of the outer robe worn by fully ordained monks on formal occasions, including teachings and begging for alms, is fashioned of patches, their number indicative of the monastic order to which they belong‌. See, e.g., Zhang Yisun et al (1985): pp. 1594–95. ## outer robe One of the three robes of a monk or one the five robes of a nun. In Tibetan the term chos gos (“dharma robe”) can also be used for all the robes. ## outflow *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, The metaphor explaining outflows (āsrava), rendered as “contaminated,” is a house with a faulty roof. But it does not simply mean that something from the outside, hatred or greed, drips in on the pristine mind of a person. Rather the drips come from within the person. They arise from unskillful mindsets that give rise to the afflictions, hence “outflows” rather than “inflows.” ## outflows *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, Literally, “to flow” or “to ooze.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them ## outflows dried up *zag pa zad pa*, Skt. *kṣīṇāsrava*, See “outflows.” ## out-of-date *rdzubs pa*, Skt. *khustaka*, a deprecatory term meaning “old” or “out-of-date.” ## Outshining Flower *me tog zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *me tog zil gyis gnon pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Steady Pillar of Sandalwood. ## outside the common living *tha dad du gnas pa*, Skt. *nānāsaṃvāsika*, Monastics are “outside the common living” of the saṅgha either (1) by dint of the deviant attitudes that they hold, or (2) because they are serving out a suspension imposed by the saṅgha. A monk on suspension must endure a loss of privileges, listed in The Book of Supplements (Toh 7a, F.277.b–278.a). The saṅgha can rescind this suspension and reinstate the monk to full status, unless the monk is intransigent and unrepentant, in which case he remains “outside the common living.” ## Overcoming Fears with Words of Renown *grags pa’i sgras ’jigs pa bcom pa*, Skt. *grags pa’i sgras ’jigs pa bcom pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Overcoming through Triumph in Battle *g.yul las rnam par rgyal te rgal ba*, Skt. *g.yul las rnam par rgyal te rgal ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Guru of Many. ## Overflow *rgyu mthun pa*, Skt. *rgyu mthun pa*, Overflow (a flowing over of excess liquid), also the name of a forest on Holder of Joy. ## Overjoyed *rab tu spro ba*, Skt. *rab tu spro ba*, Overjoyed (extremely happy), also the name of an asura king of the fourth level, Immovable. ## Overpowering Splendor *gzi brjid thul*, Skt. *gzi brjid thul*, Attendant of the buddha Arciskandha. ## Overpowering Wisdom *ye shes zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *ye shes zil gyis gnon pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Harivaktra. ## Overpowering with the Light of an Array of the Reflections of Jewels *rin chen gzugs bkod ’od gnon*, A buddha in the northern direction in the present. ## Overwhelming All with Precious Qualities *kun tu yon tan rin po ches rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *kun tu yon tan rin po ches rnam par gnon pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Jewels. ## overwhelming of all beings *sems can thams cad zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *sarva­sattvābhibhavano*, The thirty-fourth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Overwhelming with Golden Light *gser snang bas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *gser snang bas rnam par gnon pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Guru of the Moon. ## oviparous birth *sgo nga las skyes pa*, Skt. *aṇḍaja*, Second of the four modes of birth. ## Owner of the ground *sa bdag*, Skt. *bhūmipati*, a spirit occupying a place. ## Oxus Skt. *vakṣu*, A river in Gandhāra, today known as Amu Daria. ## Pūṣa The name of a deity. ## Üpa Losal Üpa Losal (thirteenth to fourteenth century) was a student of both Chomralpa and Jamgak Pakṣi, and he was an important scholar in the production of the first Kangyur and Tengyur at Narthang monastery. ## Üpa Sangyé Bum *dbus pa sangs rgyas ’bum*, Skt. *dbus pa sangs rgyas ’bum*, A scholar of Narthang (1270–1355) also known as Üpa Losal (dbus pa blo gsal). He was a student of Chomden Rikpai Raltri (bcom ldan rig pa'i ral gri) and worked on the gathering of translations and compiling of the contents of the earliest Kangyurs. Lotsawa Chokden (q.v.) was one of his students. ## paṇa *pa Na*, Skt. *paṇa*, According to Alexander Cunningham, one paṇa “was a handful of cowrie shells, usually reckoned as 80.” (See Cunningham 1996, p. 1.) ## Paṭaccara The name of a people in northern India. In the Mahābhārata they are described as living around the Kuru region, from where they fought with the Pāṇḍavas against the Kauravas. ## paṭaha drum Skt. *paṭaha*, A barrel drum that can be hung by a strap from the body and played sitting or standing by beating the upper surface, or both surfaces, with two curved drumsticks. There is also an identification of this term with a disk-shaped drum with the skin on one side only, similar to a tambourine, and also a drum like the mṛdaṅga with a thick middle and one end smaller than the other. ## paṇḍaka *ma ning*, Skt. *paṇḍaka*, An imprecise, catchall term, difficult to translate. It designates people with various kinds of unclear gender status, including but not restricted to physical intersex conditions and hermaphrodites. It can, for example, also mean a eunuch, or from the Vinaya account of the expulsion of a paṇḍaka , a male who sought other males to have sex with him. See also the glossary entry in Miller (2018). It could also be applied to a transgender male, not necessarily a eunuch, such as the hijras. Hijras, men who dress as women, have been an established part of Indian society since ancient times and all-hijra communities still have a significant societal role. Hijra is a more recent term with a Hindustani-Urdu origin. ## paṇava *mkhar rnga*, Skt. *paṇava*, Listed among Indian instruments as an hourglass drum, played in the hand, and the ancestor of the present day huḍukka, somewhat larger than the ḍamaru. See Saṅgītaśiromaṇi: A Medieval Handbook of Indian Music, edited by Emmie Te Nijenhuis, p. 549. However, Dutt describes it as a drum made of bell metal, which matches the Tibetan translation as “bronze drum,” but he may have been influenced by the Tibetan translation of chapter 30. In an earlier chapter paṇava is simply transcribed into Tibetan. An example of a bell metal drum would be the ceṇṇala, a small flat gong of bell metal that is hit with a stick and used to keep time in South Indian music. Other instruments mentioned are of the South Indian tradition. ## paṇava drum A middle-sized hourglass drum that is struck with one hand while its pitch is modified with the other. ## Pabtong *pab tong*, Skt. *pab tong*, The editor of this sūtra. No details of this person are known. ## Pañcacūḍa Skt. *pañcacūḍa*, A nāga king. ## Pañcaśikha *gtsug phu lnga pa*, Skt. *pañcaśikha*, A gandharva who was very prominent in early Buddhism and is featured on early stupa reliefs playing a lute and singing. He would come to Buddha Śākyamuni, who was not portrayed as omniscient, to inform him of what was occuring in the paradises. He also accompanies Indra on a visit to the Buddha and plays music to bring the Buddha out of his meditation. He performs the same role in the Mahāyāna sūtra The White Lotus of Compassion (Toh 112). He was portrayed as living on a five-peaked mountain, and appears to be the basis for Mañjuśrī, first known as Mañjughoṣa (Beautiful Voice) with Pañcaśikha still being one of Mañjuśrī’s alternate names. In this sūtra he is clearly distinct from Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī. ## Pañcakesarī *seng ge lnga*, Skt. *pañcakesari*, An ancient city, probably corresponding to the modern Panchakesari in Orissa. ## Pañcala *pany+tsa la*, Skt. *pañcala*, One of the fifteen lands in ancient India at the time of the Buddha. This was at the western end of the Ganges basin, corresponding in the present time to an area in the western part of Uttar Pradesh. ## Pacana The name of a king. ## Pañcaśīrṣa *mgo lnga*, Skt. *pañcaśīrṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pañcarakṣā *gzungs chen grwa lnga*, Skt. *pañcarakṣā*, The term used to describe both the scriptures and the deities of the “five protectress goddesses” popular in the Mahāyāna-Vajrayāna tradition. The five goddesses are Mahāpratisarā, Mahāsāhasrapramardanī, Mahāmāyūrī, Mahāśītavatī, and Mahāmantrānusāriṇī. ## Pacification of Flaws *skyon zhi*, Skt. *skyon zhi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇārci (222 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Pacified and Tamed *rab tu zhi dul*, Skt. *rab tu zhi dul*, Birthplace of the buddha Praśāntagātra. ## Pacifier of Disturbing Emotions *nyong mongs pa zhi bar byed pa*, Skt. *nyong mongs pa zhi bar byed pa*, A buddha. ## Pacifier of Enemies *dgra zhir gyur pa*, Skt. *dgra zhir gyur pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmavikrāmin (633 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Pacifier of Existence *srid pa zhi byed*, Skt. *srid pa zhi byed*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Pacifier of the Māras *bdud zhi byed pa*, Skt. *bdud zhi byed pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśānta. ## pacifying *zhi ba*, Skt. *śāntika*, A ritual activity pacifying hostile and obstructive forces, as well as disease and ill omens; one of the four main categories of ritual activity. ## Pacifying Roar *rab tu zhi ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga. ## Pañcika *lngas rtsen*, Skt. *pañcika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; also the name of a yakṣa. ## Pack Leader *khyu mchog*, Skt. *khyu mchog*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Pañcālā *lnga len*, Skt. *pañcālā*, A river queen. ## Pañcāla The name of a region in the north of the Indian subcontinent, situated among the plains along the Ganges River to the east of the Kuru region, covering the central part of the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh. ## Pañcāla cloth *pany+tsa li ka’i gos*, Skt. *pañcālikāvastra*, Fabric from the north Indian kingdom of Pañcāla. ## Pañcālagaṇḍa *tshigs lnga ser po*, Skt. *pañcālagaṇḍa*, A yakṣa general in the intermediate directions. ## Padakrama *rkang pa’i ’gros*, Skt. *padakrama*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## Padampa Sangye *pha dam pa sangs rgyas* (11th-12th century), Indian [siddha](#siddha) who established the teachings of the Shijepa (*zhi byed pa*) school. Teacher of [Machik Labdrön](#machik-labdrön), to whom he transmitted the [Cho](#cho) teachings. He traveled to Tibet several times. ## Padavikṣepa *rkang pa ’phen pa*, Skt. *padavikṣepa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Padmā *pad mo*, Skt. *padmā*, Name of a world system in the direction of the nadir, where the buddha Padmaśrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Padma the name by which [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) refers to himself. The name [means](#means) "lotus". ## Padma Thotreng *padma thod phreng rtsal*, lit. [Padma](#padma) garlanded with skulls. One of the names of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## Padma Yamāri *pad+ma gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *padmayamāri*, “Lotus Yamāri.” A deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Padmapāṇi and Padmavajra. ## Padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī *pad+mo bzang mo mig yid du ’ong ba’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī*, Refers to Padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā, a cakravartin’s princess in the distant past. Also called Samanta­jñānārci­padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā. ## Padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā *pad+mo bzang mo mig yid du ’ong ba’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā*, A cakravartin’s princess in the distant past. Also called Samanta­jñānārci­padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā and Padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī. ## Padmacāriṇī *pad+ma spyod byed ma*, Skt. *padmacāriṇī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Padmadharā *pad ma ’dzin pa*, Skt. *padmadhāra*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Padmadhara *pad+ma ’chang*, Skt. *padmadhara*, An alternate name for the bodhisattva Padmapāṇi. ## Padmadākinī *pad+ma’i mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *padmaḍākinī*, A deity in Vajraḍākinī’s maṇḍala. ## Padmagarbha *pad ma’i snying po*, Skt. *padmagarbha*, The 520th buddha in the first list, 520th in the second list, and 513th in the third list. ## Padma­garbha *pad mo’i snying po*, Skt. *padma­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Padma­garbha (the bodhisattva) *pad+ma’i snying po*, Skt. *padma­garbha*, A bodhisattva in the presence of Śākyamuni at Śrāvastī. ## Padma­garbha (the buddha) *pad mo’i snying po*, Skt. *padma­garbha*, A buddha in the past. ## Padma­garbha­śrī *pad+mo snying po dpal*, Skt. *padma­garbha­śrī*, The name of the thirty-fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Padumagarbhaśirī. ## Padmaguru *pad ma bla ma*, Skt. *padmaguru*, The name of an eon. ## Padmahasta *lag na pad ma*, Skt. *padmahasta*, Lit. “Lotus Handed.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Bodhi­maṇḍalālaṃkāra­su­rucitā, in the intermediate southeast direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## Padmahastin *phyag na pad bsnams*, Skt. *padmahastin*, The 837th buddha in the first list, 836th in the second list, and 826th in the third list. ## Padmajvālinī *pad+ma ’bar ba*, Skt. *padmajvālinī*, A deity personifying the true nature of the element of space. ## Padma­jyotir­vikrīḍitābhijña *pad ma’i ’od zer rnam par rol pas mngon par mkhyen pa*, Skt. *padma­jyotir­vikrīḍitābhijña*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Padmaka *pad ma ka*, Skt. *pad ma ka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Padmakūṭa *pad ma brtsegs pa*, Skt. *padmakūṭa*, A buddha. ## Padmaketu *pad ma’i tog*, Skt. *padmaketu*, A buddha. ## Padmakośa *pad ma’i mdzod*, Skt. *padmakośa*, The 732nd buddha in the first list, 731st in the second list, and 721st in the third list. ## Padmakoṣṭhī *pad+ma ko ti*, Skt. *padmakoṣṭhī*, It is not clear who this goddess is. ## Padmakuṇḍali *rna cha gdub kor pad+ma ’dra*, Skt. *padmakuṇḍali*, A goddess in this sūtra. ## Padma­kula­sundarī *pad+ma’i rigs mdzes ma*, Skt. *padma­kula­sundarī*, A goddess (probably the same as Padmasundarī) in one of the paintings of Amoghapāśa. ## Padma­narteśvarī *pad+ma gar gyi dbang*, Skt. *padma­narteśvarī*, A goddess associated with Avalokiteśvara. ## Padmanarteśvara *pad+ma gar dbang*, Skt. *padmanarteśvara*, An emanation of Avalokiteśvara usually depicted as a red, dancing figure; also the visualized deity for the semen after it enters the bhaga. ## Padmanābha *pad+ma’i lte*, Skt. *padmanābha*, One of the lokeśvaras. ## Padmanetrī *pad+ma’i spyan ma*, Skt. *padmanetrī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Padma­netra *pad ma’i mig*, Skt. *padma­netra*, The buddha of the distant world Realm of Lotuses; also, the name of a great bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Padmapāṇi *pad+ma’i phyag*, Skt. *padmapāṇi*, “One with the Lotus in His Hand” is one of the lokeśvara emanations of Avalokiteśvara and, possibly, also another name of Amoghapāśa as well as an epithet of Avalokiteśvara himself. ## Padmaprabhā *pad+mo’i ’od*, Skt. *padmaprabhā*, A queen in another world in the distant past. In the Tibetan verse it is shortened to pad+mo. ## Padmaprabha *pad ma’i ’od*, Skt. *padmaprabha*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Padma­prabhāsinī *pad+ma rab snang ma*, Skt. *padma­prabhāsinī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Padmapārśva *pad ngos*, Skt. *padmapārśva*, The 279th buddha in the first list, 278th in the second list, and 278th in the third list. ## Padma­śrī *pad+ma’i dpal*, Skt. *padma­śrī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Padmaśrī *pad ma’i dpal*, Skt. *padmaśrī*, Lit. “Glory of the Lotus.” A buddha in a world system called Padmā, in the direction below. ## Padmaraśmi *pad ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *padmaraśmi*, The 513th buddha in the first list, 513th in the second list, and 506th in the third list. ## Padma­śrī­garbha *pad+mo dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *padma­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Padmaśrīgarbha *pad ma dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *padmaśrīgarbha*, The name of a young bodhisattva, who is one of the interlocutors of the Buddha in this text. ## Padma­śrī­garbha­saṃbhavā *pad mo dpal gyi snying po ’byung ba*, Skt. *padma­śrī­garbha­saṃbhavā*, A queen in another world in the distant past. ## Padmaśrīrājagarbha A buddha in the buddha domain of Padmavatī whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Padmasambhavā *pad ma las byung ma*, Skt. *padmasambhava*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Padmasambhava *pad+ma ’byung ba*, Skt. *padmasambhava*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Padmasambhava of Oḍḍiyāna *o rgyan [padma](#padma) 'byung gnas*, the Lotus-born Teacher from [Oḍḍiyāna](#oḍḍiyāna), often known as [Guru Rinpoche](#guru-rinpoche). During the reign of [King Trisong Detsen](#trisong-detsen), the great master subjugated the evil forces hostile to the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet, spread the Buddhist teaching of [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna) in that country and hid innumerable [spiritual treasures](#spiritual-treasure) for the sake of future generations. He is venerated as the Second [Buddha](#buddha) whose coming was predicted by the first one, [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni), to give the special teachings of [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). ## Padmaskandha *pad phung*, Skt. *padmaskandha*, The 566th buddha in the first list, 566th in the second list, and 559th in the third list. ## Padmasundarī *pad+ma mdzes pa*, Skt. *padmasundarī*, This seems to be another name of Unfailing Lotus Noose-Goad as Pure as a Lotus. ## Padma­vṛṣabha­vikrāmin *pad ma’i khyu mchog rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *padma­vṛṣabha­vikrāmin*, A future buddha. ## Padmavajra *rdo rje pad+ma*, Skt. *padmavajra*, Another name for Padma Yamāri. ## Padmavarṇā *pad+ma’i kha dog ma*, Skt. *padmavarṇā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Padmavatī *pad ma can*, Skt. *padmavatī*, Lit. “Endowed with Lotuses.” The buddhafield of the tathāgata Samantakusuma where Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta and the god Susthitamati also live. ## Padma­vatī *pad ma can*, Skt. *padma­vatī*, Royal court. ## Padmavati *pad ma can*, Skt. *padmavati*, A buddha realm. ## padmavyūha *pad ma bkod pa*, Skt. *padmavyūha*, Lit. “array of lotuses.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Padmayoni *pad ma ldan*, Skt. *padmayoni*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Padmeśvara *pad+ma phyug*, Skt. *padmeśvara*, One of the lokeśvaras; this could be an epithet of Avalokiteśvara. ## Padminī *pad+ma ma*, Skt. *padminī*, One of the eight great yakṣiṇīs and one of the eight nāga queens. ## Padmākṣa *pad spyan*, Skt. *padmākṣa*, The 51st buddha in the first list, 51st in the second list, and 52nd in the third list. ## Padmākara *pad ma ’byung*, Skt. *padmākara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Padmālayā *pad ma la gnas pa*, Skt. *padmālaya*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Padmoṣṇīṣa *pad+ma gtsug tor*, Skt. *padmoṣṇīṣa*, “Lotus Uṣṇīṣa,” this seems to be a highly esoteric emanation of Amoghapāśa, also called in the text Amogharāja-Padmoṣṇīṣa. ## Padmoṣṇīṣamaṇi *pad+ma gtsug tor gyi nor bu*, Skt. *padmoṣṇīṣamaṇi*, Padmoṣṇīṣamaṇi (“Jewel of the Lotus Uṣṇīṣa”) seems to be the longer version of the name Padmoṣṇīṣa (“Lotus Uṣṇīṣa”). ## Padmoṣṇīṣapāśa *pad+mo Sh+NI Sha pA sha*, Skt. *padmoṣṇīṣapāśa*, A variant of the name Amogharāja-Padmoṣṇīṣa. ## Padmoṣṇīṣarāja *pad+ma gtsug tor gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *padmoṣṇīṣarāja*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Padmoccā *pad+ma ltar smra ba*, Skt. *padmoccā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Padmodgata *pad+mos ’phags*, Skt. *padmodgata*, The nineteenth (eighteenth in the Sanskrit) buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Padmottama *pad ma dam pa*, Skt. *padmottama*, The third of eight named buddhas of the past (with the addition of Śākyamuni making nine) in The Absorption of the Four Boys. In The Basket’s Display (Kāraṇḍavyūha, Toh 116, –), this is the buddha who receives the six-syllable mantra from Avalokiteśvara. ## Padmottara *pad ma bla ma*, Skt. *padmottara*, A buddha who appears in other sūtras as a contemporary of Śākyamuni in another universe. In this sūtra, King Dṛḍhabala, the bhikṣu Supuṣpacandra, and King Varapuṣpasa are said to be his previous lives. ## Padmottaraśrī *pad ma mchog gi dpal*, Skt. *padmottaraśrī*, Lit. “Glorious Supreme Lotus.” A buddha in a world system called Bodhi­maṇḍalālaṃkāra­su­rucitā, in the intermediate southeast direction. ## Padmottararāja *pad+ma mchog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *padmottararāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Padmottara­suvarṇa­dhvaja *pad+ma dam pa gser gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *padmottara­suvarṇa­dhvaja*, “Sublime Lotus Golden Banner.” The palace of the goddess Śrī, also known as Lakṣmī. ## Padmāvalokita­dhvaja *pad+ma gzigs pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *padmāvalokita­dhvaja*, “Marked with a Lotus Gaze,” one of the tathāgatas. ## Padmāvatī The name of the palace of King Ajātaśatru, a king in the distant past during the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara, and also the name of the palace of his royal priest Endowed with Islands, to whom he gave half his kingdom. ## Padumā *pad+ma*, Skt. *padmā*, A great rākṣasī. Padumā is the Middle Indic equivalent of padmā. ## Padumāvatī *dka’ zlog rkang spyod ldan ma*, Skt. *padumāvatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Paṅgagaṇa *grum por ’grang ba*, Skt. *paṅgagaṇa*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Pagor Vairotsana *pa gor vai ro tsa*, A great translator, scholar, and teacher of the early period; one of the first seven Tibetans to become a monk. ## Paṅgu *’phye bo*, Skt. *paṅgu*, Upon his birth his parents’ household and those of all who went to see him began to succeed in all their endeavors. Not to be confused with the tailor Paṅgu. ## Paṅgu (the tailor) *’phye bo*, Skt. *paṅgu*, A tailor whose name means “a person who crawls,” he was the child of wealthy householders in Śrāvastī, born with paralyzed legs. Not to be confused with the Paṅgu who caused all those who went to see him to succeed in all their endeavors. ## Paiśāca Sometimes appearing as Paiśācī, this is considered one of the great canonical languages of Indian Buddhist texts although there are no extant examples of this language. The name literally means “language of the ghosts.” Its history is unclear, but it is often identified as an ancestor of the Indo-Aryan Dardic languages spoken in the Kashmir region. ## Paiṅgika *ser skya’i bu*, Skt. *paiṅgika*, A young brahmin. ## paṭṭikā *snam bu*, Skt. *paṭṭikā*, Curtains of pearl necklaces suspended from the walls of the inner rectangle of the maṇḍala. ## Paṭṭikeraka The name of a major city in the Samatata kingdom, located in the southeast Bengal delta. ## Pain Extracting Flower *me tog mya ngan ’tshang*, Skt. *me tog mya ngan ’tshang*, Attendant of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Pain Gift *mya ngan byin*, Skt. *mya ngan byin*, Father of the buddha Balatejojñāna. ## pain in the extremities *yan lag tu zug pa*, Skt. *aṅgabheda*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Pain Incarnate *shar gyur pa thams cad sdug bsngal*, Skt. *sarvāmiṣa­bhūta­vedana*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## Pair of Śāla Trees *shing sA la zung*, Skt. *yamanaśālā*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Paṭṭisa *pa Ti s+ya*, Skt. *paṭṭisa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Paṇḍita a scholar, someone learned in the five traditional sciences (see: [five sciences](#five-sciences)). Particularly used to refer to Indian scholars. ## paittikā *mkhris pa las gyur pa*, Skt. *paittikā*, A class of spirits causing excess bile. ## paittika A class of spirits causing excess bile. ## Pakṣiṇī *phyogs ldan*, Skt. *pakṣiṇī*, A buddha realm. ## Pakṣin One of the sublineages connected with the Kauśika lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Pakṣirāja Skt. *pakṣirāja*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Pakṣmā *rdzi ma*, Skt. *pakṣmā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Paṅkti Skt. *paṅkti*, This is probably a corruption of “Avanti,” one of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty, identified with Avantivarman. ## Pakṣu *pa k+Shu*, Skt. *pakṣu*, Unidentified river, though there are Tibetan texts that use this name to refer to the source of the Brahmaputra. ## Pāṭalī Caves *pa ti li’i phug*, Skt. *pa ti li’i phug*, Caves on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## pala *srang*, Skt. *pala*, As a unit of weight, it equals four karṣa; as a unit of capacity, it equals about seven cubic inches, but this may vary from source to source. ## pāṭala Stereospermum colais. The trumpet flower tree. ## palace *gzhal yas khang*, Skt. *vimāna*, Here refers to a palace of the gods (devavimāna). Alternatively, it can refer to a chariot or self-moving aerial car. ## Palace Ascender *khang bzangs ’dzeg*, Skt. *khang bzangs ’dzeg*, A prince; a previous life of the buddha Śāntagati (701 according to the third enumeraiton). ## Palace of Light Rays *’od zer gzhal med khang*, Skt. *’od zer gzhal med khang*, Attendant of the buddha Puṣya. ## Palace of Lotus Light *padma 'od kyi pho brang*, the palace of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) in the [Buddhafield](#buddhafield) of the [Glorious Copper-colored Mountain](#glorious-copper-colored-mountain). ## Palace of Victory *rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *vaijayanta*, Indra’s palace on the summit of Sumeru. ## Pāṭalaka Shrine *dmar bu can gyi mchod rten*, Skt. *pāṭalakaṃ caityaṃ*, A shrine in Pāṭali Village. ## Palanquin Houses *khyogs kyi khang bu*, Skt. *khyogs kyi khang bu*, Refers to Spacious Palanquin Houses. ## palash *pa la sha*, Skt. *palāśa*, Butea frondosa or Butea monosperma. A tree that grows up to 15 meters tall and has bright red flowers. Other names include flame of the forest, riddle tree, Judas tree, parrot tree, bastard teak, dhak (in Hindi), palas (in Hindi), porasum (in Tamil), and khakda (in Gujarati). There is a tradition of combining its leaves together to make a plate for food. This is also known as kiṃśuka, which is translated in other sūtras as ne tso ci las grub pa. ## Palatial Mountain *gzhal yas khang gi ri*, Skt. *gzhal yas khang gi ri*, A forest in Total Pleasure. ## Pale Yellow Gold *gser ser skya*, Skt. *gser ser skya*, A nāga king. ## Palgi Lhünpo *dpal gyi lhun po*, Skt. *dpal gyi lhun po*, One of the greatest Tibetan translators. He lived in the eighth to ninth century. See also . ## Palgyi Lhünpo *dpal gyi lhun po*, apart from Butön’s inclusion of Palgyi Lhünpo in his list of translators, there does not appear to be much biographical information available on this ninth-century translator. In addition to his work on the [vinaya](#vinaya), Palgyi Lhünpo translated at least two [Mahāyāna](#mahāyāna) [sūtra](#sūtra)s (the Buddhapiṭakaduḥśīlanigraha and the Drumakinnararājaparipṛcchā), several chapters of [dhāraṇī](#dhāraṇī), and several works in verse included in the Tengyur. The colophons of his translations indicate that [Paltsek](#paltsek) revised some of his translations, including the Vinayavastu and the Bhikṣuṇī Vinayavibhaṅga, to either complete unfinished work or reflect newly adopted standards. ## Palgyi Lhunpo A Tibetan translator during the imperial period. ## Palgyi Yang *dpal gyi dbyangs*, More commonly known as Palyang (dpal dbyangs), and also as Ba Ratna (sba rat na), Ba Palyang (sba dpal dbyangs), Ba Trisik (sba khri gzigs), and Śrīghoṣa, he was a translator and the first of the group of seven Tibetans to be ordained and trained by Śāntarakṣita. ## Pāṭali *dmar bu can*, Skt. *pāṭali*, A village which eventually became Pāṭaliputra, the capital of Magadha. ## Pāṭaliputra *pa ta la’i bu*, Skt. *pāṭaliputra*, The capital of Magadha was moved to the city of Pāṭaliputra during the Mauryan expansion, after which it served as the capital of Aśoka’s empire. It is identified with the modern Indian city of Patna. In this chapter, Pāṭaliputra is the location of the bodhisattva dwelling place called the Golden Park of the Saṅgha. ## palm tree The palmyra palm tree, native to South and Southeast Asia, which can grow to a height of nearly one hundred feet. ## Palāmaratna­vṛkṣa­ratna *rin chen ljon shing ’bras bu dpag med rin po che*, Skt. *palāmaratna­vṛkṣa­ratna*, A southern buddha realm that Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Palmo (nun) *dge slong ma dpal mo*, famous Indian nun who propagated the practice of Nyung-ne (one-day fast and vow of silence) and attained the [supreme accomplishment](#supreme-accomplishment) through the practice of [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara). ## palms and soles are red *phyag dang zhabs kyi mthil dmar ba*, Skt. *lohita­pāṇi­pāda­tala­tā*, Fifty-fifth of the eighty minor marks. ## palms are even *phyag gi mthil mnyam pa*, Skt. *tūla­sadṛśa­sukumāra­pāṇi­tā*, Thirty-first of the eighty minor marks. ## palmyra Borassus flabellifer. ## Palmyra Trees Reaching the Sky *ta la nam mkha’ la nye ba*, Skt. *ta la nam mkha’ la nye ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Lamp of the Sky of Dharma. Likely the same as the world system Fully-Adorned Sky. ## Palpung Palpung monastery is an important Karma Kagyü monastery in Degé founded by Situ Paṇchen, the eighth Tai Situ Chökyi Jungné, in 1727 on the site of a previous Drigung Kagyü monastery. The construction of its main temple and assembly hall was supported by the Degé king, Tenpa Tsering. ## Paltsek *dpal brtsegs*, Paltsek, from the village of Kawa north of Lhasa, was one of Tibet’s preeminent translators. He was one of the first seven Tibetans to be ordained by [Śāntarakṣita](#śāntarakṣita) and is counted as one of [Guru Rinpoche](#guru-rinpoche)’s twenty-five close [disciple](#disciple)s. In a famous verse by Ngok Lotsawa, Paltsek is named with Chokro Luyi Gyaltsen and Zhang Nanam Yeshé as part of a group of translators whose skills were surpassed only by [Vairotṣana](#vairotṣana). He translated works from a wide variety of genres, including [sūtra](#sūtra), [śāstra](#śāstra), [vinaya](#vinaya), and [tantra](#tantra) and was an author himself (for a list of his translations and writings, see Martin, 2011). Paltsek was also one of the most important editors of the early period, one of nine translators installed by Trisong Deutsen to supervise the translation of the [Tripiṭaka](#tripiṭaka) and help catalogue translated works for the first two of three imperial catalogs (the ldan kar ma and bsam yas mchims phu ma catalogs, which were probably the initiative of Tride Songtsen; see Raine, 2010, 8). ## Paltsek Rakṣita *dpal brtsegs rak+Shi ta*, Skt. *dpal brtsegs rak+Shi ta*, One of the greatest Tibetan translators, most commonly known as Kawa Paltsek. Kawa Paltsek lived in the eighth to ninth century. Translating numerous canonical texts, both sūtra and tantra, he became one of the most active translators of his time. He was one of the initial seven Tibetans to be ordained during the founding of the first Tibetan monastery of Samyé. ## Palyul (monastery) *dpal yul*, one of the six great monasteries of the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) school. ## Pāṇḍamāthura *dkar po bcom brlag*, Skt. *pāṇḍamāthura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## panic grass *dUr ba*, Skt. *dūrvā*, Panicum dactylon. ## panicled foldwing *kA ka ji gha*, Skt. *kākajaṅghā*, Dicliptera paniculata . ## pannaga *sdig sbrul*, Skt. *pannaga*, A class of malevolent serpent-beings. ## Pannaganāśana *klu rnam ’jig*, Skt. *pannaganāśana*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Āpannaka *nyams pa*, Skt. *āpannaka*, A yakṣa in the country of Bhraṣṭolā. ## Panoptic Noose-Gaze Like an Amogha Wheel *don yod pa’i ’khor lo kun nas rnam par gzigs pa*, Skt. *amogha­cakra­samanta­pāśavilokita*, The name of an emperor of the vidyādharas. The word “noose” is not reflected in the Tibetan. ## Panthaka *lam phran*, Skt. *panthaka*, Another name for Cūḍapanthaka, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Pāṇḍarā *gos dkar mo*, Skt. *pāṇḍarā*, A deity in the maṇḍalas of Śumbhavajra and Heruka. ## Pāṇḍara *dkar gsal*, Skt. *pāṇḍara*, A nāga king. ## Parṇaśabarī *ri khrod ma*, Skt. *parṇaśabarī*, An attendant deity in the maṇḍalas of Mañjuvajra and Jāṅgulī. ## Parṇaśavarī *ri khrod lo ma can*, Skt. *parṇaśavarī*, A piśācī renowned for her ability to cure disease, avert epidemics, and pacify obstacles She is often, but not exclusively, considered a form of Tārā. ## Parabhaya The name of a muhūrta. ## parable A type of short narrative, also sometimes called an ākhyāna in Sanskrit, that typically illustrates a message or idea. ## parables *de lta bu byung ba’i sde*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## parada An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Parṇaga *’dab ’gro*, Skt. *parṇaga*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Para­gaṇa­mathana *pha rol gyi tshogs ’joms pa*, Skt. *para­gaṇa­mathana*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Parahitabhadra *pa ra hi ta b+ha dra*, Skt. *parahitabhadra*, An Indian paṇḍita active in the eleventh century. He visited Tibet, where he worked with Ngok Loden Sherap (rngog blo ldan shes rab, ca. 1059–1109) and other translators, and is the author of a commentary on the Sūtrālaṅkāra (Toh 4030) preserved in the Tengyur. ## Parajana *pa ra dzA na*, Skt. *parajana*, A great bodhisattva. ## Pāṇḍaraka *paN+Da ka*, Skt. *pāṇḍaraka*, A nāga king. ## paralyzing *rengs par byed pa*, Skt. *stambhana*, A ritual activity for paralyzing enemies and other hostile forces. ## Parama­vimala­paṭṭa­dhārin *go ’phang dam pa dri ma med pa thob pa*, Skt. *parama­vimala­paṭṭa­dhārin*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Paramādibuddha Skt. *paramādibuddha*, The original extensive Kālacakratantra taught by the Buddha. ## Para­mārtha­samud­gata *don dam yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *para­mārtha­samud­gata*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Paramārtha­vikrāmin *don dam pa rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *paramārtha­vikrāmin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## paramāṇu The finest particle, seven of which make one atom (aṇu). ## Paramāśva *rta yi mchog*, Skt. *paramāśva*, “Supreme Horse,” a deity whose practice is taught in The Tantra of Black Yamāri. He is also one of the primary deities in the maṇḍala taught in the Sarvabuddha­samāyoga Tantra. ## Paranirmita *gzhan ’phrul ba*, Skt. *paranirmita*, Paranirmitavasavatti, the highest of the group of four heavens immediately above the peak of Mount Meru. ## Paranirmitavaśavartin *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *paranirmitavaśavartin*, The chief god in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations (Paranirmitavaśavartin). ## Paranirmita­vaśavartin *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *paranirmita­vaśavartin*, “Power Over the Emanations of Others.” The highest paradise in the desire realm. ## Para­nirmitavaśavartin *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *para­nirmitavaśavartin*, The principal deity in the Para­nirmitavaśavartin paradise, which is the highest in the desire realm. ## Para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed*, Skt. *para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin*, Lit. “Those Who Control What Is Created by Others.” The sixth and highest heaven in the desire realm, so named because the inhabitants have power over the emanations of others. ## Paranirmitavaśavartin gods *gzhan ’phrul dbang byed kyi lha*, Skt. *para­nirmita­vaśavartin*, Gods of the sixth and highest-level god realm within the desire realm. ## Paraprāṇaharā *gzhan gyi srog ’phrog ma*, Skt. *paraprāṇaharā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Parapurañjaya *gzhan gyi grong las rgyal*, Skt. *parapurañjaya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Parāśara *par sha*, Skt. *parāśara*, One of the vedic sages who revealed some of the Vedas, and is believed to have written the first puraṇa. ## parasite *srin bu*, Skt. *krimi*, According to classical Indian medical literature, the human body is filled with various parasitic beings (literally “worms”) that live off the body. See also . ## parasodhānī An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## parasol Skt. *chattra*, First of the eighty designs on the palms and soles of the Tathāgata. In general Indian iconography it is a symbol of protection and royalty. In Buddhism it symbolizes protection from the blazing heat of afflictions, desire, illness, and harmful forces, just as a physical parasol protects one from the blazing sun or the elements. It is also included in the eight auspicious emblems. ## Parasol Garland of Blooming Flowers *gdugs kyi phreng ba me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *gdugs kyi phreng ba me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, A buddha realm. ## Parasol of Incense *spos kyi gdugs*, Skt. *spos kyi gdugs*, A buddha. ## Parasol of Nourishment *zas kyi gdugs*, Skt. *zas kyi gdugs*, A buddha. ## Parasol of the Blissful One *bde ma’i gdugs*, Skt. *bde ma’i gdugs*, A buddha realm. ## Paraśu *dgra sta*, Skt. *paraśu*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Parṇaśāvarī *lha mo par+Na sha ba ri*, Skt. *parṇaśāvarī*, A female deity in a variant of the maṇḍala of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. ## Pāṇḍaravāsinī *gos dkar mo*, Skt. *pāṇḍaravāsinī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; one of the five tathāgata-consorts. ## Pareṇareṇu A bodhisattva who is one of the sons of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra in this sūtra and is predicted to be the future buddha Subāhu. His name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## paricchedakara *yongs su gcod pa*, Skt. *paricchedakara*, Lit. “cutter.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Parijāta *kun nas ’gro*, Skt. *parijāta*, A mountain king. ## Parikīṭa *mchog ldan grog ma*, Skt. *parikīṭa*, A nāga king. ## Parikāla Skt. *parikāla*, A nāga king. ## parinirvāṇa *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *parinirvāṇa*, Nirvāṇa, the state beyond sorrow, denotes the ultimate attainment of liberation, the permanent cessation of all suffering and the afflicted mental states that cause and perpetuate suffering, along with all misapprehension with regard to the nature of reality. As such, it is the antithesis of cyclic existence. Three types of nirvāṇa are identified: (1) the residual nirvāṇa where the person is still dependent on conditioned psycho-physical aggregates, (2) the non-residual nirvāṇa after an arhat or buddha has passed away, when the conditioned psycho-physical aggregates have ceased, and (3) the non-abiding nirvāṇa transcending the extremes of phenomenal existence and quiescence. Parinirvāṇa generally refers to the non-residual attainment. ## paripelava *pa ri pe la*, Skt. *paripelava*, Cyperus rotundus. ## Paripūrṇa­manoratha *dgongs pa yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *paripūrṇa­manoratha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Paripūrṇa­śubha *dge ba yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *paripūrṇa­śubha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## paripūrṇa­vimala­candra­prabha *zla ba nya ba’i ’od dri ma med pa*, Skt. *paripūrṇa­vimala­candra­prabha*, Lit. “light of the stainless full moon.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## paritta *yongs su skyob pa*, Skt. *parītta*, A Pali term meaning “protection,” referring to the practice of reciting scriptures to confer protection from harm as well as to the texts so used. ## Pariśuddha *yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *pariśuddha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## parivrājaka *kun tu rgyu*, Skt. *parivrājaka*, “Wandering mendicant,” parivrājaka (Sanskrit, wanderer; Pāli, paribbājaka). Refers to a class of Indian religious mendicants holding a variety of beliefs who wandered in India from ancient times, including during the time of the Buddha. These peripatetic ascetics, who included women in their number, engaged with one another in debate on a range of topics. Some of their metaphysical views are presented in the early Buddhist discourses of the Pāli Canon. ## Parivrājaka Gośālīputra *kun du rgyu gnag lhas kyi bu*, Skt. *parivrājaka gośālīputra*, See “Maskarin Gośālīputra.” ## Pariṇāyaka *rab tu ’dren pa*, Skt. *pariṇāyaka*, Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha. ## park *kun dga' ra ba*, Skt. *ārāma*, an ārāma was a private citizen’s garden, generally found within the limits of a town or city. ## Park of Delights *dga’ ba’i tshal*, Skt. *nandanavana*, One of the four divine pleasure gardens. ## Park of Golden Shade *gser gyi grib ma’i tshal*, Skt. *gser gyi grib ma’i tshal*, A park in Attached to That. ## Park of Passion *rgyags pa’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *rgyags pa’i kun dga’ ra ba*, One of four parks that surround the city of Radiant. ## Park of the Cuckoo Birds *khu byug gi kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *khu byug gi kun dga’ ra ba*, One of four parks that surround the city of Radiant. ## Parākrama­vikrama *mthus rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *parākrama­vikrama*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## parrot tree *shing shir sha*, Skt. *śirīṣa*, Equivalent to Albizia lebbeck according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Parrot Tree Caves *shing shir sha’i phug*, Skt. *shing shir sha’i phug*, Caves on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Parārthadarśin *don dam gzigs pa*, Skt. *parārthadarśin*, A buddha in the past. ## Parārtha­savihāra­śrī *gnas dang bcas pa’i dpal*, Skt. *parārtha­savihāra­śrī*, The hundred-and-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Parārtha­savihāra­śirī. ## Part of the Assembly *ris mthun pa*, Skt. *nikāyabhāginī*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Partaking of Awakening *byang chub spyad pa*, Skt. *byang chub spyad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Priyābha. ## Partaking of Bliss *dga’ spyod*, Skt. *dga’ spyod*, A great bodhisattva. ## partial understanding of selflessness with respect to personal identity *gang zag la bdag med par phyogs gcig shes pa*, Skt. *ekāntika­pugdala­nair­ātmya­jñāna*, Selflessness in this context‌ implies the lack of inherent existence in personal identity and also in physical and mental phenomena. Śrāvakas are said to expound the doctrine of selflessness only in terms of the absence of personal identity, while pratyekabuddhas additionally realize the emptiness of external phenomena, composed of atomic particles. However, unlike bodhisattvas they do not realize that the internal phenomena of consciousness too are without inherent existence. ## particular display illuminating the abandonment of all activities *spyod pa thams cad la btang ba snang ba’i khyad par ston pa*, Skt. *spyod pa thams cad la btang ba snang ba’i khyad par ston pa*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## particularities of all forms *gzugs thams cad kyi khyad par*, Skt. *gzugs thams cad kyi khyad par*, An absorption. ## parting due to being uncertain *ma nges ’byed pa*, Skt. *aniyatabheda*, Leaving the Mahāyāna in favor of the Śrāvakayāna because one’s spiritual potential is uncertain. ## partridge *shang shang te’u*, Skt. *jīvakajīvaka*, In particular the Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) also known as the Greek partridge. The name comes from its call of rapidly repeated three notes. In later times, in China and Tibet this became a legendary half-human bird, or a two-headed bird. ## parts of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag*, Skt. *bodhyaṅgāni*, See “seven parts of awakening.” ## Parīttabṛhat *chung che*, Skt. *parīttabṛhat*, Literally meaning “Small Great,” the name used in this text and in the Hundred Thousand for what is, in the Prajñāpāramitā literature, the fourteenth of the sixteen levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations. The Sanskrit equivalent is attested in the Sanskrit of the Hundred Thousand, while the name Anabhraka (q.v.) is used in the later Sanskrit manuscripts that correspond more closely to the eight-chapter Tengyur version of this text. In other genres, this is the tenth of twelve levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations. ## Parītta­śubha *dge ba chung ba*, Skt. *parītta­śubha*, The lowest of the three paradises that correspond to the third dhyāna in the form realm. ## Parīttaśubha *dge chung*, Skt. *parīttaśubha*, Lit. “Those Whose Virtue Is Circumscribed.” The seventh of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the first of the three heavens that correspond to the third of the four concentrations. ## Parī­ttaśubha *dge ba*, Skt. *parī­ttaśubha*, The lowest of the three paradises that are the third dhyāna paradises in the form realm. ## Parīttavṛha *chung che*, Skt. *parīttavṛha*, Literally meaning “Small Great,” the name used in this text and in the Twenty-Five Thousand for what is, in the Prajñāpāramitā literature, the fourteenth of the sixteen levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations. The Sanskrit equivalent is attested in the Sanskrit of the Hundred Thousand, while the name Anabhraka (q.v.) is used in the later Sanskrit manuscripts that correspond more closely to the eight-chapter Tengyur version of this text. In other genres, this is the tenth of twelve levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations. ## Parīttābha *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, Lit. “Those Whose Radiated Light Is Circumscribed.” The fourth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa, it is listed as the first of the three heavens that correspond to the second of the four concentrations. ## Parī­ttābha *’od chung*, Skt. *parī­ttābha*, The second of the three paradises that are the third dhyāna paradises in the form realm. ## Parvata *ri bo*, Skt. *parvata*, A buddha of a previous eon. ## Parvatarāja *ri’i rgyal po*, Skt. *parvatarāja*, A buddha. ## Parvatendra *ri dbang*, Skt. *parvatendra*, The 714th buddha in the first list, 713th in the second list, and 703rd in the third list. ## Parāvṛttā *yongs gyur ma*, Skt. *parāvṛttā*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## Pass beyond all sorrow *yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *parinirvāṇa*, See “parinirvāṇa.” ## pass into nirvāṇa *mya ngan ’da’*, The term is used interchangeably in this text with “pass into parinirvāṇa” to refer to the Buddha passing away. ## passed beyond all sorrow into the realm of nirvāṇa without any remainder of the aggregates *phung po lhag ma med pa’i mya ngan las ’das pa’i dbyings su yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *phung po lhag ma med pa’i mya ngan las ’das pa’i dbyings su yongs su mya ngan las ’das pa*, See “parinirvāṇa.” ## passed beyond suffering *mya ngan las ’das*, Skt. *nirvāṇa*, Here the expression is used to refer to the Buddha’s death. See “nirvāṇa” and “parinirvāṇa.” ## passion *nyon mongs*, Skt. *kleśa*, Desire, hatred and anger, dullness, pride, and jealousy, as well as all their derivatives, said to number 84,000. Also translated “afflictions.” ## passion of emission *’pho ba’i chags pa*, Skt. *cyutirāga*, The passion for emission of semen. ## Passion Vajrī *’dod chags rdo rje ma*, Skt. *rāgavajrī*, Consort of Red Acala. ## Passionate Conduct *yang dag chags spyod*, Skt. *yang dag chags spyod*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## past action *las*, Skt. *karman*, Past actions with their impact in the present and future. Also rendered here as “karma.” ## past endeavor *sngon gyi sbyor ba*, Skt. *pūrvayoga*, An action or concerted effort on the spiritual path that was performed by an individual during a past lifetime. ## past lives *skyes pa’i rabs*, Skt. *jāṭaka*, Particularly the former lives of Lord Buddha. ## past-life stories *skyes pa’i rabs kyi sde*, Skt. *jātaka*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## past-life story A type of Buddhist past-life story, often used synonymously with avadāna and jātaka. ## pastry *snum khur*, Skt. *apūpa*, The term is also rendered in this translation as “apūpa.” ## Pataṅgā *phye ma lab*, Skt. *pataṅgā*, A river. ## patches *snam phran*, Skt. *khaṇḍa*, monks’ robes are to be sewn into large [section](#section)s from small patches of cloth rather than bolts of cloth. ## Patela The name of a king. ## Patāgrakeyūrā *ba dan mchog gi dpung rgyan ma*, Skt. *patāgrakeyūrā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## path *'chag sar ma byas pa*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Path and Result The Path and Result is the highest teaching of the Sakya lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. It is rooted in the understanding that the path to awakening and the result of awakening itself are contained within one another. The teachings of the Path and Result are based on Virūpa’s Vajra Verses (rdo rje’i tshig rkang), whereas the practice is based on the Hevajra Tantra. ## Path Giver *lam byin*, Skt. *lam byin*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Path of accumulating *tshogs lam*, Skt. *sambhāramārga*, the first of the [five paths](#five-paths) towards [total enlightenment](#total-enlightenment), according to the [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) [vehicle](#vehicle). On this [path](#path) one accumulates the causes which will make it possible to proceed towards [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## path of cultivation *sgom lam*, Skt. *bhāvanā­mārga*, Fourth of the five paths, preceded by the paths of provisions, connection, and insight, and followed by the path of no-more-learning. ## path of insight *mthong lam*, Skt. *darśana­mārga*, Third of the five paths, preceded by the paths of provisions and connection, and followed by the paths of cultivation and no-more-learning. See . ## Path of joining *sbyor lam*, Skt. *prayogamārga*, the second of the [five paths](#five-paths). On this [path](#path) one connects oneself to or prepares oneself for seeing the two kinds of absence of self. ## path of learning *slob*, Skt. *śaikṣa*, The state of a person who has not yet attained arhatship. ## path of mantra *sngags kyi lam*, Skt. *mantramārga*, One of the three vehicles of Buddhism. ## path of no more to learn *ma slob*, Skt. *aśaikṣa*, The stage of a person who has attained the highest level of realization on their respective path, whether that of the listeners, the solitary buddhas or the buddhas. ## path of preparation *sbyor lam*, Skt. *prayoga­mārga*, Second of the five paths. ## path of purity *tshangs pa’i lam*, Skt. *brahmapatha*, Refers to the observance of celibacy. ## Path of seeing *mthong lam*, Skt. *darśanamārga*, the third of the [five paths](#five-paths), according to the [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) [vehicle](#vehicle). It is called this because on it one really sees the two kinds of absence of 'self' (i.e. of true, independent existence), that of the individual and that of phenomena. ## path of the ten bad actions *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Killing, taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, lying, uttering divisive talk, speaking harsh words, gossiping, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## path of the ten forms of good conduct A path or course of action traditionally presented as refraining from committing the ten forms of bad conduct, namely: taking life, taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, false speech, harsh speech, spiteful speech, idle speech, ency, malice and wrong view. Thus, it would consist in doing the opposite of these forms of bad conduct. ## path of the ten nonvirtuous actions *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśā­kuśala­karma­patha*, Physical, verbal, and mental activities that lead to unsalutary rebirths. ## path of the ten virtuous actions *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśa­kuśala­karma­patha*, Not engaging in the paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions: killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## path of the ten virtuous deeds *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśa­kuśala­karma­patha*, A collective term for the ten virtues, i.e., refraining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct (with the body); lying, slander, harsh words, gossip (with speech); covetousness, malice, and wrong views (with the mind). ## Path of the World *’jig rten lam*, Skt. *’jig rten lam*, Son of the buddha Dṛḍhasvara. ## path to be traversed alone *gcig pu bgrod pa’i lam*, Skt. *ekayānamārga*, A synonym for the path of the bodhisattva. ## paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśākuśala­karmapatha*, Killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## paths of the ten virtuous actions *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśakuśala­karmapatha*, Not engaging in the paths of the ten nonvirtuous actions: killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## pathway *nges par ’byung ba*, Skt. *niḥsaraṇa*, Setting forth, issue, exit, departure, escape, a road out of town. Also translated here as “emancipated” and “gone forth.” See also . ## pathyā In metrics, pathyā refers to the “normal,” as opposed to the “extended” (vipula), variety of anuṣṭubh. ## Pati Skt. *pati*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Patidhara Skt. *patidhara*, One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text. ## patience *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, The third of the six transcendent perfections. As such it can be classified into three modes: the capacity to tolerate abuse from sentient beings, to tolerate the hardships of the path to buddhahood, and to tolerate the profound nature of reality. Regarding the Sanskrit term dharmakṣāṇti, it can refer either to a set of ways one becomes “receptive” to key points of the Dharma, or it can be an abbreviation of anutpattika­dharma­kṣāṇti, “receptivity to the unborn nature of phenomena.” ## patience in accord with the truth *bden pa dang ’thun pa’i bzod pa*, Skt. *bden pa dang ’thun pa’i bzod pa*, The third of the four stages of penetrative insight, typically rendered simply as kṣānti or “patience.” ## patience toward the profound Dharma *chos zab mo la bzod pa*, Skt. *gaṃbhīra­dharma­kṣānti*, A level of patience that consists in accepting the teachings on emptiness. ## Patience with Partial Views *phyogs lta bzod*, Skt. *phyogs lta bzod*, Son of the buddha Amoghagāmin. ## Patient Endurance *mi mjed*, Skt. *saha*, Name of our world system. ## Patient One *bzod ldan*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Patnīya *chung ma can*, Skt. *patnīya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## patricide *pha bsad pa*, Skt. *pitṛghātaka*, one of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order. ## patronage *yon*, Skt. *dakṣiṇā*, the patronage a pure monk is entitled to receive, without the attendant karmic burden, due to his pure ethics and observance of vows. ## Patrul Rinpoche *dpal sprul rin po che* (1808–1887), also known as Orgyen Jigme Chökyi Wangpo (*o rgyan 'jigs med chöskyi dbang po*), one of the most renowned masters of the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) school and a central figure of the [Ecumenical (movement)](#ecumenical-movement). He received the foundational practices of the Longchen Nyingtik some twenty-five times from his [root teacher](#root-teacher) Jigme Gyalwai Nyugu, and set down those oral instructions as *The Words of My Perfect Teacher* (*kun bzang bla ma'i zhal lung*) — the text translated at [wordsof.guru](https://wordsof.guru/). Recognized as a *tulku* (his name is an abbreviation of Palgye [Tulku](#tulku)), he nonetheless spent his life wandering eastern Tibet in the guise of an ordinary beggar, meditating in remote hermitages and teaching kings and beggars in exactly the same way. He held an unbroken line of transmission coming down from the [Buddha](#buddha) himself, and is often considered an [emanation](#emanation) of the speech of [Jigme Lingpa](#jigme-lingpa). ## Patsap Nyima Drak *pa tshab nyi ma grags*, Skt. *pa tshab nyi ma grags*, A Tibetan translator, particularly known for translating important Mādhyamika texts, circa 1055–1145. ## Patshab Lotsawa Tsultrim Gyaltsen A Tibetan translator who lived in the eleventh to twelfth century. He translated the collection of sādhanas referred to as “The ‘Hundred’ Sādhanas translated by Patshab” (pa tshab kyis bsgyur ba’i sgrub thabs rgya rtsa), a collection of one hundred and sixty-three sādhanas. He mostly translated these in the presence of the paṇḍita Abhayākaragupta, who was a Bengali scholar and the abbot of Vikramaśīla. Patshab’s collection is included in the Tantra section of the Degé Tengyur. ## Patshap *pa tshab*, Skt. *pa tshab*, The name of a Tibetan family to which belonged the renowned translator Patshap Nyima Drakpa. ## Patshap Tsultrim Gyaltsen *pa tshab tshul khrims rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *pa tshab tshul khrims rgyal mtshan*, The primary translator of this scripture. ## pattragupta *’dab spen*, Skt. *pattragupta*, Golden-fronted leafbird. ## pattrapiśācī An unidentified ritual substance. ## Paṇḍu Skt. *paṇḍu*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Pauṣa The tenth lunar month that falls within the period of December–January, when the full moon is in the Puṣya asterism. ## Pauṇdarīka *pad+ma dkar po*, Skt. *pauṇdarīka*, A nāga king. ## Pauṣkarasāri *pad ma’i snying po*, Skt. *pauṣkarasāri*, A brahmin. ## Paśupati *phyugs bdag*, Skt. *paśupati*, “Lord of beings in the bonds [of existence],” one of the epithets of Śiva. ## Pauṇḍra *mdongs bu*, Skt. *pauṇḍra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## paurva *pau rwa*, Skt. *paurva*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Pāṇḍava *skya bseng*, Skt. *pāṇḍava*, Five brothers who were the sons of Pāṇḍu. The most renowned was Arjuna (of Bhagavadgīta fame); the other four were Yudhiṣṭhira, Nakula, Sahadeva, and Bhīmasena. The story of the Pāṇḍava brothers and their battle with their cousins, the Kauravas, is the subject of the Mahābhārata, India’s greatest epic. In the sūtra, Bali imprisons the Pāṇḍavas and Kauravas together. ## pavilion A hall or a type of building that may have a second floor and is often distinguished by a pinnacled or peaked roof. ## Pavitrakeśā *skra gtsang ma*, Skt. *pavitrakeśā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Pavitrāṅgā *lus gtsang ma*, Skt. *pavitrāṅgā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## pawn *rtsod pa can*, Skt. *vaktavyaka*, someone who has put himself up as surety or sold himself as a slave. ## Paśyikā *mthong byed ma*, Skt. *paśyikā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Paśyinī *mthong ldan ma*, Skt. *paśyinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Payoṣṇī *chu dron can*, Skt. *payoṣṇī*, A river queen. ## Pāñcika *lnga rtsen*, Skt. *pāñcika*, Traditionally the head of the yakṣa army serving Vaiśravaṇa, and the consort of Hārītī. ## Pāñcālī *lnga mangs*, Skt. *pāñcālī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Pāñcālagaṇḍa *tshigs lnga ser po*, Skt. *pāñcālagaṇḍa*, A yakṣa general who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Pāñcāla­gaṇḍa *lnga len tshigs*, Skt. *pāñcāla­gaṇḍa*, Name of a yakṣa general in the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī (Toh 559). ## Pāñcālaka *lnga ser*, Skt. *pāñcālaka*, Name of a nāga king. ## pāda *tshig rkang*, Skt. *pāda*, The fourth part of a regular stanza. ## Pādapa *rkang pas ’thung*, Skt. *pādapa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## peśī *ltar ltar po*, Skt. *peśī*, The embryo in the third week of gestation. ## peace *nye bar zhi ba*, Skt. *upaśānta*, One of four words that emanate from every pore of the bodhisattva child Without Reference who arrives at the scene of the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. ## Peaceful *zhi ba ldan*, Peaceful (free from disturbance; tranquil), also the name of a nāga prince, one of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Peaceful Action *spyod pa zhi ba*, Skt. *spyod pa zhi ba*, Name of a buddha. ## Peaceful Faculties *dbang po zhi*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Peaceful Intelligence *blo gros zhi ba*, Skt. *blo gros zhi ba*, Son of the buddha Anupama. ## Peaceful Light *zhi ba’i ’od*, Skt. *zhi ba’i ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Peaceful Lord A bodhisattva who in this sūtra is said to be one of the sons of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra ## Peaceful Mind *yid zhi*, Skt. *yid zhi*, Attendant of the buddha Gaṇin. ## Peacock Call *rma bya’i nga ro*, Skt. *rma bya’i nga ro*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suvayas (299 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Peacock Forest *rma bya’i nags*, Skt. *rma bya’i nags*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## peak *rtse mo*, Skt. *mūrdhāna*, Second of the four aspects of the path of preparation. ## Peak of Courage of Nonattachment *chags med spobs pa brtsegs*, Skt. *chags med spobs pa brtsegs*, Attendant of the buddha Devarāja. ## Peak of Distinct Appearance *lhun po so sor snang ba*, Skt. *lhun po so sor snang ba*, A mountain in Passionate Conduct. ## peak of existence *rtse mo*, Skt. *bhavāgra*, The highest possible state in saṃsāra, it refers to the highest sphere of the formless realm, the Sphere of neither Perception nor Nonperception. ## Peak of Pure Conduct *spyod pa yongs su dag pa’i tog*, Skt. *spyod pa yongs su dag pa’i tog*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Mass of Virtue. ## Peak of Qualities *yon tan brtsegs*, Skt. *yon tan brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śuddhasāgara. ## Peak of Recollection *dran pa’i gtsug*, Skt. *dran pa’i gtsug*, Birthplace of the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa. ## Peak of the Victory Banner *rgyal mtshan gyi rtse mo*, Skt. *rgyal mtshan gyi rtse mo*, One of the bodhisattvas. ## Peaked Ears *rna gtsug*, A householder in this sūtra. ## pearl *mu tig*, Skt. *mu tig*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Pearl Garland *mu tig phreng*, Skt. *mu tig phreng*, A lady. ## Pearl Stream *mu tig ’bab pa*, Skt. *mu tig ’bab pa*, A river in Mutual Liking. ## Pearly Sand *mu tig gi bye ma dang ldan pa*, Skt. *mu tig gi bye ma dang ldan pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Peerless *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭha*, Peerless (without equal, unsurpassed), also the highest class of gods of the Pure Abodes (Śuddhāvāsa) in the world of form (rūpadhātu); non-returners and those who have mastered the fourth dhyāna are reborn in the Pure Abodes. ## Peerless Diligence *brtson grus dpe med*, Skt. *brtson grus dpe med*, A buddha. ## Pema Tensung The son of Ngu Gyalwa Sangpo and father of Karchen Jangchup Bum. ## penance *mgu, mgu [bar](#bar) bya ba*, Skt. *mānāpya*, a period of penance imposed by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) if a monk incurs a [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense and fails to confess it that same day. ## penis *ling ga*, Skt. *liṅga*, Liṅga and vajra have many other meanings (too many to list here). ## penitent *bslab pa sbyin pa*, Skt. *śikṣādattaka*, a monk who has incurred a [defeat](#defeat) but is given the opportunity to engage in rehabilitative training. ## pennant A kind of chevron made of silk. It is one of the ten different things mentioned in the sūtras as items suitable for offering. ## people of Śaradaṇḍa The people of a country in the north of the Indian subcontinent, situated along the Śaradaṇḍa River in the Punjab. ## people of Gandhāra The people of a country in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, the center of which was the city of Puruṣupura, now known as Peshawar in present-day Pakistan. ## people of Gauḍa The people of a country in the east of the Indian subcontinent, situated in the present-day state of West Bengal. ## people of Kamboja The people of a country in eastern Afghanistan, situated to the east of the country of Gandhāra. ## people of Śūrasena The people of country in the north of the Indian subcontinent, situated along the Yamunā River around the city of Mathurā. ## people of Surāṣṭra The people of a country on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, comprising the Kathiawar peninsula of present-day Gujarat. ## people of the Himālayas The people who reside in the vast mountain range spanning across the north of the Indian subcontinent. ## people of the southern region The people who reside in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent, presently referred to as the Deccan. ## people of Tāmraparṇa The people of the island of Sri Lanka, in ancient times known as Tāmraparṇa (“Copper Leafed”), which possibly derives from Tāmravarṇa (“Copper Colored”), referring to its tracts of reddish soil. ## people with faces shaped like half-moons A race of people. ## Perceiver of the Agreeable and the Disagreeable *’thun pa dang mi ’thun pa mthong bar gyur pa*, Skt. *’thun pa dang mi ’thun pa mthong bar gyur pa*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## perceiving a self *bdag tu ’dzin pa*, Skt. *ātmagrāha*, The strong, deeply ingrained belief or perception that persons and all phenomena have a permanent self or essence that exists and does not change. The term ’dzin pa (Skt. grāha) means “grasping,” and is used both for grasping material things as well as the act of perceiving or conceiving mental objects. ## Perceiving the Nature of All Beings *sems cang thams cad kyi rang bzhin gyi rjes su ’jug pa*, Skt. *sems cang thams cad kyi rang bzhin gyi rjes su ’jug pa*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## perception The term saṃjñā is used in an ordinary sense in Sanskrit to mean “notion,” “sign,” “conception,” or “clear understanding.” It is also used more specifically in Buddhist scholastic contexts for “the aggregate of perceptions” (saṃjñāskandha). In this presentation, as the third of the five aggregates, it refers to the mental function of differentiating and identifying objects according to their qualities. Thus it does not refer to the perceptions of the senses but to the conceptual notions or labels that are ascribed to sense perceptions before they may be conceived by the rational mind. In this sense, they are not really concepts or thoughts either, but rather the fundamental units ascribed to phenomena by the dualistic mind in order to form conceptual thoughts about them. ## Perception of Attested Signs *yid ’thad mtshan mthong*, Skt. *yid ’thad mtshan mthong*, Mother of the buddha Mokṣavrata. ## perception of death *’chi ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *mṛtyuḥsaṃjñā*, Fifth of the six aspects of perception. ## perception of disinterest in all mundane things *’jig rten thams cad la mngon par mi dga’ ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *sarva­lokāna­bhirati­saṃjñā*, Sixth of the six aspects of perception. ## perception of disinterest with respect to all mundane phenomena *’jig rten thams cad la dga’ bar mi bya ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *sarva­lokānabhirati­saṃjñā*, Sixth of the six aspects of perception. ## perception of happiness *bde ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *sukhasaṃjñā*, Second of the four misconceptions. ## perception of impermanence *mi rtag pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *anityasaṃjñā*, First of the six aspects of perception in chapter 2, and first of another list in chapter 58. ## perception of non-self *bdag med pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *an­ātma­saṃjñā*, Third of the six aspects of perception. ## perception of nonself *bdag med pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *anātmasaṃjñā*, Third of the six aspects of perception in chapter 2, and third of another list in chapter 58. ## perception of permanence *rtag pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *nityasaṃjñā*, First of the four misconceptions. ## perception of pleasant *sdug par ’du shes*, Skt. *śubhasaṃjñā*, Fourth of the four misconceptions. ## Perception of Power *mthu rtsal mthong*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mthong*, Attendant of the buddha Vimoharāja. ## perception of self *bdag tu ’du shes*, Skt. *ātmasaṃjñā*, Third of the four misconceptions; the mistaken notion of a self existing independent of the five aggregates. ## perception of suffering *sdug bsngal gyi ’du shes*, Skt. *duḥkhasaṃjñā*, Second of the six aspects of perception in chapter 2, and second of another list in chapter 58. ## perception of unattractiveness *mi sdug pa’i ’du shes*, Skt. *apriyasaṃjñā*, Fourth of the six aspects of perception in chapter 2, and fourth of another list in chapter 58. ## perception that there is nothing delightful in the entire world *’jig rten thams cad la dga’ bar mi bya ba’i ’du shes*, Skt. *sarva­lokānabhirati­saṃjñā*, Sixth of the six perceptions. ## Perceptions *snang ba*, that which appears in the eyes of each individual according to his or her [tendencies](#tendencies) or spiritual development. NT, quoting [Patrul Rinpoche](#patrul-rinpoche), speaks of three types of perception: 1. deluded perceptions, which arise in the consciousness of the beings of the six [realm](#realm)s due to misunderstanding; they are called the impure deluded perceptions of the universe and beings. 2. the perceptions of interdependence (*rten 'brel*), magical illusions (*sgyu ma*), corresponding to the eight similes of illusion which one does not apprehend as real (see [Chapter Two](https://wordsof.guru/#chapter-twoarousing-bodhicitta-the-root-of-the-great-vehicle), 2.6.3, [Wisdom](#wisdom) through meditation); these are the perceptions of the [bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) of the ten [levels](#levels) in their post-meditation state (*rjes thob*). 3. the authentic, perfect, perceptions of [wisdom](#wisdom); when one has realized the [natural state](#natural-state) of everything, the beings and the universe appear as the display of the [kāyas](#kāya) and [wisdom](#wisdom) ## Perceptive *’du shes can*, Skt. *’du shes can*, Perceptive (having keen insight or awareness), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## perfect and complete *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *samyak­sambodhi*, A term commonly used to describe the complete spiritual awakening of a buddha. ## perfect and complete awakened one *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksambuddha*, The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of buddha body, speech, and mind. Also used to emphasize the superiority of buddhahood when contrasted with the achievement of the arhats and pratyekabuddhas. A samyaksaṃbuddha is considered superior by virtue of his compassionate activity, his omniscience, and his ten special powers. ## perfect and complete buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *saṃyaksaṃ­buddha*, The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of buddha body, speech, and mind. ## perfect buddha *rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *saṃbuddha*, A term used to emphasize the superiority of buddhas as contrasted with the achievement of worthy ones (arhat) and solitary buddhas (pratyekabuddha). ## perfect calming of all contradictions and refutations *’gal ba dang ’gog pa thams cad yang dag par zhi bar byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­nirodha­virodha­saṃpraśamana*, A meditative stability. ## perfect elimination of right and wrong *yang dag pa dang log pa thams cad yang dag par sel ba*, Skt. *sarva-samyaktva­mithyātva­saṃgrahana*, A meditative stability. ## Perfect Flowers *me tog rdzogs*, Skt. *me tog rdzogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Vairocana. ## Perfect Force and Stable Perception *shed rdzogs ’du shes brtan*, Skt. *shed rdzogs ’du shes brtan*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## perfect hand *lag rdzogs*, Skt. *lag rdzogs*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## perfect in wisdom and conduct *rig pa dang zhabs su ldan pa*, Skt. *vidyācaraṇasaṃpanna*, A common description of buddhas. According to some explanations, “wisdom” refers to awakening, and “conduct” to the three trainings (bslab pa gsum) by means of which a buddha attains that awakening; according to others, “wisdom” refers to right view, and “conduct” to the other seven elements of the eightfold path. ## Perfect Insight *shes rab rdzogs pa*, Skt. *shes rab rdzogs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Deśāmūḍha (778 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Perfect Jewel *ye shes rab rdzogs*, Skt. *ye shes rab rdzogs*, A great bodhisattva. ## Perfect Joy *rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *pramuditā*, The first bodhisattva bhūmi. ## perfect meditative stabilization *yang dag pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *samyaksamādhi*, Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Perfect Mind *rdzogs sems*, Skt. *rdzogs sems*, Mother of the buddha Ratnaketu. ## perfect moment/perfect human birth *dal ba phun sum tshogs pa*, Skt. *kṣaṇasampad*, See . ## Perfect Moonlight *zla ’od pha rol phyin*, Skt. *zla ’od pha rol phyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa. ## Perfect Peace *shin tu zhi*, Skt. *shin tu zhi*, Father of the buddha Praśānta. ## Perfect Presence of Jewels *rin chen mchog tu gnas*, Skt. *rin chen mchog tu gnas*, Birthplace of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Perfect Qualities *yon tan rdzogs*, Skt. *yon tan rdzogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ugrasena. ## Perfect Renown for Subduing Adversaries with Stable Diligence *brtson ’grus brtan pos pha rol gnon par grags pa ma smad pa*, Skt. *brtson ’grus brtan pos pha rol gnon par grags pa ma smad pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūrya. ## Perfect Splendor *gzi brjid rdzogs*, Skt. *gzi brjid rdzogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Mānajaha. ## Perfect Understanding *legs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sādhumatī*, The ninth bodhisattva bhūmi. ## Perfect Virtue *dge ba’i phul du phyin pa*, Skt. *dge ba’i phul du phyin pa*, The region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Mucilinda Cave is located. ## Perfect Wisdom *blo rdzogs*, Skt. *blo rdzogs*, Attendant of the buddha Krakucchanda. ## Perfect Yogic Discipline and Famed Divine Worship *brtul zhugs rdzogs pa lha mchod grags*, Skt. *brtul zhugs rdzogs pa lha mchod grags*, Attendant of the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja. ## Perfected Virtue *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, The third level of the third concentration. ## Perfecter of All Qualities *yon tan thams cad rdzogs pa po*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad rdzogs pa po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vāsava (591 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## perfection *pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *pāramitā*, This term is used to refer to the main trainings of a bodhisattva. Because these trainings, when brought to perfection, lead one to transcend saṃsāra and reach the full awakening of a buddha, they receive the Sanskrit name pāramitā, meaning “perfection” or “gone to the farther shore.” They are usually listed as six: generosity, correct conduct (or discipline), patience, diligence, meditation (or concentration), and wisdom; four additional perfections are often added to this, totalling ten perfections: skillful methods, prayer, strength, and knowledge. ## perfection of concentration *bsam gtan gyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dhyānapāramitā*, Fifth of the six perfections. ## perfection of ethical discipline *tshul khrims kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *śīlapāramitā*, Second of the six perfections. ## perfection of generosity *sbyin pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dānapāramitā*, First of the six perfections. ## perfection of giving *sbyin pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dānapāramitā*, First of the six perfections, sometimes translated as “generosity.” ## perfection of insight *shes rab pha rol phyin*, Skt. *prajñā­pāramitā*, The sixth of the six perfections, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality. ## Perfection of Insight sūtras *shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra*, The sūtras on the perfection of knowledge (prajñāpāramitā) classified under the second turning of the wheel of Dharma, promulgated at Vulture Peak near Rāja­gṛha, focusing on emptiness and the essenceless nature of all phenomena. There are several versions of different lengths, ranging from the famous Heart Sūtra of a few pages to The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines. See also the knowledge base article on the Perfection of Wisdom and its Kangyur section page. ## Perfection of Mastery *dbang phyin*, Skt. *dbang phyin*, Son of the buddha Vaśavartirāja. ## perfection of meditative concentration *bsam gtan gyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dhyānapāramitā*, Fifth of the six perfections. See also “meditative concentration.” ## perfection of morality *tshul khrims kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *śīlapāramitā*, Second of the six perfections. ## perfection of patience *bzod pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *kṣāntipāramitā*, Third of the six perfections. ## perfection of perseverance *brtson ’grus kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *vīryapāramitā*, Fourth of the six perfections. ## perfection of tolerance *bzod pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *kṣāntipāramitā*, Third of the six perfections. ## perfection of wisdom *shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *prajñā­pāramitā*, The sixth of the six perfections, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality. ## Perfection phase *rdzogs rim*, Skt. *sampannakramā* 1. "with characteristics" (*mtshan bcas*), it is the meditation on the [channels](#channel) and [energies](#energy) of the body visualized as a [vajra](#vajra) body. 2. "without characteristics" (*mtshan med*), it is the meditation phase during which the forms visualized in the [generation phase](#generation-phase) are dissolved and one remains in the experience of [emptiness](#emptiness). ## perfections *pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *pāramitā*, This term is used to refer to the main trainings of a bodhisattva. Because these trainings, when brought to perfection, lead one to transcend saṃsāra and reach the full awakening of a buddha, they receive the Sanskrit name pāramitā, meaning “perfection” or “gone to the farther shore.” They are usually listed as six: generosity, correct conduct (or discipline), patience, diligence, meditation (or concentration), and wisdom; four additional perfections are often added to this, totalling ten perfections: skillful methods, prayer, strength, and knowledge. For a presentation of each one according to the view of this sūtra, see –. ## Perfectly Accurate Activity *shin tu yang dag brtags kyi spyod pa*, Skt. *shin tu yang dag brtags kyi spyod pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## perfectly and completely awakened one A common epithet of buddhas. A fully awakened buddha who teaches the Dharma and brings it into a world, as opposed to a pratyekabuddha, who does not teach the Dharma or bring it into a world. Here it is the third epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected. ## perfectly and fully enlightened buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddha*, A term used to emphasize the superiority of buddhahood when contrasted with the achievement of the arhats and pratyekabuddhas. A samyaksaṃbuddha is considered superior by virtue of his compassionate activity, his omniscience, and his ten special powers. ## Perfectly Auspicious *shin tu bkra shis*, Skt. *shin tu bkra shis*, Mother of the buddha Vigatatamas. ## perfectly awakened buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddha*, A buddha who teaches the Dharma, as opposed to a pratyekabuddha. ## perfectly awakened one *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃ­buddha*, An epithet of the Buddha. ## Perfectly Blissful *shin tu bde ba*, Skt. *shin tu bde ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Balasena. ## perfectly complete buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddha*, The attainment of a buddha, who has gained total freedom from conditioned existence, overcome all tendencies imprinted on the mind as a result of a long association with afflicted mental states, and fully manifested all aspects of a buddha’s body, speech, and mind. ## Perfectly Endowed *shin tu ’byor pa*, Skt. *shin tu ’byor pa*, Attendant of the buddha Ṛṣideva. ## perfectly enlightened buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyak­sambuddha*, Literally, “perfectly and completely awakened one,” this refers to a buddha who teaches the Dharma, as opposed to a pratyeka­buddha. ## Perfectly Immaculate Being *shin tu dri med sems pa*, Skt. *shin tu dri med sems pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Perfectly Luminous Jewels *rin chen kun tu ’od*, Skt. *rin chen kun tu ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśas. ## Perfectly Pure Abiding *rnam par dag par gnas*, Skt. *rnam par dag par gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amṛtaprasanna. ## Perfectly Pure Abode *rnam par dag pa gnas pa*, Skt. *rnam par dag pa gnas pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Attainer of Purity of Universal Illumination. ## Perfectly Pure Beauty *yongs su dag pa yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *yongs su dag pa yid du ’ong ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Pratibhāna­kīrti. ## perfectly pure cognition *blo shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *suviśuddhabuddhiḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 351. ## Perfectly Pure Discipline *tshul khrims yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *tshul khrims yongs su dag pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagātra. ## Perfectly Pure Eye *rnam par dag pa’i mig*, Skt. *rnam par dag pa’i mig*, A great bodhisattva. ## Perfectly Pure Jewel *rin chen yongs dag*, Skt. *rin chen yongs dag*, Son of the buddha Suvarṇottama. ## Perfectly Pure Light *snang ba yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *snang ba yongs su dag pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Immaculate Light. ## Perfectly Pure Space *nam mkha’ rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ rnam par dag pa*, A buddha realm. ## Perfectly Pure Sphere of Space *nam mkha’i dkyil ’khor rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dkyil ’khor rnam par dag pa*, A buddha realm. ## Perfectly Serene *rab tu zhi ldan*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ldan*, Mother of the buddha Vigatamala. ## perfectly skilled in the sameness of the three times *dus gsum mnyam pa nyid tshar phyin pa*, Skt. *tryadhvasamatāniryātaḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 360. ## Perfectly Trained *shin tu dul ba*, Skt. *shin tu dul ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgakīrti. ## Perfector *rab tu byed pa*, Skt. *rab tu byed pa*, Perfector (one who perfects or completes something), also the name of a great bodhisattva. ## perfume chamber *dri gtsang khang*, Skt. *gandhakuṭī*, The special private dwelling of the Buddha. ## perfumed chamber *dri gtsang khang*, Skt. *gandhakuṭī*, Term that was first used in reference to the Buddha’s personal residence. Later, after the Buddha’s passing, the term came to denote the inner chamber of Buddhist monasteries in India, where a Buddha statue was housed to represent the Buddha’s residence at the monastery. ## perfumed cherry *pri yang ku*, Skt. *priyaṅgu*, Callicarpa macrophylla. ## perfumed sanctuary *dri gtsang khang*, Skt. *gandhakuṭī*, A special room or shrine dedicated to a buddha, intended as both residence and reliquary. A common feature especially in rock-cut temples. ## peril *’jigs pa*, Skt. *bhaya*, Often appearing in a set list of eight, this term describes the various potentially harmful situations from which buddhas, bodhisattvas, and other deities offer protection. ## Peripheral *zur la gnas pa*, Skt. *zur la gnas pa*, Peripheral (relating to the edge or outer boundary), also the name of a realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Permeated by Incense *kun nas spos*, Skt. *kun nas spos*, A buddha realm. ## permeation of space *nam mkha’ rgyas par ’gengs pa*, Skt. *ākāśasphāraṇa*, The 23rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Perpetually Raised Hand A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## perseverance *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, The fourth of the six perfections, it is also among the seven limbs of awakening, the five faculties, the four legs of miraculous power, and the five powers. Also translated here as “effort.” ## perseverance in and searching for the perfections *pha rol du phyin pa rnams la brtson zhing tshol ba*, Skt. *pāramitāstadyoga­paryeṣṭhi*, Eighth of the eight attributes of the second level. ## Perseverant Beyond Compare and Wise *brtson ’grus dpe med blo gros*, Skt. *brtson ’grus dpe med blo gros*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Persia Skt. *parṣa*, The country roughly corresponding to modern Iran. ## persimmon Diospyros embryopteris. The gaub tree, also known as the Indian persimmon. ## person The provisional designation of a “person,” which, depending on differing opinions, is associated with one or more of the five aggregates. While all Buddhist schools reject the view of an autonomous self (ātman), most use the conventional designation of the “person” as a provisional way to discuss the identity of individual beings. The Tibetan etymology of the term gang zag (“full with outflow”) refers to the understanding that the individual person is full of qualities and/or afflictions but also flowing out, that is, eventually succumbing to impermanence and death—in essence, not an awakened being. ## person labeled a paṇḍaka *ma ning*, Skt. *paṇḍaka*, in the Mūlasarvāstivāda [Vinaya](#vinaya), the term paṇḍaka (Tib. ma ning) encompasses diverse physiological and behavioral conditions, such as intersexuality, erectile dysfunction, and fetishes that imply an inability to engage in normative sexual behavior. Five different types of person labeled a paṇḍaka are identified in the text: [intersex person](#intersex-person)s, [rhythmic-consecutive person](#rhythmic-consecutive-person)s, [sexually submissive person](#sexually-submissive-person)s, persons with a voyeuristic fetish, and persons with a sexual disability (see glossary entries for each). The criteria for being designated a person labeled a paṇḍaka are not strictly physiological, but neither are they grounded exclusively in gender identity or sexual orientation. Person labeled a paṇḍaka is, in effect, a catchall category and, as such, defies easy translations like “neuter,” “androgyne,” “intersexual,” “transgender,” or “paraphiliac.” ## person who has undergone castration *za ma*, Skt. *ṣaṇḍha*, One of the five types of persons labeled a paṇḍaka (q.v., see also the definition in The Chapter on Going Forth, Toh 1, ch. 1), all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order. “Persons who have undergone castration” form a subset of the last of the five groups, “persons with a sexual disability” (Tib. nyams pa’i ma ning). Kalyāṇamitra explains that a “person with a sexual disability” is “one whose [reproductive potency] has been impaired through having his male sex organ cut off, etc.” (Kalyaṇamitra F.349.b: nyams pa’i ma ning zhes bya ba ni pho’i dbang po bcad pa la sogs pas nyams par ’gyur ba gang yin pa’o) while “a person who has undergone castration is one whose potency has diminished or lacks seminal fluid due to having undergone castration” (F.249.b: za ma zhes bya ba ni rlig pa phyung ba’i nyes pas mthu nyams pa’am sa bon med pa’o). ## person who has violated a nun *dge slong ma sun phyung ba*, Skt. *bhikṣuṇīdūṣaka*, one class of person barred from joining the renunciate order. ## person with a sexual disability *nyams pa'i ma ning*, Skt. *āpatpaṇḍaka*, a person whose sexual organs have been disabled by being removed or otherwise. One of the five types of [person labeled a paṇḍaka](#person-labeled-a-paṇḍaka), all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order. ## person with a voyeuristic fetish *ma ning phrag dog can*, Skt. *īrṣyāpaṇḍaka*, a person who only becomes erect out of the jealousy they feel when seeing a woman having sex with another person. One of the five types of [person labeled a paṇḍaka](#person-labeled-a-paṇḍaka), all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order. ## (person with) fabricated aims *rtog pas don du gnyer ba*, Skt. **vyagrārthin*, See . ## personal confession *so sor bshags par bya ba*, Skt. *pratideśanīya*, the least severe of [five types of offenses](#five-types-of-offenses) a monk can incur. There are four types of offense requiring personal confession, which are expunged through personal confession. ## personal identity *gang zag*, Skt. *pudgala*, Also translated as “individual” or “person.” ## personalism *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, See “personalistic view.” ## personalistic false views *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, The Tibetan literally means “the view of the perishing collection,” referring to regarding the collection of aggregates that are momentary and transitory as a self. ## personalistic view *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, View that posits true reality in a person by taking one or more of the five aggregates to consist in a single, lasting, and autonomously existing entity (self). Also known as the view of the transitory collection. ## persons of restricted growth *mi'u thung*, Skt. *vāmana*, those with a particular physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## persons who use mobility aids *rten 'phye*, Skt. *pīṭhasarpin*, those who are said to have a particular physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## persons whose bodies have been branded, scarred by a whip, or tattooed *lus la rma mtshan can*, Skt. *citrāṅga*, those who are marked by brands on bondage or scars from corporal punishment, or tattooed. A physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## persons with chronic fatigue *gta' gam*, Skt. *kandalīcchinnaka*, persons with stunted growth who exhibit general sluggishness due to hypothyroidism. ## persons with degenerative nerve disorders *smad 'chal*, Skt. *kaṇḍarika, kāṇḍarika*, those with a particular physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## persons with kyphosis *sgur po*, Skt. *kubja*, a physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## persons with malabsorption syndromes *ya za ma zug*, Skt. *tālamukta*, those with a particular physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## persons with mobility impairment *theng po*, Skt. *khañja*, those having a certain physical condition that is considered an impediment to ordination. ## Pervading All Buddha Realms with a Single Parasol *sangs rgyas kyi zhing thams cad gdugs gcig pas khyab pa*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi zhing thams cad gdugs gcig pas khyab pa*, A buddha. ## pervasive attachment *kun tu khyab pa’i zhen pa*, Skt. *kun tu khyab pa’i zhen pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Pervasive Fragrance *dri ’thul ba*, Skt. *dri ’thul ba*, A forest in Total Pleasure. ## Pervasive Lord of Wisdom *ye shes khyab bdag*, Skt. *ye shes khyab bdag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhadrapāla. ## Pervasive Waters *chus khyab pa*, Skt. *chus khyab pa*, An ocean between Kuru and Godānīya. ## perverted *snrel zhi*, Skt. *vyatyasta*, Also translated here as “nonsequential” and “loosely organized.” ## Pāgara The name of a king. ## pīṭha *gnas*, Skt. *pīṭha*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## phaṇikiraṇa An unidentified plant. ## Phalaka *spang leb can*, Skt. *phalaka*, A hunter. ## Phalgu *nye ba’i gre*, Skt. *phalgu*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Phalgunī *gre dang dbo*, Skt. *phalgunī*, The name of a nakṣatra. There are two Phalgunī, the “former” (Skt. pūrvā; Tib. gre) and the “latter” (Skt. uttarā; Tib. dbo). ## Phalguvatī *gre ldan*, Skt. *phalguvatī*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Phamthing *pham thing*, A temple near Yangleshö in Pharping, Nepal, sacred to Vajrayoginī. ## Phanaka *gdengs ka can*, Skt. *phanaka*, A leading nāga. ## Phangthang Kamé A royal fortress located in Yerpa, east of Lhasa, which was built in the eighth century ce. The scriptures housed here were cataloged during the reign of the Tibetan emperor Senalek. This catalog survives today, known as the Phangthangma catalog. ## pharasaka Artocarpus integrifolius. A variety of the breadfruit tree. ## pheasant *shang shang te’u*, Skt. *jīvaṃjīvaka*, Also translated as “partridge.” ## pheṭavāra An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## phenomena *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, The term dharma has many different interrelated meanings: it may refer to the teaching of the buddhas, to religious teachings in general, to phenomena in general, or to the specific characteristics of an object or objects in a generic sense, among other meanings. In our translation of the Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra, we have translated this term as “phenomena,” as it is generally used in this latter sense; however, we have translated the term as “Dharma” when it specifically refers to the teaching of the Buddha. ## phenomenal existence *srid pa*, Skt. *bhava*, Also translated here as “rebirth” and “rebirth process” ## phenomenon *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, Also translated as “righteousness” and “Dharma” (see entry for “Dharma and Vinaya”). ## philosophical extremist *mu stegs can*, Skt. *tīrthika*, Holders of philosophical views diverging from the Buddhist philosophy of the Middle Way into one of the two “extremes” of nihilism or eternalism. In the Buddha’s day they were typified by the non-Buddhist teachers Pūraṇa Kāśyapa, Parivrājaka Gośālīputra, Saṃjayin Vairaṭīputra, Ajita Keśakambala, Kakuda Kātyāyana, and Nirgrantha Jñātiputra. ## philosophical texts *bstan bcos*, Skt. *śāstra*, See “treatise.” ## phāṇita *bu ram gyi dbu ba*, Skt. *phāṇita*, Thickened sugarcane juice. ## Phlegm *bad kan*, one of the three humours according to Tibetan medicine. See also [wind](#wind), [bile](#bile). ## phlegm disorders *bad kan gyi nad*, Skt. *śleṣmikāvyādhi*, Third of the four kinds of disease. ## phlegm, wind, and likewise bile *bad kan rlung dang mkhris pa*, Skt. *bad kan rlung dang mkhris pa*, The three humors or vital substances in the body which, according to Tibetan medicine, result in good health when balanced and illness or less than optimal health when imbalanced. ## Phālgunī *gre*, Skt. *phālgunī*, A constellation in the south, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Phālguna The twelfth lunar month, which falls within the period of February–March, when the full moon is in the Phalgunī asterisms. ## phoneme *tshig ’bru*, Skt. *akṣara*, This term refers to the vowels and consonants that make up written or spoken language. Also translated here as “syllable.” ## Phulung Dépa Thokawa The title of a hereditary lineage in Powo established at Phulung Rinchen Ling monastery by Gar Dampa Chödingpa. ## Phulung monastery Founded in 1260 by Gar Dampa Chodingpa in the Phu area of Powo, Phulung Rinchen Ling is considered to be a sister monastery of Tshurpu. ## Phurbu Ö *phur bu ’od*, The name of a Tibetan translator who lived during the eleventh century. ## physical body The physical, visible body of a buddha, as opposed to their body of qualities (dharmakāya; chos sku). It is often further categorized into two: the emanation body (nirmāṇakāya; sprul sku), the body that is visible to all beings, and the enjoyment body (sambhogakāya; longs spyod sku), which is visible only to bodhisattvas of sufficient realization. ## physical eye *sha’i mig*, Skt. *māṃsacakṣus*, One of the “five eyes” with which buddhas and bodhisattvas see. ## physical form *gzugs*, Skt. *rūpa*, First of the five aggregates. Physical forms include the subtle and coarse forms derived from the primary material elements. ## physical forms *gzugs*, Skt. *rūpa*, First of the five aggregates. Physical forms include the subtle and manifest forms derived from the material elements. ## physical marks *lus mtshan*, Skt. *kāya-lakṣana*, The characteristic marks of the body of a divine being. ## physically communicate *lus kyi rnam par rig byed kyis*, Skt. *kāyavijñapti*, If a monk is unable to attend an official act of the saṅgha, he must send his consent for the act and convey his purity (Tib. yongs su dag pa; Skt. pariśuddhi) through a proxy or intermediary. Such consents and professions may be conveyed either verbally or physically. ## piṇḍagolaka An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Piṭaka See [Tripiṭaka](#tripiṭaka). ## Piṭaka, (fourth) *sde snod bzhi pa*, the [piṭaka](#piṭaka) of the [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna). ## piṇḍatagara An unidentified ritual ingredient. It is known in Āyurvedic sources, but its precise identification in uncertain. ## Piṇḍavaṃśa *smyug sbams*, Skt. *piṇḍavaṃśa*, A wheel-turning king in the past. ## piśācī *sha za mo*, Skt. *piśācī*, A female piśāca. ## piśāca *sha za*, Skt. *piśāca*, A class of nonhuman beings traditionally associated with the consumption of meat and flesh, alcohol, and other impure or taboo substances, especially when those substances are in the form of refuse, human waste, and carrion. They are said to live in forests, mountains, and other wild places, or near charnel grounds and sites where refuse is deposited, sites that are typically on the margins of society. Piśācas are generally considered threatening, and are closely associated with the transmission of disease. ## piśācinī *pi sha tsi*, Skt. *piśācinī*, A being from the Buddhist spirit world. See “piśāca.” ## piercing and abiding A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## piercing behind A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## piercing firmly A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## piercing in front A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## piercing ḍākinīs *mkha’ ’gro ma tshar gcad pa*, Skt. *ḍākinyāprabhedana*, A type of ritual action. ## piṅgalā *ser skya*, Skt. *piṅgalā*, The right channel above the navel. ## Piṅgalī *ser skya ma nyid*, Skt. *piṅgalī*, One of the wrathful goddesses, prominent also in Śaiva Śakta traditions. ## Piṅgala *ser skya*, Skt. *piṅgala*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Piṅgalāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Piśita Skt. *piśita*, One of the grahas. ## piśitāśa *sha za*, Skt. *piśitāśa*, A class of flesh-eating spirits. ## Piśitāśinī *sha za ma*, Skt. *piśitāśinī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Pile of Bad Colors That Delights in Disputation *rtsod pa la dga’ ba mdog ngan brtsegs pa*, Skt. *rtsod pa la dga’ ba mdog ngan brtsegs pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of Invincibility. ## Pile of Jewels *rin po che’i phung po*, A buddha from a buddha realm in the upward direction. ## Pile of Śrīgarbha Jewels *dpal brtsegs pa*, Skt. *dpal brtsegs pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one He Who Is Proclaimed King of the Pile of Śrīgarbha Jewels. ## Piled Jewels *rin chen brtsegs pa*, Skt. *rin chen brtsegs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Cūḍa. ## Piled Virtues *dge ba brtsegs*, Skt. *dge ba brtsegs*, Attendant of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Pilinda *pi lin da*, Skt. *pilinda*, A short form of “Pilindavatsa,” a monk. ## Pilindavatsa An arhat particularly remembered for being able to command the goddess of the Ganges River to make it stop flowing. She was annoyed by the brusque way he commanded her and complained to the Buddha, who explained that she had been Pilindivatsa’s servant in previous lifetimes, so he addressed her that way out of habit. This also explains his name, which literally means “leftover habits.” ## pill *ril bu*, Skt. *guṭikā*, One of the eight siddhis. ## pill siddhi The name of a siddhi. ## pillar *mchod sdong*, Skt. *yūpa*, “Pillar” is a rather loose rendering for this term, which refers more specifically to ceremonial or memorial columns, or to the sacrificial posts used in Vedic rituals (cf. Monier-Williams). ## Pāṇini *pa Ni ni*, Skt. *pāṇini*, One of the ministers of King Nanda. ## Pinnacle *rtse mo*, Skt. *rtse mo*, Pinnacle (the highest point or peak), also (1) a river on Saṅkāśa (rtse mo); (2) one of four parks that surround the city of Radiant (rtse mo can). ## Pinnacle of Guarding All Sacred Dharmas *dam pa’i chos kun tu srung ba’i tog tu gyur pa*, Skt. *dam pa’i chos kun tu srung ba’i tog tu gyur pa*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Pinnacle of Light A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Pinnacle of Lords *dbang po’i tog*, The father of Balendraketu and a king in the distant past. ## Pinnacle of Nonattached Fearlessness *chags pa med pa’i mi ’jigs pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i mi ’jigs pa brtsegs pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## pinnacle of their crown cannot be seen *spyi gtsug bltar mi mngon pa*, Skt. *gūḍha­śikha­tā*, Seventy-first of the eighty minor marks in this text, although it does not figure in other lists of the minor marks. It is considered as a feature of the crown extension (uṣṇīṣa) in some texts and an additional, separate mark of a tathāgata in others. See also Unseen Pinnacle. ## pinnacled hall *khang pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *kūṭāgāra*, Distinctive Indian assembly hall or temple with one ground-floor room and a high ornamental roof, sometimes a barrel shape with apses but more usually a tapering roof, tower, or spire, containing at least one additional upper room within the structure. Kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber” and is short for kūṭāgāraśala, “hall with an upper chamber or chambers.” The Mahābodhi Temple in Bodhgaya is an example of a kūṭāgāra. ## pinnacled temple A distinctive Indian assembly hall or temple with one ground-floor room and a high ornamental roof, sometimes a barrel shape with apses but more usually a tapering roof, tower, or spire; it contains at least one additional upper room within the structure. Kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber” and is short for kūṭāgāraśālā, “hall with an upper chamber or chambers.” The Mahābodhi temple in Bodhgaya is an example of a kūṭāgāra. ## pinwheel flower *ta ka ra*, Skt. *tagara*, Ludvik gives Ervatamia divaricata or pinwheel flower for tagara. The Chinese refers to Ocimum basilicum or sweet yellow clover. See Ludvik 2007, p. 312. ## Piṇḍola *bsod snyoms*, Skt. *piṇḍola*, Another name of Piṇḍola­bharadvāja, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Piṇḍola­bharadvāja *bha ra dwa dza bsod snyoms len*, Skt. *piṇḍola­bharadvāja*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Piṇḍola­bhara­dvāja *ba ra dwa dza bsod snyoms len*, Skt. *piṇḍola­bhara­dvāja*, One of the eight great śrāvakas. See . ## Piṇḍola­bhāradvāja *piN+Do la ba ra d+h+va dza*, Skt. *piṇḍola­bhāradvāja*, A monk of the Buddha’s order, declared by the Buddha as supreme among “lion roarers,” i.e., teachers of the Dharma. Cf. “Kuṇālavadāna,” ch. 27, v. 84 in the Divyāvadana, which details the noble one’s encounter in his old age with King Aśoka. ## pipal Ficus religiosa. The holy fig tree, also known as the bodhi tree. ## pipal tree *shing a shwad tha*, Skt. *aśvattha*, Ficus religiosa according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. ## Pipal Tree Caves *a shwad tha’i phug*, Skt. *a shwad tha’i phug*, Caves on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Pippala *pib pa la*, Skt. *pippala*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## pippala tree *blag sha*, Skt. *plakṣa*, A general name for the Ficus religiosa under which the buddha attained enlightenment and is therefore also called the Bodhi tree and Bo tree. Variations of the name include pipal, pippal, peepul, and ashwata. ## Pippalāda *shing pi pa la za ba*, Skt. *pippalāda*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Pisces *nya*, Skt. *mīna*, See “Mīna.” ## Pitā *pha*, Skt. *pitā*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## pitṛ *mtshun*, Skt. *pitṛ*, The spirits of deceased ancestors who need to be regularly appeased through ritual offerings of food. The term preta is a derivation of pitṛ. ## Pit of Burning Embers One of the abodes of hell beings. ## Pitaṅgala *pi tang ga l+ya*, Skt. *pitaṅgala*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Pitch Dark *rab gnag*, Skt. *rab gnag*, The name of a rākṣasī. ## Pith-instructions *man ngag*, Skt. *upadeśa*, instructions explaining the most profound points of the teachings in a condensed and direct way for the purposes of practice. ## Pitāmaha *mes po*, Skt. *pitāmaha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Pitānandin *pha dga’*, Skt. *pitānandin*, A yakṣa general. ## Piśuna Yamāri *phra ma gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *piśunayamāri*, “Miserliness Yamāri,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Piśunavajra and Yamāri Piśunavajra. ## Piśunavajra *phra mo rdo rje*, Skt. *piśunavajra*, “Vajra Miserliness,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Piśuna Yamāri and Yamāri Piśunavajra. ## pūjā *mchod pa*, Skt. *pūjā*, Worship consisting mainly of making offerings. ## Pūjya *mchod ’os*, Skt. *pūjya*, The 686th buddha in the first list, 685th in the second list, and 677th in the third list. ## Pāla The name of a lineage of kings. ## Place Endowed with Great Power *mthu bo che dang ldan pa’i sa*, Skt. *mthu bo che dang ldan pa’i sa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Myriad Jewels. ## Place for Austerities *dka’ thub dang ’brel ba*, Skt. *dka’ thub dang ’brel ba*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## place for what is allowable *rung ba’i gnas*, Skt. *kalpikaśālā*, For an explanation of this term, see –. See also Yamagiwa 2001. ## Place of Gold *gser can*, The name of a great city. See ## Place of Winds *rlung gnas*, Skt. *rlung gnas*, Father of the buddha Dhyānarata. ## Place Where the Water is Enjoyed *chu la spyod pa’i sa gzhi*, Skt. *chu la spyod pa’i sa gzhi*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## places that preclude a perfect human birth *mi khom pa*, Skt. *akṣaṇa*, See also . ## Placid River of Jambu *’dzam bu’i chu bo rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *’dzam bu’i chu bo rab tu gnas pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Light of the World. ## plakṣa Ficus infectoria. The waved-leaf fig tree, also known as the white fig. ## Pālaka Skt. *pālaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## planet *gdon*, Skt. *graha*, See “graha.” ## plantain The fruit of Musa paradisiaca. ## plantain tree Musa paradisiaca. ## pīlava *’thung gcod*, Skt. *pīlava*, A type of power place where yogins and yoginīs congregate. ## Played by Five *lngas rtsen*, Skt. *lngas rtsen*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## player *rtse ba la gnas pa*, Skt. *krīḍāvihārin*, A class of asuras ruled by Puṣpamāla. ## Playful *rtse dga’*, Skt. *rtse dga’*, Playful (full of fun; lighthearted), also the birthplace of the buddha Nala. ## Playful Abandon *bag med rnams rtse ba*, Skt. *bag med rnams rtse ba*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Playful Clairvoyant Lotus *pad mo rnam par rol pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *pad mo rnam par rol pa’i mngon par shes pa*, The name of a god. ## Playful Frolicking *rtse dga’*, Skt. *rtse dga’*, A lake near Sudharma. ## Playful Invincible One A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Playful Lady *rtsed mo*, Skt. *rtsed mo*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Playful Light *rnam par rol par snang ba*, Skt. *rnam par rol par snang ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pradīpa (32 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Playful Lion *seng ges rnam par rtse*, Skt. *seng ges rnam par rtse*, Son of the buddha Gaṇiprabhāsa. ## Playfulness *rnam par rtse ba*, Skt. *rnam par rtse ba*, Playfulness (the quality of being lighthearted or full of fun), also the name of a bodhisattva, the main interlocutor of Maitreya’s Setting Out. ## Playing the Vīṇā *pi wang gis rtse ba*, Skt. *pi wang gis rtse ba*, A lotus grove in Blazing Splendor. ## Pleading *rgyob shig pa*, Skt. *rgyob shig pa*, Pleading (making an emotional appeal or entreaty), also the name of one of sixteen (or seventeen) realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## pleasance *kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *ārāma*, Somewhat akin to what in English is expressed by the term “pleasance” (also in its etymology), an ārāma is a pleasant garden, a green habitable space. The Buddha and his disciples are often found to dwell in such ārāmas, and the term is even found in contemporary usage in names of Thai monasteries. ## Pleasant Abiding *shin tu bde bar gnas pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Pleasant Appearance Great Cloud *blta sdug sprin chen*, Skt. *blta sdug sprin chen*, A tathāgata. ## Pleasant Breeze *rlung bde*, Skt. *rlung bde*, A forest of the asuras. ## Pleasant Glory *rangs byed dpal*, Skt. *rangs byed dpal*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pleasant Humming of Bees *bung ba’i sgra snyan*, Skt. *bung ba’i sgra snyan*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Pleasant Melodious Sound *sgra dbyangs snyan pa*, Skt. *sgra dbyangs snyan pa*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha King of the Sāla Abiding in the Precious Lotus resides. ## Pleasant Sound *sgra snyan pa*, Skt. *sgra snyan pa*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## pleasant speech *snyan par smra ba*, Skt. *priyavadita*, Second of the four attractive qualities of a bodhisattva. ## Pleasant Voice *snyan pa’i sgra dbyang*, Skt. *snyan pa’i sgra dbyang*, A monk. ## Pleasing and Delightful *dga’ zhing mchog tu dga’ byed*, Skt. *dga’ zhing mchog tu dga’ byed*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Pleasing Light *dga’ ba’i ’od*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i ’od*, The palace of a king known as Puṇyodgata. ## Pleasing Melody *yid ’ong nga ro*, Skt. *yid ’ong nga ro*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Pleasing Proclamation of Great Loving-Kindness *byams pa chen po’i tshig snyan par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *byams pa chen po’i tshig snyan par sgrogs pa*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pleasing to Women’s Hearts *bud med kyi snying du sdug pa*, Skt. *bud med kyi snying du sdug pa*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pleasurable *bde byed*, Skt. *bde byed*, Pleasurable (giving pleasure or enjoyment), also the name of the park in which the old stūpa is located in The Dhāraṇī for Secret Relics. ## Pleasurable Water *’dod pa’i chu*, Skt. *’dod pa’i chu*, A river in the Swan Forest. ## pleasure consort *dga’ ma*, Skt. *rati*, See “consort (female).” ## Pleasure Garden of Supreme Wealth *byor ba mchog gi skyed mos tshal*, Skt. *byor ba mchog gi skyed mos tshal*, Puṇyabala’s garden. ## Pleasure Grove of Song *glu dbyangs len pa’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *glu dbyangs len pa’i kun dga’ ra ba*, A grove in Garland of Splendor. ## Pleasure Grove of the Moon Vision *zla ba mthong bar ’dod pa’i tshal*, Skt. *zla ba mthong bar ’dod pa’i tshal*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Pleasure Grove Park *kun dga’ ra ba’i skyed mos tshal*, Skt. *kun dga’ ra ba’i skyed mos tshal*, A park in House of Refined Gold. ## Pleasure of Time *dus kyi bde ba*, The fourth great park in the King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s city. ## pledge *rnyed btson*, Skt. *prāptaka*, someone put up as a pledge or surety by another person. ## pledge to settle for the rains *dbyar gnas par dam bca’*, Skt. *varṣopagata*, The phrase “pledge to settle for the rains” translates the Tib. dbyar bzhugs par dam bzhes, dbyar gnas dam bcas pa, dbyar gnas par khas blang pa, dbyar gnas dam bcas pa,dbyar gnas par zhal gyis bzhes pa, and dbyar gnas par dam bzhes pa. Although Sanskrit parallels are not available in each instance, we take them all to be translations of varṣā (Tib. dbyar, the “rains” or “rainy season”) plus forms of upa√gam, e.g., varṣopagata, varṣām upagacchati. Kalyāṇamitra (F.271.b) explains that “pledging to observe the rains retreat” involves reciting a formula in which one pledges to remain at one site throughout the rains (dbyar gnas par zhal gyis bzhes so zhes bya ba sngags sngon du btang bas dbyar gnas gcig tu gnas par zhal gyis bzhes pa’o). Thus, the Tibetan dbyar gnas dam bca’ bar bya can also be translated, according to context, as “should undertake a rains retreat,” “should observe the rains retreat,” or “should commit to observe the rains retreat.” ## Pāli The canonical language of Ceylonese Buddhists, believed to be very similar to the colloquial language spoken by Śākyamuni Buddha. ## Pāli Canon *The original compilation of the Pāli Canon*, Skt. *The original compilation of the Pāli Canon*, The original compilation of the Pāli Canon at Aluvihāra during the Fourth Buddhist Council is attributed to the reign of King Vaṭṭagāmiṇi in Sri Lanka, and has been dated in Sinhalese chronicles circa 29–17 bce. See Law (1933): 38–39. However, the oldest extant Pāli text, preserved on gold sheets in the Burmese Stūpa of Sri Ksetra, does not predate the seventh century. ## Pālita The name of a sage. ## Pālitaka *skyong ba po*, Skt. *pālitaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Pālitakūṭa *brtsegs skyong*, Skt. *pālitakūṭa*, A village. See also ## Plow *gshol mda’ ba*, Skt. *gshol mda’ ba*, Plow (a farming tool for turning soil), also the name of an island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Pīlu *pI lu*, Skt. *pīlu*, One of the great piśācas. ## Plumes of Fire *me’i spyi gtsug lta bu*, Skt. *agnicūḍaka*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## plural expression *mang po brjod pa*, Skt. *trir­ud­āhāra*, See . ## Pīluvatī *shing pi lu dang ldan ma*, Skt. *pīluvatī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## ply *bcams*, Skt. *bcams*, The Tibetan is obscure. Lobsang Jamspal suggests the term means “to be nice to; to adulate; to flatter, before showing your real aim.” ## Pön Luphel The seventh Degé king, Pönchen Luphel (early seventeenth to mid-seventeenth century), was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-seventh generation. ## Pön Namkha One of the three sons of the fourth Degé king. ## Pönchen Künga Phuntsok *kun dga’ phun tshogs*, Künga Phuntsok (seventeenth century) was the son of Pön Lupel, a renowned scholar, and abbot of Lhundrup Teng. ## Po A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## poṣadha *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, While this term most often refers to the fortnightly ceremony during which monastics gather to recite the prātimokṣa vows and confess faults and breaches, in the Kriyātantras and other esoteric texts, the term is used in the more general sense of a prescriptive ritual fast and period of abstinence that precedes the performance of many rites. This typically lasts between one and three days, and is to be performed by any practitioner, lay or monastic. ## poṣadha purification ceremony *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, The saṅgha’s confession ceremony; the bi-monthly monastic gathering for the restoration of virtues and purification of negativies as prescribed by the Buddha (Rigzin 454). ## poetic embellishment *gsung gi rgyan*, Skt. *gsung gi rgyan*, This is an honorific term describing the Buddha Śākyamuni’s speech that invokes the use of sgra rgyan (śabdālaṁkāra), a term that signifies the use of various aspects of poetic speech. ## poetic verses *tshigs su bcad pa’i sde*, Skt. *gāthā*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## Poisonless *dug med*, Skt. *dug med*, Poisonless (free of poison, nonvenomous), also the name of a nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## poisonous compound *dug sbyar*, Skt. *gara*, A type of poison composed of multiple ingredients, either through deliberate mixing or unintentional combination. Such poisons are typically ingested and take time show their effect. ## Polava *po la ba*, Skt. *po la ba*, A nāga king. ## pollution *kun nas nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *saṃkleśa*, The self-perpetuating process of affliction in the minds of beings. ## pollutions *zag pa*, Skt. *āsrava*, This term refers to negative mental thoughts and patterns rooted in the three poisons that affect the way individuals interact with the world. They are often illustrated by the image of an infected, leaking sore. ## Pomdrak Pomdrakpa Sönam Dorjé (1170–1249) is credited with recognizing Karma Pakṣi as the reincarnation of Dusum Khyenpa (1110–93), thus beginning the lineage of the Karmapas. His monastic seat was Trashö Pomdrak (khra shod spom brag), from where he received his shorthand title of Pomdrak. ## Pomdzang The name of a religious community in Tibet. ## pomegranate Punica granatum. The pomegranate tree. ## pomelo Citrus decumana. ## Pond *mtshe’u*, Skt. *taḍāga*, Pond (a small body of still water), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Pond Garland *rdzing bu’i phreng ba*, Skt. *rdzing bu’i phreng ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Ponds in Delightful Pleasure Gardens *kun dga’ ra ba bde bar gnas pa’i lteng ka*, Skt. *kun dga’ ra ba bde bar gnas pa’i lteng ka*, A mountain in Dwelling on Forest Riverbanks. ## ponds of beauty *lteng ka sdug gu*, Skt. *lteng ka sdug gu*, A class of asuras. ## pongam oil tree *’jam ’bras*, Skt. *karañja*, Pongamia pinnata. ## pores of their body all emit a pleasant odor *spu’i khung bu thams cad nas dri yid du ’ong ba ’byung ba*, Skt. *sarva­roma­kūpebhyo manāpo gandha ut­padyate*, Fortieth of the eighty minor marks. ## Porridge *skyo ma*, Skt. *skyo ma*, Porridge (a soft food of boiled grain), also the name of an ocean between Godānīya and Videha. ## portion Literally a “bean,” this term also signifies a unit for measuring weight that is equal to that of either 7–8 rosary peas or 4–5 grains. ## posing lion *seng ge bsgyings pa*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhita*, An absorption. ## posited *rnam par bzhag pa*, Skt. *vyavasthā*, This term has the connotation of something being agreed upon, represented, arranged, settled, decreed, or established. Also translated here as “established” and “posited.” ## Positive action *kuśala*. "That which produces happiness" (Dudjom Rinpoche). AT: beneficial [act](#act), virtue. ## positive thought *bsam pa*, Skt. *āśaya*, In general, a joyous attitude to help living beings and accomplish virtue. This is also the first stirring in the bodhisattva’s mind of the inspiration to attain enlightenment (see “high resolve”). See Lamotte, Appendice, Note II. ## possessed by a spirit *’byung pos zin*, Skt. *bhūtagraha*, This is likely an alternate Tibetan translation for the Sanskrit phrase *bhūtagraha, more commonly rendered in Tibetan as ’byung po’i gdon. The phrase shares semantic resonances with the compound bhūta­grahāviṣṭa/’byung po’i gdon gyis non pa and the Sanskrit bhūtāveśa, all of which refer to being possessed by a class of spirit (bhūta/’byung po). ## possessed contemplation A common epithet of bodhisattvas. ## possessed dhāraṇī A common epithet of bodhisattvas; the semantic range of dhāraṇī in this collocation is expanded considerably. ## Possessed of Vajra Radiance *rdo rje’i ’od ’phro ba can*, Skt. *rdo rje’i ’od ’phro ba can*, Dwelling place of the bodhisattva Walks with the Gait of a Lion. ## Possessed of Wisdom‌ *ye shes spyan*, Skt. *jñānavatī*, The thirteenth bodhisattva level. ## possessed the gnosis bodhisattvas vow to accomplish *ye shes byang chub sems dpa’ thams cad kyis yang dag par mnos pa*, Skt. *sarvabodhisattvasampratīcchītajñanaḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 366. ## Possessing a Buddha’s Eloquence *sangs rgyas kyi spobs pa can*, A world system in the northern direction, presently the realm of the buddha named Overpowering with the Light of an Array of the Reflections of Jewels. ## Possessing Immutability *gyur med ldan*, Skt. *gyur med ldan*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Unobstructed Glorious King of Medicine resides. ## Possessing Nonreferential Application of Mind *dmigs pa med pa yid la byed pa can*, A world system in the direction of the zenith, presently the realm of the buddha named Exalted King of Meditative Concentration Fearless and Free from Darkness. ## Possessing Previous Conditions *sngon gyi rkyen dang ldan pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Possessing Sun *nyi ma can*, Skt. *nyi ma can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Moonlight. ## Possessing the Colors of the Splendid Sun That Remains Unaffected in the Face of Billions of Māras *bdud bye ba brgya phrag snyed kyis zil gyis mi non pa’i nyi ma’i gzi brjid kyi kha dog can*, Skt. *bdud bye ba brgya phrag snyed kyis zil gyis mi non pa’i nyi ma’i gzi brjid kyi kha dog can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sulocana. ## Possessing the Form of Excellent Qualities *yon tan gzugs ldan pa*, Skt. *yon tan gzugs ldan pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śreṣṭharūpa. ## Possessing the Heart of the Glorious Jewel Lotus *rin po che’i pad ma dpal gyi snying po can*, Skt. *ratna­padmaśrī­garbhita*, The name of the buddha that the bodhisattva Dṛḍhādhyāśaya will become in the future. ## Possessing the Light of Intelligence *blo yi ’od ldan*, Skt. *blo yi ’od ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmamati (406 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessing the Superior Splendor of the Aggregate of Wisdom *ye shes phung po gzi brjid ’phags ldan*, Skt. *ye shes phung po gzi brjid ’phags ldan*, Mother of the buddha Sulocana. ## Possessing Vajralike Solidity *rdo rje lta bur brtan pa thob pa*, Skt. *rdo rje lta bur brtan pa thob pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Possessing Various Garlands *phreng ba sna tshogs can*, Skt. *phreng ba sna tshogs can*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Possessing Wealth and Splendor *nor can gzi ldan*, Skt. *nor can gzi ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vimala. ## Possessor of Action *spyod pa can*, Skt. *spyod pa can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi. ## Possessor of Auspiciousness *bkra shis ’dzin*, Skt. *bkra shis ’dzin*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānākara. ## Possessor of Beauty *mdzes ldan*, Skt. *mdzes ldan*, Father of the buddha Laḍitanetra. ## Possessor of Boundless Qualities *yon tan dpag med ’dzin*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Possessor of Boundlessness *dpag med ’dzin*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Possessor of Brightness *mdangs ldan ma*, Skt. *mdangs ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Possessor of Divine Fame *snyan par grags pa thob pa*, Skt. *snyan par grags pa thob pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prasanna. ## Possessor of Excellent Conduct *legs spyod ldan*, Skt. *legs spyod ldan*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Possessor of Excellent Knowledge *legs shes ldan*, Skt. *legs shes ldan*, Father of the buddha Jñānaruci. ## Possessor of Fierce Splendor *gzi brjid drag shul can*, Skt. *gzi brjid drag shul can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṅgha. ## Possessor of Form *gzugs ldan ma*, Skt. *gzugs ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Śreṣṭharūpa. ## Possessor of Gold *gser ldan ma*, Skt. *gser ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Atiyaśas. ## Possessor of Great Bliss *bde ba chen po thob pa*, Skt. *bde ba chen po thob pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Luminosity. ## Possessor of Great Splendor *gzi brjid chen mo can*, Skt. *gzi brjid chen mo can*, Mother of the buddha Sukhābha. ## Possessor of Indomitable Mind Who Terrifies the Māras *bdud rnam par skrag par byed pa gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i blo can*, Skt. *bdud rnam par skrag par byed pa gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i blo can*, Attendant of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Possessor of Infinite Accumulations *mtha’ yas tshogs can*, Skt. *mtha’ yas tshogs can*, A buddha. ## Possessor of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas ldan*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas ldan*, A buddha. ## Possessor of Jewels *rin chen ldan*, Skt. *rin chen ldan*, Mother of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Possessor of Joy *dga’ ba can*, Skt. *dga’ ba can*, Mother of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Possessor of Knowledge *shes ldan*, Skt. *shes ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa. ## Possessor of Learned Intelligence *mkhas pa’i blo gros can*, Skt. *mkhas pa’i blo gros can*, Birthplace of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## Possessor of Lightning *glog dang ldan*, Skt. *glog dang ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa. ## Possessor of Melody *dbyangs ldan ma*, Skt. *dbyangs ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Samadhyāyin. ## Possessor of Miraculous Power *rdzu ’phrul can*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul can*, Attendant of the buddha Surāṣṭra. ## Possessor of Moonlight *zla ba’i ’od ldan*, Skt. *zla ba’i ’od ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha (456 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessor of Myriad Knowledges *shes pa sna tshogs yod pa*, Skt. *shes pa sna tshogs yod pa*, Name of a teacher in a story the Buddha tells; a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Possessor of Qualities *yon tan can*, Skt. *yon tan can*, Son of the buddha Atula­pratibhāna­rāja. ## Possessor of Radiant Splendor *gzi brjid ’od ldan ma*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’od ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Possessor of Reeds *be tra can*, Skt. *be tra can*, A river to the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Possessor of Religious Conduct *spyod lam ldan ma*, Skt. *spyod lam ldan ma*, Mother of the buddha Yaśoratna. ## Possessor of Rāhu’s Splendor *sgra gcan gzi brjid can*, Skt. *sgra gcan gzi brjid can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pūrṇacandra. ## Possessor of Splendor *gzi brjid bdog pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid bdog pa*, Mother of the buddha Śrotriya. ## Possessor of Steadfast Mind *blo brtan ’dzin*, Skt. *blo brtan ’dzin*, Mother of the buddha Sudarśana. ## Possessor of the Brahmā Melody *tshangs pa’i dbyangs can*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbyangs can*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍhasaṅgha (402 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessor of the Free Sphere of Nonduality *gnyis med bral ba’i dkyil ’khor can*, Skt. *gnyis med bral ba’i dkyil ’khor can*, A buddha. ## Possessor of the Gathered Array *bkod pa’i tshogs can*, Skt. *bkod pa’i tshogs can*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pradīparāja (508 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessor of the Gathering *tshogs can*, Skt. *tshogs can*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sudatta (241 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessor of the Gathering of Unconquerable Overpowering Energy *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa thub pa med pa’i tshogs can*, Skt. *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa thub pa med pa’i tshogs can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Possessor of the Great Carriage *bzhon pa che ldan*, Skt. *bzhon pa che ldan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Balasena (53 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessor of the Jewel Net *rin chen dra ba can*, Skt. *rin chen dra ba can*, A buddha. ## Possessor of the Jewel of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas rin chen ldan*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas rin chen ldan*, A buddha. ## Possessor of the Meteor of Insight *shes rab skar mda’ can*, Skt. *shes rab skar mda’ can*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Possessor of the Mind of Complete Detachment *chags pa med pa’i mtha’ dang ldan pa’i blo can*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i mtha’ dang ldan pa’i blo can*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Possessor of the Mind of Infinite Practice and the Speech That Is Adorned with Flashes of Lightning *bsgrub pa mtha’ yas pa’i blo can glog gis rab tu brgyan pa’i sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *bsgrub pa mtha’ yas pa’i blo can glog gis rab tu brgyan pa’i sgra dbyangs*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Possessor of the Mind of the Home of the Nāga Lord *klu’i bdag po khyim blo can*, Skt. *klu’i bdag po khyim blo can*, Attendant of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## Possessor of the Mind That Accomplishes Authentic Practices throughout Innumerable Eons *bskal pa grangs med pa nas yang dag par bsgrubs pa’i blo can*, Skt. *bskal pa grangs med pa nas yang dag par bsgrubs pa’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sukrama. ## Possessor of the Mind That Emerges from the Limit of Detachment *chags pa med pa’i mtha’ las nges par ’byung ba’i blo can*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i mtha’ las nges par ’byung ba’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ojastejas. ## Possessor of the Mind That Is the Vessel of Precious Liberation *thar pa rin po che’i snod blo can*, Skt. *thar pa rin po che’i snod blo can*, Attendant of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## Possessor of the Mind That Partakes of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas spyad pa’i blo can*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas spyad pa’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jyeṣṭhavādin. ## Possessor of the Mind That Subdues Others with Diligence *brtson ’grus kyi stobs kyis pha rol gnon pa’i blo can*, Skt. *brtson ’grus kyi stobs kyis pha rol gnon pa’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## Possessor of the Moon *zla ba can*, Skt. *zla ba can*, Birthplace of the buddha Lokacandra. ## Possessor of the Roar *nga ro yod pa*, Skt. *nga ro yod pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Possessor of the Stores of Wisdom *ye shes tshogs can*, Skt. *ye shes tshogs can*, A great bodhisattva. ## Possessor of the Supreme *mchog ldan*, Skt. *mchog ldan*, Son of the buddha Satyacara. ## Possessor of the Supreme Power of Wisdom *ye shes stobs mchog ldan*, Skt. *ye shes stobs mchog ldan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Possessor of the Valor of Strength and Effort *stobs dang brtson ’grus kyi rtsal dang ldan pa*, Skt. *stobs dang brtson ’grus kyi rtsal dang ldan pa*, A future buddha. ## Possessor of Threefold Knowledge *rig gsum ldan*, Skt. *rig gsum ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Yaśoratna. ## Possessor of Truth *bden ldan*, Skt. *bden ldan*, Mother of the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi. ## Possessor of Universal Melody *kun du dbyangs can*, Skt. *kun du dbyangs can*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnapradatta (769 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Possessor of Universal Power *kun tu mthu rtsal can*, Skt. *kun tu mthu rtsal can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ojaṅgama. ## Possessor of Universal View *kun tu lta ba can*, Skt. *kun tu lta ba can*, Son of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Possessor of Victory *rnam par rgyal ba mnga’ ba*, Skt. *rnam par rgyal ba mnga’ ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with the Vanquisher of All Demons. ## possible *gnas*, Skt. *sthāna*, This terms refers to all that is reasonable and can be expected to occur. Among the ten powers of a Buddha, the first is knowing what is tenable and untenable (Skt. sthānāsthāna, Tib. gnas dang gnas ma yin), i.e., the natural laws that govern the world in which we live. ## postures *spyod lam*, Skt. *īryapatha*, Sitting, standing, lying down, walking. ## Pota *gru dag*, Skt. *pota*, Another name of the king Mahendra. ## Potala *po ta la*, Skt. *potala*, The mountain in the paradise of Avalokiteśvara. ## Potalaka *gru 'dzin*, Skt. *potalaka*, [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana)’s father, who was a wealthy [royal priest](#royal-priest). ## Potana *skem byed*, Skt. *potana*, A city. ## potential of their past actions *las*, Skt. *karman*, The (invisible) potential of a past action is that action’s inherent capacity “to ripen” into a karmic result under certain circumstances. Also translated here as “action.” ## pot-like beings *bum pa lta bu*, Skt. *bum pa lta bu*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Potowa, (Geshe) *po to ba* (1031 - 1105), one of the [Three Brothers](#three-brothers), the three foremost [disciple](#disciple)s of [Drom Tönpa](#drom-tönpa) (the founder of the [Kadampa](#kadampa) school). ## power *stobs*, Skt. *bala*, The ten powers (daśabala, stobs bcu) of the Tathāgata are 1) the power of knowledge of what is possible and what is not possible (sthānāsthāna­jñāna­bala, gnas dang gnas ma yin pa mkhyen pa’i stobs); 2) the power of knowledge of the individual results of actions (karmasvaka­jñāna­bala, las kyi rnam smin mkhyen pa’i stobs); 3) the power of knowledge of different practices leading to various destinies (sarvatra­gāminī­prati­pajjñāna­bala, thams cad du ’gro ba’i lam mkhyen pa’i stobs); 4) the power of knowledge of the different dispositions and tendencies of different beings (aneka­dhātu­nānā­dhātu­jñāna­bala, khams sna tshogs mkhyen pa’i stobs); 5) the power of knowledge of the different aspirations of beings (nānādhi­mukti­jñāna­bala, mos pa sna tshogs mkhyen pa’i stobs); 6) the power of knowledge of the different degrees of development of the faculties and inclinations of beings (indriya­parāparya­jñānabala, dbang po mchog dang mchog ma yin pa mkhyen pa’i stobs); 7) the power of knowledge of the absorptions, deliverances, concentrations, and attainments (dhyāna­vimokṣa­samādhi­samāpatti­jñāna­bala, bsam gtan dang rnam thar dang ting nge ’dzin dang snyoms par ’jug pa thams cad mkhyen pa’i stobs); 8) the power of knowledge of previous lives (pūrva­nivāsa­jñāna­bala, sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa mkhyen pa’i stobs); 9) the power of knowledge of the deaths and births of beings according to their actions (cyutyu­papāda­jñāna­bala, ’chi ’pho bo dang skye ba mkhyen pa’i stobs); and 10) the power of knowledge of the destruction of the impurities (āsravakṣaya­jñāna­bala, zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa’i stobs). (Rahula 2001: 229–230, n118). ## Power and Splendor *mthu rtsal gzi brjid*, Skt. *mthu rtsal gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śāntatejas. ## Power Bestower *dbang po sbyin*, Skt. *indradatta*, A Licchavī youth. ## Power Gift *mthus byin*, Skt. *mthus byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Muni. ## Power Holder *stobs ’chang*, Skt. *stobs ’chang*, Name of a past king in a story the Buddha tells. ## Power of Aspiration *smon lam gyi stobs*, Skt. *smon lam gyi stobs*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Protection by Knowledge. ## Power of Awakening *byang chub mthu rtsal*, Skt. *byang chub mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Uttamadeva (599 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Power of Blazing Fire *me’i gzi brjid kyi shugs can*, Skt. *me’i gzi brjid kyi shugs can*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## power of effort *brtson pa’i stobs*, Skt. *balavīrya*, A meditative stability. ## power of faith *dad pa’i stobs*, Skt. *śraddhābala*, First of the five powers. ## Power of Knowledge *rig pa’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *rig pa’i mthu rtsal*, Son of the buddha Kāśyapa. ## power of life *srog gi dbang po*, Skt. *jīvitendriya*, One of the nonmental motivations, defined as the force of life-duration, being a concept of the Abhidharma. See T. Stcherbatski, Central Conception of Buddhism (London, 1923), p. 105. ## power of meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin gyi stobs*, Skt. *samādhibala*, Fourth of the five powers. ## Power of Merit *bsod nams stobs*, Skt. *bsod nams stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sucintitārtha. ## power of mindfulness *dran pa’i stobs*, Skt. *smṛtibala*, Third of the five powers. ## Power of Nārāyaṇa *sred med bu yi mthu rtsal*, Skt. *sred med bu yi mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Akṣobhya (484 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Power of Past Smoke *sngon gyi du ba’i stobs*, Skt. *sngon gyi du ba’i stobs*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Power of Perseverance *brtson ’grus kyi stobs*, Skt. *vīrya­bala*, Both the name of the fourteenth meditative stability and the second of the five powers. ## Power of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che’i mthu rtsal*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## power of recollection *dran pa’i stobs*, Skt. *smṛtibala*, Third of the five powers. ## power of restraint *sor chud par byed pa’i stobs*, Skt. *pratyāpattibala*, Pledging not to repeat past negative actions. ## power of space *nam mkha’i stobs*, Skt. *nam mkha’i stobs*, A class of vidyādharas. ## power of support *rten gyi stobs*, Skt. *āśrayabala*, Calling upon the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha and vowing not to forsake the mind of awakening as a support in avoiding negative actions. ## Power of the Dharma *chos kyi mthu rtsal*, Skt. *chos kyi mthu rtsal*, Son of the buddha Śrīgupta. ## Power of the Moon’s Splendor *zla ba’i gzi brjid mthu*, Skt. *zla ba’i gzi brjid mthu*, Father of the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja. ## Power of the Truth *bden pa’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *bden pa’i mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmaketu (497 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Power of the Water God *chu lha’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *chu lha’i mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa (602 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Power of Truth *bden pa’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *bden pa’i mthu rtsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmakūṭa. ## power of wisdom *shes rab kyi stobs*, Skt. *prajñābala*, Fifth of the five powers. ## power over necessities *yo byad la dbang ba*, Skt. *pariṣkāra­vaśitā*, Missing from the Tibetan translation. Appears in the list of ten powers of bodhisattvas that prevent ten calamities that beings are susceptible to. This refers to being able to supply beings with what they need. The tshig mdzod chen mo (Chinese–Tibetan dictionary) even defines it in accordance with this passage. ## Power Wielder *shugs ’dzin*, Skt. *shugs ’dzin*, A nāga king. ## Powerful *mthu rtsal can*, Skt. *mthu rtsal can*, Powerful (having great power or strength), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jayanandin (342 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Powerful Abiding *mthu rtsal gnas*, Skt. *mthu rtsal gnas*, Son of the buddha Candana. ## Powerful Accomplishment *don grub mthu rtsal*, Skt. *don grub mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidyuddatta (335 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Powerful Action *mthu rtsal legs par spyod*, Skt. *mthu rtsal legs par spyod*, Attendant of the buddha Puṣpa. ## Powerful Adherence *shugs brtan ’dzin*, Skt. *shugs brtan ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sundarapārśva. ## Powerful Bestower *dbang po sbyin*, A Licchavī youth. ## Powerful Blazing Lady A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Powerful Cloud-Like Hero *rtsal gyis sprin ltar dpa’ bo*, Skt. *rtsal gyis sprin ltar dpa’ bo*, A tathāgata. ## Powerful Conduct *mthu rtsal spyod*, Skt. *mthu rtsal spyod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Avraṇa. ## Powerful Conqueror *rgyal dbang*, Skt. *rgyal dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Amṛtadhārin. ## Powerful Elephant *glang po’i mthu rtsal*, Skt. *glang po’i mthu rtsal*, Father of the buddha Praśāntagātra. ## Powerful Experience *nyams rtsal chen po*, Skt. *nyams rtsal chen po*, Attendant of the buddha Vikrāntagamin. ## Powerful Great Cloud Hero *sprin chen mthu rtsal dpa’ bo*, Skt. *sprin chen mthu rtsal dpa’ bo*, A tathāgata. ## Powerful Hero *mthu rtsal dpa’ bo*, Skt. *mthu rtsal dpa’ bo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Acyuta. ## Powerful Intelligence *mthu rtsal blo gros*, Skt. *mthu rtsal blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śaśiketu. ## Powerful King of Elephants *spos kyi glang po che mthu stobs rgyal po*, A garuḍa king. (Toh 555: spos kyi rgyal po che’i byin gyi mthu dang ldan pa) ## Powerful Knowledge *rig pa stobs can*, Skt. *rig pa stobs can*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Powerful Lady of Wisdom *ye shes dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *ye shes dbang phyug ma*, Mother of the buddha Sujñāna. ## Powerful Leader of the Three Realms *’jig rten gsum gyi khyu mchog rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *’jig rten gsum gyi khyu mchog rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Powerful Lion Gait *seng ge rtsal gyis bzhud pa*, Skt. *seng ge rtsal gyis bzhud pa*, A buddha. ## Powerful Lion Roar *seng ge’i rtsal gyis mngon par bsgrags pa’i sgra*, Skt. *seng ge’i rtsal gyis mngon par bsgrags pa’i sgra*, A bodhisattva; one of the primary interlocutors in this sūtra. ## Powerful Load *khur stobs can*, Skt. *khur stobs can*, Father of the buddha Creator. ## Powerful Lord *stobs dbang*, Skt. *stobs dbang*, Father of the buddha Daśavaśa. ## Powerful Luminous Retreat *dben ’gro dbang po’i ’od*, Skt. *dben ’gro dbang po’i ’od*, A lake near Sudharma. ## powerful memory and the formulas that support it See “dhāraṇī.” ## Powerful Merit *bsod nams mthu rtsal*, Skt. *bsod nams mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇagupta (411 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Powerful Mode *mthu rtsal ’gros*, Skt. *mthu rtsal ’gros*, Son of the buddha Śuddhasāgara. ## powerful monarch *stobs kyi ’khor los sgyur ba*, Skt. *balacakravartin*, A balacakravartin king is a lesser kind of cakravartin (universal monarch) who has attained his dominion through his great might and his powerful army. See also “universal monarch.” ## Powerful Moon *zla stobs can*, Skt. *zla stobs can*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śrīdeva. ## Powerful Movement *stobs kyis ’gra*, Skt. *stobs kyis ’gra*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ajitagaṇa. ## Powerful Movement of Bliss *bde stobs ’gro*, Skt. *bde stobs ’gro*, Attendant of the buddha Nanda. ## Powerful Peace *stobs ldan zhi*, Skt. *stobs ldan zhi*, Father of the buddha Satyacara. ## Powerful Position *phyogs kyi mthu rtsal*, Skt. *phyogs kyi mthu rtsal*, Son of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Powerful Qualities *yon tan mthu rtsal*, Skt. *yon tan mthu rtsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dīptatejas (876 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Powerful Red Lady A goddess whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Powerful Ruler *mthu rtsal dbang po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal dbang po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Manojñavākya. ## Powerful Sage *drang srong mthu rtsal can*, Skt. *drang srong mthu rtsal can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmakośa. ## powerful sovereign A powerful monarch one level below a universal monarch and one above an ordinary ruler. ## Powerful Strength *mthu rtsal stobs*, Skt. *mthu rtsal stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vighuṣṭatejas (917 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Powerful Strength of Qualities *yon tan mthu rtsal stobs*, Skt. *yon tan mthu rtsal stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candrodgata. ## powerful substances *thun rdzas*, A term for the substances that are used for casting mantras and performing a number of ritual actions directed at a particular target. ## power-possessing god A class of god and an epithet sometimes used to describe specific gods, such as Great Brahmā in this sūtra. ## powers *stobs*, Skt. *bala*, Usually refers to the five powers: faith, diligence, mindfulness, absorption, and knowledge; although the same qualities as the five faculties, they are termed powers due to their greater strength. In some passages, there are two more powers: skillful means and devotion. In some cases, “powers” might refer to the ten powers of tathāgatas, q.v. ## powers of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi stobs*, See “ten powers” ## powers of the tathāgatas *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs*, Skt. *tathāgata­bala*, See “ten powers of the tathāgatas.” ## Powo Along with Kongpo and Dakpo, Powo is one of the three main regions of southeastern Tibet. ## Pāpā *sdig can*, Skt. *pāpā*, A city. ## pūpa cake A rich cake made of wheat flour. ## Pāpīyān *sdig can*, Skt. *pāpīyān*, A demonic being who resides in the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations. An epithet of Māra. ## Pūrā *rtseg ma*, Skt. *pūrā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Pūrāṃśā *rdzogs byed ma*, Skt. *pūrāṃśā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## prāṇa *srog rlung*, Skt. *prāṇa*, Vital air in general, and also the vital air (one of the five) centered around the heart. ## Pāraṭā *pA ra tA*, Skt. *pāraṭā*, An area to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## Pūrṇa *gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇa*, one of the first to join the [Buddha](#buddha)’s renunciate order. He followed his friend [Yaśas](#yaśas) into the Buddhist order. ## Pūrṇa (a householder and future buddha) *gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇa*, A wealthy householder in Rājagṛha whom the Buddha prophesied would become the future Buddha Pūrṇa. ## Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇīputra *byams ma’i bu gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇa maitrāyaṇīputra*, Name of an elder and senior disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni, a brahmin from Kapilavastu who went forth and became an arhat under the guidance from his uncle Kauṇḍinya. For more detail, including his role in this text, see . He was declared by the Buddha to be “foremost in teaching the doctrine.” This Pūrṇa (as he was also known for short) is identified by the name of his mother (Maitrāyaṇī) and should be thus distinguished from several other disciples also called Pūrṇa. ## Pūrṇa Maitrāyaṇī­putra *byams gang gi bu*, Skt. *pūrṇa maitrāyaṇī­putra*, One of the ten principal students of the Buddha, he was the greatest in his ability to teach the Dharma. The name has not been translated correctly in this instance; in the translations of other sūtras it is byams ma’i bu gang po. ## Pūraṇa *rdzogs byed*, Skt. *pūraṇa*, an abbreviation of [Pūraṇa Kāśyapa](#pūraṇa-kāśyapa). ## Āpūraṇa *kun tu rdzogs byed pa*, Skt. *āpūraṇa*, One of the eight bhūta kings. ## Pūraṇa (a brahmin from Śrāvastī) *rdzogs byed*, Skt. *pūraṇa*, A certain brahmin, child of wealthy householders in Śrāvastī, who became an attendant of Venerable Aniruddha before returning home at his parents’ request and manifesting arhatship. Appears in the Story of Pūraṇa. ## Pūraṇa Kāśyapa *'drob skyong gi bu rdzogs byed*, Skt. *pūraṇa kāśyapa*, literally, “[Pūraṇa](#pūraṇa), descendant of [Kāśyapa](#kāśyapa),” he was one of the six [tīrthika](#tīrthika) teachers contemporaneous with [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). ## Pūraṇakarṇa *rna ba tshang ba*, Skt. *pūraṇakarṇa*, A nāga king. ## Praśama *rab tu zhi ba*, Skt. *praśama*, A buddha realm. ## Praśama­gandha­sunābha *rab tu zhi ba’i spos kyi gtsug bzang po*, Skt. *praśama­gandha­sunābha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Praśamak­ṣamasuvicitra­jñāna­gandha­samavasaraṇa *rab tu zhi ba bzod pa’i ye shes shin tu ’byed pa’i dri la yang dag par gzhol ba*, Skt. *praśamak­ṣamasuvicitra­jñāna­gandha­samavasaraṇa*, A vajra seat. “A Congregation of the Aromas of Variegated Wisdom and Tranquil Patience.” ## Praśama­rūpa­gati *zhi ba’i gzugs kyi stabs*, Skt. *praśama­rūpa­gati*, The fortieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Praśantaghoṣa *zhi ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *praśantaghoṣa*, “Sound of Peace.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Praśantaprabha *zhi ba’i ’od*, Skt. *praśantaprabha*, “Peaceful Light.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Praśanta­ruta­sāgara­vatī *sgra rgya mtsho rab tu zhi ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *praśanta­ruta­sāgara­vatī*, A night goddess. ## Praśasta *legs ston*, Skt. *praśasta*, The 856th buddha in the first list, 855th in the second list, and 845th in the third list. ## Prabhā *’od*, Skt. *prabhā*, One of the vidyārājñīs attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prabha *’od*, Skt. *prabha*, The name of various kings. ## prabhaṇḍaṃ An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Pūrṇabhadra *gang pa bzang po*, Skt. *pūrṇabhadra*, Name of a yakṣa general; brother of Maṇibhadra in the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī (Toh 559). ## Prabhadrikā *rab tu bzang ldan*, Skt. *prabhadrikā*, A river. See also . ## Pūrṇabhadrikā *gang ba bzang ma*, Skt. *pūrṇabhadrikā*, A great piśācī. ## Prabhañjana *rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *prabhañjana*, A yakṣa general. ## Prabhaṃkara *’od mdzad*, Skt. *prabhaṃkara*, The 45th buddha in the first list, 45th in the second list, and 46th in the third list. ## Prabhaṅkara *’od byed*, Skt. *prabhaṅkara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Prabha­ketu *’od kyi dpal*, Skt. *prabha­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Prabha­ketu­śrī *’od kyi rgyal mtshan dpal*, Skt. *prabha­ketu­śrī*, The twenty-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past, and also the eighty-seventh in the same kalpa. BHS in verse: Prabha­ketu­śirī. ## Prabha­ketu­rāja­mati *’od dpal rgyal po*, Skt. *prabha­ketu­rāja­mati*, The twenty-first buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Prabhakīrti *’od grags pa*, Skt. *prabhakīrti*, A bodhisattva and Dharma preacher. ## Prabhaśrī *’od dpal*, Skt. *prabhaśrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prabhaviṣṇu *khyab ’jug bdag po*, Skt. *prabhaviṣṇu*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK; a king identified as the Vākāṭaka emperor Pravarasena Viṣṇuvṛddha. ## Prabhābala *’od shugs*, Skt. *prabhābala*, A buddha who is not listed in the first or second list but is 800th in the third list. ## Prabhājvala *’od ’bar*, Skt. *prabhājvala*, A buddha. ## Prabhākarī *’od byed pa*, Skt. *prabhākarī*, Lit. “Light Maker.” The third level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Prabhākara *’od byed*, Skt. *prabhākara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Prabhākaraśrī *’od byed dpal*, Skt. *prabhākaraśrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prabhāketu A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in Gaṇḍavyūha and elsewhere, and the name of a prince in this sūtra who is predicted to be the future buddha Puṣpa. ## Prabhākośa *’od mdzod*, Skt. *prabhākośa*, The 625th buddha in the first list, 624th in the second list, and 617th in the third list. ## Prabhāmaṇḍala *’od kyi dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *prabhāmaṇḍala*, A buddha. ## Prabhāmālin *’od kyi phreng ba*, Skt. *prabhāmālin*, A tathāgata. ## Prabhāśrī “Glorious Light.” A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Prabhāsa *’od ldan*, Skt. *prabhāsa*, A king who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Prabhāsamati *blo gros snang*, Skt. *prabhāsamati*, The fifty-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Prabhāsa­śrī *’od dpal*, Skt. *prabhāsa­śrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Prabhāsa­vairocana *’od rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *prabhāsa­vairocana*, A vast family of world realms that contains our Sahā universe of a thousand million worlds. ## Prabhāsavirajaḥ­samucchraya­gandheśvara­rāja *snang ba rdul bral spos mtho dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *prabhāsavirajaḥ­samucchraya­gandheśvara­rāja*, The buddha whom the seventh son of King Araṇemin is prophesied to become. ## Prabhāsthita­kalpa *’od gnas mtshungs pa*, Skt. *prabhāsthita­kalpa*, The 422nd buddha in the first list, 421st in the second list, and 415th in the third list. ## Prabhāsvarā *’od gsal ma*, Skt. *prabhāsvarā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Prabhāsvara *’od gsal*, Skt. *prabhāsvara*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Prabhūtā *phul du byung ba*, Skt. *prabhūtā*, An upāsikā, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 16. ## Prabhūta *phal chen*, Skt. *prabhūta*, The 235th buddha in the first list, 234th in the second list, and 234th in the third list. ## Prabhūta­ghana­skandha *nor kyi phung po mang po*, Skt. *prabhūta­ghana­skandha*, “Great mass of wealth.” A precious householder of a cakravartin in the distant past. ## Prabhūtakūṭa *rab mang brtsegs*, Skt. *prabhūtakūṭa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prabhūta­raśmi *’od zer mang po*, Skt. *prabhūta­raśmi*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Prabhūtaratna *rin chen mang po*, Skt. *prabhūtaratna*, “Many Jewels.” The buddha who had lived in a realm in the east (though the sūtra also states that it is in a downward direction) whose stūpa appears while Buddha Śākyamuni is teaching the Lotus Sūtra. It is also the name as given in the verses for the eon in which Śāriputra will attain buddhahood. The name is different in the prose section. ## Prabhu *bla ma*, Skt. *prabhu*, A yakṣa general in the western direction. ## Prabhāvan *’od zer can*, Skt. *prabhāvan*, A buddha of a previous eon. See also . ## Prabhāvanta *’od ldan*, Skt. *prabhāvanta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prabhāvaśobhanā *mthu mdzes*, Skt. *prabhāvaśobhanā*, The guardian deity of Veṇuvana. ## Prabhāvatī *’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *prabhāvatī*, One of the four goddesses who attended and kept guard over Prince Siddhārtha while he was in the womb of his mother. ## Prabhāvyūha *’od bkod pa*, Skt. *prabhāvyūha*, A bodhisattva present in the opening assembly, who later tells the story of his encounter with Vimalakīrti, who discourses to him about the seat of enlightenment. ## Prabālasāgara *byi ru’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *prabālasāgara*, A buddha in the past. ## Prabodhana *sad mdzad*, Skt. *prabodhana*, A buddha in the past. ## Pūrṇacandra *zla rgyal*, Skt. *pūrṇacandra*, The 512th buddha in the first list, 512th in the second list, and 505th in the third list. ## Pāracintin *pha rol sems*, Skt. *pāracintin*, A śakra deity who prays to be Samudrareṇu’s disciple with miraculous powers when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Maudgalyāyana. ## Pracālī One of the eight yoginīs in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## practice *sgrub pa*, Skt. *sādhana*, See “sādhana.” ## practice it for suchness *de bzhin nyid du sgrub*, Skt. *tathatvāya pratipad*, To practice “for suchness” or “in suchness” is, from the perspective of the perfection of wisdom, to practice the indivisible unity of the ultimate and conventional thought of awakening. See also . ## Practice of Non-differentiation *tha mi dad par spyod pa*, Skt. *tha mi dad par spyod pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Practice of Perfect Tranquility *rab tu zhi ba’i spyod pa*, A bodhisattva. ## practice of squatting *tsog pu'i spong ba*, Skt. *utkuṭukaprahāṇa*, a form of asceticism practiced especially by [Ājīvika](#ājīvika)s. ## Practice of the Good Objective *legs don spyod*, Skt. *legs don spyod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavīrya. ## Practice of Wisdom *blo gros spyod pa*, A bodhisattva. ## practices the dog vow *bya’i brtul zhugs can*, Skt. *kukkuravratika*, The Tibetan reads “bird vow,” but most probably the “dog vow” is intended. See also ## practices the ox vow *ba lang gi brtul zhugs can*, Skt. *govratika*, An ascetic (Skt. śramaṇa) takes up a practice by which they imitate the behavior of an ox/a cow in the hope that, by adhering to this form of penance and discipline, they will gain heaven after death. However, in the Kukkurravatikasutta (MN 57), the Buddha explains that when this practice goes well, the result will be rebirth among dogs, and when it fails, rebirth in hell; together with the “dog vow” (kukkuravratika), this ascetic or penance practice was seemingly well known at the time of the historical Buddha. ## practicing concentration *bsam gtan byed pa*, Skt. *dhyāyati*, Also translated as “concentrating.” ## Practicing Detachment *dben par spyod pa*, Skt. *dben par spyod pa*, Name of a teacher in a story the Buddha tells. ## practitioner This term can refer to any sādhana practitioner, but in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra it refers specifically to an advanced practitioner who has received the full sequence of consecrations and carries the ultimate authorization to perform the sādhanas of the deity Mahākāla. ## Praṇāda *sgra rab*, Skt. *praṇāda*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-seventh) when he becomes a buddha. ## Pradarśa *rab mthong*, Skt. *pradarśa*, The eminent monk who brought the Buddhist community to the Gloomy Forest. ## Pradānakīrti *rab sbyin grags*, Skt. *pradānakīrti*, The 656th buddha in the first list, 655th in the second list, and 647th in the third list. ## Pradānaśūra *rab tu sbyin dpa’*, Skt. *pradānaśūra*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. ## Pradānasūra *rab sbyin dpa’ bo*, Skt. *pradānasūra*, A place in ancient India. ## Pradīpā *mar me ldan*, Skt. *pradīpā*, Pradīpā (Bright Lamp) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Siṃha. ## Pradīpa *sgron ma*, Skt. *pradīpa*, The 222nd buddha in the first list, 221st in the second list, and 221st in the third list. ## Pradīpapradyota *sgron ma snang ba*, Skt. *pradīpapradyota*, Śākyamuni’s previous life as a cakravartin who gave away everything including parts of his body. ## Pradīparāja *sgron rgyal*, Skt. *pradīparāja*, The 515th buddha in the first list, 515th in the second list, and 508th in the third list. ## Pradīpta *rab tu ’bar ba*, Skt. *pradīpta*, Name of a past buddha. ## Pradīptavajra *rdo rje ’bar thogs*, Skt. *pradīptavajra*, The lord of the guhyakas. ## Pradyota *rab snang*, Skt. *pradyota*, son of King [Anantanemi](#anantanemi) of [Ujjayinī](#ujjayinī). ## Pradyotarāja *rab gsal rgyal po*, Skt. *pradyotarāja*, The 294th buddha in the first list, 293rd in the second list, and 293rd in the third list. ## Pradyumna *bdud*, Skt. *pradyumna*, A nāga king. Pradyumna is another name for Kāmadeva. ## Pāraṃgata *pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *pāraṃgata*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Pūrṇagiri *ko l+la gi ri*, Skt. *paurṇagiri*, One of the four pīṭhas. ## Prahī­ṇabhaya­ghoṣeśvara­rāja *gya nom ’jigs med dbyangs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *prahī­ṇabhaya­ghoṣeśvara­rāja*, The name of one thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Prahāṇakhila *tha ba spangs*, Skt. *prahāṇakhila*, The 240th buddha in the first list, 239th in the second list, and 239th in the third list. ## prahara *thun*, Skt. *prahara*, A unit of time measuring a quarter of the day or night; about three hours. ## Prāṇahara *srog ’phrog byed*, Skt. *prāṇahara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Praharṣita­tejas *bzhad pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *praharṣita­tejas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Prahasana *rab tu rgod byed*, Skt. *prahasana*, One of the grahas. ## Prahasitā *rab bzhad ma*, Skt. *prahasitā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prahasita *rab tu dgod pa*, Skt. *prahasita*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Prahasitabāhu *rab tu lag brkyang*, Skt. *prahasitabāhu*, A pupil of the Buddha Śākyamuni who is one of only eight bodhisattvas in the past or future who equal Śākyamuni’s generosity in his previous lives. ## Prahasitanetra *rab tu bzhad pa’i spyan*, Skt. *prahasitanetra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Prahlāda Here given as the name of an asura. Translation attested in the miscellaneous section of the Mahāvyutpatti. Also the name of a daitya general and of a nāga in the Mahābhārata. ## Prahlādana *rab dga’*, Skt. *prahlādana*, An asura king who waged a thousand-year war against the devas and was for a time victorious. He was the grandfather of Bali. ## prahmicuṭa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Prahrāda *rab sim byed*, Skt. *prahrāda*, An asura king who waged a thousand-year war against the devas and was for a time victorious. He was the grandfather of Bali. Also known as Prahlādana. (Toh 556: rab tshim byed; Toh 557, Yunglo, and Peking: rab sil byed. Toh 555: bong bu dpung.) ## Prāṇahāriṇī *srog ’phrog ma*, Skt. *prāṇahāriṇī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Praṇidhāna­sāgara­prabhāsa­śrī *smon lam rgya mtsho rab tu snang dpal*, Skt. *praṇidhāna­sāgara­prabhāsa­śrī*, The name of the eighty-first buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Praṇidhāna­sāgara­prabhāsa­śirī. ## Praṇidhāna­sāgarāvabhāsa­śrī *smon lam rgya mtshos snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *praṇidhāna­sāgarāvabhāsa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Praise of the World *’jig rten mngon bstod pa*, Skt. *’jig rten mngon bstod pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśodatta. ## praise text An encomium or hymn of praise. ## Praised by Meditators *bsam gtan pa yis bsngags pa*, Skt. *bsam gtan pa yis bsngags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Adoṣa. ## Praised by Noble Beings *’phags pas bsngags*, Skt. *’phags pas bsngags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ghoṣasvara. ## Praised by Numerous Sages *drang srong mang pos bstod pa*, Skt. *drang srong mang pos bstod pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnatejas. ## Praised by the Gods In The Dharma Council, the eon in which the bodhisattva Nirārambha is prophesied to become the Buddha Great Light. ## Praised by the Learned *mkhas pas bsngags*, Skt. *mkhas pas bsngags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyatejas (518 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Praised by the Noble *’phags pas bsngags*, Skt. *’phags pas bsngags*, Birthplace of the buddha Ṛṣiprasanna. ## Praised by the World *’jig rten pa yis bsngags pa*, Skt. *’jig rten pa yis bsngags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ugraprabha. ## Praised by the Worthy *dgra bcom pa yis bstod pa*, Skt. *dgra bcom pa yis bstod pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ṛṣiprasanna. ## Praised in the World *’jig rten bsngags*, Skt. *’jig rten bsngags*, Birthplace of the buddha Laḍitāgragāmin. ## Prajñā Skt. *prajñā*, Prajñā (般若, 734–?) was a translator from Jibin (罽賓), an ancient kingdom in present-day Kashmir. He translated the fourth Chinese version of the Gaṇḍa­vyūha, which he completed in 798 based on a longer Sanskrit version of the text sent to the Chinese Emperor by the king of Orissa. ## Prajñābala The name of a bodhisattva interlocutor in chapter twenty-six of Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Prajñādatta *shes rab byin*, Skt. *prajñādatta*, The 581st buddha in the first list, 581st in the second list, and 574th in the third list. ## Prajñādhara *shes rab ’dzin*, Skt. *prajñādhara*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Lokeśvararāja to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Prajñāgati *shes rab ’gros*, Skt. *prajñāgati*, The 966th buddha in the first list, 965th in the second list, and 956th in the third list. ## Prajñākūṭa A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa and the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka. ## Prajñākaramati *shes rab ’byung gnas blo gros*, Skt. *prajñākaramati*, (950−1030) One of the main masters in Vikramaśila monastery. ## Prajñākāra The Indian preceptor who translated this sūtra in the eleventh century. ## Prajñāna­vihāsa­svara *shes rab rnam ’god nga ro*, Skt. *prajñāna­vihāsa­svara*, The 768th buddha in the first list, 767th in the second list, and 757th in the third list. ## Prajñāntaka *shes rab mthar byed*, Skt. *prajñāntaka*, A deity in Heruka’s maṇḍala. ## Prajñodgata A monk in the dispensation of the realized one Ratnacandra, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Prajāpatī Skt. *prajāpatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Prajāpati *skye dgu*, Skt. *prajāpati*, A Vedic deity who is seen particularly as being the god of animals, especially cattle, which he is said to have created. (Toh 555: ’jig rten mgon po) ## Prajā­pati *skye dgu’i bdag po*, Skt. *prajā­pati*, Name of a god (deva). ## prajñāpradīpa *shes rab sgron ma*, Skt. *prajñāpradīpa*, Lit. “wisdom lamp.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Prajñā­pradīpāsaṃkhyeya­prabhā­ketu­śrī *shes rab sgron ma grangs med pa’i ’od kyi me tog gi dpal*, Skt. *prajñā­pradīpāsaṃkhyeya­prabhā­ketu­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Prajñāpāramitā *shes rab pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *prajñāpāramitā*, The Kāraṇḍavyūha is referring to the goddess who is the personification of the perfection of wisdom, and is in the feminine case. However, the Tibetan has the male ending -pa, instead of the female ending -ma, which is presently normally used for the goddess, but does not appear in the Mahāvyutpatti Sanskrit-Tibetan concordance. ## Prajñā­pāramitā *shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *prajñā­pāramitā*, Transcendental wisdom, being the profound nondual understanding of the ultimate reality, or voidness, or relativity, of all things; personified as a goddess, she is worshiped as the “Mother of all Buddhas” (Sarva­jina­mātā). ## Prajñā­pāramitopadeśa Skt. *prajñā­pāramitopadeśa*, A commentary on the Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtras, composed by Kumārajīva from oral traditions derived from Nāgārjuna, and partially translated from Chinese into French by Dr. Etienne Lamotte, as Traité de la Grande Vertu de la Sagesse, Louvain, 1944-1949 (Bibliotheque du Museon, 18). ## Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra *shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i mdo*, Skt. *prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra*, The sūtra in which the transcendental wisdom is taught. There are nineteen versions of different lengths, ranging from the Heart Sūtra of a few pages to the Hundred-Thousand. A great deal of information about these sūtras can be found in the works of Dr. Edward Conze. ## Prajñāpuṣpa *shes rab me tog*, Skt. *prajñāpuṣpa*, The 678th buddha in the first list, 677th in the second list, and 669th in the third list. ## Prajñārciḥ­saṃkopita­daṣṭa *’od zer kun nas ’khrugs ’dzin*, Skt. *prajñārciḥ­saṃkopita­daṣṭa*, One of only eight bodhisattvas in the past or future who equal the Buddha Śākyamuni’s generosity in his previous lives. ## Prajñārāṣṭra *yul ’khor shes rab*, Skt. *prajñārāṣṭra*, The 578th buddha in the first list, 578th in the second list, and 571st in the third list. ## Prajñāsārathi *shes rab kha lo sgyur ba*, Skt. *prajñāsārathi*, An ancient king. ## Prajñāvabhāsa *shes rab snang ba*, Skt. *prajñāvabhāsa*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-fourth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Prajñāvabhāsa­śrī *shes rab snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *prajñāvabhāsa­śrī*, A head merchant’s daughter in the distant past. ## Prajñāvanta *shes rab ldan*, Skt. *prajñāvān*, “Wise,” the wise one; Prince Puṇyabala’s brother who exemplifies insight. ## Prajñāvarman *pradz+nyA bar ma*, Skt. *prajñāvarman*, Prajñāvarman was a Bengali paṇḍita resident in Tibet during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. He arrived in Tibet at the invitation of the Tibetan king Trisong Detsen (khri srong lde btsan, 742–ca. 800 ce) and assisted in the translation of numerous canonical scriptures. He also authored a few philosophical commentaries himself, which were later included in the Tibetan Tengyur collection. ## Prajñā­varman *pra dz+nyA barma*, Skt. *prajñā­varman*, A Bengali paṇḍita resident in Tibet during the late 8th and early 9th centuries. Arriving in Tibet on an invitation from the Tibetan king, he assisted in the translation of numerous canonical scriptures. He is also the author of a few philosophical commentaries contained in the Tibetan Tengyur (bstan ’gyur) collection. ## Prajñā­viniścaya­pada­pratibhāna *shes rab kyis rnam par nges pa’i tshig la spobs pa*, Skt. *prajñā­viniścaya­pada­pratibhāna*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. His name means, “Eloquence in Language Ascertained through Insight.” ## pūraka *pU ra ka*, Skt. *pūraka*, Retention of breath after inhalation (one of the four stages during a single breath). ## Pūrṇaka *gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇaka*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravana. ## Prakaṭāditya Skt. *prakaṭāditya*, A king of Magadha who ruled in the sixth century. ## praśākhā The embryo in the fifth week of gestation. ## Prakrit *phal skad*, Skt. *prākṛta*, A collective name for the colloquial dialects of the Middle Indo-Aryan languages. ## Prakṛtīśarīra­śrī­bhadra *rang bzhin lus dpal bzang po*, Skt. *prakṛtīśarīra­śrī­bhadra*, The hundred-and-tenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Prakṛtīśarīra­śiri­bhadra. ## prakṛti *rang bzhin*, Skt. *prakṛti*, A fundamental ontological principle of the non-Buddhist Sāṅkhya tradition. Prakṛti is the undifferentiated potentiality that contains all possible transformations of thought and matter. It can either persist in an unmanifest or manifest state, manifesting only when it comes into contact with the second fundamental Sāṅkya principle, puruṣa, a basic mode of timeless awareness. When these two come into contact, the internal complexities of cognition and perception and the external complexities of the material world progressively unfold, thereby creating the known universe. ## prakṛtyavalokita *rang bzhin rnam par bltas pa*, Skt. *prakṛtyavalokita*, Lit. “has seen the basic nature.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Prāṇakusaumya *srog chags des pa*, Skt. *prāṇakusaumya*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Pūrṇakāśyapa *'od srung rdzogs byed*, a leading [tīrthika](#tīrthika) master at the time of the [Buddha](#buddha). ## Pralambā *rab ’phyang*, Skt. *pralambā*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## Pralamba *rab ’phyang*, Skt. *pralamba*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pralambabāhu *phyag rab tu brkyang pa*, Skt. *pralambabāhu*, A buddha in the distant past in both chapter 22 and chapter 43. ## Praṇālin *yur ba can*, Skt. *praṇālin*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: pra ma li chung) ## Pramāṇā *tshad ma*, Skt. *pramāṇā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Pūrṇamaitrāyaṇīputra *byams ma’i bu gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇamaitrāyaṇīputra*, One of the ten principal hearer disciples of the Buddha, he was the greatest in his ability to teach the Dharma ## Pūrṇa­maitrāyaṇī­putra *byams ma’i bu gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇa­maitrāyaṇī­putra*, Name of an elder and senior disciple of Buddha Śākyamuni. Also called Pūrṇa. ## Pūrṇamanoratha *gang po re skong*, Skt. *pūrṇamanoratha*, A buddha in the past. ## Pramardana *rab ’joms*, Skt. *pramardana*, This could be the name of more than one deity. ## Pramatha *rab ’joms*, Skt. *pramatha*, An unvirtuous nāga king. ## Pramathana *rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *pramathana*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Pūrṇamati *blo ni yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *pūrṇamati*, The 192nd buddha in the first list, 191st in the second list, and 191st in the third list. ## Pāramitā *pha rol du phyin pa*, Skt. *pāramitā*, Any of the six or ten perfections personified. ## Pāramitāyāna *pha rol tu phyin pa’i theg pa*, Skt. *pāramitāyāna*, The way of the perfections. Synonymous with Bodhisattva­yāna. ## Pramodā *dga’ ldan ma*, Skt. *pramodā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Pramoda­bhāgya­lolā *skal ba dang ldan par ’dod pa*, Skt. *pramoda­bhāgya­lolā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## pramodana *dga’ ba skyed pa*, Skt. *pramodana*, A magical tree. The name means “bringing joy.” ## Pramodita *rab dga’ ldan*, Skt. *pramodita*, King of the gods of Tuṣita. ## Pramodyakīrti *mchog dga’ grags pa*, Skt. *pramodyakīrti*, The 132nd buddha in the first list, 132nd in the second list, and 132nd in the third list. ## Pramokṣa *rab thar*, Skt. *pramokṣa*, A nāga king. ## Pramuditā *rab tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *pramuditā*, Lit. “Joyful.” The first level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Pramudita *rab dga’*, Skt. *pramudita*, A deva. (Toh 555: yid dga’ ba) ## Pramudita­nayana­jagad­virocanā *rab tu dga’ ba’i mig ’gro bar rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *pramudita­nayana­jagad­virocanā*, A night goddess. Also called Jyotirarci­nayanā. ## Pūrṇamukha *bzhin rgyas*, Skt. *pūrṇamukha*, (1) The parrot of Āmrapālī. (2) A haṃsa who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Praśānta *rab zhi*, Skt. *praśānta*, The 715th buddha in the first list, 714th in the second list, and 704th in the third list. ## Praśāntacarya *rab tu zhi bar spyod pa*, Skt. *praśāntacarya*, A buddha. ## Praśāntacitta *rab tu sems zhi*, Skt. *praśāntacitta*, A god. ## Praśānta­cāritra­mati *spyod pa rab tu zhi ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *praśānta­cāritra­mati*, One of the bodhisattvas attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Praśāntadoṣa *skyon rab zhi*, Skt. *praśāntadoṣa*, The 144th buddha in the first list, 144th in the second list, and 144th in the third list. ## Praśāntagati *rab tu zhi stabs*, Skt. *praśāntagati*, The 365th buddha in the first list, 364th in the second list, and 359th in the third list. ## Praśāntagāmin *rab zhir gshegs pa*, Skt. *praśāntagāmin*, The 490th buddha in the first list, 489th in the second list, and 483rd in the third list. ## Praśāntagātra *rab zhi’i sku*, Skt. *praśāntagātra*, The 636th buddha in the first list, 635th in the second list, and 628th in the third list. ## Praśāntamala *dri ma rab zhi*, Skt. *praśāntamala*, The 788th buddha in the first list, 787th in the second list, and 777th in the third list. ## Praśāntamati *rab tu zhi ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *praśāntamati*, A monk. ## Praśānta­mati *zhi ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *praśānta­mati*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Praśānta­mati­tejas *rab zhi blo gros ’od*, Skt. *praśānta­mati­tejas*, “The Brilliance of Peaceful Realization.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Praśānta­prabha­rāja *zhi ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *praśānta­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Praśānta­svara *rab tu zhi ba’i sgra*, Skt. *praśānta­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Praśāntavinīteśvara *rab zhi dul ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *praśāntavinīteśvara*, A god in the assembly receiving the Buddha Śākyamuni’s teachings. ## Praśānta­vinīteśvara *dul ba rab zhi dbang phyug*, Skt. *praśānta­vinīteśvara*, One of the gods of the pure realms. ## Pārāśara One of the sublineages connected with the Vāsiṣṭha lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Pārāśarīya A brahmin lineage. ## Prasabha *’du ba mchog*, Skt. *prasabha*, A yakṣa general. ## Prasanna *gsal ba*, Skt. *prasanna*, The 763rd buddha in the first list, 762nd in the second list, and 752nd in the third list. ## Prasannabuddhi *blo gsal*, Skt. *prasannabuddhi*, The 479th buddha in the first list, 478th in the second list, and 472nd in the third list. ## Prasannagātra *sku shin tu dang ba*, Skt. *prasannagātra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Prasannapadā *tshig gsal*, Skt. *prasannapadā*, Candrakīrti’s major commentary on Nāgārjuna’s Fundamental Stanzas on Wisdom. ## Prasanna­vadanotpala­gandha­kūṭa *rab tu dang ba’i zhal ut+pa la’i dri brtsegs pa*, Skt. *prasannavadanotpalagandhakūṭa*, The name of ten thousand future buddhas. (Toh 555: zhal dang spyan rnam par dag cing / ut+pa la’i dri’i ri mo; prasanna­vadanotpala­gandha­kūṭa) ## prasādana *dga’ ba byed pa*, Skt. *prasādana*, A magical tree. The name means “bestowing delight.” ## Prasāda­pratilabdha *sdad pa thob pa*, Skt. *prasāda­pratilabdha*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Prasenajit *gsal rgyal*, Skt. *prasenajit*, son of King [Arāḍa Brahmadatta](#arāḍa-brahmadatta) of Śrāvasti. Later, as king he gave all servants in his lands permission to join the Buddhist order if they wished. ## Prasiddha *rab tu grub pa*, Skt. *prasiddha*, A world system. ## pra­siddhānu­māṇa Skt. *pra­siddhānu­māṇa*, Technical term in Buddhist logic. ## praskandin *rab gnon*, Skt. *praskandin*, A kind of person who possesses superhuman strength. ## Prasīmā *mtshams rab*, Skt. *prasīmā*, The name of a god. ## Prasphoṭaka *rab ’joms*, Skt. *prasphoṭaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Prasphulitakusuma­vairocana *rnam par snang mdzad me tog rab rgyas*, Skt. *prasphulitakusuma­vairocana*, A buddha in a realm in the upward direction who sends bodhisattvas to make offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Prasāritapāṇi *lag brkyang*, Skt. *prasāritapāṇi*, A bodhisattva king in Magadha in the past, his name means “He with Outstretched Hand.” ## prastha Either a measure for liquids defined as being equal to twenty-four palas, or a measure for grains that is equal to twenty-nine palas minus one karṣa (supposedly placed on the grain side of the scales). The Tibetan bre refers to a measure of about one liter or two pints. ## prastāra A fixed arrangement of short and long syllables. See Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Tayé and Gyurme Dorje, pp. 367–78. ## Pārata *dngul chu*, Skt. *pārata*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Pratibhākūṭa *spobs pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *pratibhākūṭa*, Lit. “Heap of Eloquence.” ## Pratibhāna­cakṣus *spobs pa’i spyan*, Skt. *pratibhāna­cakṣus*, The 739th buddha in the first list, 738th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Pratibhānagaṇa *spobs pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *pratibhānagaṇa*, The 772nd buddha in the first list, 771st in the second list, and 761st in the third list. ## Pratibhānakūṭa *spobs pa dag ni brtsegs pa*, Skt. *pratibhānakūṭa*, The 108th buddha in the first list, 108th in the second list, and 109th in the third list. ## Pratibhāna­kīrti *spobs pa grags pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna­kīrti*, The 281st buddha in the first list, 280th in the second list, and 280th in the third list. ## Pratibhānamati *spobs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *pratibhānamati*, A merchant of the city of Śrāvastī who is the primary interlocutor in this sūtra. ## Prati­bhāna­pratisaṃvid *so so yang dag par rig pa la spobs pa*, Skt. *prati­bhāna­pratisaṃvid*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Pratibhāna­rāṣṭra *yul ’khor spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna­rāṣṭra*, The 780th buddha in the first list, 779th in the second list, and 768th in the third list. ## Pratibhānasampad *spobs pa phun sum tshogs pa*, Skt. *pratibhānasampad*, Literally “Consummate Eloquence.” A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Pratibhāna­varṇa *spobs pa’i mchog*, Skt. *pratibhāna­varṇa*, The 734th buddha in the first list, 733rd in the second list, and 723rd in the third list. ## Pratihatavega *shugs la thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *pratihatavega*, “Unimpeded Power.” The name of a cakravartin’s precious wheel. ## Pratiṣṭhāna *rab tu gnas*, Skt. *pratiṣṭhāna*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Pratima Skt. *pratima*, The lord of days (personified). ## Pratimaṇḍita *rab tu brgyan*, Skt. *pratimaṇḍita*, The 148th buddha in the first list, 148th in the second list, and 148th in the third list. ## Pratimaṇḍita­locana *mig brgyan*, Skt. *pratimaṇḍita­locana*, The 171st buddha in the first list, 170th in the second list, and 170th in the third list. ## pratimokṣa vows *so sor thar pa’i sdom pa*, Skt. *prātimokśasaṃvara*, The vows or rules of conduct for those who pursue liberation, sometimes contrasted with the bodhisattva vows. ## pratipad The first day of a bright lunar fortnight (śuklapakṣa), the day after the new moon day. ## Pratisarāpūrvin *sngon so sor ’brang ba*, Skt. *prati­sarāpūrvin*, “He Who Previously Had an Amulet.” The name of a god who had previously been a monk saved from the fruit of his negative deeds by wearing the great amulet. ## Prati­saṃvitprāpta *so so yang dag par rig pa thob pa*, Skt. *prati­saṃvitprāpta*, One of the bodhisattvas attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Pratāpa *mthu stobs*, Skt. *pratāpa*, The 756th buddha in the first list, 755th in the second list, and 745th in the third list. ## Pratāpana *rab tu tsha ba*, Skt. *pratāpana*, The “very hot” hell; the seventh of the eight hot hells. ## Pratyaṅgirā Skt. *pratyaṅgirā*, A form of the goddess Durgā. ## pratyayajina Synonym for “pratyekebuddha.” ## Pratyeka *so so gcig*, Skt. *pratyeka*, One of the rāśis. ## Pratyeka­brahman *tshangs pa so so*, Skt. *pratyeka­brahman*, An independent Brahman. ## Pratyekabuddha *rang sangs rgyas*, "someone reaching the end of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) without the help of a spiritual master. By studying the nature of interdependent origination, he realizes the absence of true existence of the self and half-realizes the absence of true existence of phenomena." DICT. ## pratyeka­buddha *rang sangs rgyas*, Skt. *pratyeka­buddha*, Someone who has attained liberation entirely through their own contemplation as a result of progress in previous lives but, unlike a buddha, does not have the accumulated merit and motivation to teach others. See also and . ## Pratyekabuddha level *rang sangs rgyas sa*, Skt. *pratyekabuddhabhūmi*, The eighth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. See “ten levels” and “pratyekabuddha.” ## Pratyekabuddha Vehicle The vehicle comprising the teaching of the pratyekabuddhas, literally “solitary enlightened ones” or “buddhas on their own.” The pratyekabuddhas are typically defined as those who have attained liberation but do not teach the path to liberation to others. Pratyekabuddhas are said to appear in universes and times in which there is no fully enlightened buddha who has rediscovered the path and taught it to others. ## pratyekabuddha’s awakening *rang byang chub*, Skt. *pratyekabodhi*, See “pratyekabuddha.” ## Pratyekabuddhayāna *rang sangs rgyas kyi theg pa*, Skt. *pratyeka­buddhayāna*, The way of the pratyekabuddha, particularly characterized by contemplation on the twelve phases of dependent origination. ## Pratyeka­buddhayāna *rang sangs rgyas kyi theg pa*, Skt. *pratyeka­buddhayāna*, The yāna of the pratyeka­buddhas. ## Pratyeka­buddha­yāna *rang sangs rgyas kyi theg pa*, Skt. *pratyeka­buddha­yāna*, The way of the pratyekabuddha, particularly characterized by contemplation on the twelve phases of dependent origination. ## pratyekajina *rang rgyal*, Skt. *pratyekajina*, Synonymous with pratyeka­buddha. ## pratyāliḍha *g.yon brkyang ba*, Skt. *pratyāliḍha*, Standing posture with the left leg outstretched and the right slightly bent. ## Pravīṇa *mkhas*, Skt. *pravīṇa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Pravarā *rab mchog*, Skt. *pravarā*, One of the five goddesses personifying the five “hooks of gnosis.” ## Pravaralocana *rab mchog spyan*, Skt. *pravaralocana*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-fifth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Pravaraśrī *mchog gi dpal*, Skt. *pravaraśrī*, In chapter 1 the name of a bodhisattva in the presence of Śākyamuni at Śrāvastī. In chapter 44 the name of one of the future buddhas in this kalpa. ## Pravarendra­rāja *mchog gi dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *pravarendra­rāja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Pravarāṇikā *rab mchog ldan*, Skt. *pravarāṇikā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Pravṛddha­kāya­rāja *sku mchog tu ’khrungs pa*, Skt. *pravṛddha­kāya­rāja*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Pravāḍodupānā *byi ru ’byung ba*, Skt. *pravāḍodupānā*, A name of the Sahā realm in an earlier eon. ## prayer *smon lam*, Skt. *praṇidhāna*, A declaration of one’s aspirations and vows, and/or an invocation and request of the buddhas, bodhisattvas, etc. It is also one of the ten perfections. ## Prācya *shar phyogs*, Skt. *prācya*, This term may refer to any country in the east of India; in some contexts, however, it seems to refer to a specific country of this name. ## preṣakā *mngag gzhug ma*, Skt. *preṣakā*, A class of female spirits. ## preṣaka *sbod gtong*, Skt. *preṣaka*, A class of nonhuman being. ## precede *sngon du ’gro*, Skt. *pūrvaṃ­gamā bhavati*, Also translated here as “have primacy.” ## precept A training or code of conduct committed to under oath. May refers to the five basic precepts undertaken by lay devotees, or to the precepts of monastic ordination. ## preceptor *mkhan po*, Skt. *upādhyāya*, an office decreed by the [Buddha](#buddha) so that aspirants would not have to receive ordination from the [Buddha](#buddha) in person. The [Buddha](#buddha) identified two types: those who grant entry into the renunciate order and those who grant ordination. ## Precious *rin chen ma*, Skt. *rin chen ma*, Precious (of great value or worth), also the name of a queen. ## Precious and Holy Elements That Are Objects of Worship *yan lag dam pa rin po che mchod gnas*, Skt. *yan lag dam pa rin po che mchod gnas*, Birthplace of the buddha Vararūpa. ## Precious and Melodious *rin chen dbyangs can*, A world far to the east of Jambudvīpa. The buddha field of the buddha Siṃhanāda, from which the bodhisattva child Sucintitārtha comes. ## Precious Arch *nor bu’i rta babs*, Skt. *nor bu’i rta babs*, A mountain in Godānīya. ## Precious canopy *rin po che'i gdugs*, one of the [eight auspicious signs](#eight-auspicious-signs), it corresponds to the [Buddha](#buddha)'s head and symbolizes protection from [negative action](#negative-action)s. ## precious chamberlain *khyim bdag rin po che*, Skt. *gṛhapatiratna*, One of the seven precious treasures of a wheel-turning emperor. ## Precious Cloud Sandalwood Body Completely Cool *sprin rin po che’i tsan+dan sku rnam par bsil ba*, Skt. *mahā­megha­ratna­candana­śitakāya*, A bodhisattva. ## Precious Cloud Sandalwood Cool Body *sprin chen rin po che tsan+dan dri bsil sku*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: sprin chen rin po che’i tsan dan sku rnam par bsil ba) ## Precious Divine Essence *rin chen lha’i snying po*, Skt. *rin chen lha’i snying po*, Mother of the buddha Devarāja. ## Precious Elephant *glang po rin po che*, Skt. *glang po rin po che*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyahastin. ## Precious Fame *nor grags*, Skt. *nor grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Precious Flower *rin chen me tog*, Skt. *rin chen me tog*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Precious Giving *rin chen gtong*, Skt. *rin chen gtong*, Father of the buddha Amohavihārin. ## Precious Glory *rin chen dpal*, Skt. *rin chen dpal*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Precious God *rin chen lha*, Skt. *rin chen lha*, Son of the buddha Kusumadatta. ## Precious Ground *rin po che’i sa*, Skt. *rin po che’i sa*, A grove in Dwelling on Mixed Riverbanks. ## Precious Hand *rin chen lag*, Skt. *rin chen lag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śāntimati. ## Precious Hand Blessing *rin po che’i phyag dbang*, Skt. *ratnapāṇeśvara*, A bodhisattva. ## precious householder *khyim bdag rin po che*, Skt. *gṛhapatiratna*, One among the seven treasures of a universal emperor. ## Precious Intelligence *rin chen blo gros ma*, Skt. *rin chen blo gros ma*, Mother of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Precious Jewel Crest *gtsug na nor bu rin po che*, Skt. *gtsug na nor bu rin po che*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Precious Joy *rin chen dga’ ba*, Skt. *rin chen dga’ ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimala. ## Precious King of Stars *rin chen skar rgyal*, Skt. *rin chen skar rgyal*, Father of the buddha Bhadrapāla. ## Precious Learned King *dkon mchog mkhas pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *dkon mchog mkhas pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Precious Light *rin chen snang ba*, Skt. *rin chen snang ba*, The bodhisattva Saffron Color when he becomes a buddha. ## Precious Light of Virtue *rin po che’i yon tan ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## Precious Lotus *rin chen pad ma*, Skt. *rin chen pad ma*, A lion king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Precious master of Oḍḍiyāna *o rgyan rin po che*, one of the names of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## Precious Melody *rin chen dbyangs*, Skt. *rin chen dbyangs*, Attendant of the buddha Āśādatta. ## Precious Merit Radiance *bsod nams rin po che’i ’od*, Skt. *punya­ratna­prabhā*, A past life of Śākyamuni where he was a woman and received The Sūtra of the Sublime Golden Light. ## Precious Mind *rin chen sems*, Skt. *rin chen sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mati. ## Precious Moon *rin chen zla ba*, Skt. *rin chen zla ba*, Father of the buddha Arajas. ## Precious Moon Leader *rin chen zla ba’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *rin chen zla ba’i khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Precious Power *mthu rtsal rin po che*, Skt. *mthu rtsal rin po che*, Son of the buddha Jñānakūṭa. ## Precious Protector *rin chen skyong*, Skt. *rin chen skyong*, A nāga king. ## Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che*, Son of the buddha Prabhaṃkara. ## Precious Qualities of Superknowledge *mngon par shes pa yon tan rin po che*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa yon tan rin po che*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Devasūrya. ## precious queen *bud med rin po che*, Skt. *strīratna*, In Buddhist literature, one of the seven emblems of a universal monarch. ## Precious Rain *rin chen char ’bebs*, Skt. *rin chen char ’bebs*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## precious seal *rin chen phyag rgya*, Skt. *ratnamudrā*, The 2nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8, also mentioned in other chapters. ## Precious Source *rin chen ’byung gnas*, Skt. *ratnaṃjaha*, Name of the twenty-ninth meditative stability. ## Precious Splendor *gzi brjid rin po che*, Skt. *gzi brjid rin po che*, Father of the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa. ## precious syllable *rin chen yi ge*, A phrase describing the mantra syllable svā in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## Precious Tārā *rin po che sgrol ma*, Skt. *rin po che sgrol ma*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Origin of Pure Jewels. ## Precious Victory Banner *rin chen rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rin chen rgyal mtshan*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Precious Voice *rin chen mgrin dbyangs*, Skt. *rin chen mgrin dbyangs*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Precious Walker *rin chen gom pas ’gro*, Skt. *rin chen gom pas ’gro*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Precious word empowerment *tshig dbang rin po che*, the fourth [empowerment](#empowerment) "which eliminates the [defilements](#defilements) of body, speech, mind and [habitual tendencies](#habitual-tendencies), enables one to meditate on the natural [Great Perfection](#great-perfection) and sows the seed for obtaining [vajra](#vajra) [wisdom](#wisdom) and the [svābhāvikakāya](#svābhāvikakāya)." DICT. ## Precious Worship *rin chen mchod*, Skt. *rin chen mchod*, Son of the buddha Guṇagupta. ## Precipices and Abysses *ngam grog dang g.yang sa*, Skt. *śvabhraprapāta*, A place in Ultimate Torment. ## precise explanation *rab tu rgyas par bshad pa*, Skt. *pratinirdeśa*, A word-by-word commentary on the Mūlatantra. ## precise summary *rab tu mdor bstan*, Skt. *pratyuddeśa*, A word-by-word commentary on the Laghukālacakratantra. ## prediction A genre of Buddhist literature included in the list of nine or twelve types. In the Pali tradition, the Abhidharma is placed in this category, though it is also used to refer to any instances in which the Buddha gives a prophecy or prediction about the future—for example, the future awakening or attainment of some particular being. ## predisposition *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsana*, A tendency toward certain actions and thoughts as the result of a lasting impression on one’s being from previous lives. ## predispositions *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsanā*, Latent propensity to certain behaviors. ## Preliminaries *sngon 'gro*. see [five hundred thousand preliminaries](#five-hundred-thousand-preliminaries). ## preliminary practice *sngon du bsnyen pa*, Skt. *pūrvasevā*, A period of formal practice, usually lasting six months, before the practitioner can employ the mantra for specific purposes. ## Premā *dga’ ma*, Skt. *premā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Premaṇī *sdu gu ma*, Skt. *premaṇī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Preparation, main part and conclusion *sbyor dngos rjes gsum*, the [three supreme methods](#three-supreme-methods) for any practice: 1. [beginning](#beginning) by checking that one has the compassionate motivation 2. practicing without materialistic concepts, and 3. ending by dedicating the [merit](#merit) to the [enlightenment](#enlightenment) of all beings. ## preparatory recitation *sngon du bsnyen*, Skt. *pūrvasevā*, A period of formal practice, often time delimited or involving a set number of mantra recitations, that must be completed before a practitioner can employ a specific mantra or engage in a specific ritual or meditative activity. ## preparatory rites *bsnyen pa*, Skt. *sevā*, In a Kriyātantra context, sevā or pūrvasevā refers to the formal preliminary rites and behavioral observances that a practitioner follows for a prescribed period of time before being permitted to engage in the main rite. ## Presence of All Good Qualities *yon tan kun la rab tu gnas*, Skt. *yon tan kun la rab tu gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Presence of All Perfections *phun tshogs kun la rab tu gnas*, Skt. *phun tshogs kun la rab tu gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Presence of Joy *dga’ ’byung*, Skt. *dga’ ’byung*, The city where the Buddha Divine King of Brahmā’s Splendor was born. ## present circumstances *da ltar byung ba*, Skt. *vartamāna­bhūta*, Also translated as “present events.” ## present events *da ltar byung ba*, Skt. *vartamāna­bhūta*, Also translated as “present circumstances.” ## Pretī *yi dags mo*, Skt. *pretī*, A great piśācī. ## Preta *yi dvags*, AT: hungry spirit, spirit, hungry [ghost](#ghost). ## preta kumbhāṇḍa *yi dags grul bum*, Skt. *preta kumbhāṇḍa*, A class of beings said to dwell in the east under the jurisdiction of the great king Dhṛtarāṣṭra. ## Pretasaṃghāta *rab song dge ’dun*, Skt. *pretasaṃghāta*, One of the charnel grounds. ## Pretādhivāsinī *pre ta a hi ba si*, Skt. *pretādhivāsinī*, One of the two melāpakas. ## Pretāyana *sdong du ma lta bu*, Skt. *pretāyana*, Very hot hell. Probably a variation of Pratāpana (Tib. rab tu tsha ba), as the name occurs in no other sūtra. ## Previously Prophesized Attainment *gong du lung bstan pa thob pa*, Skt. *uttama­vyākaraṇa­prāpta*, A bodhisattva. ## pride *nga rgyal*, Skt. *māna*, The Abhidharmakośa (Toh 4089, 5.10) lists seven types of pride: (1) pride (Tib. nga rgyal; Skt. māna), (2) exaggerating pride (Tib. lhag pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. adhimāna), (3) outrageous pride (Tib. nga rgyal las kyang nga rgyal; Skt. mānātimāna), (4) egoistic pride (Tib. nga’o snyam pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. asmimāna), (5) arrogating pride (Tib. mngon pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. abhimāna), (6) pride of feeling inferior (Tib. cung zad snyam pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. ūnamāna), and (7) unfounded pride (Tib. log pa’i nga rgyal; Skt. mithyāmāna). ## pride beyond pride *nga rgyal las kyang nga rgyal*, Skt. *mānātimāna*, One of six or seven types of pride. ## pride of conceit *mngon pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *abhimāna*, A conceited, false sense of attainment, one of the seven types of pride. ## pride of identification with a self *nga’o zhes pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *asmimāna*, See . ## pride of inferiority *chung ba’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *ūnamāna*, See . ## priest *bram ze*, Skt. *brāhmaṇa*, A member of the Indian priestly caste, a brahmin. ## priestly class *bram ze’i rigs*, Skt. *brāhmaṇavarṇa*, First of the four classes of traditional Indian society. ## Priests of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don pa*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, The second heaven in the realm of form. Also called Brahmapariṣadya. ## pārijāta *pa ri dza ta ka*, Skt. *pārijāta*, Name of a paradisiacal tree that is said to stem from the time of the mythical churning of the ocean of milk. ## Pārijāta Grove One of the pleasure groves in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three Gods. ## Pārijāta Mountains *ri yongs ’du*, Skt. *pārijāta*, A mountain range. (We have been unable to identify this mountain, or mountain range. However, since yongs ’du is a translation of “pārijāta tree,” we have opted for this translation. Perhaps it refers to the mountains where the pārijāta tree grows?) ## Pārijāta tree A wish-fulfilling tree that is sometimes associated with the coral tree (māndārava). There are many references to such trees, but the most famous is the one in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three enjoyed by the gods. It is rooted in Mount Meru and is a source of envy for the asuras, since they can only see its base, and the cittapātali tree that grows in their own realm pales in comparison. ## Prikṣikā *pri Shi kA*, Skt. *prikṣikā*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Pārikūla The name of a people in ancient India, presumably people who lived on the riverbanks (kūla). ## Primal wisdom *ye shes*, Skt. *jñāna*, "the knowing (*shes pa*) that has always been present since the [beginning](#beginning) (*ye nas*), [awareness](#awareness), clarity-emptiness, naturally dwelling in the mind-stream of all beings." DICT. ## primary and secondary signs *mtshan dang dpe byad bzang po*, Skt. *lakṣaṇānuvyañjana*, The thirty-two primary and eighty secondary physical characteristics of a “great being,” a mahāpuruṣa, which every buddha has. ## primary defilement *nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *kleśa*, The afflictions that hold one back from awakening, often listed as desire (rāga), anger (pratigha), pride (māna), ignorance (avidyā), wrong views (kudṛṣti), and indecision (vicikitsā). ## primary signs *mtshan*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa*, The thirty-two primary physical characteristics of a “great being,” a mahāpuruṣa, which every buddha possesses. ## Primordial purity *ka dag*, the nature of Buddhahood, present in all beings, the purity of which can never be spoiled. ## primordial wisdom *ye shes*, Skt. *jñāna*, Specifically refers to an awakened being’s wisdom. Also translated as “transcendental wisdom,” “original wakefulness,” and so forth. ## Prince *rgyal bu*, Skt. *rgyal bu*, Prince (a male member of a royal family, especially a king's son), also the name of a son of the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa. ## Prince Jeta *rgyal bu rgyal byed*, Skt. *rājakumāra jeta*, Prince who sold the so-called garden of Prince Jeta in Śrāvastī to the householder Anāthapiṇḍada, who built a monastery there and offered it to the Buddha. ## Prince Jeta’s Grove *rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal*, Skt. *jetavana*, A grove that was given to the Buddha. Prince Jeta sold the so-called garden of Prince Jeta in Śrāvastī to the householder Anāthapiṇḍika, who built a monastery there and offered it to the Buddha. ## Prince Jeta’s Grove, Anāthapiṇḍada’s Park *rgyal bu rgyal byed kyi tshal mgon med zas sbyin gyi kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *jetavanam anāthapiṇḍadasyārāmaḥ*, See also “park.” ## Prince Mañjuśrī *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrīḥ kumārabhūtaḥ*, An eminent bodhisattva who features in a number of Mahāyāna sūtras. ## Prince Namdé’s Red-Faced Version A manuscript translation of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines that appears to have been named after Langdarma’s son, Namdé Ösung (gnam lde ’od srung). ## princely youth Mañjuśrī *’jam dpal gzhon nur ’gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta*, Mañjuśrī who takes the form of a youth, an epithet by which the well-known bodhisattva is often referred. ## Principal Ascetic A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## principle *de nyid*, Skt. *tattva*, Literally “thatness”—in the general sense it is the true nature or reality of things; in a ritual sense (as, for example, “the principle of the bell”), it is the principle (in this case wisdom) that has become in the ritual the nature of the bell. ## Principle of cause and effect *las rgyu 'bras*, lit. action, cause and fruit. Process by which every action produces a corresponding effect. See [karma](#karma). ## principle of reason *rigs pa*, Skt. *yukti*, The four principles of reason (yukti) are : (1) the principle of reason based on dependence (apekṣāyukti), (2) the principle of reason based on cause and effect (kārya­kāraṇayukti), (3) the principle of reason based on logical proof (upa­pattisādhana­yukti), and (4) the principle of reason based on the nature of phenomena itself (dharmatāyukti). On “principle of reason” as a translation for yukti, see Kapstein 1988, p. 152ff. See also Lin 2010 for an overview of yukti in Saṃdh. ## Pristine Light *’od dag pa*, Skt. *’od dag pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Shining with Beryl. ## Pristine Mind *dag pa’i sems*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Pristine Pearl Lattice *mu tig gi dra ba yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *mu tig gi dra ba yongs su dag pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sovereign King of Brahmā. ## Pūritāṅga *yan lag rgyas*, Skt. *pūritāṅga*, The 577th buddha in the first list, 577th in the second list, and 570th in the third list. ## privy advisor *gsang ste ston pa*, Skt. *raho'nuśāsaka*, one of five types of [instructor](#instructor)s named by the [Buddha](#buddha) when asked to elaborate on the role of an [instructor](#instructor). ## Priya­cakṣurvaktra *spyan sdug zhal*, Skt. *priya­cakṣurvaktra*, The 759th buddha in the first list, 758th in the second list, and 748th in the third list. ## Priyacandra *zla ba dgyes pa*, Skt. *priyacandra*, The 782nd buddha in the first list, 781st in the second list, and 770th in the third list. ## Priyadarśa *mthong na dga’ ba*, Skt. *priyadarśa*, One of twenty-five bodhisattvas in Mañjuśrī Kumārabhūta’s retinue at the outset of this sūtra. ## Priyadarśana *mthong dga’*, Skt. *priyadarśana*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Priya­darśana *mthong dga’*, Skt. *priya­darśana*, A bodhisattva. ## Priyaṅgama *dgyes par gshegs*, Skt. *priyaṅgama*, The 939th buddha in the first list, 938th in the second list, and 929th in the third list. ## priyaṅgu *pri yang ku*, Skt. *priyaṅgu*, “A particularly tricky word – perhaps Agalia odorate?” (McHugh, 2008, p 180, n26). May also be Callicarpa macrophylla. ## Priyaṃkara *dga’ byed*, Skt. *priyaṃkara*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Priyaṅkara *dga’ byed*, Skt. *priyaṅkara*, A yakṣa child. ## Priyaketu *dga’ tog*, Skt. *priyaketu*, The 303rd buddha in the first list, 302nd in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Priya­prahasita­vimala­prabha *dga’ bas rab tu ’dzum pa’i ’od dri ma med pa*, Skt. *priya­prahasita­vimala­prabha*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Priyaprasanna *dgyes pa gsal ba*, Skt. *priyaprasanna*, The 1001st buddha in the first list, 1000th in the second list, and 991st in the third list. ## Priyaṃvadā *smra dga’ ma*, Skt. *priyaṃvadā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Priyavādinī *snyan par smra ba ma*, Skt. *priyavādinī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Priyābha *dga’ ba’i ’od*, Skt. *priyābha*, The 903rd buddha in the first list, 902nd in the second list, and 893rd in the third list. ## Pāriyātra *ba ri ya tra*, Skt. *pāriyātra*, A country in the western part of the Vindhya range. ## pāriyātra tree *yongs ’dus brtol*, Skt. *pāriyātra*, A large, majestic tree located in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Pāriyātraka *yongs ’du*, Skt. *pāriyātraka*, The immense wish-fulling tree that stands to the northeast of the city of Sudarśana in Trāyastriṃśa heaven. ## pāriyātraka tree The immense wish-fulling tree that stands in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## pāriyātrakakovidāra tree *shing pa ri ya tra ka ko ba di ra*, Skt. *pāriyātrakakovidāra*, A flowering tree that grows in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, with flowers that can be seen from fifty leagues away and a fragrance that can be smelled from one hundred leagues away. The blossoms of this tree delight the gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, who eagerly watch and rejoice in each stage of their development. The kovidāra tree is glossed as Bauhinia variegata, which also bears the common names “orchid tree” or “purple orchid tree.” The name of this tree is misspelled in the attested Tibetan transliteration. ## pārājika *phas pham pa*, Skt. *pārājika*, The pārājika are the first four defeats listed in the moral code of monks and nuns. Incurring a pārājika defeat entails exclusion from the order. Buddhaśrī 182b4–6 says a pārājika defeat is not as bad as a giving-up-bodhicitta defeat because a pārājika defeat is not absolutely wrong. Habituated behavior, lust and so on, causes the pārājika defeat, but it is not absolutely necessary that lust is the motivating factor when the activity is engaged in. So, the activity leading to a pārājika is not absolutely wrong and does not preclude bodhicitta. ## Prāmodyarāja *mchog dga’ rgyal po*, Skt. *prāmodyarāja*, The 68th buddha in the first list, 68th in the second list, and 69th in the third list. ## Pūrṇo Maitrāyaṇī­putraḥ *byams ma’i bu gang po*, Skt. *pūrṇo maitrāyaṇīputraḥ*, One of the ten principal śrāvaka disciples of the Buddha, he was the greatest in his ability to teach the Dharma. ## probation *spo ba*, Skt. *pārivāsa*, a period of probation imposed by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) if a monk incurs a [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense and confesses it straight away. During the period of probation, the offending monk loses many privileges and is barred from participating in official [act](#act)s of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha), such as ordination ceremonies. ## probation, penance, and reinstatement *spo mgu dbyung gsum*, Skt. *parivāsa, mānāpya, āvarhaṇa*, official [act](#act)s of [saṅgha](#saṅgha) enacted when a monk incurs a [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense. ## procedure *cho ga*, Skt. *vidhi*, Also translated here as “ceremony.” ## Proclaim *rnam sgrogs*, Skt. *rnam sgrogs*, Proclaim (to announce officially or publicly), also the name of a son of the buddha Guṇarāśi. ## proclaim the nonexistence of causality *rgyu med par smra ba*, Skt. *ahetuvāda*, Those who proclaim the nonexistence of causality, such as the Ājīvika or the Cārvāka, basically rejecting the law of karma. ## Proclaimer *rnam par sgrogs*, Skt. *rnam par sgrogs*, Proclaimer (one who proclaims or announces publicly), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suvayas. ## Proclaimer in the City *grong khyer sgrogs*, Skt. *grong khyer sgrogs*, A great bodhisattva. ## Proclaimer of Fame *grags pa bsgrags pa*, Skt. *grags pa bsgrags pa*, A buddha. ## Proclaimer of Liberation *thar pa rnam par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *thar pa rnam par sgrogs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śrīprabha. ## Proclaimer of Qualities *yon tan sgrogs*, Skt. *yon tan sgrogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vighuṣṭatejas. ## Proclaimer of the Melodious Thundering Roar of the Ornamental Beauty of Eloquence *spobs pa’i rgyan bkod pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro snyan par ’brug sgra sgrogs pa*, Skt. *spobs pa’i rgyan bkod pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro snyan par ’brug sgra sgrogs pa*, A buddha of the past. ## Proclaimer of the Truth *bden sgra rnam par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *bden sgra rnam par sgrogs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amoghagāmin. ## Proclaimer of Truth *yang dag sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *yang dag sgra sgrogs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vaidyādhipa (905 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Proclaiming Friend *sgrogs pa’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *sgrogs pa’i bshes gnyen*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Meruraśmi. ## Proclaiming the Truth in All Possible Ways *tshul thams cad kyis bden pa’i khyad par gyi sgra sgrogs pa*, Skt. *tshul thams cad kyis bden pa’i khyad par gyi sgra sgrogs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānaprāpta. ## Proclamation of Fame *grags pa bsgrags*, Skt. *grags pa bsgrags*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhavapuṣpa. ## Proclamation of Gifts *sbyin pa sgrogs*, Skt. *sbyin pa sgrogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmadatta. ## Proclamation of Limitless Jewels *rin chen mtha’ yas sgrogs*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas sgrogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suvarṇottama. ## Proclamation of Wisdom *ye shes rnam par sgrogs*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par sgrogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānaruci. ## Producer *skrun byed*, Skt. *skrun byed*, Producer (one who produces or brings something into being), also the name of a son of the buddha Atibala. ## professed as ascetics *dge sbyong du khas che ba rnams*, Skt. *śramaṇa­pratijñāḥ*, Those who have pledged to live as monastics. ## Profound *zab pa*, Skt. *gambhīra*, Profound (very deep or intense), also the name of the residence of the asura king Puṣpamāla. ## Profound Abiding *zab mor gnas*, Skt. *zab mor gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Tejorāśi (566 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## profound and heroic ocean tide *zab cing brtan pa’i rgya mtsho’i chu’i dus rlabs*, Skt. *zab cing brtan pa’i rgya mtsho’i chu’i dus rlabs*, An absorption. ## profound and secret union *sbyor ba zab cing gsang ba*, Skt. *sbyor ba zab cing gsang ba*, An absorption. ## Profound Definitive Proclamation *nges par sgra sgrogs zab mo*, Skt. *nges par sgra sgrogs zab mo*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## profound doctrines *gtan la phab par bstan pa’i sde*, Skt. *upadeśa*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## Profound insight *lhag mthong*, Skt. *vipaśyanā* "to see with the eye of [wisdom](#wisdom) the particular nature of things." DICT. ## Profound Instruction *zab mo’i tshul bsgos*, Skt. *zab mo’i tshul bsgos*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Profound Intelligence *blo gros zab mo*, Skt. *blo gros zab mo*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Profound Mind *blo zab*, Skt. *blo zab*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnatejas (308 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Profound Ocean King *rgya mtsho chen po zab mo’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mahā­gambhīra­sagara­rāja*, A bodhisattva. ## Profound Transformer *zab mo ’gyur byed*, Skt. *zab mo ’gyur byed*, A great bodhisattva. ## Progress in Wisdom *ye shes ’gros*, Skt. *ye shes ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahādarśana. ## Progression *mngon du bgrod bya*, Skt. *mngon du bgrod bya*, Progression (a gradual advance or movement forward), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Proṣṭhapada One of the lineages within the Yajurveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## prologue *gleng gzhi*, Skt. *nidāna*, The introductory sections of a sūtra. Literally it can mean “cause.” One of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra. More commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine. ## prominent nose *sna'i gzengs mtho ba*, Skt. *tuṅganāsa*, a prominent nose, i.e. with a high nasal root, was considered an attractive feature in ancient India. This may refer to an aquiline nose. ## Promotion *sbyor ba la ’jug pa*, Skt. *yogāvaha*, Promotion (advancement to a higher position or rank), also the name of a realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## prompt *gleng ba*, Skt. *codanā*, During the rite of lifting restrictions, each monk extends an “invitation” or “lifts restrictions” (Tib. dgag dbye bya ba; Skt. pravāraṇam pravārayitum) to the other monks with whom he has passed the rains retreat. Other monks may then “prompt” (Tib. gleng ba; Skt. codanā) him with evidence of or well-grounded suspicion for an offense he has failed to confess. The semantic range of the Tib. verb gleng ba (Skt. codanā) in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya extends from gentle exhortation to reproof and compelling questioning. Hence it may be translated with “to prompt” or even “to accuse,” depending upon context. Kalyāṇamitra gives “should not prompt, that is, announce a fault,” and, “should not remind, that is, add assistance while [the confessant] is confessing”. See Kalyāṇamitra (F.319.a): gleng bar mi bya zhes bya ba ni nyes pa bsgrags pas so/ / dran par mi bya zhes bya ba ni bshags pa’i dus dang grogs brjod pas so. Here, the commentator emphasizes the verbal nature of the act without implying any of the rancor or contentiousness usually associated with the English verb “accuse.” Yijing, the translator of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya into Chinese, likewise renders the underlying Skt. codanā with yan 言 (Taishō 1044c17), a generic verb for “speak.” The commentator Śura explains that “when [a monk] is made to lift restrictions, [the monk] withdraws to an isolated place on the boundary and, having gathered his recollection and attentiveness, he should ‘prompt’ [the other monk’s memory] with the circumstances of what he has seen, heard, or suspected. If, when thus prompted with the circumstances, [the accused monk] is unable to recall, he should be reminded with the place, time, and circumstances.” Śura (vol. nu, F.76.a): des de la skabs ’byed du bcug ste dus dben pa’i mthar dran pa dang shes bzhin nye bar gzhag ste mthong ba ’am/ thos pa ’am/ dogs pa’i gzhi dang bcas bas gleng bar bya’o/ /de ltar gzhi dang bcas pas glengs pa na ma dran na yul dang/ dus dang/ gzhi gang nas ltung ba byung ba gleng ba pos ji ltar mthong ba ’am/ thos pa ’am/ dogs pa’i sgo nas dran par bya’o. See Dharmamitra (vol. yu, F.348.a–349.a) for comments on Guṇaprabha’s digest. ## Propagator of the Meaningful Name *don yod ming sgrogs*, Skt. *don yod ming sgrogs*, A great bodhisattva. ## propensities for afflicted mental states that cause linking up *bag chags kyi mtshams sbyor ba’i nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *vāsanānusaṃdhi­kleśa*, The mundane process of rebirth within saṃsāra, impelled by the propensities of past actions. See also The Precious Discourse on the Blessed One’s Extensive Wisdom That Leads to Infinite Certainty (Toh 99), , and . ## propensity *bag la nyal ba*, Skt. *anuśaya*, The BHS anuśaya differs from its meaning in Sanskrit but is the same as the Pali anusaya. It can also mean “tendency” and “disposition,” and the meaning can be positive as well as negative. ## proper *chos dang ldan pa*, Skt. *dhārmika*, The Sanskrit term dharma, from which dhārmika is derived, here denotes the “proper” or “customary” way of doing things. For example, Kalyāṇamitra explains that a “proper” recitation of The Prātimokṣa Sūtra involves reciting the correct text in the prescribed way on the appropriate days. See Kalyāṇamitra (F.315.b). ## Proper Adherence *legs gnas*, Skt. *legs gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahābala. ## proper production *yang dag skyed pa*, Skt. *yang dag skyed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twenty-first week. ## proper understanding *so so yang dag par rig pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃvid*, Correct understanding of meaning, Dharma, language, and eloquence. ## proper way *rigs pa*, Skt. *nyāya*, The Nibandhana explains nyāya as follows: “Nyāya refers to the dharma of nirvāṇa, for it has been said that āya means a path, and that an “eternal path” (nityam āyaḥ) is called nyāya.” ## prophecies *lung du bstan pa’i sde*, Skt. *vyākaraṇa*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## prophecy *lung bstan pa*, Skt. *vyākaraṇa*, In this text and many others, the formal statement by a buddha that a particular individual (or occasionally a group) will attain awakening as a named tathāgata, often in a named world system during a named future eon. The same term is also used (though not in this text) to refer to a category of scriptures in which such prophetic statements are made; more generally, it can mean simply a teaching or explanation. ## Prophesied Attainment *lung bstan mchog thob*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: gong du lung bstan pa thob pa) ## prophetic declaration *lung bstan pa*, Skt. *vyākaraṇa*, In the evolution of bodhisattvas, the formal prophecy or prophetic declaration made by a buddha that they will attain awakening at a specified future time is a key event frequently described in the sūtras and other narrative accounts. It is also the third of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## prophetic declarations *lung du bstan pa’i sde*, Skt. *vy­ākaraṇa*, Third of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## Proponent of the View That All Phenomena Exist *thams cad yod par smra ba*, Skt. *sarvāstivādin*, The name of a monk in the lineage of the buddha Mahāvyūha and the name of the order founded by that monk after Mahāvyūha entered parinirvāṇa. ## prose put into verse *dbyangs bsnyad*, Skt. *geya*, The repetition of prose passages in verse form. Literally “that which is to be chanted.” One of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra. More commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine. ## Prostration *phyag 'tshal ba*, gesture of reverence, in which the forehead, the two hands and the two knees touch the ground. ## Protected by Gods *lhas bsrungs*, Skt. *lhas bsrungs*, Father of the buddha Maruttejas. ## Protected by the Buddha *sangs rgyas skyabs*, Skt. *buddhapāla*, A Licchavī youth. ## Protected by the Dharma *chos skyabs*, Skt. *dharmapāla*, A Licchavī youth. ## Protected by the Saṅgha *dge ’dun skyabs*, Skt. *saṅghapāla*, A Licchavī youth. ## Protected by the Sky *nam mkha’ skyabs*, Skt. *ākāśapāla*, A Licchavī youth. ## Protected by Vajras *rdo rje skyabs*, Skt. *vajrapāla*, A Licchavī youth. ## Protecting Guardian *rtas bsrungs*, Skt. *rtas bsrungs*, Name of a sage. ## protection circle *srung ba’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *rakṣācakra*, In The Tantra of Black Yamāri, a visualized wheel, the spokes of which consist of sharp blades. ## protection cord *skud pa*, Skt. *tantuka*, A cord that is incanted with a mantra and worn on the body to protect against attack from human and nonhuman beings. ## protection hand-mudrā *mi ’jigs pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *abhayamudrā*, A hand mudrā that signifies granting protection and safety. ## Protection of the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom bsrung*, Skt. *dgra bcom bsrung*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Protector *skyob pa*, Skt. *skyob pa*, Protector (one who protects or guards), also the name of the father of the buddha Sūryānana. ## protector deity This term denotes any protector deity, from those associated exclusively with a localized area to deities such as Mahākāla who are considered protectors of both localized areas, trans-local populations, and the Dharma itself. ## protector of all worlds *’jig rten thams cad skyob pa*, A meditative stability. ## Protector of Excellence *bzang skyong*, Skt. *bzang skyong*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Protector of Glory *dpal srung*, Skt. *dpal srung*, A buddha. ## Protector of Men *mi skyob pa*, Skt. *mi skyob pa*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## protector of the world *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *lokapāla*, One category of Dharma protectors in Buddhism. ## Protector Sight *mgon po mthong*, Skt. *mgon po mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇottama. ## Protectors see [Dharma protectors](#dharma-protector). ## Protectors of the Three Families *rigs gsum mgon po*, the [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) [Mañjuśrī](#mañjuśrī), [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara) and [Vajrapāṇi](#vajrapāṇi). The three families are respectively those of the body, speech and mind of the [Buddha](#buddha). ## protectors of the world *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *lokapāla*, A set of deities, each guarding a certain direction. Most commonly these are Indra (Śakra) for the east, Agni for the southeast, Yama for the south, Sūrya or Nirṛti for the southwest, Varuṇa for the west, Vāyu (Pavana) for the northwest, Kubera for the north, and Soma (Candra), Iśāni, or Pṛthivī for the northeast. ## Proud *nga rgyal can*, Skt. *nga rgyal can*, Proud (feeling deep pleasure or self-esteem), also the name of a son of the buddha Puṇyahastin. ## provided with a supremely rich and fine complexion Part of a repeat phrase found in this and other sūtras (gzugs bzang ba/ mdzes pa/ blta na sdug pa/ kha dog bzang po rgyas pa mchog dang ldan pa), probably more literally meaning having a fullness of excellent color over the entire body. The Mahāvyutpatti suggests this is to be read as a single feature. ## Provider of All Beings’ Satisfaction *sems can thams cad tshim byed*, Skt. *sems can thams cad tshim byed*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Provider of Carriage *bzhon par mdzad*, Skt. *bzhon par mdzad*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anupamarāṣṭra (266 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## provision *tshogs*, Skt. *sambhāra*, This term denotes the two provisions of merit and wisdom that are gathered by bodhisattvas on the path to complete buddhahood. The fulfilment of the provision of merit (puṇyasambhāra, bsod nams kyi tshogs) and the provision of wisdom (jñānasambhāra, ye shes kyi tshogs) constitutes the fruition of the entire path according to the Great Vehicle, resulting in the maturation of the buddha body of form (rūpakāya)and the buddha body of reality (dharmakāya), respectively. ## provisional meaning *drang ba’i don*, Skt. *neyārtha*, A statement that is context-specific or which which requires further explanation. Contrasted with “definitive meaning.” ## Provisions for the Path of Seeing *mthong ba’i lam rgyags*, Skt. *mthong ba’i lam rgyags*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## provisions that are definitely authentic *yang dag pa nyid du nges pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *samyak­tva­niyata­rāśi*, First of the three provisions. ## provisions that are definitely erroneous *log pa nyid du nges pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *mithyā­tva­niyata­rāśi*, Second of the three provisions. ## provisions that are of indefinite provenance *ma nges pa’i tshogs*, Skt. *a­ni­yata­rāśi*, Third of the three provisions. ## provoking illness *nad slong*, Skt. *nad slong*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## proximate kleśa *nye ba’i nyon mongs pa*, Skt. *upakleśa*, The subsidiary afflictive emotions that arise in dependence upon the six root afflictive emotions (attachment, hatred, pride, ignorance, doubt, and wrong view); they are (1) anger (krodha, khro ba), (2) enmity/malice (upanāha, ’khon ’dzin), (3) concealment (mrakṣa, ’chab pa), (4) outrage (pradāsa, ’tshig pa), (5) jealousy (īrṣyā, phrag dog), (6) miserliness (mātsarya, ser sna), (7) deceit (māyā, sgyu), (8) dishonesty (śāṭhya, g.yo), (9) haughtiness (mada, rgyags pa), (10) harmfulness (vihiṃsā, rnam par ’tshe ba), (11) shamelessness (āhrīkya, ngo tsha med pa), (12) non-consideration (anapatrāpya, khril med pa), (13) lack of faith (aśraddhya, ma dad pa), (14) laziness (kausīdya, le lo), (15) non-conscientiousness (pramāda, bag med pa), (16) forgetfulness (muṣitasmṛtitā, brjed nges), (17) non-introspection (asaṃprajanya, shes bzhin ma yin pa), (18) dullness (nimagna, bying ba), (19) agitation (auddhatya, rgod pa), and (20) distraction (vikṣepa, rnam g.yeng) (Rigzin 329, 129). ## Prāsaṅgika *thal ’gyur ba*, Skt. *prāsaṅgika*, The sub-school of the Mādhyamika philosophical school founded by Buddha-Pālita and further developed by Candrakīrti. ## Pārāsara *pha rol mtha’ med*, Skt. *pārāsara*, A yakṣa general. ## Prāṇītajñāna *ye shes gya nom*, Skt. *prāṇītajñāna*, The 620th buddha in the first list, 619th in the second list, and 612th in the third list. ## Pārthiva *sa bdag*, Skt. *pārthiva*, The 607th buddha in the first list, 606th in the second list, and 600th in the third list. ## prātihāra *cho ’phrul gyi zla phyed*, Skt. *prātihāra*, A bright fortnight that is particularly auspicious; this term is used frequently, but the exact meaning is elusive. ## Prātimokṣa *so sor thar pa*, lit. individual [liberation](#liberation). The vows of individual [liberation](#liberation) are the eight categories of vows taught in the [Vinaya](#vinaya), from the simple one day vow up to the complete vows of fully ordained monks. See [three vows](#three-vows). ## prātimokṣa vows The vows and regulations that constitute the foundation of Buddhist discipline. The number and scope of the vows differ depending on one’s status (lay, novice monastic, or full monastic) and whether one is female or male. ## prudent *yid bzhungs pa*, Skt. *medhāvin*, A term describing the quality of a being’s intellect. ## Pāruṣika A garden in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, the highest of the heavens. The garden is named, presumably, for the prevalence of Grewia asiatica, a berry bush known as phalsa. ## Pāruṣyaka The name of one of the groves of the deities of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. In Praises to Śrīdevī Kālī , Pāruṣyaka is identified as a vast grove (tshal chen po) on the summit of Mount Sumeru. ## Pāruṣyaka grove *rtsub ’gyur gyi tshal*, Skt. *pāruṣyaka*, “Rough Grove.” One of the four heavenly groves outside the city of Sudarśana on Mount Meru. It owes its name to the fact that anyone who enters it becomes rough and violent and when the gods go there before battle they become donned with armor and weapons according to their needs. ## Pūrvī *shar phyogs*, Skt. *pūrvī*, A country in the east, possibly the same as Prācī. ## Pārśva *pha rol phyin rta*, Skt. *pārśva*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Pūrva Aparā *khrums stod*, Skt. *pūrva aparā*, A constellation in the north. ## Pūrvabhadrapadā *khrums stod*, Skt. *pūrva­bhadra­padā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Alpha Pegasi in the occidental tradition. ## Pūrvabhādrapadā “Former Auspicious Feet.” The asterism of the two main stars in the constellation Pegasus. ## Pūrvaka *sngon du ’gro ba*, Skt. *pūrvaka*, A great bodhisattva. ## Pūrvaphalgunī *gre*, Skt. *pūrvaphalgunī*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Delta Leonis in the occidental tradition. ## Pūrvaphālgunī *gre*, Skt. *pūrvaphālgunī*, A lunar mansion in the south. ## Pūrva­praṇidhi­nirmāṇa­candra *sngon gyi smon lam gyi ’phrul pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *pūrva­praṇidhi­nirmāṇa­candra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Pūrva­praṇidhāna­saṃcodana­svara *sngon gyi smon lam yongs su bskul ba’i sgra*, Skt. *pūrva­praṇidhāna­saṃcodana­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Pūrṇāvara *gang po ngan*, Skt. *pūrṇāvara*, Hearer present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Pārvatī *ri*, Skt. *pārvatī*, A goddess; wife of Śiva in the Purāṇic traditions. ## Pūrvavideha *lus ’phags po*, Skt. *pūrvavideha*, One of the four continents of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, it is situated to the east of Mount Sumeru. ## Pūrva­videha *lus ’phags*, Skt. *pūrva­videha*, The eastern continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, characterized as “sublime in physique” ## Pūrvāṣādhā The twentieth of the twenty-seven constellations, or nakṣatras, in Vedic astrology. Here it corresponds to the sixth month of the Tibetan calendar, when the moon is full in the constellation. ## Pūrvāṣāḍhā “Former Unconquered One.” The asterism of the two main stars in the archer part of the constellation Sagittarius. ## Prāvārika *dgag dbye can*, Skt. *prāvārika*, A mango forest. ## Pārāyaṇa *pha rol ’gro byed*, Skt. *pārāyaṇa*, A lost verse text, which was possibly a Mūla­sarvāstivādin counterpart of the Pārāyanavagga of the Suttanipāta in the Pāli canon and included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins. ## Pāṃsupiśācī *phyag dar khrod kyi sha za mo*, Skt. *pāṃsupiśācī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## psycho-physical aggregate *phung po*, Skt. *skandha*, See “five psycho-physical aggregates.” ## psychophysical bond *tshogs kyi mdud pa*, Skt. *kāyagrantha*, A set of four bonds that bind the psychophysical body (Skt. kāya, Tib. tshogs) to cyclic existence. See also ## Pīta *ser po*, Skt. *pīta*, See “Supīta.” ## pūta *srul po*, Skt. *pūta*, A class of spirits that seems to be identical with the pūtanas. ## Āpāta Skt. *āpāta*, One of the grahas. ## Pātanī *ltung byed ma*, Skt. *pātanī*, A deity personifying the true nature of the element of earth; a goddess invoked to cause downfall. ## Pūtanā *srul mo*, Skt. *pūtanā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## pūtana *srul po*, Skt. *pūtana*, A class of disease-causing spirits associated with cemeteries and dead bodies. The name probably derives from the Skt. pūta, “foul-smelling,” as reflected also in the Tib. srul po. The morbid condition caused by the spirit shares its name and comes in various forms, with symptoms such as fever, vomiting, diarrhea, skin eruptions, and festering wounds, the latter possibly explaining the association with bad smells. ## Pṛthakśravas “Distinct Renown,” one of the four kings who support the earth. ## Pṛthivī *sa*, Skt. *pṛthivī*, The earth personified; also, one of the rāśis. ## Pṛthivīdevatā *sa yi lha*, Skt. *pṛthivīdevatā*, The name of the earth deity. ## pṛthivī­dhātvaparyanta *sa’i khams mu med pa*, Skt. *pṛthivī­dhātvaparyanta*, Lit. “limitless earth element.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Pṛthivīvajrā *rdo rje sa*, Skt. *pṛthivīvajrā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Pṛthurāṣṭra *khams chen po*, Skt. *pṛthurāṣṭra*, A region in South India. ## Pṛthvī *sa*, Skt. *pṛthvī*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## Pātāla *sa’i ’og*, Skt. *pātāla*, The underworlds, of which there are said to be seven, include the realms of the daityas and yakṣas. The lowest is the realm of the nāgas. They are said to be pleasant and free from distress and even more beautiful than the higher realms. ## pātragata *snod du gyur pa*, Skt. *pātragata*, Lit. “become a vessel.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Pāṃśu *rdul gyi ri*, Skt. *pāṃśuparvatāḥ*, Unidentified mountains. ## Pāṇḍu *skya ba seng*, Skt. *pāṇḍu*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha, whose story features in the Mahābhārata. He could not produce descendants due to a curse, so his two wives conceived five children with different gods, after invoking them through a special mantra. Their sons became known as the five Pāṇḍava brothers. It’s for this reason that this text states this family has confused their genealogy. See . ## Puṇḍarīkā *pad ma dkar*, Skt. *puṇḍarīkā*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Puṇḍarīka *pad+ma dkar po*, Skt. *puṇḍarīka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Puṇḍavardhana *’phral ris ’phel*, Skt. *puṇḍavardhana*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Puchungwa, (Geshe) *phu chung ba*, one of the [Three Brothers](#three-brothers). ## Puṃgava *skyes mchog*, Skt. *puṃgava*, The 555th buddha in the first list, 555th in the second list, and 548th in the third list. ## Pāṃśughoṣa *rdul dbyangs*, Skt. *pāṃśughoṣa*, An ājīvika ascetic who asks King Puṇyabala, a previous life of the Buddha Śākyamuni, for his eyes and skin. ## Puṣkara *shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *puṣkara*, A buddha in the past. ## Puṣkarasārin “He Who Has the Essence of a Lotus.” A learned brahmin who lived in the district town of Utkaṭa upon its endowment by the king. In Pali sources, in which his name is Pokkharasāti, he is described as becoming a follower of the Buddha after regretfully sending his student Ambaṭṭha to him first (DN I 87ff.). Other students of his were Vāseṭṭha, who plays a key role in the Vāseṭṭha Sutta (Sn 115ff.), and Subha Todeyyaputta, who figures in the Subha Sutta (MN II 197ff.). In the Subha Sutta Pokkharasāti is said to belong to the Opamañña (Aupamanya) lineage of brahmins. ## pukṣayā An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Puṣkiriṇī *rdzing*, Skt. *puṣkiriṇī*, One of the groves in the realm of Thirty-Three. ## Pukkasī *puk+ka sI*, Skt. *pukkasī*, One of the female deities in the retinue of Hevajra. ## pukkasa *g.yung po*, Skt. *pukkasa*, The name of a group of people positioned outside, and thus below, the primary caste hierarchies of Indic society ## Pāṁśula *rdul ldan*, Skt. *pāṁśula*, The name of an ancient city ruled by King Diśāṃpati. Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana are said to have lived on the outskirts of this city during their former lifetimes as ascetics. ## Pulaha *spu zing sel*, Skt. *pulaha*, A lord of beings. ## Pulasti *pul sti*, Skt. *pulasti*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## Pulastya *mdun du bdar*, Skt. *pulastya*, A lord of beings. ## Pulina *ldan ba*, Skt. *pulina*, A south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra. ## Pulinda The name of a people in the southern part of the Indian subcontinent. ## Pulindo *pu lin do*, Skt. *pulindo*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## pulmonary consumption *skem pa*, Skt. *śoṣa*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Pulverizing *thal bar rlog*, Skt. *thal bar rlog*, Pulverizing (crushing into powder or dust), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthasiddhi (589 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## punala tree An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Punarnavā *pu na rna ba*, Skt. *punarnavā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Punarvasū *nab so*, Skt. *punarvasū*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Beta Geminorum in the occidental tradition. ## Punarvasu *nab so*, Skt. *punarvasu*, one of the notorious “group of six’ monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the [Buddha](#buddha)’s injunctions on conduct. Also known as Punarvasuka. ## Punarvasuka *nab so*, Skt. *punarvasuka*, A nāga. See also . ## punitive act *chad pa'i las*, Skt. *daṇḍakarman*, a generic name for [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s imposed by the [saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## Puṣpā *me tog*, Skt. *puṣpā*, The offering goddess of flowers. ## Puṣpa *me tog*, Skt. *puṣpa*, The 700th buddha in the first list, 699th in the second list, and 689th in the third list. ## Puṣpacitra *me tog sna tshogs pa*, Skt. *puṣpacitra*, Lit. “Different Flowers.” Name of one of four gardens in the residence of the bodhisattva great being Dharmodgata, in the city of Gandhavatī. ## Puṣpa­dama­sthita *dul gnas me tog*, Skt. *puṣpa­dama­sthita*, The 942nd buddha in the first list, 941st in the second list, and 932nd in the third list. ## Puṣpadantī *me tog so*, Skt. *puṣpadantī*, A rākṣasī known only from this sūtra. ## Puṣpadanta *me tog so*, Skt. *puṣpadanta*, A yakṣa general. ## Puṣpadatta *me tog byin*, Skt. *puṣpadatta*, The 436th buddha in the first list, 435th in the second list, and 429th in the third list. ## Puṣpakūṭā *me tog brtsegs ma*, Skt. *puṣpakūṭā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Puṣpaketu *me tog rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *puṣpaketu*, The 185th buddha in the first list, 184th in the second list, and 184th in the third list. ## Puṣpakāśika *me tog ka shi can*, Skt. *puṣpakāśika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Puṣpamāla *me tog phreng*, Skt. *puṣpamāla*, King on the third level of asuras, Excellent Abode. ## Puṣpapālaka Skt. *puṣpapālaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Puṣpaprabha *me tog ’od*, Skt. *puṣpaprabha*, The 799th buddha in the first list, 798th in the second list, and 788th in the third list. ## Puṣpa­śrī­garbha *me tog dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *puṣpa­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Puṣpaśrī­garbha­sarva­dharma­vaśavartin *me tog dpal gyi snying po chos thams cad la dbang sgyur ba*, Skt. *puṣpaśrī­garbha­sarva­dharma­vaśavartin*, Name of a bodhisattva in the eastern buddhafield Endowed with the Vast Display of the Precious Merits of Endless Qualities. ## Puṣpavatī *me tog can*, Skt. *puṣpavatī*, “With Flowers,” a world far to the north of Jambudvīpa, the buddha field of Resting in the Branches of Awakening from which the child bodhisattva Flower of Clairvoyance comes, having incarnated in the household of a general in Vaiśālī. ## Puṣpavati *me tog can*, Skt. *me tog can*, A buddha realm. ## Puṣpendra *me tog dbang po*, Skt. *puṣpendra*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Puṣpita *me tog rgyas*, Skt. *puṣpita*, The 567th buddha in the first list, 567th in the second list, and 560th in the third list. ## Puṣpākara *me tog ’byung gnas*, Skt. *puṣpākara*, Lit. “Flower Source.” Name of a future eon. ## Puṣpāvali Vanarāji Kusumitābhijña *me tog gi phreng ba nags tshal gyi phreng ba me tog kun tu rgyas pa mngon par mkhyen pa*, Skt. *puṣpāvali vanarāji kusumitābhijña*, A thus-gone one. ## Purāṇa *gna’ mi*, Skt. *purāṇa*, The Hundred Deeds appears to list him as one of the attendants of the queen in Śrāvastī during the time of the Buddha. Elsewhere he and his associate Datta are remembered as a ministers or attendants (sthapati) to King Prasenajit. ## Puṇḍra The name of a country in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent, situated in the upper delta region of present-day Bangladesh and West Bengal. ## Purāṇa Kāśyapa *’od srung rdzogs byed*, Skt. *purāṇa kāśyapa*, One of the six outsider teachers. ## Purañjaya *grong khyer rgyal*, Skt. *purañjaya*, A yakṣa general. ## Purandara A name of Śakra. The Sanskrit means “destroyer of strongholds.” ## Purastya *mdun du bdar*, Skt. *purastya*, A great ṛṣi. ## Puṇḍravardhana Literally “Abundant in Sugarcane,” an ancient city in Bengal, marking the eastern limit of Madhyadeśa and noted for its many nirgrantha (Jain) temples. ## Pure *rnam dag*, Skt. *rnam dag*, Pure (free from contamination or impurity), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Kṛtavarman. ## Pure Abiding *gtsang mar gnas*, Skt. *gtsang mar gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suvarṇottama (655 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Pure Abode *gnas gtsang ma’i ris*, Skt. *śuddha­nivāsa*, These realms and abodes denote the hierarchy of the gods who, in the manner of human beings and antigods, partake of the higher realms (svarga, mtho ris) of rebirth, but nonetheless remain trapped within cyclic existence. The gods altogether comprise (i) six god realms within the world system of desire, commencing with Catur­mahā­rāja­kāyika and Trayas­triṃśa, and concluding with Yāma, Tuṣita, Nirmāṇa­rata, and Para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin; (ii) the twelve Brahmā realms, extending from Brahmakāyika through Brahmapurohita, Mahā­brahmā, Parī­ttābha, A­pramāṇābha, Ābhāsvara, Parītta­śubha, A­pramāṇa­śubha, Śubha­kṛtsna, An­abhraka, and Puṇya­prasava to Bṛhat­phala, which are attained corresponding to lesser, middling, and higher degrees of the four meditative concentrations; and (iii) the five Pure Abodes at the pinnacle of the world system of form, extending from Avṛha, through Atapa, Su­dṛśa, and Sudarśana to Akaniṣṭha. See also and . This hierarchy is conveniently illustrated in the form of a chart. See, for example, Dudjom Rinpoche (1991): 14–15. ## Pure Abodes *gnas gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, The five Pure Abodes are the highest heavens of the form realm and result from mastery of the fourth meditative absorption. They comprise the heavens of the Insentient Beings, Unlofty Heaven, Sorrowless Heaven, Heaven of Sublime Vision, Heaven of Great Vision, and Highest Heaven. The Pure Abodes are never destroyed during the cycles of the destruction and creation of the universe. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the fourth meditative absorption. ## Pure and Immaculate King Who Arises from an Infinite Assembly of Qualities *shin tu dri ma med cing yongs su dag la yon tan gyi tshogs mtha’ yas pa las byung ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *shin tu dri ma med cing yongs su dag la yon tan gyi tshogs mtha’ yas pa las byung ba’i rgyal po*, The name of the Nāga King Sāgara when he attains buddhahood. ## Pure and Stainless Eyes *rnam par dag pa dri ma med pa’i mig*, Skt. *rnam par dag pa dri ma med pa’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Pure and Unstained *rnam par dag cing rdul bsags pa med*, Skt. *rnam par dag cing rdul bsags pa med*, The future buddha Samantadarśin’s buddha field. ## pure appearance *snang ba gsal ba*, Skt. *śuddha­pratibhāsa*, The 52nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## pure aspect *dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhi*, The pure aspect (usually a particular Buddhist category) of a ritual implement or any ordinary entity. ## Pure Body *lus dag*, Skt. *lus dag*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhubhadra. ## Pure Cause *rgyu dag pa*, Skt. *rgyu dag pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Pure City *grong khyer shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *grong khyer shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Name of a palace. ## Pure Clarity *gsal dag*, Skt. *gsal dag*, Father of the buddha Aśoka. ## pure conduct *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, In Buddhist traditions, “brahma conduct” tends to refer to celibacy in particular; in a broader sense, it refers to the conduct of those who have renounced worldly life and devoted themselves to spiritual study and practice. ## Pure Countenance *bzhin gtsang*, Skt. *bzhin gtsang*, Son of the buddha Priyābha. ## Pure Delight *dag par dga’*, Skt. *dag par dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Atiyaśas. ## Pure Direction *phyogs gtsang ma*, Skt. *phyogs gtsang ma*, A mountain in White Body. ## pure divine tribe of Go In the Catalog, presented as the fifth of five ancient ancestral clans of Tibet, from which the royal house of Degé descends. ## Pure Domain *yul shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *yul shin tu rnam par dag pa*, A universal monarch in the past who ruled over a world called Emanation. ## Pure Ethics *tshul khrims rnam dag*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: tshul khrims rnam par dag pa) ## Pure Eye *mig dag*, Skt. *mig dag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Meruyaśas. ## Pure Eyes *dag pa’i spyan*, Skt. *dag pa’i spyan*, A buddha. ## Pure Family *rigs btsun*, Skt. *rigs btsun*, A great bodhisattva. ## Pure Golden Light *gser bzangs ’od*, Skt. *gser bzangs ’od*, Name of a buddha of the past. ## Pure Immaculate Dwelling *yongs dag dri ma med par rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *yongs dag dri ma med par rab tu gnas pa*, A buddhafield in the northeastern direction, where the Tathāgata Immaculate Center of the Sky resides. ## Pure Incense Family *spos rigs btsun*, Skt. *spos rigs btsun*, A buddha realm. ## Pure Intellect *blo gros rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *blo gros rnam par dag pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pure Intelligence *blo gros gtsang ma*, Skt. *blo gros gtsang ma*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Pure Intention *dgongs pa sbyangs pa*, Skt. *dgongs pa sbyangs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśānta (704 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Pure Jewel *rin po che dag pa*, Skt. *rin po che dag pa*, The name of an eon. ## Pure Joy *dga’ ba sbyangs*, Skt. *dga’ ba sbyangs*, Mother of the buddha Padmaraśmi. ## Pure land *dag pa'i zhing*, a place or world manifested by a [Buddha](#buddha) or great [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) through the spontaneous qualities of his realization. There, beings can progress towards [enlightenment](#enlightenment) without falling back into the [lower realms](#lower-realms) of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra). Also, any place whatsoever, when it is perceived as a pure manifestation of spontaneous [wisdom](#wisdom). ## Pure Land of Bliss *bde ba can*, Skt. *Sukhāvatī*, the [Buddhafield](#buddhafield) of [Amitābha](#amitābha). ## Pure levels (three) *dag pa sa gsum*, the eighth, ninth and tenth [Bodhisattva levels](#bodhisattva-levels), thus called because [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) on these [levels](#levels) are totally free from the [obscuration of negative emotions](#obscurations-of-negative-emotions) (*nyon sgrib*). ## Pure Light *rnam dag ’od*, Skt. *rnam dag ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānin (685 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Pure Light of Language *tshig rnam par dag pa’i ’od*, Skt. *tshig rnam par dag pa’i ’od*, A bodhisattva. ## pure melody *sgra dbyangs rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *sgra dbyangs rnam par dag pa*, The name of a dhāraṇī. ## Pure Merit *bsod nams dag*, Skt. *bsod nams dag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānavara. ## Pure Mind *rnam dag blo*, Skt. *rnam dag blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nirjvara (240 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## pure motivation *lhag pa’i bsam pa*, Skt. *adhyāśaya*, A strong motivation or resolve to follow the Buddhist path and to alleviate the suffering of others. ## Pure perception *dag snang*, "the perception of all the world and its contents as a pure [Buddhafield](#buddhafield), as the display of [kāyas](#kāya) and [wisdoms](#wisdom)." DICT. ## pure realms *gnas gtsang ma’i ris*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, The five highest levels of the realm of form, which are above the realm of desire, in which our world is situated. ## Pure Roar *nga ro rnam dag*, Skt. *nga ro rnam dag*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kusumaprabha (831 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## pure sanctuary *dag pa dam pa*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, The 39th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Pure Space Activity *nam mkha’ rnam dag spyod pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ rnam dag spyod pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## pure supremacy *dag pa dam pa*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, A meditative stability. ## pure tune *sgra dbyangs rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhasvaranirghoṣā*, One of the twelve retentions of the bodhisattvas. ## Pure Venerable Family *rigs btsun pa rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *rigs btsun pa rnam par dag pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Pure Victor *rgyal ba dag pa*, Skt. *rgyal ba dag pa*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Pure View *lta ba yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *lta ba yongs su dag pa*, The realm of the Buddha Radiant King of Pure Light. ## purification *yongs su sbyang ba*, Skt. *parikarman*, A term meaning purity or purification and broadly referring to the process of purifying the mind of what obscures it in order to attain spiritual awakening. It is often paired with its opposite saṃkleśa, rendered here as “defilement.” ## purification ceremony *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, A twice monthly ceremony performed by monks, nuns, and novices in which the ordained confess and remedy transgressions of their vows, thereby purifying and restoring the vows. ## purification of defining characteristics *mtshan nyid yongs su sbyong ba*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa­pariśodhana*, The 96th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Purification of the Three Spheres *’khor gsum yongs su sbyang ba*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Purified *rnam par sel*, Skt. *rnam par sel*, Purified (made pure or free from impurity), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Purified Aspiration *smon lam sbyangs pa*, Skt. *smon lam sbyangs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Priyacandra (770 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Purified by the Melody of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs kyis sel ba*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i dbyangs kyis sel ba*, Father of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## Purified Eye *mig sbyangs pa*, Skt. *mig sbyangs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subuddhinetra. ## Purified Eyes *rnam par sangs ba’i mig*, Skt. *rnam par sangs ba’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Purified Insight *shes rab rnam par sbyangs*, Skt. *shes rab rnam par sbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## Purified Intelligence *sbyangs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sbyangs pa’i blo gros*, A bodhisattva. ## Purified Mind *yid sbyangs pa*, Skt. *yid sbyangs pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnārci. ## purified of the three spheres *’khor gsum yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *trimaṇḍala­pari­śuddhi*, Empty of the three spheres of agent, action, and object. ## Purified Roar *nga ro sbyangs pa*, Skt. *nga ro sbyangs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇya (978 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Purified, Steadfast, and Exalted *yongs dag rab gnas mngon par ’phags*, A world system in the northwestern direction, presently the realm of the buddha named Tamer of Bodhisattvas. ## Purifier *dag byed*, Skt. *dag byed*, Purifier (one who or that which purifies), also the name of a son of the buddha Chedana. ## Purifier of Existence *srid pa sel*, Skt. *srid pa sel*, A great bodhisattva. ## Purifying *yongs su dag par byed pa*, Skt. *yongs su dag par byed pa*, Purifying (making pure or clean), also the name of the buddha field of the Buddha King of the Lunar Lamp. ## Purifying All Karmic Obscurations and Fulfilling All Hopes *las kyi sgrub pa thams cad rnam par sbyong zhing re ba thams cad yongs su skong ba*, Skt. *las kyi sgrub pa thams cad rnam par sbyong zhing re ba thams cad yongs su skong ba*, An alternate title for The Detailed Account of the Previous Aspirations of the Thus-Gone Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha. ## purifying buddha realms *zhing yongs su sbyong ba*, Skt. *kṣetra-pariśodhana*, The process by which bodhisattvas manifest the realms in which they will enact their awakened activity. ## Purifying the World *’jig rten rnam par dag byed*, Skt. *’jig rten rnam par dag byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhānumat. ## purities *rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhi*, The pure category, usually beyond the mundane, represented by any ritual implement, iconographic feature, or any other tangible element of worship. ## purity *yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *pariśuddhi*, A monk’s “purity” is lost when he incurs an offense, but he can restore his purity by confessing and making amends appropriate to that class of offense. All monks on site must profess their purity before The Prātimokṣa Sūtra is recited during the restoration rite. If a monk cannot attend, he must profess his purity through a proxy, who conveys it to the saṅgha. See Kalyāṇamitra (F.318.a–b). ## Purity and Truth *gtsang zhing bden pa’i mtshams*, Skt. *gtsang zhing bden pa’i mtshams*, The name of a future eon. ## purity of ethical discipline *tshul khrims yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *śīlaviśuddhi*, First of the eight attributes of the second level. ## purity of the three spheres *’khor gsum yong su dag pa*, Skt. *trimaṇḍala­pari­śuddha*, Freedom from subject, object, and action. The name of an absorption, mentioned for example in The Perfection of Wisdom in Eighteen Thousand Lines (Toh 10), . ## purity of their merit *yon yongs su sbyong ba chen po*, Skt. *mahādakṣiṇāpariṣodhakaḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 1113. ## purpose *dmigs pa*, Skt. *ālambana*, In the Potala manuscript, the term is rendered as ārambaṇa, which is an equivalent term in Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit. ## purposeful activity *don spyad pa*, Skt. *arthacaryā*, Third of the four attractive qualities of a bodhisattva. ## Purposeful Compelling Leader *don yod khyu mchog rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *don yod khyu mchog rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## purposeful expressions *ched du brjod pa’i sde*, Skt. *udāna*, One among the twelve sections of scripture. ## purslane *lo Ni ya*, Skt. *loṇikā*, Portulaca oleracea, Portulaca quadrifida. ## Pursuer of Wisdom *ye shes lhur len pa*, Skt. *ye shes lhur len pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## pursuing A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## pursuing of all essentials *snying po thams cad kyi rjes su song ba*, Skt. *sarva­sārānugato*, The thirty-ninth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Pursuit of Infinite Qualities *mtha’ yas yon tan don*, Skt. *mtha’ yas yon tan don*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Surūpa. ## pursuit of the stream *rgyun gyi rjes su song ba*, Skt. *śroto’nugata*, The 27th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## puruṣa *skyes bu*, Skt. *puruṣa*, A fundamental ontological principle of the non-Buddhist Sāṅkhya tradition, puruṣa is the basic mode of timeless awareness. When puruṣa comes into contact with prakṛti, the undifferentiated potentiality that contains all possible transformations of thought and matter, prakṛti begins a sequential unfolding of internal and external metaphysical principles, thereby creating the known world. Puruṣa remains as the eternal, passive witness to this creation, until such time as puruṣa withdraws from prakṛti, thereby ending the process of creation and manifestation. ## Puruṣadatta *skyes bus byin*, Skt. *puruṣadatta*, The 245th buddha in the first list, 244th in the second list, and 244th in the third list. ## Puruṣa­kārā­śrayā *mthu rtsal gyi gnas*, Skt. *puruṣa­kārā­śrayā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## puruṣamedha The Vedic ritual of human sacrifice. ## pustule Raised boils on the skin. ## Putrīvaṭa *bu mo ’jug*, Skt. *putrīvaṭa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Puṣyā *rgyal*, Skt. *puṣyā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Delta Cancri in the occidental tradition. ## Puṇya *bsod nams*, Skt. *puṇya*, The 221st buddha in the first list, 220th in the second list, and 220th in the third list. ## Puṣya *rgyal ba*, Skt. *puṣya*, One of the twenty-eight asterisms or constellations that the sun passes through during the course of a year, which are “lunar mansions” in the plane of the sky. It is composed of the three star systems: Gamma Cancri, Delta Cancri, and Theta Cancri. In the Western zodiac it is equivalent to the very end of Cancer and nearly half of Leo—in other words, the end of July and the first part of August. ## Puṇyabala *bsod nams kyi stobs*, Skt. *puṇyabala*, The name means “Power of Merit”; he is a leading character in a number of the Buddha’s past life stories. In The Exemplary Tale of Puṇyabala, the Buddha tells of his past life as Prince Puṇyabala, whose compassionate acts of generosity demonstrated that merit is the most prized possession of human beings. ## Puṇyabala­sāla­rāja *bsod nams stobs sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *puṇyabala­sāla­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. It is also the name given for a buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Puṇyabāhu *bsod nams lag*, Skt. *puṇyabāhu*, The 618th buddha in the first list, 617th in the second list, and 610th in the third list. ## Puṇyadhvaja *bsod nams rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *puṇyadhvaja*, The 779th buddha in the first list, 778th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Puṇyahastin *bsod nams glang po*, Skt. *puṇyahastin*, The 537th buddha in the first list, 537th in the second list, and 530th in the third list. ## Puṇyaketu *bsod nams dpal*, Skt. *puṇyaketu*, A bodhisattva. ## Puṇya­ketu *bsod nams dpal*, Skt. *puṇya­ketu*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Puṇya­kusuma­prabha *me tog dam pa’i bsod nams kyi ’od*, Skt. *puṇya­kusuma­prabha*, Name of the park where the Goddess Śrī dwells, not far from Alakāvati, the kingdom of the great king Vaiśravaṇa. ## Puṇyamati *bsod nams blo gros*, Skt. *puṇyamati*, The 951st buddha in the first list, 950th in the second list, and 941st in the third list. ## Puṇyamatin *bsod nams blo gros*, Skt. *puṇyamatin*, A prince in the distant past. ## Puṇya­megha­cūḍa *bsod nams sna tshogs kyi sprin*, Skt. *puṇya­megha­cūḍa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Puṇya­parvata­tejas *bsod nams ri bo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *puṇya­parvata­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Puṇyaprabha *bsod nams ’od*, Skt. *puṇyaprabha*, A buddha. In Toh 555, his name is given as “Radiance of Excellent Qualities” (yon tan legs pa’i ’od). ## Puṇya­prabha *bsod nams kyi ’od*, Skt. *puṇya­prabha*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Puṇya­prabhāsa­śri­śānta­śrī *bsod nams rab tu snang dpal zhi ba’i dpal*, Skt. *puṇya­prabhāsa­śri­śānta­śrī*, The sixty-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS in verse: Puṇya­prabhāsa­śiri­śānta­śirī. ## Puṇyapradīpa *bsod nams sgron ma*, Skt. *puṇyapradīpa*, The 988th buddha in the first list, 987th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Puṇya­pradīpa­dhvaja *bsod nams sgron ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *puṇya­pradīpa­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Puṇya­pradīpa­rāja *bsod nams sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *puṇya­pradīpa­rāja*, The 848th buddha in the first list, 847th in the second list, and 837th in the third list. ## Puṇya­pradīpa­saṃpatketu­prabhā *bsod nams sgron ma phun sum tshogs pa kun nas dpal gyi ’od*, Skt. *puṇya­pradīpa­saṃpatketu­prabhā*, A bodhimaṇḍa goddess in a world in the eastern direction in a past kalpa, a previous life of the night goddess Praśanta­ruta­sāgara­vatī. ## Puṇya­pradīpa­saṃpatsamanta­ketu­prabhā *bsod nams sgron ma phun sum tshogs pa kun nas dpal gyi ’od*, Skt. *puṇya­pradīpa­saṃpatsamanta­ketu­prabhā*, A bodhi-tree goddess, a past life of Praśanta­ruta­sāgara­vatī. ## Puṇyaprasava *bsod nams ’phel*, Skt. *puṇyaprasava*, Literally meaning “Increasing Merit,” the more usual name for what is, in the Prajñāpāramitā literature, the fifteenth of the sixteen levels of the god realm of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, and in this text and in the Hundred Thousand is instead rendered Apramāṇabṛhat (q.v.). Puṇyaprasava is used in the later Sanskrit manuscripts that correspond more closely to the eight-chapter Tengyur version of this text. In other genres, it is the eleventh of twelve levels corresponding to the four meditative concentrations. ## Puṇya­prasava *bsod nams ’phel ba*, Skt. *puṇya­prasava*, In the Sarvāstivada tradition, the second highest of the three paradises that correspond to the fourth dhyāna in the form realm. ## Puṇyapriya *bsod nams dgyes*, Skt. *puṇyapriya*, The 917th buddha in the first list, 916th in the second list, and 907th in the third list. ## Puñyaraśmi *bsod nams ’od zer*, Skt. *puñyaraśmi*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Puṇyaraśmi *bsod nams ’od zer*, Skt. *puṇyaraśmi*, The 602nd buddha in the first list, 601st in the second list, and 595th in the third list. ## Puṇya­śrī­garbha *bsod nams dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *puṇya­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Puṇyarāśi *bsod nams phung po*, Skt. *puṇyarāśi*, The 569th buddha in the first list, 569th in the second list, and 562nd in the third list. ## Puṇyasama *bsod nams mnyam*, Skt. *puṇyasama*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Puṇya­sumerūdgata *bsod nams ri bos ’phags pa*, Skt. *puṇya­sumerūdgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Puṇya­sumeru *bsod nams ri rab*, Skt. *puṇya­sumeru*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Puṇyatejas *bsod nams gzi*, Skt. *puṇyatejas*, The 525th buddha in the first list, 525th in the second list, and 518th in the third list. ## Puṇyābha *bson nams ’od*, Skt. *puṇyābha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; a bodhisattva (possibly a short version of the name Svabhāva­puṇyābha). ## Puṅyālaṃkāra *bsod nams brgyan*, Skt. *puṅyālaṃkāra*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Puṇyodgata *bsod nams ’phags*, Skt. *puṇyodgata*, An ancient king. ## Puṇyottama *bsod nams mchog*, Skt. *puṇyottama*, Lit. “Supreme Merit.” A prince, son of King Vīradatta and Queen Precious. ## Pāvā *sdig pa can*, Skt. *pāvā*, A city near Rājagṛha. ## Pāvakī *’tshed pa ma*, Skt. *pāvakī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Pāvaka Agni *mang sa be da’o zhes bya ba’i me lha*, Skt. *pāvakāgni­devatā*, The name of a particular form of Agni in the Brāhmaṇas and Purāṇas. The relationship between the Tibetan for this term and the Sanskrit is unclear. ## Pāyila *btung ’dzin*, Skt. *pāyila*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## pyrexia *lus tsha ba*, Skt. *aṅgadāha*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. The correct Sanskrit may be agnidāha. ## Qualities *yon tan*, Skt. *yon tan*, Qualities (distinctive attributes or characteristics), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­raśmi. ## Qualities Accumulated *yon tan bsags*, Skt. *yon tan bsags*, Mother of the buddha Kusumaparvata. ## Qualities Ascertained *yon tan nges*, Skt. *yon tan nges*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Qualities Assembled *yon tan tshogs*, Skt. *yon tan tshogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tacchaya. ## Qualities in All Regards *kun du yon tan*, Skt. *kun du yon tan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa. ## qualities of buddhahood *sangs rgyas kyi chos*, Skt. *buddhadharma*, The specific qualities of a buddha; may sometimes be used as a general term, and sometimes referring to sets such as the ten strengths, the four fearlessnesses, the four correct discriminations, the eighteen unique qualities of buddhahood, and so forth; or, more specifically, to another set of eighteen: the ten strengths; the four fearlessnesses; mindfulness of body, speech, and mind; and great compassion. Alternatively, in the context of this sūtra, see Chapter Six. ## Qualities of Certainty *yon tan nges*, Skt. *yon tan nges*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dundubhi­megha­svara. ## Qualities of Clear Faculties *yon tan dbang po gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan dbang po gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇabala. ## Qualities of Fragrance and Light *yon tan spos ’od*, Skt. *yon tan spos ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇasāgara. ## Qualities of Insight *shes rab yon tan*, Skt. *shes rab yon tan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Meruraśmi. ## Qualities of Intelligence *yon tan blo gros*, Skt. *yon tan blo gros*, Attendant of the buddha Sunetra. ## Qualities of Joy *yon tan dga’ ba*, Skt. *yon tan dga’ ba*, Son of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Qualities of Power *yon tan mthu rtsal*, Skt. *yon tan mthu rtsal*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmavikrāmin. ## Qualities of Splendor *yon tan gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajrasena. ## qualities of stability and skill *brtan mkhas kyi yon tan*, to [accept charge of](#accept-charge-of) monk [apprentice](#apprentice)s and monk journeymen, a monk must himself be both [stable](#stable), meaning he has been ordained at least five or ten years without incurring an offense, and knowledgeable, meaning he has at least one of the twenty-one sets of five qualities described in “The Chapter on Going Forth.” ## Qualities of Superknowledge *yon tan mngon shes*, Skt. *yon tan mngon shes*, Mother of the buddha Abhijñāketu. ## qualities of the ascetic *sbyangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *dhūtaguṇa*, These are listed as twelve at . ## Qualities of Wealth *’byor pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *’byor pa’i yon tan*, Father of the buddha Vighuṣṭatejas. ## qualities that are conducive to awakening List of thirty-seven mental factors the cultivation of which is said to lead to the achievement of awakening (bodhi), including the four applications of mindfulness, the four foundations for superhuman power, the four right efforts, the five powers, the five spiritual faculties, the eightfold path, and the seven constitutive factors of awakening. ## Qualities Worthy of Worship *yon tan mchod gnas*, Skt. *yon tan mchod gnas*, Father of the buddha Jñānākara. ## quality *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, See “dharma.” ## quality of spiritual practice *dge sbyong gi chos*, Skt. *śramaṇadharma*, See Anālayo 2009 for this concept in early Buddhist sources. ## quartan fevers *nyin bzhi pa*, Skt. *cāturthaka*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## queen *btsun mo*, Skt. *yoṣitā*, In Tibetan, btsun mo is an honorific term for a woman of rank, also understood to mean lady, queen, or consort. ## Queen Free from Doubt about the Welfare of Sentient Beings *sems can gyi don la rnam par gdon mi za ba’i rgyal mo*, Skt. *sems can gyi don la rnam par gdon mi za ba’i rgyal mo*, Mother of the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi. ## Queen of the Array of the Ornaments of Acumen *spobs pa’i rgyan bkod pa’i rgyal mo*, Skt. *spobs pa’i rgyan bkod pa’i rgyal mo*, Mother of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Queen of Virtue *dge rgyal ma*, Skt. *dge rgyal ma*, Mother of the buddha Samṛddha. ## quicksilver Another term for mercury (rasa). ## Quintessence of the Sun’s Energy *nyi ma’i shugs kyi snying po*, Skt. *nyi ma’i shugs kyi snying po*, A bodhisattva residing in a buddha realm in the eastern direction at the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## quintillion *bye ba khrag khrig brgya stong phrag*, Skt. *koṭi­nayuta­śata­sahasra*, Quintillion (a million million million) is here derived from the classical meaning of nayuta as “a million.” The Tibetan gives nayuta a value of a hundred thousand million, so that the entire number would mean a hundred thousand quintillion. ## quotations *’di ltar ’das pa*, Skt. *itivṛttaka*, Seventh of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## Īrā Skt. *īrā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Śrī *dpal*, Skt. *śrī*, The great goddess Śrī, better known as Lakṣmī, who promises to aid those who recite this sūtra and to ensure its preservation so that beings will have good fortune. She dwells in a palace in the paradise of Alakāvati. ## ūrṇā *mdzod spus*, Skt. *ūrṇā*, A circle of hair located between the eyebrows. It is considered an auspicious mark and is included in some lists of the thirty-two major marks of a great being. In images it is often depicted as a gem between the eyebrows. ## Śrī Amitābha *snang ba mtha’ yas dpal*, Skt. *śrī amitābha*, A buddha. ## ūrṇā hair *mdzod spu*, Skt. *ūrṇākośa*, One of the thirty-two signs of a great being, it is a coiled white hair between the eyebrows. Literally, the Sanskrit ūrṇā means “wool hair,” and kośa means “treasure.” ## Śrī Mahādevī *dpal lha mo chen mo*, Skt. *śrī mahādevī*, “Glorious Great Goddess.” This is also a widespread name in Hindu contexts; it is, for example, an epithet of Śiva’s consort, but this name could refer to a number of different figures. ## Śrī Siṃha *dpal gyi seng ge* (4th century), the third human teacher in the lineage of transmission of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection) teachings, [disciple](#disciple) of [Mañjuśrīmitra](#mañjuśrīmitra). ## Śūra *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *śūra*, The 219th buddha in the first list, 218th in the second list, and 218th in the third list. ## Ūrṇa *mdzod pu*, Skt. *ūrṇa*, The 983rd buddha in the first list, 982nd in the second list, and 973rd in the third list. ## Ra Gelong Chörap The great editor and translator Ra Gelong Chörap was active during the eleventh century and is one of the translators of Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## ūrṇa hair *mdzod spu*, Skt. *ūrṇakeśa*, A hair between the eyebrows of a buddha. One of the marks of an awakened being. ## Ārāḍa Kālāma *sgyu rtsal shes kyi bu ring ’phur*, Skt. *ārāḍa kālāma*, The first spiritual teacher Prince Siddhārtha studied with after leaving his home. ## Āḷāra Kālāma *sgyu rtsal shes kyi bu ring du ’phur*, Skt. *āḷāra kālāma*, A Sāṃkhya teacher with whom Siddhārtha studied. ## Ra Lotsāwa Dorjé Drak Ra Lotsāwa Dorjé Drakpa (rwa lo tsā ba rdo rje grags pa, c. 1016–1128) was an important translator and lineage holder of the Vajrabhairava teachings. He received his main tantric training (Vajrabhairava and Vajravārāhī) in Nepal under the master Bharo Chakdum (bha ro phyag rdum). ## raṇḍa *raN+Da*, Skt. *raṇḍa*, This term can be a name of various plants. ## raṇapaṇa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## raṇasāsura An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Śūrabala Vajrapāṇi in a previous life as a bodhisattva during the lifetime of the buddha Vaiśramaṇa who engages that buddha in a dialogue in one chapter of this sūtra. His name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## rabbit belly *ri bong lto*, Skt. *ri bong lto*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Rabbit Words *ri bong tshig*, Skt. *ri bong tshig*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Ārabdhavīrya *brtson grus brtsams*, Skt. *ārabdhavīrya*, A bodhisattva. ## Śūrabhala *dpa’ stobs*, Skt. *śūrabhala*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Racanārci­parvata­pradīpa *rin chen ’od ’phro ri sgron*, Skt. *racanārci­parvata­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Śūradatta A bodhisatva in the distant past, in a realm to the east, during the appearance of the Buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Śraddhā *re*, Skt. *śraddhā*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## Radhā An unidentified country. ## Śūradhvaja *dpa’ ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *śūradhvaja*, The seventy-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Radiance *’od ’phro*, Skt. *’od ’phro*, Radiance (brilliant light; brightness), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candra (354 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiance Adorned with the Moon *zla bas rab tu brgyan pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *zla bas rab tu brgyan pa’i ’od zer*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subhaga. ## Radiance for Wandering Beings *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Son of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Radiance Gift *’od zer byin*, Skt. *’od zer byin*, Son of the buddha Raśmirāja. ## Radiance of a Hundred Golden Lights *gser brgya’i ’od zer gser du snang ba*, A buddha in the distant future who is Rūpyaprabha, the son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu, in the time of Śākyamuni. (Toh 555: gser tog ‘od; Suvarṇaketuprabha) ## Radiance of a Hundred Suns’ Illuminating Essence *nyi ma brgya’i ’od zer snang ba’i snying po*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: Suvarṇa­śata­prabhā­garbha; gser brgya’i ’od kyi rnying po) ## Radiance of Excellent Qualities *bsod nams ’od*, Skt. *puṇyaprabha*, A buddha. ## Radiance of Liberation *rnam grol ’od zer*, Skt. *rnam grol ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnapāṇi (673 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiance of Merit *bsod nams ’od zer*, Skt. *bsod nams ’od zer*, Son of the buddha Balasena. ## Radiance of Perfect Wisdom *blo rdzogs ’od zer*, Skt. *blo rdzogs ’od zer*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kusumaparvata. ## Radiance of Qualities *yon tan ’od ’phro can*, Skt. *yon tan ’od ’phro can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## Radiance of Splendid Reasoning *rigs pa’i gzi byin ’od zer*, Skt. *rigs pa’i gzi byin ’od zer*, Mother of the buddha Tejorāja. ## Radiance of the Gathering *tshogs kyi ’od zer*, Skt. *tshogs kyi ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānakrama (473 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiance of the Sun *nyi ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *nyi ma’i ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidyutketu (253 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiance of the World *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *’gro ba’i ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnaprabha (554 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiance of Wisdom *ye shes ’od zer*, Skt. *ye shes ’od zer*, Attendant of the buddha Vigataśoka. ## Radiant *’od byed*, Skt. *’od byed*, Radiant (emitting light; shining brightly), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga (716 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Appearance *blta na ’od chags*, Skt. *blta na ’od chags*, A peacock king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Radiant Arising *skye ba’i ’od*, Skt. *skye ba’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Radiant Astrologer *skar mkhan ’od*, Skt. *skar mkhan ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Laḍitakṣetra. ## Radiant Attention *sems pa ’od*, Skt. *sems pa ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maṇicaraṇa. ## Radiant Bull *skar ma’i khyu mchog*, One of the thirty million brahmin pupils of the brahmin Samudrareṇu, whom the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will become the Buddha Ratna­cchatrābhyudgata­raśmi in the realm Rutasañcaya. ## Radiant Clouds *sprin gyi ’od*, Skt. *sprin gyi ’od*, Mother of the buddha Arthavādin. ## Radiant Crest *tog gi ’od*, Skt. *tog gi ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Pradyotarāja. ## Radiant Disk That Is the Source of Infinite Wisdom *’od kyi dkyil ’khor ye shes mtha’ yas ’byung gnas*, Skt. *’od kyi dkyil ’khor ye shes mtha’ yas ’byung gnas*, A buddha. ## Radiant Fire *me ’od*, Skt. *me ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Radiant Flower Display *me tog ’od bkod*, A buddha. (Toh 555: me tog bkod pa’i ’od) ## Radiant Flower of the Realization of Immortality *’chi med rtogs pa’i me tog ’od zer can*, Skt. *’chi med rtogs pa’i me tog ’od zer can*, A buddha. ## Radiant Flowers *me tog ’od zer*, Skt. *me tog ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padma (98 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Gift *’od zer byin*, Skt. *’od zer byin*, Attendant of the buddha Druma. ## Radiant Heaven *’od gsal*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, third of three levels of the second dhyāna realm. ## Radiant Incense *kun du spos kyi ’od zer*, Skt. *kun du spos kyi ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Radiant Jewel A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Radiant Jewel Qualities *yon tan rin chen ’phro*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen ’phro*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇavīrya. ## Radiant King *’od byed rgyal po*, Skt. *’od byed rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavīrya. ## Radiant King of Pure Light *’od rnam par dag pa’i ’od zer rgyal po*, Skt. *’od rnam par dag pa’i ’od zer rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Radiant Leader *gtso ’od ma*, Skt. *gtso ’od ma*, Mother of the buddha Jñānaruta. ## Radiant Light *’od gsal*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, Third of three heavens of gods on the second concentration level. ## Radiant Light of the Qualities of Contentment *chog shes yon tan gzi brjid ’od*, Skt. *chog shes yon tan gzi brjid ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## Radiant Lotus *pad ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *pad ma’i ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Saṃgīti (949 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Mass of Splendor *gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Skt. *gzi brjid phung po’i ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śrīdeva (38 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Mind *blo ’od ma*, Skt. *blo ’od ma*, Mother of the buddha Suprabha. ## Radiant Moon *’od zer zla ba*, Skt. *’od zer zla ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Subāhu. ## Radiant Mountain *lhun po’i ’od zer*, Skt. *lhun po’i ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Atiyaśas (166 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Nectar *bdud rtsi’i ’od zer*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dṛḍhasvara (988 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Sacrifice *sbyin sreg ’od ’phro*, Skt. *sbyin sreg ’od ’phro*, Father of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Radiant Source of Gnosis *ye shes ’byung gnas ’od*, Skt. *ye shes ’byung gnas ’od*, The name of a tathāgata in this discourse. ## Radiant Splendor *gzi brjid rab gsal*, Skt. *gzi brjid rab gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Radiant Streams *chu klung ’od ’byin*, Skt. *chu klung ’od ’byin*, A mountain in Moving in Vast Environments. ## Radiant Treasure *dbyig gi ’od*, Skt. *dbyig gi ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnayaśas (396 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Wealth *’byor ldan ’od zer*, Skt. *’byor ldan ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajrasena (245 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Radiant Wisdom *ye shes ’od zer*, Skt. *ye shes ’od zer*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jagattoṣaṇa. ## Radiating Diamond Light *nor bu’i snying po’i ’od ’phro ba*, Skt. *nor bu’i snying po’i ’od ’phro ba*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Radiating Lions’ Features *seng ge’i mtshan nyid ’od ’phro ba*, Skt. *siṃhalakṣaṇārci*, A bodhisattva. ## Radiating Luminous Incense *spos kyi ’od zer rab tu ’gyed pa*, Skt. *spos kyi ’od zer rab tu ’gyed pa*, The bodhisattva who resides at a place called Gandhamādana. ## Radical Ascent *shin tu gyen du gshegs*, Skt. *shin tu gyen du gshegs*, A buddha. ## radish *la phug*, Skt. *mūlaka*, The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati specifies that this is a type of mustard root (yungs ma) and describes it as “the most supreme of all foods,” that is said to contain the eight supreme flavors (bitter; sour; astringent; sweet; spicy; salty; juicy; and savory) that act as antidotes to eight classes of diseases. It is also used as one of the primary bali offerings (gtor ma, bali) that is offered to Gaṇapati. ## Śāradvatīputra *sha ra dwa ti’i bu*, Skt. *śāradvatīputra*, Also known as Śāriputra. Along with Maudgalyāyana, he was one of the Buddha Śākyamuni’s two main bhikṣu disciples, renowned for his wisdom and pure observance of discipline. His father, Tiṣya, named him Śāriputra (Śārikā’s Son) to honor Śāriputra’s mother Śārikā. ## Śāradvatī­putra *sha ra dwa ti’i bu*, Skt. *śāradvatī­putra*, More widely known as Śāriputra—the contracted version of his name—he was one of the Buddha’s foremost hearer disciples. Renowned for unparalleled knowledge of the teachings. ## Raṇemin *g.yul gyi mu khyud*, Skt. *raṇemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## rag *ras*, Skt. *karpaṭa*, This can refer to any worn out or soiled cloth, often derived from an impure source. It can serve as the surface on which a diagram or image is drawn, a mantra is written, or it can be a material ingredient for a specified rite. ## śūraṅgama *dpa’ bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *śūraṅgama*, Lit. “heroic march.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## śūraṃgama absorption *brgyan pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *śūraṃgama­samādhi*, The Tibetan here, which could be translated “the ornamented absorption,” is tentatively assumed to represent the same absorption as the Chinese, usually used for the śūraṃgama absorption, a meditative state that enables one to overcome obstacles, with widespread mentions in the canonical texts but in Tibetan usually rendered dpa’ bar ’gro ba’i ting nge ’dzin. ## raging fever *rims drag po*, Skt. *prajvara*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Rahagarjita *gsang bsgrags*, Skt. *rahagarjita*, A bodhisattva sent by the Buddha Vimalateja­guṇa­rāja to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Rahuśa *ra hu sha*, Skt. *ra hu sha*, Son of the buddha Dharmakīrti. ## railing *kha khyer*, Skt. *vedikā*, The Blessed One ordered railings be built on the second story of meditation halls to prevent monks from falling to the ground. This word can also mean “balcony.” ## Rain Cloud *char sprin gyi sprin*, Skt. *char sprin gyi sprin*, A tathāgata. ## Rain of Burning Stones *rdo me ’bar ba char ltar ’bab pa*, Skt. *rdo me ’bar ba char ltar ’bab pa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Rain of Jambu Gold *’dzam bu na da char ’bebs*, Skt. *’dzam bu na da char ’bebs*, A forest in Born in a Lap. ## Rain of the Sacred Dharma *dam pa’i chos kyi char phab*, Skt. *dam pa’i chos kyi char phab*, A stūpa. ## Rain of Tossed Lotuses *pad ma rab tu gtor ba’i char pa*, Skt. *pad ma rab tu gtor ba’i char pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Rain of Weapons *mtshon ’bab pa*, Skt. *śastrasāmpāti*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Rain River *char dang char gyi rjes su ’byung ba’i chu klung*, Skt. *char dang char gyi rjes su ’byung ba’i chu klung*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Rainfall *char ’bebs*, Skt. *char ’bebs*, Rainfall (the fall of rain, or the amount that falls), also the name of a virtuous nāga king. ## Rainfall from the Clouds of Dharma *chos kyi sprin gyi char rab tu ’babs pa*, Skt. *chos kyi sprin gyi char rab tu ’babs pa*, A buddha. ## raised uṣṇīṣa *gtsug tor ’phags pa*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣonnata*, The uṣṇīṣa, described in this text as “raised” (Skt. unnata) is one of the most prominent of the thirty-two signs of a great being and is often placed first or last in the list. In its simplest form it is an elevated shape of the head, like a turban (the Sanskrit term uṣṇīṣa in fact means “turban”), or more elaborately a dome-shaped extension. The extension is described as having various magical attributes such as emitting and absorbing rays of light or reaching such an immense height that the gods are incapable of flying over it. ## Raivata *nam gru*, Skt. *raivata*, A sagely priest who hosts Prince Siddhārtha after he leaves his home. ## Raja *rdul*, Skt. *raja*, One of the rāśis. ## Rajaniṃdhara *mtshan mo ’dzin*, Skt. *rajaniṃdhara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## rajas *rdul*, Skt. *rajas*, One of the three principles or forces of nature, as known in the Sāṃkhya philosophy, characterized by energy and movement. ## rajobhuva *rdul tshon sa*, Skt. *rajobhuva*, A particular part of the maṇḍala (?); the Tibetan reads “sand-colored ground”. ## rajopagata *rdul dang bral ba*, Skt. *rajopagata*, Lit. “dust free.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Rajovimala­tejaḥśrī *gzi brjid rdul gyi dri ma myed pa*, Skt. *rajovimala­tejaḥśrī*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Rakṣaka *srung ba po*, Skt. *rakṣaka*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Ārakṣapati Megheśvaradīpa *kun tu srung ba’i bdag po sprin gyi dbang phyug mar me*, Skt. *kun tu srung ba’i bdag po sprin gyi dbang phyug mar me*, A buddha. ## Rakṣitikā *srung ba mo*, Skt. *rakṣitikā*, A great piśācī. ## Raktamāli *dmar phreng can*, Skt. *raktamāli*, A nāga king. ## Raktāṅga *lus dmar po*, Skt. *raktāṅga*, An esoteric deity, sometimes counted as a king of vidyās (vidyārāja). ## Ralpachen *khri ral pa can*, Skt. *khri ral pa can*, Considered to be the third great Dharma king of Tibet, he was the grandson of Trisong Detsen and reigned from 815 to 838 or 841. His reign saw the expansion of Tibet’s political dominion to its greatest extent, and a significant continuation of the “early period” of imperially sponsored text translation, the end of which is traditionally marked by the end of his reign. ## Ralpachen’s Six Volume Hundred Thousand A manuscript translation of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines that appears to have been named after Ralpachen, the forty-first king of Tibet. ## Ram A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Raśmī *’od can ma*, Skt. *raśmī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## śramaṇa *dge sbyong*, Skt. *śramaṇa*, The word śramaṇa refers to ascetics/religious practitioners who are often distinguished from brāhmaṇa (brahmins). It seems that a common characteristic of śramaṇas was to have “gone forth” (pravrajita), i.e., to not be householders, or at least this is how the Buddhist commentarial tradition understands the term. At some point, the term also became an established way to distinguish non-Vedic ascetics from those who followed the Vedas; renunciates, not just Buddhists, could be called śramaṇa if they were not within the Vedic/brahminical fold. Thus, the term has several layers of meaning, and it was such a key term in Buddhist texts that the result of practice came also to be known as “the fruit of being a śramaṇa” (Skt. śrāmaṇyaphala, Pāli sāmaññaphala); the Buddha himself is epitomized as “the great śramaṇa” (mahāśramaṇa) in one of the most famous Buddhist verses (the ye dharmā stanza, found in colophons and epigraphy throughout the Buddhist world). The term śramaṇa is formed from the root śram, most likely in the sense of “to exert oneself” (tapasi). This is reflected in the second element of its Tibetan translation (sbyong, which is sometimes used as a translation of abhyāsa); thus, śramaṇas are—as per the Tibetan rendering—those who exert themselves (sbyong) toward virtue (dge). The reference to virtue may be connected to an etymology found in the Sanskrit Udānavarga and Pāli Dhammapada, according to which one is a śramaṇa if one has pacified sins (śamitatvāt tu pāpānāṁ śramaṇo hi nirucyate, Udānavarga 11.14, Berhard 1965, p. 190; sdig pa zhi ba de dag ni/ dge sbyong nyid ces brjod par bya, Udānavarga Tib. 11.15; Zongtse 1990, p. 127; samitattā hi pāpānaṃ samaṇo ti pavuccati | Dhammapada verse 265). Commentarial literature occasionally distinguishes between this as the higher sense of śramaṇa vs. the more ordinary sense of being a śramaṇa/samaṇa “only due to having gone forth” (pabbajjāmattasamaṇo); this distinction appears in contexts where the word is together with “brahmins,” as it often happens in sūtras/suttas (yaṃ no payirupāsato cittaṃ pasīdeyyāti vuttattā samaṇaṃ vā brāhmaṇaṃ vāti ettha paramatthasamaṇo ca paramatthabrāhmaṇo ca adhippeto na pabbajjāmattasamaṇo na jātimattabrāhmaṇo cāti āha samitapāpatāya samaṇaṃ | bāhitapāpatāya brāhmaṇanti | Ṭīkā on the Sāmaññaphalasutta, Sīlakkhandavagga, Dīghanikāya). The Kāśyapa­parivarta­sūtra lists four types of śramaṇa: one who is so only in outer appearance (varṇa­rūpa­liṅga­saṃsthāna­śramaṇa), one who is hypocritical and hides their real conduct (ācāra­gupti­kuhaka­śramaṇa), one who does everything for the sake of fame (kīrti­śabda­śloka­śramaṇa), and one who practices genuinely (bhūta­pratipatti­śramaṇa). (See Vorobyova-Desyatovskaya 2002, pp. 41–44). ## śramaṇa attendant A junior monk who is an attendant or disciple of an elder monk, literally one who follows behind. ## Śramaṇa Gautama *dge sbyong gau ta ma*, Skt. *śramaṇa gautama*, “The renunciant Gautama,” the name by which the Buddha might have been referred to prior to his enlightenment or by those who were not his followers. ## Śramaṇa King *dge sbyong rgyal po*, Skt. *dge sbyong rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Śramaṇa­maṇḍala *dge sbyong gi dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *śramaṇa­maṇḍala*, A land in South India. ## śramaṇas and brāhmaṇas *dge sbyong ngam bram ze*, Skt. *śramaṇa­brāhmaṇa*, A common two-member compound (dvandva) found as a stock phrase in Buddhist literature to refer broadly to two distinct systems of spiritual orientation and practice in early India. The term “śramaṇa” (Tib. dge sbyong) refers to those who took vows in non-brahmanical spiritual systems that focused on asceticism, renunciation, and monasticism. The term “brāhmaṇa” (Tib. bram ze) refers in this context not so much to brahmans in terms of caste identity alone but rather to those who actively participated in the Vedic tradition of learning and the ritual worship of brahmanical deities, mostly within the context of a householder lifestyle. ## Ramaṭha The name of a people in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, who were located on the banks of the lower Indus. ## Ramatha *dga’ dang ldan*, Skt. *ramatha*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ramayo *ra ma yo*, Skt. *ramayo*, A sea to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## ārambanacchedaḥ *dmigs pa gcod pa*, Skt. *ārambanacchedaḥ*, Lit. “objective support cut off.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Rambhā *rtsom ma ma*, Skt. *rambhā*, An asparas; one of the eight goddesses of offerings in the Bhūtaḍāmara maṇḍala. ## Raśmi *’od zer*, Skt. *raśmi*, The 93rd buddha in the first list, 93rd in the second list, and 94th in the third list. ## Raśmi­śata­sahasra­paripūrṇa­dhvaja *’od zer brgya stong yongs su rdzogs pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *raśmi­śata­sahasra­paripūrṇa­dhvaja*, The name of Yaśodharā when she becomes a buddha in the future. ## Raśmi­candrorṇa­megha *’od gzer zla ba mdzod spu’i sprin*, Skt. *raśmi­candrorṇa­megha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Raśmidhvajā Name of a buddha domain to the west of our world and presided over by the Buddha Raśmirāja. The name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Raśmi­guṇa­makuṭa­jñāna­prajñā­prabha *’od gzer yon tan gyi cod pan ye shes dang shes rab kyi ’od*, Skt. *raśmi­guṇa­makuṭa­jñāna­prajñā­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Raśmijāla *’od zer dra ba*, Skt. *raśmijāla*, The 697th buddha in the first list, 696th in the second list, and 687th in the third list. ## Raśmikūṭa *’od zer brtsegs*, Skt. *raśmikūṭa*, A buddha. ## Raśmiketu Skt. *raśmiketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Raśmi­maṇḍala­śikhara­rāja *’od gzer gyi dkyil ’khor spo’i rgyal po*, Skt. *raśmi­maṇḍala­śikhara­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Raśmimaṇḍala­jyotiprabhāsa­rāja *’od zer gyi dkyil ’khor snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *raśmimaṇḍala­jyotiprabhāsa­rāja*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Raśmi­mukha *’od zer gyi zhal*, Skt. *raśmi­mukha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Raśmi­netra­pratibhāsa­prabha­candra *’od gzer gyi tshul rab tu snang ba’i ’od kyi zla ba*, Skt. *raśmi­netra­pratibhāsa­prabha­candra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## raśminirhāra *’od zer sgrub pa*, Skt. *raśminirhāra*, Lit. “light-ray producer.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Raśmi­parvata­vidyotita­megha *’od gzer gyi ri bo rnam par snang ba’i sprin*, Skt. *raśmi­parvata­vidyotita­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Raśmiprabhāsa *’od zer rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *raśmiprabhāsa*, The name Kāśyapa will have when he becomes a buddha in the distant future. ## raśmipramukha *’od zer rab tu ’gyed pa*, Skt. *raśmipramukha*, Lit. “diffusion of light rays.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Raśmirāja The buddha in the buddha domain Raśmidhvajā, attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Raśmi­saṃkusumita­pradīpa *’od gzer gyi me tog kun tu rgyas pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *raśmi­saṃkusumita­pradīpa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Raśmivyūha *’od zer gyi bkod pa*, Skt. *raśmivyūha*, “Array of Light Rays.” Name by which Vimalaśraddhā will be known upon her attainment of buddhahood. ## Ramoché One of the oldest and most important Buddhist temples in Tibet. Located in Lhasa, it was founded in the seventh century by King Songtsen Gampo (srong btsan sgam po) and houses the Jowo Mikyö Dorjé (jo bo mi bskyod rdo rje) and contains the statue of the buddha Akṣobhya that tradition tells us was brought to Tibet as a gift by Songtsen Gampo’s Nepalese wife Bhṛkuṭī. ## rare *brgya la las*, Skt. *brgya la las*, brgya la las is literally “one in a hundred.” Also rendered here as “rarely,” “should it be the case that,” and “should it happen that.” ## Ūrṇa­śrī­prabhāsa­mati *mdzod spu’i dpal gyi ’od kyi blo gros*, Skt. *ūrṇa­śrī­prabhāsa­mati*, A buddha in the distant past. ## rasa *ra sa*, Skt. *rasa*, Guggulu or Commiphora mukul (McHugh 2008, p 180 n28). ## Rasalandhi The name of a city. ## rasanā *ro ma*, Skt. *rasanā*, The prāṇa channel on the right side of the body. ## Rasana A king. ## Śūrasena *dpa’ sde*, Skt. *śūrasena*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Rasātala *sa’i ’og*, Skt. *rasātala*, One of the seven subterranean semiparadises, the abode of dānavas. ## rasāyana *sman bcud kyis len*, Skt. *rasāyana*, The extraction of the elixir of life from herbs or minerals. ## Ūrṇatejas *mdzod spu gzi brjid*, Skt. *ūrṇatejas*, A buddha in the past. ## Rathasyā Skt. *rathasyā*, A river queen. ## Rathavatī *shing rta ldan ma*, Skt. *rathavatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Rati *gsha’ zhing ’os*, Skt. *rati*, According to Monier-Williams: “amorous enjoyment, often personified as one of the two wives of Kāmadeva, together with Prīti.” ## Ratibala *dga’ stobs*, Skt. *ratibala*, The 918th buddha in the first list, 917th in the second list, and 908th in the third list. ## ratijaha *dga’ ba spong ba*, Skt. *ratijaha*, Lit. “enjoyment forsaking” (other versions have ’khrug pa spong pa: “upset forsaking”). Name of a meditative stabilization. ## ratikara *dga’ ba byed pa*, Skt. *ratikara*, Lit. “causing delight.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ratilola *dga’ ba chags pa*, Skt. *ratilola*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Ratimegha *dga’ sprin*, Skt. *ratimegha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ratiprabhā *dga’ ba’i ’od*, Skt. *ratiprabhā*, A goddess in another world in the distant past who informs a courtesan’s daughter of the presence of a buddha. ## Ratipradhāna *grong khyer dga’ mchog brgyan*, Skt. *ratipradhāna*, Name of a city built for Puṇyaraśmi’s enjoyment by his father, King Arciṣmān. ## Ratiprapūrṇa *dga’ bas gang ba*, Skt. *ratiprapūrṇa*, “Filled with Joy.” The name of a future eon in which Mahā­maudgalyāyana will become a buddha. ## Ratipriyā *dga’ ma dang yid ’ong ma*, Skt. *ratipriyā*, In the Tibetan, divided into two characters, “Rati” and “Priyā.” ## Rativyūhā *dga’ bas brgyan pa*, Skt. *rativyūhā*, A royal capital in another world realm in the distant past. ## Rativyūha *dga’ ba bkod*, Skt. *rativyūha*, The 317th buddha in the first list, 316th in the second list, and 311th in the third list. ## Ratnā *rin chen ma*, Skt. *ratnā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Ratna *rin po che*, Skt. *ratna*, The 380th buddha in the first list, 379th in the second list, and 374th in the third list. ## Ratnaśaila *rin chen ri bo*, Skt. *ratnaśaila*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the eleventh) when he becomes a buddha. ## Ratnabhūṣaṇī *rin chen rgyan can ma*, Skt. *ratnabhūṣaṇī*, ‟Jewel Goddess,” one of the eight goddesses of offerings in the Bhūtaḍāmara maṇḍala. ## Ratnabāhu *lag bzang*, Skt. *ratnabāhu*, Synonym for Subāhu, translated as if it was Subāhu into Tibetan. ## Ratnabuddhi *rin po che’i blo*, Skt. *ratnabuddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Ratnacūḍa *gtsug na rin po che*, Skt. *ratnacūḍa*, The 297th buddha in the first list, 296th in the second list, and 296th in the third list. ## Ratna­cūḍa *gtsug na rin po che*, Skt. *ratna­cūḍa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnacandra *dkon mchog zla ba*, Skt. *ratnacandra*, One of the buddhas who assembled at Vimalakīrti’s house to teach the Tathāgata­guhyaka, according to the goddess. ## Ratna­candra­dhvaja *rin chen zla ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ratna­candra­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Ratna­candra­prabha *rin chen zla ’od*, Skt. *ratna­candra­prabha*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Ratna­candra­pradīpa­prabhā *rin chen zla ba sgron ma’i ’od*, Skt. *ratna­candra­pradīpa­prabhā*, A four-continent world in the distant past. ## Ratnacchatra *rin chen gdugs*, Skt. *ratnacchatra*, Lit. “Jewel Parasol.” Name of a buddha of the past. ## Ratnacchatraśrī *rin chen gdugs kyi dpal*, Skt. *ratnacchatra­śrī*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Ratna­cchatrābhyudgata­raśmi *rin po che chen po’i gdugs mngon par ’phags pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *ratna­cchatrābhyudgata­raśmi*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagharba prophesies that Radiant Bull, one of the thirty million pupils of Samudrareṇu, will have at buddhahood. ## Ratnacchatrābhyudgatāvabhāsa *rin po che’i gdugs mngon par ’phags pa snang ba*, Skt. *ratnacchatrābhyudgatāvabhāsa*, A thus-gone one. ## Ratna­cchatrābhyudgatāva­bhāsa *rin po che’i snying po*, Skt. *ratna­cchatrābhyudgatāva­bhāsa*, A buddha in the distant past in whose presence many beings, including the Buddha Jyotīrasa, developed the aspiration to become a buddha during a kaliyuga. Note that the Tibetan translation of the name differs from the Sanskrit form found in the available Sanskrit manuscripts. ## Ratnacchattra *rin chen gdugs*, Skt. *ratnacchattra*, Wheel-turning king said by the Buddha to be a former incarnation of the Buddha Ratnārcis. ## Ratnacchattra­kūṭa­saṃdarśana *rin po che’i gdugs brtsegs pa kun tu ston pa*, Skt. *ratnacchattra­kūṭa­saṃdarśana*, A bodhisattva who resides in the world Ratnavyūhā of the Thus-Gone One Ratnārcis’ buddha realm, and comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Ratnacinta *rin chen sems pa*, Skt. *ratnacinta*, “Mind of Jewels.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Ratnadatta *rin chen byin*, Skt. *ratnadatta*, A three-year-old boy who plays the role of interlocutor in Teaching the Practice of a Bodhisattva. ## Ratnadeva *rin chen lha*, Skt. *ratnadeva*, The 190th buddha in the first list, 189th in the second list, and 189th in the third list. ## Ratnadhara *rin chen mnga’*, Skt. *ratnadhara*, The 828th buddha in the first list, 827th in the second list, and 817th in the third list. ## Ratnadhvaja *rin po che’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ratnadhvaja*, “Jeweled Victory Banner.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Ratna­dhvaja *rin chen rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ratna­dhvaja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ratna­dhvajāgra­mati *rin chen rgyal mtshan blo gros mchog*, Skt. *ratna­dhvajāgra­mati*, A realm in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratana­dhvajāgra­mati. ## Ratnadānaśri *rin chen sbyin*, Skt. *ratnadānaśri*, The ninety-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratanadānaśiri. ## Ratnadīpa *rin chen sgron ma*, Skt. *ratnadīpa*, A bodhisattva. ## Ratnadvīpa *rin po che’i gling*, Skt. *ratnadvīpa*, The Kāraṇḍavyūha in the Vaidya edition references a group of islands, the distinction between singular and plural being lost in the Tibetan. Ratnadvīpa was one of the ancient names of Laṅka, as it was a rich source of jewels. In this same passage, however, Laṅka is identified as the land of the rākṣasīs. The theme of an ocean island rich in jewels appears frequently in Buddhist narratives. ## Ratnagarbha *rin po che’i snying po*, Skt. *ratnagarbha*, One of the eighty-one sons of Samudrareṇu, the chief court priest of King Araṇemin. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies the buddhahood of Samudrareṇu’s thirty million pupils. ## Ratna­garbha *rin po che’i snying po*, Skt. *ratna­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Ratnagiri *rin chen ri bo*, Skt. *ratnagiri*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## Ratna­gātra­śrī *rin chen lus kyi dpal*, Skt. *ratna­gātra­śrī*, The seventy-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratana­gātra­śirī. ## Ratnaguṇa *rin chen yon tan*, Skt. *ratnaguṇa*, “Precious Qualities.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Ratna­guṇa­saṃnicaya *yon tan rin chen yang dag bstsags*, Skt. *ratna­guṇa­saṃnicaya*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ratna­guṇa­vijṛmbhita­saṃcaya *yon tan bsgyings pa yang dag bsags*, Skt. *ratna­guṇa­vijṛmbhitasaṃcaya*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Ratnahastin *rin chen phyag*, Skt. *ratnahastin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ratna­śikhara *rin po che’i rtse mo*, Skt. *ratna­śikhara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnaśikhara *rin po che’i rtse mo*, Skt. *ratnaśikhara*, A world system. ## Ratna­śikhara­kūṭāgāra­dharaṇiṃdharā *rin po che’i rtse mo’i khang pa brtsegs pa’i gzungs ’dzin ma*, Skt. *ratna­śikhara­kūṭāgāra­dharaṇiṃdharā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Ratna­śikharārciḥ­parvata­pradīpa *rin chen ri bo’i spo’i ’od zer sgron ma*, Skt. *ratna­śikharārciḥ­parvata­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Ratnaśikhin *rin chen gtsug tor can*, Skt. *ratnaśikhin*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-second) when he becomes a buddha. ## ratnajahā *rin po che spong ba*, Skt. *ratnajahā*, Lit. “jewel forsaking.” Other versions read raṇaṃjaha, nyon mongs ba med pa: “defilement forsaking.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ratnajāla *rin chen dra ba*, Skt. *ratnajāla*, A bodhisattva. ## Ratnajālin *rin chen dra ba can*, Skt. *ratnajālin*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Ratnakūṭa *dkon brtsegs*, Skt. *ratnakūṭa*, The Ratnakūṭa section of the Kangyur (Toh 45–93) is a distinct collection, also found in the Chinese Tripiṭaka (Taishō 310), of forty-nine selected sūtras on a range of themes. In some titles and colophons the collection is presented as a single sūtra with its component texts as chapters. ## Ratna­kūṭa *rin po che brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ratna­kūṭa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnakeśa *rin chen skra*, Skt. *ratnakeśa*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: rin chen gtsug phud) ## Ratnaketu *rin po che tog*, Skt. *ratnaketu*, It occurs as the main title of the Ratnaketudhāraṇī and also as the name of the main dhāraṇī of the Ratnaketudhāraṇī. It is also used in Buddhist texts to designate a special meditative absorption, a tathāgata, and a bodhisattva. Generally, the term refers to something precious and illuminating, i.e., a guiding light. ## Ratna­ketu *rin po che tog*, Skt. *ratna­ketu*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Ratnaketurāja *rin po che’i tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *ratnaketurāja*, The name of two thousand pupils of the Buddha when they become buddhas. ## Ratnaḍākinī *rin chen mkha’ ’gro*, Skt. *ratnaḍākinī*, A deity in Vajraḍākinī’s maṇḍala. ## ratnakoṭi *rin chen mtha’*, Skt. *ratna-koṭi*, Lit. “jewel limit.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ratnakrama *rin po che yi stabs*, Skt. *ratnakrama*, The 836th buddha in the first list, 835th in the second list, and 825th in the third list. ## Ratnakīrti A bodhisattva in this sūtra who is a prince predicted to become the buddha Samantāloka and whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Ratnakuṇḍala *rin po che’i rna cha*, Skt. *ratnakuṇḍala*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Ratnakuṇḍalin *thab sbyor dmar po can*, Skt. *ratnakuṇḍalin*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. The variant Raktakuṇḍalin is found in the manuscript B (and confirmed in the Tib. thab sbyor dmar po can). ## Ratnakusuma *rin chen me tog*, Skt. *ratnakusuma*, According to the commentary, an alternative name for Ratnapāṇi ## Ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāñcana­prabhāsa­śrī *rin chen me tog yon tan rgya mtsho bai DUr+ya dang gser gyi ri kha dog bzang po gser du snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāñcana­prabhāsa­śrī*, A buddha, teacher of the goddess Śrī. (Toh 555: bai DUr+ya dang gser gyi ri bo rin po che’i me tog snang ba spal gyi yon tan rgya mtsho; ) ## Ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāñcana­prabhāsaśrī *rin chen me tog yon tan rgya mtsho bai DUr+ya dang gser gyi ri kha dog bzang po gser du snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāñcana­prabhāsaśrī*, (Toh 555: Vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­ratna­kusuma­prabhā­śrīguṇa­sāgara; bai DUr+ya dang gser gyi ri bo rin po che’i me tog snang ba spal gyi yon tan rgya mtsho) ## Ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāṃcana­prabhāsa­śrī *rin po che’i me tog yon tan gyi rgya mtsho baidUrya dang gser gyi ri bo mdog mdzes gser ’od dpal*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaidūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāṃcana­prabhāsa­śrī*, A tathāgata in the past, in a world system called Ratna­saṃbhavā. ## Ratna­kusuma­megha *rin po che’i me tog gi sprin*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­megha*, A bodhimaṇḍa in another world in the distant past. ## Ratna­kusuma­prabha *rin po che’i me tog gi ’od*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­prabha*, A buddha of the present time in a world realm in the eastern directions, who had been King Dhanapati in the distant past. ## Ratna­kusuma­pradīpā *rin chen me tog sgron ma*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­pradīpā*, A capital city in the distant past. ## Ratna­kusuma­pradīpa­dhvajā *rin chen me tog sgron ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­pradīpa­dhvajā*, A four-continent world in the distant past. ## Ratna­kusuma­sampuṣpita *rin chen me tog shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­sampuṣpita*, A world system. ## Ratna­kusuma­saṃpuṣpita­gotra *rin chen me tog shin tu rgyas pa’i rigs*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­saṃpuṣpita­gotra*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Ratna­kusuma­vidyuddharma­nigarjita­megha­ghoṣa *rin po che’i me tog dang glog dang chos kyi ’brug sgra’i sprin gyi dbyangs*, Skt. *ratna­kusuma­vidyuddharma­nigarjita­megha­ghoṣa*, “The Voice of Clouds of Precious Flowers, Lightning, and Dharma Thunder.” A lake in the distant past. ## Ratna­lakṣaṇa­vibhūṣita­meru *mtshan rin po ches rnam par brgyan pa’i ri bo*, Skt. *ratna­lakṣaṇa­vibhūṣita­meru*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Ratnamaṇḍala *rin po che’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *ratnamaṇḍala*, A buddha realm. ## Ratnamati *rin chen blo gros*, Skt. *ratnamati*, “Precious Intelligence.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Ratnameru *rin chen ri*, Skt. *ratnameru*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS: Ratanameru. ## Ratnamālā *rin chen phreng ba ma*, Skt. *ratnamālā*, The name of an apsaras. ## ratnamudra *rin chen phyag rgya*, Skt. *ratna-mudra*, Lit. “jewel seal.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Ratnamudrāhasta A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Ratna­mudrā­hasta *lag na phyag rgya rin po che*, Skt. *ratna­mudrā­hasta*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Ratnamukuṭa *rin chen cod pan*, Skt. *ratnamukuṭa*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Ratna­mu­kuṭa *rin po che’i cod pan*, Skt. *ratna­mu­kuṭa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnamuni *rin chen thub pa*, Skt. *ratnamuni*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnanetrā *rin chen mig*, Skt. *ratnanetrā*, The goddess of Kapilavastu. ## Ratnanetra *rin chen mig*, Skt. *ratnanetra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ratnanetra (the bodhisattva) *rin po che’i myig*, Skt. *ratnanetra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Ratnanetra (the buddha) *rin chen spyan*, Skt. *ratnanetra*, The name of a buddha in the distant past. BHS in verse: Ratananetra. ## Ratna­padma­candra­viśuddhābhyud­gata­rāja *rin po che’i pad ma’i zla ba rnam par dag pa mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *ratna­padma­candra­viśuddhābhyud­gata­rāja*, A buddha countless eons in the past. ## Ratna­padma­praphullita­gātra *sku rin po che’i pad mo shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *ratna­padma­praphullita­gātra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Ratna­padma­supratiṣṭhita­śailendra­rāja *rin po che’i pad ma la rab tu bzhugs pa ri dbang gi rgyal po*, Skt. *ratna­padma­supratiṣṭhita­śailendra­rāja*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Ratna­padma­vikrāmin *rin chen pad mas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *ratna­padma­vikramin*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Ratnapadmābha *’od snang rin chen pad mo*, Skt. *ratnapadmābha*, A buddha. ## Ratna­padmāvabhāsa­garbha *rin chen pad+mo snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *ratna­padmāvabhāsa­garbha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Ratnaparvata *rin po che’i ri*, Skt. *ratnaparvata*, A mountain. ## Ratnapāṇi *lag na rin po che*, Skt. *ratnapāṇi*, In the Kāraṇḍavyūha he is, as well as being listed as present at Buddha Śākyamuni’s teachings, the one who is described in Śākyamuni’s memories as the bodhisattva who questions Buddha Vipaśyin. He is the principal bodhisattva being addressed by Śākyamuni in chapter 35 of the Avatamsaka Sūtra. In the early tantras he is one of the sixteen bodhisattvas in the dharmadhātu maṇḍala. In the higher tantras he is associated with the ratna family of Buddha Ratnasambhava. ## Ratna­pāṇi *lag na rin po che*, Skt. *ratna­pāṇi*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnaprabhā *rin po che’i ’od*, Skt. *ratnaprabhā*, A world realm in the distant past. Also the name of a world realm in the distant future in which five hundred buddhas will appear. ## Ratnaprabha *rin po che’i ’od*, Skt. *ratnaprabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī (translated as rin po che’i ’od), and also the name of the forty-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past (translated as rin chen ’od). ## Ratnaprabhāsa *rin chen ’od*, Skt. *ratnaprabhāsa*, The 891st buddha in the first list, 890th in the second list, and 881st in the third list. ## Ratnapradatta *rin chen rab sbyin*, Skt. *ratnapradatta*, The 781st buddha in the first list, 780th in the second list, and 769th in the third list. ## Ratnapriya *rin chen dgyes*, Skt. *ratnapriya*, The 876th buddha in the first list, 875th in the second list, and 866th in the third list. ## Ratnapuṣpa *rin chen me tog*, Skt. *ratnapuṣpa*, A buddha realm. ## Ratna­śrī *rin po che’i dpal*, Skt. *ratna­śrī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnaśrī *dkon mchog dpal*, Skt. *ratnaśrī*, One of the buddhas who appear in the house of Vimalakīrti on esoteric occasions; the Sanskrit name, but with a different rendering in Tibetan, also refers to a bodhisattva. ## Ratnaraśi *rin chen brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ratnaraśi*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratanarāśi. ## Ratnarakṣita Skt. *ratnarakṣita*, Eighth- to ninth-century Tibetan monk, preceptor, and translator (not to be confused with the thirteenth-century mahāpaṇḍita of the same name). See also . ## Ratna­raśmi­pradīpa­dhvaja­rāja *rin po che’i ’od gzer sgron ma’i rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Skt. *ratna­raśmi­pradīpa­dhvaja­rāja*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## Ratna­śrī­haṃsa­citrā *rin chen dpal gyi dad pas brgyan pa*, Skt. *ratna­śrī­haṃsa­citrā*, The realm of a buddha named Vairocana. See . ## Ratna­śrī­śikhara­megha­pradīpa *rin chen dpal gyi rtse mo’i sprin rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *ratna­śrī­śikhara­megha­pradīpa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Ratnarājaśri *rin chen rgyal po dpal*, Skt. *ratnarājaśri*, The sixtieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratanarājaśiri. ## Ratna­śrī­pradīpa­guṇa­ketu *rin chen dpal sgron yon tan dpal*, Skt. *ratna­śrī­pradīpa­guṇa­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratana­śirī­pradīpa­guṇa­ketu. ## Ratna­śrī­saṃbhava *rin chen dpal ’byung*, Skt. *ratna­śrī­saṃbhava*, “The Source of Glorious Jewels.” The name of a world realm in the distant past. ## Ratna­rucira­śrī­rāja *rin po che yid du ’ong ba’i dpal gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *ratna­rucira­śrī­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Ratnaruta *rin chen dbyangs*, Skt. *ratnaruta*, The 473rd buddha in the first list, 472nd in the second list, and 466th in the third list. ## Ratna­saṃbhavā *nor bu rin po che las byung ba*, Skt. *ratna­saṃbhavā*, The world system of the tathāgata Ratna­kusuma­guṇa­sāgara­vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­suvarṇa­kāṃcana­prabhāsa­śrī. ## Ratnasaṃbhava *rin po che ’byung ba*, Skt. *ratnasaṃbhava*, The realm in which Subhūti will achieve buddhahood. ## Ratnasambhavā *rin chen ’byung ba*, Skt. *ratnasambhavā*, The name of an eon. ## Ratnasambhava *rin chen 'byung gnas*, the [Buddha](#buddha) of the Jewel Family. See [five families](#five-families). ## Ratnasaṃpad *dkon mchog ’byung ba*, Skt. *ratnasaṃpad*, The name of a future eon. ## Ratnasiṃha A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Ratna­siṃhāvabhāsa­jvalanā *rin po che’i seng ge snang zhing ’bar ba*, Skt. *ratna­siṃhāvabhāsa­jvalanā*, A buddha realm in the downward direction. ## Ratnaskandha *rin chen phung po*, Skt. *ratnaskandha*, The 307th buddha in the first list, 306th in the second list, and 301st in the third list. ## Ratna­sāla­vyūha­megha­pradīpā *rin po che’i sa las rnam par brgyan pa sprin gyi sgron ma*, Skt. *ratna­sāla­vyūha­megha­pradīpā*, A royal capital in another world realm in the distant past. Its short form in verse is Sāla­vyūha­megha. ## Ratna­svara­ghoṣa *rin chen nga ro’i dbyangs*, Skt. *ratna­svara­ghoṣa*, The 974th buddha in the first list, 973rd in the second list, and 964th in the third list. ## Ratnatalanāgendra *klu dbang rin chen ngos*, Skt. *ratna­talanāgendra*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Ratnatejas *rin chen gzi brjid*, Skt. *ratnatejas*, The 314th buddha in the first list, 313th in the second list, and 308th in the third list. ## Ratna­tejobhyudgata­rāja *dkon mchog gzi brjid mngon ’phags rgyal po*, Skt. *ratna­tejobhyudgata­rāja*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Ratnavṛṣabha *rin chen khyu mchog*, Skt. *ratnavṛṣabha*, A buddha. ## Ratnavairocana *rin po che rnam par snang byed*, Skt. *ratnavairocana*, The bodhisattva who asks the Buddha to teach about Buddha Padmottara. ## Ratnavali *rin po che’i phreng ba*, Skt. *ratnavali*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnavara *rin chen mchog*, Skt. *ratnavara*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ratna­vastrāvabhāsa­dhvajā *rin po che’i gos yongs su snang ba*, Skt. *ratna­vastrāvabhāsa­dhvajā*, A buddha realm in the northern direction. ## Ratnavatī *rin chen yod pa*, Skt. *ratnavatī*, Name of a world system in the eastern direction, where the buddha Ratnākara teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Ratnavicayā *rin po che bstsags pa*, Skt. *ratnavicayā*, The eastern realm of the Buddha Ratnacandra during the lifetime of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Ratnavisabha *rin chen khyu mchog*, Skt. *ratnavisabha*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Ratnaviśuddhā *rin po che rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *ratnaviśuddhā*, A distant realm to the east, where Buddha Prabhūtaratna had lived. ## Ratnavyūhā *rin chen bkod pa*, Skt. *ratnavyūha*, The buddha field of the Buddha Ratnaketu in the present, during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ratnavyūha *dkon mchog dkod pa*, Skt. *ratnavyūha*, Lit. “Jewel-Array.” Name of one of the bodhisattvas in the original assembly (rendered in Tibetan as rin chen bkod pa); also the name (with several renderings in Tibetan) of a buddha who presides in the universe called Ananta­guṇa­ratna­vyūha, yet who comes to Vimalakīrti’s house at the latter’s supplication, to participate in the esoteric teachings. He can be identified with the Tathāgata Ratnasaṃbhava, one of the five major buddhas of the Guhya­samāja­tantra. ## Ratnayaśas *rin chen grags pa*, Skt. *ratnayaśas*, The 403rd buddha in the first list, 402nd in the second list, and 396th in the third list. ## Ratnayaṣṭi *rin chen srog zhing*, Skt. *ratnayaṣṭi*, A bodhisattva in the southern buddhafield Buddha Courage. ## Ratnayaṣti *rin chen srog shing*, Skt. *ratnayaṣti*, A thus-gone one. ## Ratnābha *’od snang rin chen*, Skt. *ratnābha*, A buddha. ## Ratnābhacandra *rin chen zla ’od*, Skt. *ratnābhacandra*, The 742nd buddha in the first list, 741st in the second list, and 731st in the third list. ## Ratnendraśīla Eighth- to ninth-century Tibetan translator. ## Ratneśvara *rin chen dbang phyug*, Skt. *ratneśvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ratneśvaraghoṣa *rin chen dbang phyug dbyangs*, Skt. *ratneśvaraghoṣa*, The name of a buddha. ## Ratnāṅga A buddha in the distant past. ## Ratnāgni *rin po che yi me*, Skt. *ratnāgni*, The 392nd buddha in the first list, 391st in the second list, and 385th in the third list. ## Ratnāgrakeyūrā *rin chen mchog gi dpung rgyan ma*, Skt. *ratnāgrakeyūrā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Ratnāgra­prabha­tejas *rin chen mchog gi ’od kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *ratnāgra­prabha­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Ratnākara A realized one whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra and the name of a bodhisattva in the audience for this discourse. ## Ratnā­kara *dkon mchog ’byung gnas*, Skt. *ratnā­kara*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Ratnākaraśānti *rin chen ’byung gnas zhi ba*, Skt. *ratnākaraśānti*, An important eleventh-century Buddhist monastic scholar who wrote prolifically on a number on both Mahāyāna and Mantrayāna works. ## Ratnāloka *rin chen snang*, Skt. *ratnāloka*, A great bodhisattva. ## Ratnāmbuda *rin chen chu sbyin*, Skt. *ratnāmbuda*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ratnoccaya *rin chen sogs pa*, Skt. *ratnoccaya*, A dharmabhāṇaka in the distant past who eventually became the Buddha Akṣobhya. (Yongle, Lithang, Peking, Narthang, and Choné: rin chen sogs, rin chen sogs pa. Toh 555: rin chen brtsegs pa) ## Ratnodgata *rin chen ’phags*, Skt. *ratnodgata*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ratnotpalaśrī *rin chen ud pa la’i dpal*, Skt. *ratnotpalaśrī*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Ratnottama *dmar po’i mchog*, Skt. *ratnottama*, This Buddha who sends the previous life of Śākyamuni to Buddha Padmottama. However, the Tibetan had dmar po’i mchog, “supreme red,” which would have been a translation of Raktottama, evidently a mistake for Ratnottama, which would have been translated as nor bu’i mchog or rin chen mchog. ## Ratnārcī *rin chen ’od ’phro*, Skt. *ratnārcī*, A goddess who later becomes the bodhisattva Cittaratnārcī. ## Ratnārci *rin chen ’od zer*, Skt. *ratnārci*, The 361st buddha in the first list, 360th in the second list, and 355th in the third list. ## Ratnārci­netra­prabha *rin po che ’od ’phro ba’i mig gi ’od*, Skt. *ratnārci­netra­prabha*, A king in the distant past. ## Ratnārciḥ­parvata *rin po che ’od ’phro ba’i ri bo*, Skt. *ratnārciḥ­parvata*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ratnārci­parvata­śrī *rin chen ’od ’phro ri dpal*, Skt. *ratnārci­parvata­śrī*, The thirty-first buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Ratnārci­parvata­śirī. ## Ratnārciḥparvata­śrī *rin chen ’od ’phro ri bo’i dpal*, Skt. *ratnārciḥparvata­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Ratnārciḥ­parvata­śrī­tejorāja *rin chen ’od ’phro ba’i ri bo dpal gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *ratnārciḥ­parvata­śrī­tejorāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Ratnārcis *dkon mchog ’od ’phro*, Skt. *ratnārcis*, One of the buddhas who appear in the house of Vimalakīrti on esoteric occasions. According to the Prajñā­pāramitā, he is the Buddha of the universe Upaśānta, in the western direction (see Lamotte, p. 384, n. 27). ## Ratnāvabhāsa *rin chen snang ba*, Skt. *ratnāvabhāsa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Ratnāvatī *rin chen can*, Skt. *ratnāvatī*, Lit. “Bejeweled.” A world system in the eastern direction, where the buddha Ratnākara now dwells. ## rattan *sba*, Skt. *vetra*, Calamus ratang. ## rattleweed Crotalaria retusa. ## Ratīśvara *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *ratīśvara*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventieth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Ratīśvara­ghoṣa­jyoti *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug sgra dbyangs ’od zer*, Skt. *ratīśvara­ghoṣa­jyoti*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Raudrā *drag mo*, Skt. *raudrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Raudrī *rdo rje drag mo*, Skt. *vajraraudrī*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Raudra The fifty-fourth in the sixty-year cycle of Vedic astrology. The name literally translates as “fierce” or “wrathful.” ## Raudraka *drag po’i bu*, Skt. *raudraka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Raudra­kātyāyanī *drag mo ka ta ya na*, Skt. *raudra­kātyāyanī*, ‟Wild Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Raudrapiśācī *sha za mo drag mo*, Skt. *raudrapiśācī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Raudrākṣa *mi bzang mig can*, Skt. *raudrākṣa*, An evil brahmin. ## Raurava *’o dod ’bod pa*, Skt. *raurava*, The fourth of the eight hot hells. In later translations it is ngu ’bod, which also means “wailing” as a compound of the words for “weep” and “shout.” ## Rauruka *’o dod can*, Skt. *rauruka*, According to Pāli sources (DN 19: Mahāgovindasutta), Roruka was the capital of Sovīra, reigned over by King Bharata, who was the Bodhisatta in a former birth. ## Śravaṇā *gro bzhin*, Skt. *śravaṇā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Alpha Aquilae in the occidental tradition. ## Śravaṇa *gro bzhin*, Skt. *śravaṇa*, A constellation in the west, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Raven Mouths *bya rog kha*, Skt. *kākāsyaka*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Raven’s Belly *bya rog lto*, Skt. *bya rog lto*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. Also called Black Belly. ## Ravens’ Peak *khwa spungs*, Skt. *vāyasakūṭa*, A mountain in the hell called Wailer. ## Ravens with Vajra-Like Beaks *khwa’i chu rdo rje lta bu*, Skt. *vajra­vāyasa­tuṇḍa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Ravishing *yid ’phrog ma*, Skt. *yid ’phrog ma*, Ravishing (extremely beautiful or delightful), also the name of the mother of the buddha Vikrīḍitāvin. ## Ravishing Women’s Minds *bud med sems ’phrog*, Skt. *bud med sems ’phrog*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## raw silk *mon dar*, Skt. *kauśeyaka*, an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Āraṇyaka *dgon pa pa*, Skt. *āraṇyaka*, “Forest Dweller,” the name of the son of householders in Śrāvastī, he preferred seclusion, eventually attaining arhatship. ## Razor *spu gri ba*, Skt. *spu gri ba*, Razor (a sharp-bladed instrument for shaving), also the name of a vulture king. ## Śrībhadrā *dpal bzang mo*, Skt. *śrībhadrā*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara; also an eminent daughter in Dhanyākara. ## Śrībhadra *dpal bzang*, Skt. *śrībhadra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śūrdatta *dpas byin*, Skt. *śūrdatta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Śrāddhā *dad ma*, Skt. *śrāddhā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## śrāddha The ritual offering of food (bali) to nourish and support the spirit of one’s deceased parent during the afterlife. ## Śrīdevī Kālī A fearsome, wrathful goddess who in the Buddhist tradition is a protector of the teachings. In Tibet, she is widely propitiated and takes on many forms, many of which are known through the Tibetan name Palden Lhamo (dpal ldan lha mo), which translates the Sanskrit śrīdevī. She is most often portrayed riding on a donkey and adorned with various wrathful ornaments and hand implements. ## Śrīdevī Mahākālī *dpal lha mo nag mo chen mo*, Skt. *śrīdevī mahākālī*, A wrathful Dharma protector who is often portrayed together with her servant Rematī. At times she is conflated with Rematī, so that the two appear to be identical. In the Tibetan tradition, she is better known under her Tibetan name, Palden Lhamo (dpal ldan lha mo). She is most often portrayed riding on a donkey and adorned with various wrathful ornaments and hand implements. ## Śrīdeva *lha yi dpal*, Skt. *śrīdeva*, The 37th buddha in the first list, 37th in the second list, and 38th in the third list. ## Śrīdevamati *dpal gyi blo gros lha*, Skt. *śrīdevamati*, The twenty-fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Śiridevamati. ## Rādhā *dga’ mo*, Skt. *rādhā*, An incarnation of a goddess as a milkmaid, who became Kṛṣṇa’s lover. (Toh 556 Degé: rgan’ mo.) ## Rādhaka *sgrub byed*, Skt. *rādhaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ūrdhvaga *steng ’gro*, Skt. *ūrdhvaga*, One of the rāśis. ## Ūrdhvajaṭā *ral pa ’greng*, Skt. *ūrdhvajaṭā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Śārdūla Skt. *śārdūla*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. See . ## Śārdūlakarṇa “Tiger Ear.” The son of the outcaste king Triśaṅku. ## Ārdrā *lag*, Skt. *ārdrā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Alpha Orionis in the occidental tradition. ## Ārdrabalaka *rlan stobs can*, Skt. *ārdrabalaka*, A nāga king. ## Reaching Awakening *byang chub reg*, Skt. *byang chub reg*, Attendant of the buddha Durjaya. ## Reaching Liberation *thar pa ’byor*, Skt. *thar pa ’byor*, Birthplace of the buddha Arthasiddhi. ## Reaching One’s Goal *yul la phebs pa*, A world system in the western direction in the present. Realm of the buddha named Subjugator of Resentment and Conceit. ## Reaching the Far Shore of Definitive Meaning to Fulfill Beings’ Aspirations *sems can gyi bsam pa nges pa’i don gyi pha rol tu bgrod par dong ba*, Skt. *sems can gyi bsam pa nges pa’i don gyi pha rol tu bgrod par dong ba*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Reaching the Meaningful Stage *don yod go ’phang gnon*, Skt. *don yod go ’phang gnon*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## ready *go bskon*, Skt. *saṃ√nah*, To call up reserves or members of a standing army. ## ready confidence *spobs pa*, Skt. *pratibhāna*, Also rendered here as “confident readiness.” ## Reṇaja *glang po ’thob*, Skt. *reṇaja*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## real basis *dngos po*, Skt. *vastu*, Also rendered as “existent thing,” “real thing,” and “something that exists.” ## real endpoint *yang dag pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *bhūtakoṭi*, A synonym for ultimate truth, and a way of describing the attainment of perfection as the culmination of the spiritual path. ## Real meaning *nges don*, Skt. *nītārtha*, direct expression of truth from the point of [view](#view) of realized beings. See also [expedient meaning](#expedient-meaning). ## real nature *de bzhin nyid*, Skt. *tathatā*, Literally, “thusness” or “suchness.” The ultimate nature of things, or the way things are beyond all concepts and duality, as opposed to the way they appear to unawakened beings. ## real thing *dngos po*, Skt. *bhāva*, Also rendered as “existent thing,” “something that exists,” and “real basis.” ## realgar *ni ldong ros*, Skt. *manaḥśilā*, Arsenic sulphide, which consists of bright orange-red soft crystals. It is also called “ruby sulphur” and “ruby of arsenic.” A number of Sanskrit synonyms include yavāgraja, pākya, mansil, manoguptā, nāgajihivikā, golā, śilā, kunṭī, and naipālī. ## reality *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Throughout Buddhist discourse this term is used both in regard to the specific relative characteristics of phenomena, such as the heat of fire and the moisture of water, and in terms of their common ultimate characteristic, emptiness. ## reality-limit *yang dag pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *bhūtakoṭi*, A synonym of the ultimate reality. In the Mahāyāna sūtras, it has a somewhat negative flavor, connoting the Hinayāna concept of a static nirvāṇa. Sthiramati glosses the term as follows: “ ‘Reality’ means undistorted truth. ‘Limit’ means the extreme beyond which there is nothing to be known by anyone” (bhūtaṃ satyam aviparītamityarthaḥ / koṭiḥ paryanto yataḥ pareṇa-anyajjñeyaṃ nāsti…/). ## Realization *mngon rtogs*, Skt. *mngon rtogs*, Realization (the act of becoming fully aware or of achieving something), also the name of a buddha. ## Realization and Relinquishment *rtogs pa spong ba*, Skt. *rtogs pa spong ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Śuddhasāgara. ## Realization of the Meaning *don legs par dgongs*, Skt. *don legs par dgongs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Nakṣatrarāja (528 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Realized by All Beings *kun gyi rtogs pa*, Skt. *kun gyi rtogs pa*, Name of a gandharva, a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## realized one A common epithet of the buddhas, translated into Tibetan as “the one gone thus,” from which one gets the translation “thus-gone one.” The term has a sense of literal movement, of having “gone” or “come” somewhere, but it also carries the sense of having “realized” something, in both senses of having understood it and made it real. In some traditional explanations of the term, the adverb tathā (“thus” or “in that way”) is therefore connected to tathatā (“the way things are”). ## Realizer *rtogs byed*, Skt. *rtogs byed*, Realizer (one who realizes or comprehends), also the name of a wandering mendicant (parivrājaka). ## Realizer of Existence *srid pa rig pa*, Skt. *srid pa rig pa*, A sage. ## Realizer of Qualities *yon tan rtogs byed*, Skt. *yon tan rtogs byed*, Mother of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Realizing the Heard *thos pa rtogs*, Skt. *thos pa rtogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Atiyaśas. ## Realm see [six realms](#six-realms-of-existence). ## Realm of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *brahmaloka*, The realm (loka) or heaven of Brahmā, usually located just above the desire realm (kāmadhātu) as one of the first levels of the form realm (rūpadhātu) and equated with the state that one achieves in the first concentration (dhyāna). ## realm of desire *’dod pa’i khams*, Skt. *kāmadhātu*, This realm is composed of the six classes of existence: hell beings, pretas, animals, humans, asuras, and devas. These are all existences where a being is reborn through karma. In the two higher realms beings are reborn there through the power of their meditation. ## realm of ghosts A synonym for pretaloka, it is the realm of the dead or the ghosts, where Yama, the Lord of Death, rules and judges the dead. Yama is also said to rule over the hells. This is also the name of the Vedic afterlife inhabited by the ancestors (Skt. pitṛ). The Pali commentarial tradition, and possibly other early Buddhist schools, identified Yama’s domain (Pali yamavisaya) with the realm of the ghosts (Pali petaloka). The commentary on the Kuṇālajātaka (Jātaka no. 536), the Kuṇālajātakavaṇṇanā, divides the realm of ghosts into the abode of ghosts and the abode of the asuras called Kālakañcika (Petarājavisayanti petavisayañca kālakañcikaasuravisayañca). ## realm of gods atop Mount Meru *ri rab kyi steng lha’i gnas*, Skt. *ri rab kyi steng lha’i gnas*, Likely refers to the Heaven of the Thirty-Three (Trāyastriṃśa, sum cu rtsa gsum), the second heaven of the desire realm situated on the summit of Mount Meru and presided over by thirty-three gods, of whom Śakra is the chief. ## Realm of Lotuses *padma can*, Skt. *padmāvatī*, A buddhafield in the east. ## realm of phenomena *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, Interpreted variously‍—given the many connotations of both dharma and dhātu‍—as the realm, element, or nature, of phenomena, reality, or truth, but generally taken to denote the entirety of phenomena and particularly their nature as a synonym of other terms designating the ultimate. In Tibetan, instances of the Sanskrit dharmadhātu with this range of meanings (rendered chos kyi dbyings) are distinguished from instances of the same Sanskrit term with its rather different meaning related to mental perception in the context of the twelve sense sources and eighteen elements (rendered chos kyi khams). ## realm of reality An expression that seems to refer to the entirety of the world, the container (dhātu) of all things. ## realm of sentient beings *sems can gyi khams*, Skt. *sattvadhātu*, The world as it is perceived by ordinary beings. ## realm of the asuras *a su ra’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *asuraloka*, Sanskrit and Pāli asura literally means “non-gods”; often translated as “demigods, titans.” A class of beings that rank between devas and humans. The asuras were expelled from their original home in the god realm because of their chronic jealousy; now they wage constant war with the devas in the hope of regaining their old home. According to Transformation of Karma, this class of beings is counted among the unfortunate (or lower) realms of rebirth. ## realm of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cāturmahā­rājakāyika*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, lowest among the six heavens of the desire realm. Dwelling place of the Four Great Kings, traditionally located on a terrace of Mount Meru. ## realm of the inconceivable *bsam gyis myi khyab pa’i dbyings*, Skt. *acintyadhātu*, A synonym of ultimate reality. ## Realm of the Lord of Death *gshin rje’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *yamaloka*, The realm of the Lord of Death is another name for the realm of hungry ghosts or pretas. This term is also the name of the Vedic afterlife inhabited by the ancestors (pitṛ). ## realm of the pretas *yi dags ’jig rten*, Skt. *pretaloka*, The realm of the dead or the ghosts, where Yama, the Lord of Death, is the ruler and judges the dead. Yama is also said to rule over the hells. This term is also the name of the Vedic afterlife inhabited by the ancestors (Skt. pitṛ). The Pāli commentarial tradition, and possibly other early Buddhist schools, identified Yama’s domain (Pāli yamavisaya) with the realm of the pretas (Pāli petaloka). ## Realm of the Pure Abode *gnas gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, The highest division of the realm of form, comprising its five highest heavens; also used as the name of the gods living there. The name is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “Śuddhāvāsa.” ## realm of the Thirty-Three *sum cu rtsa gsum*, Skt. *tṛdaśa*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## realm of the yāma gods See “Yāma Heaven.” ## realm of Yama *gshin rje’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *yamaloka*, Another name for the hungry ghost realm. ## Realms of the High Priests of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahma­purohita*, The second god realm of form, this is the second of the three heavens that make up the first dhyāna heaven in the form realm. Also called Brahmā’s Entourage (Brahmā­pariṣadya). ## Reasoning Mind *yid ’thad*, Skt. *yid ’thad*, Attendant of the buddha Garjitasvara. ## rebirth The eleventh link of the twelve links of dependent origination. ## rebirth process *srid pa*, Skt. *bhava*, Tenth of the twelve links of dependent origination; third of the four torrents. Also translated here as “phenomenal existence.” ## rebirth, rebirth process *srid pa*, Skt. *bhava*, Tenth of the twelve links of dependent origination; third of the four torrents. Also translated here as “phenomenal existence.” ## recaka *re tsa ka*, Skt. *recaka*, Exhalation (one of the four stages during a single breath). ## receive alms *bsod snyoms*, Skt. *piṇḍapāta*, To receive food that is offered in a bowl to mendicants in order to accumulate merit. The Tibetan term can be literally understood as “merit equalizing.” ## receiver of alms *bsod snyoms pa*, Skt. *piṇḍapātika*, A spiritual practitioner living from alms as described in the Vinaya. ## Receiver of Goodness The daughter of a wealthy brahmin in the city Gone to Bliss during the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara. She aids the bodhisattva Megha, the future Buddha Śākyamuni, in offering flowers to the newly awakened Dīpaṅkara. A past life of Śākyamuni’s wife Gopā, when he was still Prince Siddhārtha, although in some accounts said to become his wife Yaśodharā. ## Receiver of the Worship of the Worthy *dgra bcom mchod gnas*, Skt. *dgra bcom mchod gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnadhara (817 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Receiver of True Blessings *yang dag par byin pa’i bslab blangs*, Skt. *yang dag par byin pa’i bslab blangs*, A great bodhisattva. ## receiving the seal *phyag rgya yongs su ’dzin pa*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmudrā*, The 20th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. The Sanskrit from Dutt would suggest, rather, “Dhāraṇī seal,” as in the Ten Thousand (gzungs kyi phyag rgya). ## receptacle *za ma tog*, Skt. *karaṇḍa*, A basket, box, or other kind of receptacle with a lid. ## receptive to *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, See “patience.” Also translated here as “endure” and “acceptance.” ## receptive to the unborn nature of phenomena *chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *dharmakṣāṇti*, The term dharmakṣāṇti can refer either to a set of ways one becomes “receptive” to key points of the Dharma, or it can be an abbreviation of anutpattikadharmakṣāṇti, “receptivity to the unborn nature of phenomena.” ## receptivity *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, See Patience. ## Rechungpa *ras chung pa*, Skt. *ras chung pa*, (1083–1161). A close disciple of Milarepa, who traveled to India and brought back some of the teaching cycles that Marpa had not transmitted, as well as the Amitāyus tradition he received from the yoginī Siddharājñī. ## Recipient of Divine Worship *lha yi mchod gnas*, Skt. *lha yi mchod gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Samṛddha (750 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Recipient of the World’s Worship *’jig rten mchod gnas*, Skt. *’jig rten mchod gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Satyadeva. ## recission *dbyung ba*, Skt. *āvarhaṇa*, A probation is a remedial act imposed on a monk for having committed a saṅgha remnant. A “penance” (Tib. spo ba; Skt. parivāsa) is imposed, in addition to the probation, if the offense is concealed. The offending monk must ask the saṅgha to give him a penance and/or probation, during which the monk loses five privileges and must perform five menial chores. After completing the penance and/or probation, the saṅgha may rescind the punishment, lit. give a “recission” (Tib. dbyungs ba; Skt. āvarhaṇa), thus restoring the monk’s privileges. ## recitation A genre of Buddhist literature, and listed as one of both the nine or twelve types. It seems to refer to any text in which verses are mixed with prose, but literally the word means “to be sung,” and could have been used to refer to texts commonly used for recitation. ## recitation instructor *klog gi slob dpon*, Skt. *pāṭhācārya*, a monk who teaches another to recite even a single verse. One of five types of [instructor](#instructor)s named by the [Buddha](#buddha) when asked to elaborate on the role of an [instructor](#instructor). ## recitation mālā *bzlas pa’i phreng ba*, Skt. *jāpamālā*, The string of beads used to count mantra recitations. It can be made of a variety of substances depending on the deity or purpose of the recitation. ## Reciter *bsnyen pa*, Skt. *bsnyen pa*, Reciter (one who recites, especially aloud), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Krakucchanda. ## Recognizer of Unafflicted Realization *nyon mongs pa med pa rtogs par khong du chud pa*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa med pa rtogs par khong du chud pa*, A bodhisattva. ## recollecting the Buddha *sangs rgyas rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *buddhānusmṛti*, The practice of recollecting the Buddha is common in all Buddhist traditions and involves taking a buddha such as Śākyamuni or Amitābha as one’s meditative object. The practice typically involves recollecting the qualities of a buddha, reciting their epithets, recalling their image, and so forth. ## Recollecting the Words *tshig len*, Skt. *tshig len*, Son of the buddha Deveśvara. ## recollection *dran pa*, Skt. *smṛti*, This is the faculty that enables the mind to maintain its attention on a referent object, counteracting the arising of forgetfulness, which is a great obstacle to meditative stability. Together with alertness, recollection is one of the two indispensable factors for the development of calm abiding (Skt. śamatha). Also translated here as “mindfulness.” ## recollection of breathing *dbugs phyi nang du rgyu ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *praśvāsānusmṛti*, Eighth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of death *’chi ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *mṛtyanusmṛti*, Ninth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of disillusionment *skyo ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *udvegānusmṛti*, Seventh of the ten recollections. In some texts (see ) this item of the ten is replaced by the recollection of quiescence (vyupaśamānusmṛti, nye bar zhi ba rjes su dran pa). ## recollection of ethical discipline *tshul khrims rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *śīlānusmṛti*, Fourth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of giving away *gtong ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *tyāgānusmṛti*, Fifth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of physicality *lus su gtogs pa rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *kāya­gatānu­smṛti*, Ninth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of quiescence *nye bar zhi ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *vyupa­śamānu­smṛti*, Seventh of the ten recollections. ## recollection of renunciation *gtong ba rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *tyāgānu­smṛti*, Fifth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of respiration *dbugs ’byung ba dang rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *pra­śvāsānu­smṛti*, Eighth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of the body *lus kyi rnam pa rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *kāya­gatānusmṛti*, Tenth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of the Buddha *sangs rgyas rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *buddhānusmṛti*, The Sanskrit term buddhānusmṛti (Pali buddhānussati), meaning “mindfulness or recollection of the Buddha,” is a common practice in all Buddhist traditions that involves taking a buddha such as the Buddha Śākyamuni or Amitābha as one’s meditative object. ## recollection of the Dharma *chos rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *dharmānusmṛti*, Second of the ten recollections. ## recollection of the god realms *lha rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *devānusmṛti*, Sixth of the ten recollections. ## recollection of the Saṅgha *dge ’dun rjes su dran pa*, Skt. *saṅghānusmṛti*, Third of the ten recollections. ## reconciliation of dichotomies *snrel zhi’i rgyud*, Skt. *yamaka­vyatyastāhāra*, The twelfth of the eighteen special qualities of a bodhisattva. ## records *sgo 'phar*, Skt. *kapāṭa*, financial records or accounts. Also [means](#means) “door panel”. ## Red *dmar po*, Skt. *dmar po*, Red (the color), also the name of (1) an ocean between Videha and Jambudvīpa. (2) An ocean off Jambudvīpa. (3) A river in Jambudvīpa. (4) An ephemeral hell to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Red Acala *mi g.yo ba dmar po*, Skt. *raktācala*, Acala corresponding to Buddha Amitābha in the west of the maṇḍala. ## red bali offering *dmar gyi gtor ma*, In The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati, the red cast offerings are offered to the eight great yakṣas and contain fish and onions. ## Red City *grong khyer dmar gnas*, Skt. *grong khyer dmar gnas*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Red Cāmuṇḍī *dmar mo tsa muN+Di*, Skt. *dmar mo tsa muN+Di*, A goddess who eventually becomes known as the Dharma protector Śrīdevī Mahākālī. Her parents are the goddess Umadevī and the god Mahādeva. ## Red Conches and Pearls *dung dang mu tig dmar po*, Skt. *dung dang mu tig dmar po*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Red Eye *mig dmar*, Skt. *mig dmar*, Father of the buddha Amitabuddhi. ## Red Eyes *mig dmar*, Skt. *mig dmar*, A nāga king. ## Red Forest *nags dmar po*, Skt. *nags dmar po*, A forest in Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Red Horse *rta dmar*, Skt. *rta dmar*, A sage. ## Red Lady of Desire A goddess whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## red leadwort *ci tra dmar po*, Skt. *raktacitraka*, Plumbago rosea. ## red lotus *pad mo*, Skt. *nalinī*, Nelumbo nucifera. The true lotus that has a central pericarp, while the “night lotus” and the “blue lotus” are actually lilies. Padma or nalinī refers to the red variety of the lotus, while the white lotus is called puṇḍarīka. ## red shawl *la dmar*, Skt. *kṛmivarṇā*, an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Red Water *chu dmar pa*, Skt. *chu dmar pa*, An ocean between Godānīya and Videha. ## red wool *be'u ras dmar po*, Skt. *kṛmilikā*, an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## red-eyed ones *mig dpar ba*, Skt. *mig dpar ba*, A class of asuras. ## Reed *’dam bu*, Skt. *’dam bu*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Reed Holder *’dam bu can*, Skt. *’dam bu can*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Reed Merchant *’dam bu’i tshong pa*, Skt. *’dam bu’i tshong pa*, (1) A wandering mendicant. (2) A mendicant living in Nālandā. ## Reed Thread *’dam bu’i rgyud*, Skt. *’dam bu’i rgyud*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Reeds of the Melody of Joy *dga’ dbyangs ’dam bu*, Skt. *dga’ dbyangs ’dam bu*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍhavikrama. ## reference point *dmigs pa*, Skt. *upalabdhi*, Conceptual mind. Also translated “focus” q.v. ## Refined Joy *dga’ sbyangs*, Skt. *dga’ sbyangs*, Attendant of the buddha Dundubhi­megha­svara. ## Refined Purity *gtsang ma sbyong ba*, Skt. *gtsang ma sbyong ba*, A world system Endurance in a future eon. ## Reflecting All *thams cad me long*, Skt. *thams cad me long*, A nāga king. ## reflection *gzugs brnyan*, Skt. *pratibimba*, Also translated as “image.” ## refraining from drinking alcohol that leads to intoxication The fifth of the five precepts. ## refraining from killing The first of the five precepts. ## refraining from lying The fourth of the five precepts. ## refraining from sexual misconduct The third of the five precepts. ## refraining from taking what has not been given The second of the five precepts. ## Refuge 1. *skyabs yul*, the object in which one takes refuge. 2. *skyabs 'gro*, the practice of taking refuge. See external [refuge from afar](https://garchen.net/refuge-from-afar/), and [refuge card](https://garchen.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Refuge-Card.png). > Don't commit any wrong, perfectly practice virtue, completely tame/purify one's own mind > > [Buddha](#buddha) (inner [wisdom](#wisdom)) Compassionate protector All-knowing guide [Merit](#merit) field of oceanic qualities Homage to you [Tathāgata](#tathāgata) > > [Dharma](#dharma) (love & compassion(infused by love)(via gratitude)) The virtue of the pure cause that is free from any attachment liberates from the evil destinies > > [Saṅgha](#saṅgha) Freed, you show the [path](#path) to freedom And honor fully in the pure trainings Best of fields, the Field of Virtuous Qualities Homage to the [Saṅgha](#saṅgha) too [src 1](https://www.youtube.com/live/-x4bg7OZfas), [2](https://www.youtube.com/live/9qkPT6ezaO4) > From today onward until attaining [enlightenment](#enlightenment) I will practice virtue with body speech and mind > [src](https://youtu.be/9qkPT6ezaO4?t=3413) ## refuge instructor *gnas kyi slob dpon*, newly ordained monks are not allowed to [live independently](#live-independently) until they have passed ten years as a monk and possess one of twenty-one sets of five qualities described in “The Chapter on Going Forth.” Until that time, they are obliged to live as [apprentice](#apprentice)s or journeymen to a [refuge](#refuge) so that they may learn and become established in the conduct expected of a Buddhist renunciate. ## refuse scavenger *g.yung po’i khyim*, Skt. *puṣkasa­kula*, Also translated here as “garbage collector.” ## Regarded Well by the World *’jig rten legs par lta*, Skt. *’jig rten legs par lta*, Birthplace of the buddha Suvaktra. ## regards blue external forms *phyi rol gyi gzugs sngon po la lta ba*, Skt. *bahīr­dha rūpāṇi nīlāni paśyati*, Third of the eight sense fields of mastery. ## regards greater external forms *gzugs chen por gyur pa la lta ba*, Skt. *mahad­gatāni paśyati*, Second of the eight sense fields of mastery. See also . ## regards lesser external forms *gzugs chung ngu la lta ba*, Skt. *parīttāni paśyati*, First of the eight sense fields of mastery. See also . ## regards red external forms *phyi rol gyi gzugs dmar po la lta ba*, Skt. *bahīr­dha rūpāṇi lohitāni paśyati*, Fifth of the eight sense fields of mastery. ## regards white external forms *phyi rol gyi gzugs dkar po la lta ba*, Skt. *bahīr­dha rūpāṇi ava­dātāni paśyati*, Sixth of the eight sense fields of mastery. ## regards yellow external forms *phyi rol gyi gzugs ser po la lta ba*, Skt. *bahīr­dha rūpāṇi pītāni paśyati*, Fourth of the eight sense fields of mastery. ## Region of Joyous Radiance *mdangs dga’ ba’i phyogs*, Skt. *mdangs dga’ ba’i phyogs*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Complete Purifier of Speech. ## regressive concentrations *yongs su nyams pa’i bsam gtan*, Skt. *yongs su nyams pa’i bsam gtan*, A particular form of concentration practiced by some worthy ones, which has the potential for regressing back into cyclic existence. ## Śreṣṭha *thu bo*, Skt. *śreṣṭha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-fifth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Śreṣṭhamati *blo gros dam pa*, Skt. *śreṣṭhamati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Śreṣṭharūpa *gzugs mchog*, Skt. *śreṣṭharūpa*, The 570th buddha in the first list, 570th in the second list, and 563rd in the third list. ## Śreṣṭhin *tshong dpon*, Skt. *śreṣṭhin*, The son of the lord of māras. ## reification “Grasping at the unreal,” creating concepts about an object’s status as real beyond it being a dependently arising phenomenon. ## reign *chu srid*, Skt. *chu srid*, Rule, kingdom, government, lit. “water domain.” See Kapstein 2006, p. 4. ## Śreṇika *phreng ba can*, Skt. *śreṇika*, Name of a mendicant (parivrājaka), also called Śreṇika Vatsagotra (Pali Vacchagotra). His name is also rendered bzo sbyangs and sde can in Tibetan in other Prajñā­pāramitā texts. See also . ## Śreṇika Vatsagotra *bzo sbyangs*, Skt. *śreṇika vatsagotra*, A wandering ascetic, uncle of Śāriputra, whose dialogue with the Buddha is mentioned in the long Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtras. ## reinstatement *dbyung ba*, Skt. *ābarhaṇa, āvarhaṇa*, though classed as one of the five [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act)s imposed on a monk, it is the [act](#act) used to restore full status to a monk upon his satisfactory completion of a [disciplinary act](#disciplinary-act) like [probation](#probation). ## Śreṇiya Bimbisāra *bzo sbyangs gzugs can snying po*, Skt. *śreṇiya bimbisāra*, See “Bimbisāra.” ## Rejoices in the Dhāraṇī of the Precious Garland *rin po che’i phreng ba’i gzungs la dga’ ba*, Skt. *rin po che’i phreng ba’i gzungs la dga’ ba*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## rejoicing and attraction *dga’ ba’i ’dod chags*, Skt. *nandīrāga*, The Nibandhana explains that “rejoicing” refers to a happy, joyful mind (saumanasya). ## Relative truth *kun rdzob bden pa*, Skt. *saṃvṛti satya*, the apparent truth perceived and taken as real by the deluded mind. ## relativity *rten cing ’brel bar ’byung ba*, Skt. *pratītya­samutpāda*, In most contexts, this term is properly translated by “dependent origination.” But in the Mādhyamika context, wherein the concept of the ultimate nonorigination of all things is emphasized, “relativity” better serves to convey the message that things exist only in relation to verbal designation and that nothing exists as an independent, self-sufficient entity, even on the superficial level. ## release from their inclination toward pleasant states *sdug pa’i rnam par thar pa*, Skt. *śubha­vimokṣa*, Literally, “release from pleasant states.” ## Releaser of All Wandering Beings *’gro ba thams cad so sor bag yangs ba*, Skt. *’gro ba thams cad so sor bag yangs ba*, A buddha. ## Relentless Torments *gnod pa rnam par m zhi ba*, Skt. *kāraṇāvyuparama*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## reliance In the Dharmasaṃgraha, there are said to be four types or sources of reliance, namely reliance on the meaning, reliance on knowledge, reliance on the definitive meaning (or sūtras taken to contain definitive meaning), and reliance on the true nature of reality. This list is also found in the The Teaching of Vimalakīrti (Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa), . ## relic *ring bsrel*, Skt. *dhātu*, The physical remains or personal objects of a previous tathāgata, arhat, or other realized person that are venerated for their perpetual spiritual potency. They are often enshrined in stūpas and other public monuments so that the Buddhist community at large can benefit from their blessings and power. ## relic of the Sugata *bde bar gshegs pa’i gdung*, Skt. *sugatadhātu*, A body relic from the Buddha. ## relic pill *gdung gi ril bu*, Skt. *dhātumayā gulikā*, A pill that consists of a relic of the Sugata that is then coated with various substances. ## Reliever of Suffering *mya ngan sel*, Skt. *mya ngan sel*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Reliever of the Sweaty *rngul ba ngal so ba*, Skt. *rngul ba ngal so ba*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## religious life *tshangs pa lha’i spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacārya*, The expression brahmacārya (tshangs pa lha ’ i spyod pa) encompasses a wide range of activities including moral restraint in general (including celibacy, refraining from killing and harming beings, etc.), devotion to studies and religious practices, as well as the simplification of one’s lifestyle in regard to food, lodging, and so forth. ## religious mendicant *kun tu rgyu*, Skt. *parivrājaka*, See also “parivrājaka.” ## Religious Practice *chos spyod*, Skt. *chos spyod*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Light of the Sky. ## religious robe *chos gos*, Skt. *cīvara*, In common parlance, this denotes the patched, yellow upper robe worn by renunciates. ## Relinquisher of Defilements *nyon mongs spong*, Skt. *nyon mongs spong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vairocana. ## Relinquisher of the Lower Realms *ngan song spong*, Skt. *ngan song spong*, Son of the buddha Pradīparāja. ## Relinquishing *spong byed*, Skt. *spong byed*, Relinquishing (giving up or letting go of something), also the name of a temple on Mount Gośṛṅga. ## Relinquishing All Flaws and Obscurations of Arrogance *rgyags pa’i skyon dang sgrib pa thams cad spangs pa*, Skt. *rgyags pa’i skyon dang sgrib pa thams cad spangs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vijita. ## Relinquishing All Misdeeds The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## Relinquishing All Suffering *mya ngan thams cad gtong*, Skt. *mya ngan thams cad gtong*, Mother of the buddha Aśoka. ## Relinquishing Harm *gnod pa spangs*, Skt. *gnod pa spangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthāmaśrī (743 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Relinquishing Suffering *mya ngan spong*, Skt. *mya ngan spong*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Devaraśmi (668 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Relinquishing the Lower Realms *ngan song spong ba*, Skt. *ngan song spong ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigataśoka (880 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Relinquishing the Personality *’jig tshogs spong byed*, Skt. *’jig tshogs spong byed*, A temple on Mount Gośṛṅga. ## Relinquishing the Vase *ril ba gtong ba*, Skt. *ril ba gtong ba*, The region in which the dwelling place of bodhisattvas called Dharma Seat is located. Thomas Cleary translates this (from the Chinese) as Kuchara. ## Relinquishment and Acumen *spong spobs*, Skt. *spong spobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Deśāmūḍha. ## Relinquishment Endowed with Gathering *tshogs can spong*, Skt. *tshogs can spong*, Mother of the buddha Gaṇendra. ## Relinquishment of Fact and Nonfact *gnas dang gnas ma yin pa spong ba*, Skt. *gnas dang gnas ma yin pa spong ba*, Father of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## Relinquishment of Flaws *nyes pa spong*, Skt. *nyes pa spong*, Mother of the buddha Aśokarāṣṭra. ## Relinquishment of the Lower Realms *ngan song spong*, Skt. *ngan song spong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sārodgata. ## Relinquishment of the Subtle *phra ba spong*, Skt. *phra ba spong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Upakāragati. ## Relinquishment through Seeing *mthong bas spong*, Skt. *mthong bas spong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sucīrṇavipāka. ## Relinquishment with Leonine Strength *seng ge’i mthu rtsal dor*, Skt. *seng ge’i mthu rtsal dor*, Son of the buddha Madaprahīṇa. ## relinquishments *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, Four types of relinquishment: abandoning existing negative mind states, abandoning the production of such states, giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and letting those states continue. ## reliquary *mchod rten*, Skt. *stūpa*, A structure for worship in which relics of a buddha are stored. ## reliquary stūpa *mchod rten*, Skt. *stūpa*, A monument containing a relic of a buddha or other holy beings (Rigzin 112). ## Remaining Detached *chags pa med par gnas pa*, Skt. *chags pa med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāsthāman. ## Remaining Free from Delusion *gti mug med par gnas pa*, Skt. *gti mug med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bodhidhvaja. ## Remaining Immutable *g.yo ba med par gnas pa*, Skt. *g.yo ba med par gnas pa*, Attendant of the buddha Śodhita. ## Remaining in Beauty *mdzes par gnas*, Skt. *mdzes par gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sudhana. ## Remaining in Mind *blo la gnas*, Skt. *blo la gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suprabha. ## Remaining Renown *grags par gnas*, Skt. *grags par gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnaśrī. ## Remaining Undaunted *bag mi tsha bar gnas*, Skt. *bag mi tsha bar gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṣemapriya (927 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Remaining Undaunted by Means of All Qualities *yon tan thams cad kyis bag tsha ba med par gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad kyis bag tsha ba med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Remaining Unimpeded *thogs pa med par gnas*, Skt. *thogs pa med par gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Remaining Unperturbed *khrugs pa med par gnas pa*, Skt. *khrugs pa med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharma­pradīpākṣa. ## Remaju The name of a goddess who is said to be Mahākālī’s body emanation. ## Rematī *re ma ti*, Skt. *re ma ti*, A wrathful Dharma protector who is often portrayed together with her mistress Śrīdevī Mahākālī. At times she is conflated with Śrīdevī Mahākālī, so that the two appear to be identical. She is most often portrayed riding on a donkey and adorned with various wrathful ornaments and hand implements. Rematī is also known for her ability to inflict disease on others and retract it at will. In Kangyur literature Rematī is at times linked to the Indian goddess Revatī and also to the rākṣasī demoness Revatī. This link appears to have been made by the editors of the Kangyur. ## Remati The name of a goddess who accompanies Mahākālī. At times, the two goddesses appear to be conflated into one, but at other times they are clearly two distinct goddesses. In this text Remati is also said to be Mahākālī’s speech emanation. ## Remedy *gnyen po*, Skt. *gnyen po*, Remedy (a cure or means of counteracting something), also the name of a son of the buddha Pratibhāna­cakṣus. ## remember *’dzin pa*, Skt. *dhāraṇā*, Can also mean to memorize, retain, or grasp. ## Remote and Delightful *dben zhing skyid pa*, Skt. *dben zhing skyid pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## remote hearing *ring ba’i thos pa*, Skt. *dūraśravaṇa*, The name of a siddhi. ## remote place In an Indic context, this is often referred to as “the wilderness,” or “forest,” as contrasted with a town or city. In Tibetan, dgon pa would later become the standard term for “monastery.” ## Remover of Affliction *nyon mongs nad sel*, A deva. (Toh 555: nyon mongs pa yongs su spangs pa; Degé Toh 556: nyong mongs nad sel) ## Removing All Fear *’jigs pa kun sel*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Rendering All Beings Flawless *sems can thams cad skyon med sgyur mdzad*, Skt. *sems can thams cad skyon med sgyur mdzad*, A buddha. ## rendering medicines effective The name of a siddhi. ## Renouncing Intoxication *myos pa spong*, Skt. *myos pa spong*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mānajaha (886 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Renown *snyan grags*, Skt. *snyan grags*, Renown (widespread fame or acclaim), also the name of the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśāntagātra (628 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Renown of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas grags*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Avraṇa. ## Renown of Infinite Wisdom *ye shes mtha’ yas bsgrags pa*, Skt. *ye shes mtha’ yas bsgrags pa*, A buddha. ## Renown of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen rnam par grags*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen rnam par grags*, Attendant of the buddha Keturāṣṭra. ## renowned *grags ldan*, Skt. *grags ldan*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Renowned as a Sage *thub par grags*, Skt. *thub par grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Lokottīrṇa (181 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Renowned Aspiration *smon lam rnam par bsgrags*, Skt. *smon lam rnam par bsgrags*, A great bodhisattva. ## Renowned Blooming Flower of Limitless Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che mtha’ yas pa’i me tog kun du rgyas pa’i rnam par bsgrags pa grags pa*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che mtha’ yas pa’i me tog kun du rgyas pa’i rnam par bsgrags pa grags pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Renowned Brilliant Light *’od kyi gzi brjid rnam par bsgrags pa grags pa*, Skt. *’od kyi gzi brjid rnam par bsgrags pa grags pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Renowned Carefulness *bag yod rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *bag yod rnam par grags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Deveśvara. ## Renowned Conqueror of the Afflictions *yongs bsgrags nyon mongs yang dag bcom*, Skt. *yongs bsgrags nyon mongs yang dag bcom*, A great bodhisattva. ## Renowned Detachment *sred med grags*, Skt. *sred med grags*, Attendant of the buddha Dīptatejas. ## Renowned Excellent Intention *legs bsams grags ma*, Skt. *legs bsams grags ma*, Mother of the buddha Abhaya. ## Renowned Female *grags ma*, Skt. *kīrtī*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Renowned for Delightful Magical Manifestations *rnam par ’phrul pas dang bar byed pa’i grags pa*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pas dang bar byed pa’i grags pa*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Renowned for Excellence in Practice *legs bsgrubs grags*, Skt. *legs bsgrubs grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Caraṇabhrāja. ## Renowned for Joyous Faith *dga’ zhing dang ba’i grags pa*, Skt. *dga’ zhing dang ba’i grags pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Renowned Force *grags pa’i sde*, Skt. *grags pa’i sde*, A great bodhisattva. ## Renowned Friend *bshes gnyen sgrags pa*, Skt. *bshes gnyen sgrags pa*, A buddha. ## Renowned Illumination of the Directions *phyogs gsal grags*, Skt. *phyogs gsal grags*, Father of the buddha Sūrya. ## Renowned Joy *grags dga’*, Skt. *grags dga’*, A buddha realm. ## Renowned King Virtuous Stainless Light *dge ’od dri ma med par grags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. (Toh 555: legs ’od dri med grags pa’i rgyal po) ## Renowned Light *grags par snang*, Skt. *grags par snang*, Birthplace of the buddha Praśānta. ## Renowned Qualities *yon tan grags*, Skt. *yon tan grags*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Renowned Realization *snyan par dgongs*, Skt. *snyan par dgongs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Saṃpannakīrti (512 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Renowned Ruler *grags dbang*, Skt. *grags dbang*, Father of the buddha Vibhaktagātra. ## Renowned Son of the God of Wealth *nor lha’i bu*, Skt. *nor lha’i bu*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Satyacara (368 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Renowned Teacher *ston pa grags*, Skt. *ston pa grags*, Son of the buddha Bodhyaṅgapuṣpa. ## Renowned Vision *mthong bar grags*, Skt. *mthong bar grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmavasu (672 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Renowned Wisdom *blo grags*, Skt. *blo grags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimalakīrti. ## renunciant *rab byung*, the Sanskrit pravrajyā literally [means](#means) “going forth,” with the sense of leaving the life of a householder and embracing the life of a renunciant. When the term is applied more technically, it refers to the [act](#act) of [becoming](#becoming) a male [novice](#novice) (śrāmaṇera; dge tshul) or female [novice](#novice) (śrāmaṇerikā; dge tshul ma), this being a first stage leading to full ordination. ## renunciation of delight *dga’ ba spong ba*, Skt. *ratijaha*, The 63rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Repa Shiwa Ö *ras pa zhi ba 'od*, one of the main [disciple](#disciple)s of [Milarepa](#milarepa). ## repeat penance *gzhi nas mgu [bar](#bar) bya ba*, Skt. *mūlamānāpya*, imposed on a monk who incurs a second similar [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense while serving his [probation](#probation). ## repeat probation *gzhi nas spo ba*, Skt. *mūlaparivāsa*, imposed on a monk who incurs a second similar [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense while serving his [probation](#probation). ## repetition *sbyar ba*, Skt. *paryāya*, Formulaic repetitions, often elided in Sanskrit and Pāli texts, reflecting the oral tradition. ## Replete *snying po can*, Skt. *snying po can*, Replete (fully filled or abundantly supplied), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sublime Golden Light. ## Replete with Coral Trees *spug gi shing tog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *spug gi shing tog dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Moon Light. ## repudiation of afflicted mental states *nyon mongs pa spong ba*, Skt. *raṇaṃjaha*, A meditative stability. ## repudiation of mental afflictions *nyon mongs pa spong ba*, Skt. *raṇaṃjaha*, The 30th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## requisite Two factors that are essential for progressing on the path and reaching awakening: the requisite of merit and the requisite of wisdom. ## rescission *dbyung ba*, Skt. *āvarhaṇa*, The process by which the saṅgha restores a monk’s status. Following the completion of a probation (a remedial act imposed on a monk for having committed a saṅgha remnant) and/or a penance (imposed in addition to the probation if the offense was concealed), the saṅgha may rescind the punishment, lit. “give a rescission,” thus restoring the monk’s privileges. ## Resembling a Great Lotus *pad ma chen po lta bu*, Skt. *kumuda*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## resembling Mount Sumeru *ri rab lta bu*, Skt. *merukalpo*, The forty-sixth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Resembling the Full Moon *zla ba’i gnas ltar nya ba*, Skt. *zla ba’i gnas ltar nya ba*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. Also called Moving Like the Moon. ## Resembling the Karṇikāra Tree, the Mango Tree, and the Blooming Burflower Tree *dong ka’i shing dang sa ha ka ra dang me tog ’byung ba’i ka dam pa lta bu*, Skt. *dong ka’i shing dang sa ha ka ra dang me tog ’byung ba’i ka dam pa lta bu*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Resembling White Lotuses *pad ma dkar po lta bu*, Skt. *puṇḍarīka*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## resentment *’chab pa*, Skt. *mrakṣa*, One of twenty or twenty-four so-called secondary mental defilements/afflictions, it is the jealous disparagement of others’ qualities. ## residence *gnas mal*, Skt. *śayanāsana*, The compound term Tib. gnas mal; Skt. śayanāsana comprises the words “dwelling” or “bed” (see Tib. gnas and mal cha; Skt. śayana) and “seating” (Tib. stan; Skt. āsana). In Vinaya usage, it refers to a monastic residence and its furnishings. The “residence caretaker” (Tib. gnas mal bstabs pa; Skt. śayanāsana­parihāra) is in charge of distributing keys for the individual “dwellings” (Tib. gnas khang; Skt. layana) on site. The term “dwelling/residence” (Tib. gnas mal; Skt. śayana) also appears in terms like bas mtha’ gnas mal, Skt. prāntaśayana (“remote residence”) and Tib. dben pa’i gnas mal (“isolated residence”). ## resident monk *gnyug mar gnas pa*, Skt. *naivāsiko bhikṣuḥ*, In The Chapter on Lifting Restrictions, a distinction is drawn between “boarding and resident monks” (Tib. gnas pa dang gnyug mar gnas pa’i dge slong rnams). The former, also rendered as “visiting” monks, are short-term occupants who are not familiar with the inner or outer workings of the community. The latter, “resident monks,” are long-term occupants who are familiar with the inner and outer workings of the community. See Kalyāṇamitra (Toh 4113, F.313.b): gnas pa zhes bya ba ni dus thung ngur gnas pa phyi nang gi rgyus mi shes pa’o/ /gnyug mar gnas pa zhes bya ba ni dus yun ring du gnas pa phyi nang gi rgyus shes pa’o. ## residents of the royal city Literally “those in the vicinity of the king’s palace.” ## Residing in Supreme Qualities *yon tan mchog la gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan mchog la gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṅgalin. ## Residing within Precious Liberation *shin tu rnam par grol ba’i rin po che la rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par grol ba’i rin po che la rab tu gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānakośa. ## residual impressions *bag chags*, Skt. *vāsanā*, Karmic traces or residues imprinted by past actions and constituting tendencies that predispose one to particular patterns of behavior. ## Resilient One *rab tu gdul dka’*, Skt. *rab tu gdul dka’*, A nāga king. ## resin *trang chu*, Skt. *jatu*, Five kinds of resin that are used as medicines. ## resolutions *gtan la bab par bstan pa’i sde*, Skt. *upadeśa*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## Resolver of Doubts Regarding Transgressing All Vows *yang dag par blangs pa thams cad las rgal ba the tsom gcod pa*, Skt. *yang dag par blangs pa thams cad las rgal ba the tsom gcod pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Gentle Voice. ## Resounding Fame *rnam par grags pa’i sgra*, Skt. *rnam par grags pa’i sgra*, Attendant of the buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Resounding Glory *bsgrags pa’i dpal*, A buddha in a realm to the east. ## Resounding Musical Sound A bodhisattva in the Meghavatī world of the realized one Melodious King of Clouds. The Sanskrit could be something like Svaraghoṣanirghoṣa. ## Resounding of the Drum Tones Pervading All Ten Directions of the Brilliant Maṇḍala Arisen from Clouds *sprin las byung ba snang bar byed pa’i dkyil ’khor phyogs bcu mtho ’gebs rnga’i sgra dbyangs shin tu rab sgrogs*, Skt. *sprin las byung ba snang bar byed pa’i dkyil ’khor phyogs bcu mtho ’gebs rnga’i sgra dbyangs shin tu rab sgrogs*, A tathāgata. ## Resounding Voice The bodhisattva who will be prophesied to become the Buddha All Pervasive Lord. This prophecy will be given to him by the future buddha Vikurvāṇarāja in the world system called Great Array. ## respect for and veneration of the spiritual teacher by means of faith *bla ma la bsnyen bkur zhing dad pas gus par bya ba*, Skt. *guru­śraddhā­guruśuśrūṣā*, Seventh of the eight attributes of the second level. ## respectful *sri zhu che*, Skt. *sri zhu che*, This is the term that was used by Tibetans to translate “filial piety” (xiao 孝) from Chinese texts. ## Respecting *gsol ba byed pa*, Skt. *gsol ba byed pa*, Respecting (showing respect or regard for), also the name of a buddha. ## Resplendent *gzi brjid lha*, Skt. *tejodeva*, Resplendent (shining brilliantly; splendid), also the name of a member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## Resting in the Branches of Awakening *byang chub yan lag gnas*, Skt. *sambodhyaṅ­gastha*, A buddha to the north, from whose buddha field which the bodhisattva child Flower of Clairvoyance comes. The branches of awakening (Skt. bodhyaṅga, Tib. byang chub yan lag) are normally counted as seven: mindfulness, discrimination, diligence, joy, pliability, absorption, and equanimity. ## resting place *gnas*, Skt. *layana*, Also translated here as “sanctuary,” and “abode.” ## restoration *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, a twice monthly ceremony performed by monks, nuns, and [novice](#novice)s in which the ordained confess and remedy offenses against their vows, thereby purifying and restoring the vows. ## restoration and purification of vows *gso sbyin*, Skt. *poṣadha*, Also rendered as “poṣadha.” ## restoration and purification rites *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, The fortnightly ceremony during which ordained monks and nuns gather to recite the prātimokṣa vows and confess faults and breaches. The term is also sometimes used in reference to the taking of eight vows by a layperson for just one day, a full-moon or new-moon day. ## restoration rite *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, A bi-weekly ritual performed on the upavasatha holiday, from which the term poṣadha derives. Monastics are expected to confess most types of offenses without delay and so confessions are generally done prior to the start of the restoration rite. During the rite, monastics affirm that they have confessed and amended for offenses, thereby affirming their “purity,” and thus that of the saṅgha as a whole. ## restoration rite site *gso sbyong gi gnas*, Skt. *poṣadhāmukha*, The Sanskrit compound poṣadha-āmukham (lit. “restoration commencement”) was translated into Tibetan as gso sbyong gi gnas (lit. “restoration rite site”). Kalyāṇamitra’s gloss of poṣadhāmukhaṃ clarifies the Tibetan translation gso sbyong gi gnas: “ ‘should agree on a restoration rite site’; that site where the restoration rite will commence is called the ‘restoration rite site.’ The saṅgha should, through a twofold act and motion, agree to hold the restoration rite at that site.” Toh 4113, (F.312.b): gso sbyong gi gnas la blo mthun par bya’o zhes bya ba ni gnas gang du gso sbyong mngon du byed pa’i gnas de ni gso sbyong gi gnas zhes bya ste/ gnas der gso sbyong bya bar dge ’dun gyis gsol ba dang gnyis kyi las kyis blo mthun par bya ba’o. ## Restrained Faculties *dbang po bsdams pa*, Skt. *dbang po bsdams pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## restraint *sdom pa*, Skt. *saṃvara*, Restraint from unwholesome deeds, generally engendered by observance of the three levels of vows. ## result of a humoral imbalance *‘dus pa las gyur pa*, Skt. *sāṃnipātika*, A term in the Suśrutasaṃhitā that denotes a dangerous illness that results when all three humors are out of balance. ## result of non-returners The third of the four levels of attainment of the vehicle of the śrāvakas, at which one will no longer be reborn in the desire realm. ## result of once-returners One who has achieved the second of the four levels of attainment on the śrāvaka path and who will thus only be reborn in saṃsāra once more. ## result of stream entry The first of four levels of attainment on the śrāvaka path, the point from which one is then continuously approaching nirvāṇa. ## resultant state of non-return *phyir mi ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *phyir mi ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, The state achieved by a non-returner. ## resultant state of once-return *lan cig phyir ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *lan cig phyir ’ong ba’i ’bras bu*, The state achieved by a once-returner. ## retainer *phyi ’khor*, Skt. *amātya*, blon po is the usual Tibetan translation of amātya. ## retention *gzungs*, Skt. *dhāraṇī*, The ability to remember all Dharma teachings that are heard. In other contexts, a dhāraṇi is a powerful recitation that is a precursor of mantras and is usually in the form of intelligible sentences or phrases that preserve or retain the essence of a teaching. There are two sets of “four retentions” in relation to this text. (A) As explained in the sūtra itself in chapter 24 (): the retention, respectively, of teachings on composites, on sounds, on kleśas, and on purifications. (B) As explained in the commentary to the opening of the sūtra (1.2, see ): the recited dhāraṇī sentences and phrases themselves, the retention of the memory of the words of all teachings given, the retention of the memory of the meaning of these teachings, and the retention of the realization gained through meditation on that meaning. ## Retentive Intelligence *gzungs kyi blo gros*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­mati*, Name of the ninety-fifth meditative stability. ## Retinue *’khor*, Skt. *’khor*, Retinue (a group of attendants accompanying an important person), also the name of a realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## retinue of the Four Great Kings *rgyal chen bzhi’i ris*, Skt. *cāturmahā­rājika*, The realm of the Four Great Kings and their retinue constitutes the first and lowest heaven of the form realm on the slopes of Mount Meru. The Four Great Kings are Dhṛtarāṣṭra in the east, Virūḍhaka in the south, Virūpākṣa in the west, and Vaiśravaṇa in the north. ## Retuka *re tu ka*, Skt. *re tu ka*, A village or town. See also . ## Reṇu *rdul*, Skt. *reṇu*, A son of King Diśāṃpati of Pāṁśula who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. He became king after the death of his father. In The Hundred Deeds, he is said to have been a previous incarnation of King Bimbisāra. ## Reṇukā The wife of the sage Jamadagni and the mother of Paraśurāma (“Rāma with an Axe”), the sixth avatāra of Viṣṇu. ## Revatī *re ba ti*, Skt. *revatī*, This name can refer to various non-Buddhist goddesses (such as Durgā), who often have a wrathful and protective nature. Revatī is also the name of a rākṣasī associated with the illness and mortality of children. Revatī is also one of the constellations in the heavens, personified as a goddess. The Tibetan rendering of this name can also refer to a group of local female deities and even a male monastic disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni (in which case nam gru translates the Sanskrit name Revata). In Kangyur literature Revatī (both the goddess and the rākṣasī) is at times linked to the Dharma protector Rematī. This link appears to have been made by the editors of the Kangyur. ## Revatī Who Extends One Hand A grahī. This seems to be another name for the grahī otherwise called Great Revatī Who Extends One Hand (nam gru chen mo lag gcig nyab pa). ## Revata *nam grus*, Skt. *revata*, A śrāvaka monk among the foremost disciples of the Buddha. His principal quality, according to The Episode of Dṛḍhādhyāśaya, is concentration. ## Revata the Doubter *nam gru som nyi can*, Skt. *kāṅkṣārevata*, An nickname of Revata, a disciple of the Buddha. ## Revatikā *na ma gru ma*, Skt. *revatikā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Revealing the Accomplishment of Apprehending Infinite Objects *yul mtha’ yas pa la dmigs pa sgrub pa nges par ston pa*, Skt. *yul mtha’ yas pa la dmigs pa sgrub pa nges par ston pa*, A great bodhisattva and also the name of a meditative absorption of the buddhas. ## Revealing the Gathering of the Invincible Indeterminate Array *mi gnas pa’i bkod pa thub pa med pa’i tshogs ston pa*, Skt. *mi gnas pa’i bkod pa thub pa med pa’i tshogs ston pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānin. ## Reveling *rnam par rol pa can*, Skt. *rnam par rol pa can*, Reveling (taking great pleasure or delight), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pradyotarāja. ## Reveling in the Superknowledge of Seeing the Ten Directions *phyogs bcu mthong bas rnam par rtse ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *phyogs bcu mthong bas rnam par rtse ba’i mngon par shes pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha. ## Reveling in the Superknowledges *mngon par shes pa rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa rnam par rol pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## Reveling Lion *seng ges rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *seng ges rnam par rol pa*, Father of the buddha Ojaṅgama. ## Reveling Roar *rnam par rtse ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *rnam par rtse ba’i nga ro*, Son of the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara. ## Reveling with Superknowledge *mngon par shes pas rnam par brtse ba*, Skt. *mngon par shes pas rnam par brtse ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śodhita. ## revenues *gzhug pa*, a skill taught to [brahmin](#brahmin)s and kings that may relate to finance or grammar. ## Revered by Gods *lha yis phyag byas pa*, Skt. *lha yis phyag byas pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Revered by Opponents *rgol bas mchod*, Skt. *rgol bas mchod*, Attendant of the buddha Abhaya. ## Revered Eyes *spyan btud*, Skt. *spyan btud*, A buddha. ## revered one A term of respectful address often directed toward Buddhist monks, and sometimes translated elsewhere as “reverend.” In this text, however, the term is used by a brahmin to address a sage politely. ## Reverend Lord *btsun pa bcom ldan ’das*, Skt. *bhadanta­bhagavat*, Epithet of Buddha Śākyamuni. See “Lord” or “Blessed One,” and also . ## Reverent Eye *mig btud*, Skt. *mig btud*, A buddha. ## reversing and turning *zlog cing sgyur bar byed pa*, Skt. *zlog cing sgyur bar byed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its eighth week. ## Reviled by the Land *yul gyis g.yon spyo ba*, Skt. *yul gyis g.yon spyo ba*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## revised terminology *skad gsar chad*, The ninth century revision and codification of translational equivalents and procedure in Tibet. It was undertaken during the reigns of Senalek (sad na legs, d. 815 ce) and Ralpachen (ral pa can, r. 815–838) and resulted in the Mahāvyutpatti and Drajor Bampo Nyipa (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa), the very influential manuals of translation from Sanskrit to Tibetan. ## Revitalizer *dbyugs ’byin pa stsol ba*, Skt. *dbyugs ’byin pa stsol ba*, Revitalizer (one who or that which restores vitality), also the name of a buddha. ## Revival *yang sos*, Skt. *saṃjīva*, Revival (a restoration to life, consciousness, or activity), also the name of one of the great hells (Skt. mahānaraka); see also . ## Reviving *yang sos*, Skt. *saṃjīva*, Reviving (bringing back to life or consciousness), also the name of one of the eight hot hells. ## Reviving Hell *yang sos*, Skt. *sañjīva*, First (and lightest) of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Born frightened of one another, the inhabitants of the Reviving Hell fight with each other using sharp weapons, die, and are instantly revived over and over to continue fighting. ## Revolving Mind *rnam grangs sems*, Skt. *rnam grangs sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratna. ## Śreṇya Bimbisāra *bzo sbyangs gzugs can snying po*, Skt. *śreṇya bimbisāra*, The king of Magadha and a great patron of the Buddha. In other sources he is simply called “King Bimbisāra.” There are several accounts of King Śreṇya Bimbisāra’s first meeting with the Buddha, early on when the latter was the wandering mendicant known as Gautama. Impressed by his conduct, Bimbisāra offered to take Gautama into his court, but Gautama refused, and Bimbisāra wished him success in in his quest for enlightenment and asked him to visit his palace after he had achieved his goal. One account of this episode can be found in the sixteenth chapter of The Play in Full (Toh 95, Lalitavistara). There are other accounts where the two meet earlier on in childhood. Later, after the Buddha’s enlightenment, Bimbisāra became one of his most famous patrons and donated to his saṅgha the Kalandakanivāpa Bamboo Grove, which is the setting of the Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra and many other teachings. ## Śreyasī *dpal ldan ma*, Skt. *śreyasī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK; the name of a nakṣatra. ## Śreyasa *dpal ldan*, Skt. *śreyasa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śreyasaka *dpal ldan*, Skt. *śreyasaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śreyās *dpal ldan*, Skt. *śreyās*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Rāga Yamāri *’dod chags gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *rāgayamāri*, “Desire Yamāri,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Rāgavajra and Yamāri Rāgavajra. ## Rāgabhrama *’dod chags mi gnas*, Skt. *rāgabhrama*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Śrīgarbha A shortened form of the name Padmaśrīrājagarbha, the buddha in the buddha domain of Padmavatī, whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Śrī­garbha *dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## śrīgarbha gem *rin po che dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *śrīgarbharatna*, A type of gem. ## Śrīgarbhavatī *dpal gyi snying po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *śrīgarbhavatī*, A realm in the eastern direction. ## Rāgavajrā *’dod chags rdo rje ma*, Skt. *rāgavajrā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Rāgavajra *’dod chags rdo rje*, Skt. *rāgavajra*, “Vajra Desire,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Rāga Yamāri and Yamāri Rāgavajra. ## Śrīghana *dpal stug po*, Skt. *śrīghana*, A tathāgata. ## Rāghava *ra gha ba*, Skt. *rāghava*, A brahmin statesman. ## Śrīghoṣa *dpal dbyangs*, Skt. *śrīghoṣa*, A king in the distant past. ## Śrīgupta *dpal sbas*, Skt. *śrīgupta*, A householder from the city of Rājagṛha and follower of the Jain master Jñātiputra. Chief protagonist of the Śrīgupta Sūtra, he sets multiple traps to kill the Buddha on the instruction of his teacher, which the Buddha foresees and skillfully avoids. Feeling remorse for his actions, he takes refuge in the Buddha. ## Śrīharṣa *dga’ ba’i dpal*, Skt. *śrīharṣa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Śrīhasti *glang po che’i dpal*, Skt. *śrīhasti*, A great bodhisattva. ## Rūḍhavaḍa *shing pa ta skye ba*, Skt. *rūḍhavaḍa*, A name of Jambudvīpa in an earlier eon. ## Rāhu “The Seizer.” A celestial body, personified as a serpent demon’s head, which, according to ancient Indian astronomical conceptions, is responsible for solar eclipses. ## Rāhu Holder *sgra gcan ’dzin*, Skt. *sgra gcan ’dzin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmadeva. ## Rāhubala *sgra gcan stobs med*, Skt. *rāhubala*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Rāhubhadra *sgra gcan bzang po*, Skt. *rāhubhadra*, The 610th buddha in the first list, 609th in the second list, and 603rd in the third list. ## Rāhucandra *sgra gcan zla*, Skt. *rāhucandra*, The 913th buddha in the first list, 912th in the second list, and 903rd in the third list. ## Rāhucitra *sgra gcan dgra med*, Skt. *rāhucitra*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Rāhudeva *sgra gcan lha*, Skt. *rāhudeva*, The 113th buddha in the first list, 113th in the second list, and 114th in the third list. ## Rāhuguhya *sgra gcan sbed*, Skt. *rāhuguhya*, The 362nd buddha in the first list, 361st in the second list, and 356th in the third list. ## Rāhugupta *sgra gcan sbed pa*, Skt. *rāhugupta*, The 976th buddha in the first list, 975th in the second list, and 966th in the third list. ## Rāhula *sgra gcan zin*, Skt. *rāhula*, Rāhula is the name of Śākyamuni Buddha’s physical son. Edgerton reports from different sources that he miraculously descended from Tuṣita heaven into his mother’s womb, and insisted on becoming a monk when he found out that the Buddha was his father. He was ordained by Śāriputra. ## Rāhulabhadra *sgra can zin bzang po*, Skt. *rāhulabhadra*, son of Siddhārtha Gautama. ## Rāhu­sūrya­garbha *sgra gcan nyi ma’i snying*, Skt. *rāhu­sūrya­garbha*, The 801st buddha in the first list, 800th in the second list, and 790th in the third list. ## rhythmic-consecutive person *zla ba phyed pa'i ma ning*, Skt. *pakṣapaṇḍaka*, someone who is female for half of the month and then becomes male for the other half; someone who is stricken with female desires for half of the month and male desires for the other half; or a person who has a sexual disability for half of the month. One of the five types of [person labeled a paṇḍaka](#person-labeled-a-paṇḍaka), all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order. ## rāśi *khyim*, Skt. *rāśi*, Literally “heap,” it also means a zodiac sign; in the MMK the meaning extends to cover other categories grouped together with the zodiac constellations. ## rṣi Guṃjika’s abode *drang srong sgra sgrogs kyi gnas*, Skt. *guṃjikāvasatha*, A place near Nādikā, a village in the country of Vṛji. ## Riṣṭa *’dod pa*, Skt. *riṣṭa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Rib Roaster *rtsib ma sreg*, Skt. *rtsib ma sreg*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ribbon of Joy *be’u dga’*, Skt. *be’u dga’*, Father of the buddha Vimatijaha. ## rice *'bras zan*, Skt. *bhakta*, an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## rice leaf A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## rice porridge A sweet dish that consists of rice boiled in milk. ## Rice-Milk Mud *’o thug gi ’dam*, Skt. *’o thug gi ’dam*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Rich and Dark Shade *grib ma snum zhing nag pa*, Skt. *grib ma snum zhing nag pa*, A forest in Continuous Movement. ## Rich Array of Excellence *bkod pa sna tshogs bzang po*, Skt. *bkod pa sna tshogs bzang po*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmakūṭa. ## Rich Connections *sna tshogs rjes su ’brel ba*, Skt. *sna tshogs rjes su ’brel ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Girīndrakalpa. ## Rich Mind *’byor pa’i blo*, Skt. *’byor pa’i blo*, Attendant of the buddha Mahādatta. ## Rich Treasury *’byor pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *’byor pa’i mdzod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Nala. ## Rich with All Wishes *’dod pa thams cad ’byor pa*, Skt. *’dod pa thams cad ’byor pa*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Riches *dbyig*, Riches (wealth; abundant possessions), also the name of a member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## Ārṣṭiṣeṇa One of the sublineages connected with the Gautama lineage of the brahmanical tradition. A sublineage of the Sāmavedins. ## right action *yang dag pa’i las kyi mtha’*, Skt. *saṃyakkarmānta*, Also called “right conduct,” it is convincing others that your activities conform with the doctrine and are harmonious with pure ethics (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## right cognition *yang dag par shes spa*, Skt. *yang dag par shes spa*, Possibly a reference to yang dag par shes pa’i ye shes bzhi, the “four right cognitions [of the mode of being of phenomena]” (Rangjung Yeshe). ## right effort *yang dag pa’i rtsol ba*, Skt. *saṃyagvyāyāma*, To meditate repeatedly on the meaning of reality that has already been seen or experienced; an antidote to the objects to be abandoned on the path of seeing (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## right efforts *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, A list of four actions that refers to the act of eliminating unwholesome states that have arisen and making sure they do not arise, as well as causing wholesome states to arise and developing them once they have arisen. ## right exertions *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa (bhs)*, These are four: preventing the arising of evil that has not arisen, eliminating the evil that has arisen, generating good qualities that have not arisen, and maintaining good qualities that have arisen. ## right livelihood *yang dag pa’i ’tsho ba*, Skt. *saṃyagājīva*, To convince others that your livelihood is free from wrong means, such as wheedling behavior, flattery, and so forth (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## right meditation *yang dag pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *saṃyaksamādhi*, Also called “right concentration,” it is to establish meditative concentration free from the faults of laxity and excitement; an antidote to hindrances (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” Also rendered here as “right meditative concentration.” ## right meditative concentration *yang dag pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *saṃyaksamādhi*, See “right meditation.” ## right mindfulness *yang dag pa’i dran pa*, Skt. *saṃyaksmṛti*, To retain the object of calm abiding and insight meditation without forgetting it; an antidote to forgetfulness (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## right speech *yang dag pa’i ngag*, Skt. *saṃyagvāk*, To show others—by means of teaching, debate, and writing—the nature of reality free from conceptual elaborations (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## right understanding *yang dag pa’i rtog pa*, Skt. *saṃyaksaṃkalpa*, Also called “right determination,” “right thought,” it is to examine how the profound meaning understood through the study of texts complies with the teachings of the Buddha (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## right view *yang dag pa’i lta*, Skt. *saṃyakdṛṣṭi*, To discern through analytical means the reality of the four noble truths and other phenomena (Rigzin 377). See also “noble eightfold path,” “thirty-seven wings of enlightenment.” ## righteousness *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, Also translated as “phenomena” and “Dharma” (see entry for “Dharma and Vinaya”). ## rightful recipient of the offerings In general, a term for a pure monk or ascetic (or the saṅgha as a whole) who may be considered a worthy field of merit (Skt. puṇyakṣetra). ## Śārikā *shA ri, shA ri kA*, Skt. *śārikā*, [Māṭhara](#māṭhara)’s daughter and mother of [Upatiṣya](#upatiṣya) (aka [Śāriputra](#śāriputra)). ## Rāśika *tshogs can*, Skt. *rāśika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Rikpai Raldri See also “Chom Ralpa.” ## Rikzin Gödemchen Rikzin Gödemchen Ngödrub Gyaltsen (1337–1409) was the first in the incarnation line of Dorjé Drak Rikzin. His name comes from the fact that three feather-like growths sprouted from his head, so he was given the name “the one with (chen) the feathers (dem) of a vulture (rgod).” ## Rāśina Skt. *rāśina*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Rinchen Dé *rin chen sde*, Skt. *rin chen sde*, Eighth-century Tibetan translator of Toh 21. ## Rinchen Drup *rin chen grub*, Skt. *rin chen grub*, One of the two Tibetan translators of this scripture. ## Rinchen Sangpo A famous translator and editor of canonical texts during the second spread of Indian Buddhism into Tibet. He lived from 958 to 1055 ᴄᴇ and was mainly active in western Tibet, especially at Tholing monastery. ## Rinchen Tso *rin chen ’tsho*, Skt. *rin chen ’tsho*, A Tibetan translator active sometime during the late eighth and early ninth centuries. ## Rinchen Zangpo *rin chen bzang po* (958 - 1055), the most famous translator of the second propagation of Buddhism in Tibet, when the [New Tradition](#new-tradition) began. ## ringing staff *khar sil*, Skt. *khakkhara*, A rather ornate staff carried by Buddhist monks. The metal rings that hang from the top ornament jingle when the monk plants the staff on the ground as he walks. See The Sūtra on the Ringing Staff (Toh 335), where the Buddha allows the carrying of the ringing staff and describes its characteristics, and The Rite for the Protocols Associated with Carrying the Ringing Staff (Toh 336), where the Buddha prescribes the rite of taking up a ringing staff and explains its use. ## Rṣipatana *drang srong lhung ba*, Skt. *rṣipatana*, The site near Vārāṇasī where the Buddha first turned the wheel of Dharma. ## Ripe Vessel *smin pa’i snod*, Skt. *smin pa’i snod*, A town in Videha. ## ripening In the theory of karma (action) and its effects, ripening refers to the manifestation of the effects of a past action, often in a time and a place far removed from the action itself. ## ripening of karma *las kyi rnam par smin pa*, Skt. *karmavipāka*, The maturation of past actions (karman) and the manifestation of their effects. ## Ripping of All Vital Points *gnad dang gnad gcod pa*, Skt. *marma­marma­nikṛntana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Śāriputra *sha ri'i bu*, one of the two foremost [Śrāvaka](#śrāvaka) [disciple](#disciple)s of [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) ## Śāriputra Upatiṣya *shA ri’i bu nye rgyal*, Skt. *śāriputra upatiṣya*, See “Śāriputra.” ## Śrisamudra *dpal gyi rgya mtsho*, Skt. *śrisamudra*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS: Śirisamudra. ## rishi *drang srong*, Skt. *ṛṣi*, Sage. An ancient Indian spiritual title especially for divinely inspired individuals credited with creating the foundations for all Indian culture. ## Rising *shar ba*, Skt. *shar ba*, Rising (moving upward; ascending), also the name of a mountain in the eastern sea beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Rising Above All *phyogs kyi lhun po*, Skt. *phyogs kyi lhun po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Rising like a Mountain *ri ltar brtsegs*, Skt. *ri ltar brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnāgni. ## Rising Mountain *ri bo brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ri bo brtsegs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Meruprabha. ## Rising Sun *nyi ma’i ’char ka*, Skt. *nyi ma’i ’char ka*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Śārisuta *shA ri’i bu*, Skt. *śārisuta*, Alternative name for Śāriputra. ## Āśritā *gnas ma*, Skt. *āśritā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## rite *las*, Skt. *karman*, A rite that is meant to accomplish an activity (such as pacifying, nourishing, etc.). This term is also translated in other instances as “activity,” “karma,” “karman,” or “karmic accumulation.” In the latter three cases the term refers to karmic accumulation, positive or negative, that will produce results in the future, unless it is purified. ## rite to make it hail *ser ba dbab pa’i las*, A ritual that is performed to bring hail down on an enemy’s lands or country. ## ritual *cho ga*, Skt. *kalpa*, A ritual or a rite; in our presentation it is translated as “ritual” when it refers to a group or a cycle of rites, and as “rite” when it refers to an individual rite (the distinction, however, is blurred). The term can also refer to a text that is a collection of rites, such as the AP, in the sense of a manual of rites. ## ritual activity A term that denotes a range of ritual activities that fall under the four broad categories of pacification (śānti; zhi ba), enriching (pauṣṭika; rgyas pa), enthralling (vaśya; dbang byed), and assault (abhicāra; mngon spyod). ## ritual fire pūjā *me’i sbyin sreg*, Skt. *agnihotra*, Traditional ritual worship involving a sacrificial fire into which oblations are offered. ## Ritual of Peace *zhi ba’i cho ga*, Skt. *zhi ba’i cho ga*, A world system. ## ritual vase *ril ba spyi blugs*, Skt. *kamaṇḍalu*, A vase commonly used in brahminical rituals; a vase used to store drinking water. ## Riu *ri’u*, Skt. *riu*, A scriptural exegete from the south during the Buddha’s time, who Princess She Who Gathers of Takṣaśīla let defeat her in debate, in order to marry him. Their child was Kātyāyana. ## rival communities *mu stegs can*, Skt. *tīrthika*, A generic term for the followers of the non-Buddhist religious systems that rivaled Buddhism in India, especially during its foundational period. ## rival tīrthika *pha rol mu stegs can*, Skt. *paratīrthya*, Non-Buddhist sectarians. ## rivalry *’gran zla*, Enmity or rivalry among wives of the same husband. ## river Ganges *gang gA’i klung*, Skt. *gaṅgānadī*, The major river in North India and, according to Buddhist cosmology, one of the four sacred rivers that flow through the southernmost continent of Jambudvīpa. ## River Holder *klung ’dzin*, A nāga king. (Toh 555: chu’i rgyu ’dzin) ## River of a Thousand Flows *chu bo stong ’bab*, Skt. *chu bo stong ’bab*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Carelessness *bag med pa’i chu*, Skt. *bag med pa’i chu*, A river in Garlands of Flowers. ## River of Enjoyments *chu bo dga’ bcas*, Skt. *chu bo dga’ bcas*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Free Flow *chu bo gar dgar ’bab*, Skt. *chu bo gar dgar ’bab*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Great Enjoyments *chu bo dga’ bcas che*, Skt. *chu bo dga’ bcas che*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Layered Flows *chu bo brtsegs ’bab*, Skt. *chu bo brtsegs ’bab*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Purity *chu bo rnam dag*, Skt. *chu bo rnam dag*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Caraṇabhrāja (930 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## River of Strong Current *chu bo shugs chen ’bab*, Skt. *chu bo shugs chen ’bab*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Strong Garlands *chu bo shugs phreng*, Skt. *chu bo shugs phreng*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Sweet Taste *chu bo ro zhim*, Skt. *chu bo ro zhim*, A river in Dwelling in the Lofty. ## River of Wine *chang ’bab chu bo*, Skt. *chang ’bab chu bo*, A river in Enjoyment of Scents. ## Rivers and Flatlands *chu bo sman ljong*, Skt. *chu bo sman ljong*, A peak upon Mount Sumeru. ## Śriyā *dpal byed ma*, Skt. *śriyā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Śriyāmatī *dpal ldan ma*, Skt. *śriyāmatī*, One of the eight goddesses in the south, called upon to grant protection. ## Rājadhāna *rgyal por gnas*, Skt. *rājadhāna*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Rājagṛha *rgyal po’i khab*, Now known as Rajgir and located in the modern Indian state of Bihar, Rājagṛha was the capital of the kingdom of [Magadha](#magadha) during the [Buddha](#buddha)’s lifetime. ## Rāja­gṛha *rgyal po’i khab*, Skt. *rāja­gṛha*, Modern Rajgir. ## Rājaka *’od ldan*, Skt. *rājaka*, A person who hosts Prince Siddhārtha after he leaves his home. ## rājamudra *rgyal po’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *rājamudra*, Lit. “Seal of the king.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Rājan *rgyal po*, Skt. *rājan*, The 595th buddha in the first list, 594th in the second list, and 588th in the third list. ## Rājanina *rA dza ni na*, Skt. *rājanina*, A lake in Living by Rājanina. ## rājarṣi *rgyal po’i drang srong*, Skt. *rājarṣi*, A class of beings. ## Rājendra *dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rājendra*, One of the eight tathāgatas. ## Rājgṛha *rgyal po’i khab*, Skt. *rājgṛha*, Town close to Nālānda in the modern state of Bihar. ## Rājgir *rgyal po’i khab*, Skt. *rājagṛha*, “King’s House;” name of a town in modern-day Bihar, North India. ## Śrījñānākara *ye shes ’byung gnas dpal*, Skt. *śrījñānākara*, A buddha. ## Rājyavardhana *rgyal srid ’phel*, Skt. *rājyavardhana*, An elephant. See also . ## Rājya­vardhana Skt. *rājya­vardhana*, A seventh-century king who ruled over a part of Madhyadeśa. ## Ārka The name of a king. ## Śrīkūṭa A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Śrīkaṇṭha *dpal mgrin*, Skt. *śrīkaṇṭha*, The district around Sthāṇvīśvara. ## Śrīkūṭa­jñāna­buddhi *ye shes dpal brtsegs blo*, Skt. *śrīkūṭa­jñāna­buddhi*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## rākṣasī *srin mo*, Skt. *rākṣasī*, A female rākṣasa. Supernatural beings with a yearning for human flesh but who can also be converted into being protectors of the Dharma. ## Rākṣasa *srin po*, a kind of malignant spirit that eats human flesh. ## rākṣasa/rākṣasī *srin po*, Skt. *rākṣasa*, A flesh-eating demon that haunts frightening places. ## rākṣasīs who flash like lightning *nam mkha’i glog ma srin*, A class of demonic female beings. ## Śrīkūṭavināśaka *dpal brtsegs rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *śrī­kūṭa­vināśaka*, A buddha. ## Śrīkānti *dpal mdzes pa*, Skt. *śrīkānti*, Another name of Lakṣmī. ## Rāmā *rA ma*, Skt. *rāmā*, A rākṣasī living on Ardhamaru. ## Rāma The name of a sage who was born to the sage Jamadagni and his kṣatriya wife Reṇukā. Also referred to as Rāma Bhārgava or Paraśurāma (“Rāma with an Axe”), he is the sixth avatāra of Viṣṇu, not to be confused with Viṣṇu’s seventh incarnation as King Rāma, the protagonist of the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Śrāmaṇa *dge tshul*, Skt. *śrāmaṇa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Rāmadeva *rA ma de ba*, Skt. *rāmadeva*, The name of a vetāla. ## rāmadūtī *rA ma du ti*, Skt. *rāmadūtī*, This has not been identified. ## śrāmaṇerī Within the Buddhist tradition, it means a novice nun who, in the Tibetan Mūlasarvāstivāda monastic tradition, takes thirty-six vows. ## śrāmaṇera A renunciant who lives his life as a mendicant. More specifically, within the monastic tradition, it can also mean a novice monk who, in the Tibetan Mūlasarvāstivāda monastic tradition, takes thirty-six vows. ## Śrāmaṇeraka *dge tshul*, Skt. *śrāmaṇeraka*, A nāga king. ## Śrī­mahā­ratna­pratimaṇḍitā *dpal rin po ches brgyan pa*, Skt. *śrī­mahā­ratna­pratimaṇḍitā*, The world system of the buddha Śrī­maṇi­ratna­sambhava. ## Śrīmahāviraja *nga rgyal dpal dang rdul bral*, Skt. *śrīmahāviraja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fifty-ninth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Śrī­maṇi­ratna­sambhava *dpal nor bu rin po che las byung ba*, Skt. *śrī­maṇi­ratna­sambhava*, A buddha in the world system called Śrī­mahā­ratna­pratimaṇḍitā. ## Rāmakāṅkṣi *dga’ ba’i tshang tshing*, Skt. *rāmakāṅkṣi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Śrīmanta *dpal ldan*, Skt. *śrīmanta*, A mountain king. ## Rāmapāla *ne bai pA la*, Skt. *rāmapāla*, (1) A king of the Pāla dynasty who ruled from 1077–1120 ce (rA ma phA la). (2) The alternate spelling, ne bai pA la, is tentatively identified to be the very same king of the Pāla dynasty. See . ## Śrīmat *dpal ldan*, Skt. *śrīmat*, A nāga king. ## Śrīmatī A woman of the brahmin caste from Vārāṇasī. ## Śrīmati *dpal gyi lha mo*, Skt. *śrīmati*, A goddess; a yakṣiṇī in the Mahā­māyūrī­vidyārājñī (Toh 559). ## Śrāmaṇyaphala­sūtra *dge sbyong gi ’bras bu’i mdo*, Skt. *śrāmaṇyaphala­sūtra*, No complete Sanskrit version of this sūtra is known (see Kudo 2004, p. 250, n. 22, for a summary of extant versions of this sūtra and further readings). ## Rāmeśvara *dga’ ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *rāmeśvara*, One of the four auxiliary pīṭhas. ## Śrīmitra Skt. *śrīmitra*, Śrīmitra (d. 343), a prince from Kucha (龜茲, Qiuci, in the Tarim Basin on the Silk Road, present-day Kuqa in Xinjiang), who lived one generation before the other famous Kuchean translator, Kumārajīva. Kucha at the time was a culturally Indic, Tocharian-speaking kingdom. Śrīmitra abdicated the throne in favor of his younger brother and became a monk and translator, traveling to China. He spent 307–312 in Luoyang (洛陽) where he translated Taishō 1331 mentioned here, later moving to Jiankang (建康). He was responsible for introducing a number of other Buddhist texts and dhāraṇīs to China. ## Rāmāvarānta *mi mo gya nom mchog*, Skt. *rāmāvarānta*, A land in South India. ## Rāndhava *nor bdag*, Skt. *rāndhava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Śroṇa *gro zhin*, Skt. *śroṇa*, A śrāvaka disciple of the Buddha. ## Śroṇa (Śroṇajāt) *gro byin skyes*, a [vīṇā](#vīṇā) player who became a [disciple](#disciple) of the [Buddha](#buddha) and gained the ability to visit other [realm](#realm)s, notably those of the [pretas](#preta). ## Roadless *lam med pa*, Skt. *lam med pa*, Roadless (having no roads), also the name of an island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Śroṇakoṭīkarṇa *gro bzhin skyes rna ba bye ba ri*, Skt. *śroṇakoṭīkarṇa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śroṇakoṭīviṃśa *gro zhin skyes bye ba nyi shu pa*, Skt. *śroṇakoṭīviṃśa*, A disciple of the Buddha, known in Pāli as Soṇa Koḷivisa. ## roamers *rab tu rgyug pa*, Skt. *rab tu rgyug pa*, A class of asuras. ## roaming *gnas med par spyod pa*, Skt. *aniketacārī*, The 73rd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Roaming Sumeru *ri rab tu rgyu ba*, Skt. *ri rab tu rgyu ba*, A land in Godānīya. ## roaming the cimiśa cave *tsi mi sha’i phug na rgyu ba*, Skt. *tsi mi sha’i phug na rgyu ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Śroṇaparāntaka *rgyun gyi pha rol mthar byed*, Skt. *śroṇaparāntaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Roar Adorned with a Hundred Thousand Virtues *dge ba brgya stong gis rab tu brgyan pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *dge ba brgya stong gis rab tu brgyan pa’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mayūra. ## Roar Adorned with the Splendor of the Sun *nyi ma’i gzi brjid kyis rab tu brgyan pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *nyi ma’i gzi brjid kyis rab tu brgyan pa’i nga ro*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānin. ## Roar Attainment *nga ro thob*, Skt. *nga ro thob*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahendra. ## Roar Beyond Marks *mtshan med nga ro*, Skt. *mtshan med nga ro*, A buddha. ## Roar in the Brahmā Melody *nga ro tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *nga ro tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃha. ## Roar Invoked by Previous Aspirations *sngon gyi smon lam gyis bskur ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *sngon gyi smon lam gyis bskur ba’i nga ro*, A bodhisattva. ## Roar of Bliss *nga ro bde*, Skt. *nga ro bde*, Son of the buddha Varabodhigati. ## Roar of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roar of Liberation *thar pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *thar pa’i nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Ratnaruta. ## Roar of Loving Kindness *byams pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *byams pa’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ananta­guṇa­tejorāśi. ## Roar of Mañjuśrī *’jam dpal dbyangs kyi nga ro*, Skt. *’jam dpal dbyangs kyi nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roar of Merit *bsod nams nga ro*, Skt. *bsod nams nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Vikrīḍitāvin. ## Roar of Non-Attachment *chags med nga ro*, Skt. *chags med nga ro*, A bodhisattva. ## Roar of Peace *rab tu zhi ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba’i nga ro*, A bodhisattva. ## Roar of Retention *gzungs kyi nga ro*, Skt. *gzungs kyi nga ro*, Father of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## Roar of Reveling by Means of the Qualities of the Buddhas *sangs rgyas kyi yon tan gyis rnam par rtse ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *sangs rgyas kyi yon tan gyis rnam par rtse ba’i nga ro*, Attendant of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## Roar of Sight *rnam par bltas pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *rnam par bltas pa’i nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roar of Signlessness *mtshan ma med pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *mtshan ma med pa’i nga ro*, A buddha. ## Roar of the Arrays of Space *nam mkha’ bkod pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *nam mkha’ bkod pa’i nga ro*, A buddha. ## Roar of the Earth Tune *sa dbyangs nga ro*, Skt. *sa dbyangs nga ro*, A bodhisattva. ## Roar of the Ocean Thunder *rgya mtsho ’brug bsgrags nga ro*, Skt. *rgya mtsho ’brug bsgrags nga ro*, A bodhisattva. ## Roar of the Rumbling Oceans *rgya mtsho’i dkyil ’khor sgra’i nga ro*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i dkyil ’khor sgra’i nga ro*, A bodhisattva. ## Roar of the Seer *spyan ras gzigs kyi nga ro*, Skt. *spyan ras gzigs kyi nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roar of the Teaching of Truth *bden par smra ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *bden par smra ba’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vighuṣṭatejas. ## Roar of Virtue *dge ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *dge ba’i nga ro*, Mother of the buddha Matimat. ## Roar of Vision *rnam par gzigs pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *rnam par gzigs pa’i nga ro*, The name of a thus-gone one in a world system called Mirage that existed thirty eons ago. ## Roar of Wisdom *ye shes nga ro*, Skt. *ye shes nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sudhana. ## Roar That Causes Widespread Happiness and Freedom from Pain *skye bo mang po mngon par dga’ zhing mya ngan med pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *skye bo mang po mngon par dga’ zhing mya ngan med pa’i nga ro*, A universal monarch. ## Roar That Relinquishes Enemies *dgra spong nga ro*, Skt. *dgra spong nga ro*, Son of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Roar without Forgetfulness *brjed med nga ro*, Skt. *brjed med nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roaring *nga ro can*, Skt. *nga ro can*, Roaring (making a loud, deep, prolonged sound), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Roaring Acumen *spobs pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *spobs pa’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kṣemottamarāja. ## Roaring Discussion *gleng ba’i nga ro*, Skt. *gleng ba’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suraśmi. ## Roaring Flow *’u ru ru’i sgras ’bab pa*, Skt. *’u ru ru’i sgras ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Roaring in Front of King Splendid Robe *thag zangs ris kyi mdun na sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *thag zangs ris kyi mdun na sgra sgrogs*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Roaring in the Lion Voice of the Royal Master of Melodies *dbyangs kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po seng ge’i sgra rnam par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po seng ge’i sgra rnam par sgrogs pa*, Son of the buddha Jñānin. ## Roaring like a Lion *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vaidyādhipa. ## Roaring Lion *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs pa*, Skt. *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃha. ## Roaring Melody of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roaring Nāga Melody *klu dbyangs nga ro*, Skt. *klu dbyangs nga ro*, Father of the buddha Varuṇa. ## roaring of the lion *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs pa*, Skt. *siṃhābhigarjito*, The thirty-third of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Roaring Thunder *’brug sgra nga ro*, Skt. *’brug sgra nga ro*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimuktaketu. ## Roaring Thunder Cloud from Brahmā *tshangs pa las byung ba ’brug dbyangs sprin gyi nga ro*, Skt. *tshangs pa las byung ba ’brug dbyangs sprin gyi nga ro*, A great bodhisattva. ## Roaring Wind *’ur ’ur*, Skt. *’ur ’ur*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## robbers *phrog byed*, Skt. *phrog byed*, The parasites that are said to live in the brains of women. ## Roca *snang ba*, Skt. *roca*, The last buddha of the Bhadra kalpa, which according to The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra (Toh 111, Mahā­karuṇā­puṇḍarīka­sūtra, where it was translated as gsal mdzad) is the thousand-and-fifth buddha. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesied that the youngest of the thousand Vedapāṭhaka pupils of Brahmin Samudrarenu would be the Buddha Roca. In present times it is most commonly translated as mos pa. ## rocanā *smig bcud*, Skt. *rocanā*, In the Cakra­saṃvara-tantra, rocanā is a medical concretion or bezoar stone found within the organs of certain animals (Gray, 2007, p 207 n3). Alternatively, Monier-Williams identifies it as “a particular yellow pigment,” or even a plant. It is unclear to us what the term refers to in this particular context. ## Rocaneya One of the sublineages connected with the Kāśyapa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Rock *brag*, Skt. *brag*, Rock (a large mass of stone), also the name of a nāga lady from a previous eon. ## rock cave *brag phug*, Skt. *śailaguhā*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Rock Forest *brag gi nags*, Skt. *brag gi nags*, A forest on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Rock-Defeating King *brag ’joms rgyal po*, Skt. *brag ’joms rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## roga *nad*, Skt. *roga*, Disease; also a spirit causing disease. ## Rogāntikā *nad mtha’ byed ma*, Skt. *rogāntikā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Rohiṇī *smar ma*, Skt. *rohiṇī*, A constellation in the east, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Rohiṇa *snar ma skyes*, Skt. *rohiṇa*, A deva who made offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Rohiṇikā *dmar ldan ma*, Skt. *rohiṇikā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Rohina *ro hi na*, Skt. *rohina*, A virtuous nāga king. ## Rohita “Ruddy.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Rohitaka Skt. *rohitaka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Rohitavastu *nye gnas*, Skt. *rohitavastu*, A place the Buddha traveled to in the area of Gayā. ## Rohitāśva *rta dmar*, Skt. *rohitāśva*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## role model in the renunciant life *tshul dang 'brel ba'i gzugs brnyan*, as a monk should regard his [preceptor](#preceptor) as a surrogate father, the [preceptor](#preceptor) is referred to as a “role model in the renunciant life.” ## Rongpo There is very little biographical information on Rongpo, but he appears to have come a generation after Khyungpo Yudri. He is responsible for having made amendments to the scripts of Khyungpo Yudri’s tradition and is the author of an important handwriting manual, yig ge’i thig ris gsal ba’i rin chen sgrom bu. ## Rongtönpa *rong ston shes bya kun rig shA kya rgal mtshan*, A great Sakya scholar (1367–1449), very influential for the tradition of Perfection of Wisdom studies in Tibet. ## rooftop shed *khang steng gi yol khang*, Skt. *talakopari daṇḍacchadana*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## root downfall *ltung ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *mūlāpatti*, The most severe of the five types of offenses a monastic can incur. A monastic who violates one of the four principal vows and thereby incurs a defeat is expelled from the saṅgha community. They are no longer entitled to participate in communal activities, nor are they entitled to enjoy its perquisites, such as food and lodging. The four are sexual intercourse, theft, murder, and claiming greater realization than one has. See also “pārājika.” ## root downfalls *ltung ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *mūlāpatti*, Downfalls are actions of body, speech, and mind that cause one to fall from the path of awakening and, in the cases of root downfalls, to fall into the lower realms of existence. ## root mantra *rtsa ba’i sngags*, Skt. *mūlamantra*, A term for the most important and often the most simplified spell associated with a particular buddha, bodhisattva, or other being. ## root of madness *myos pa’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *myos pa’i rtsa ba*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## root of virtue *dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *kuśalamūla*, A virtuous action or state of mind that will “ripen” into happiness later in this life, the next, or at some point in the unknown future. ## Root teacher *rtsa ba'i bla ma*, 1. the principal, or first, spiritual teacher from whom one has received [empowerment](#empowerment)s, commentaries and pith instructions. 2. the teacher who has introduced one to the nature of the mind. ## roots of demerit *mi dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *akuśalamūla*, See “roots of nonvirtue.” ## roots of merit *dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *kuśalamūla*, See “roots of virtue.” ## roots of nonvirtue *mi dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *akuśalamūla*, The opposite of the “roots of virtue.” ## roots of unwholesome states *mi dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *akuśalamūla*, See “roots of wholesome states.” ## roots of virtue *dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *kuśalamūla*, In most contexts designates the three roots of good, i.e., virtuous, states of mind: the opposites of the three mental “poisons” of greed (lobha), hatred (dveṣa), and confusion (moha). Edgerton (BHSD, s.v. “kuśalamūla”) translates kuśalamūla as “the root(s) of merit.” See . For a different list of three roots of virtue, see Dharmasaṃgraha (Müller and Wenzel 1885, no. 15). ## roots of wholesome states *dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *kuśalamūla*, According to most lists (specifically those of the Pāli and some Abhidharma traditions), the (three) roots of virtue or the roots of the good or wholesome states (of mind) are what makes a mental state good or bad; they are identified as the opposites of the three mental “poisons” of greed, hatred, and delusion. Actions based on the roots of virtue will eventually lead to future happiness. The Dharmasaṃgraha, however, lists the three roots of virtue as (1) the mind of enlightenment, (2) purity of thought, and (3) freedom from egotism (Skt. trīṇi kuśala­mūlāni | bodhi­cittotpādaḥ, āśayaviśuddhiḥ, ahaṃkāramama­kāraparityāgaśceti|). ## Śroṇāparānta *shu ma phyi ma’i mtha’*, Skt. *śroṇāparānta*, A region in South India. ## Śroṇāparāntaka *gro bzhin skyes gnas pa’i yul gyi mtha’*, Skt. *śroṇāparāntaka*, A country. ## Roruka *ri dags gnas*, Skt. *roruka*, A town in South India. ## rose *btsod ka*, Skt. *mañjiṣṭhā*, A red dye common in ancient India, made from the root of the madder plant (Rubia manjista, Rubia tinctorum), which can be used to achieve a range of hues from pink to crimson. Sometimes known in English as “rose madder.” ## Rose-Apple continent *’dzam bu’i gling*, Skt. *jambudvīpa*, See “Jambu continent.” ## rose-apple tree *’dzam bu’i ljon shing*, Skt. *jambu*, Syzygium jambos. ## śroto’nugata *rgyun gyi rjes su song ba*, Skt. *śroto ’nugata*, Lit. “followed the stream.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## śrotriya *gtsang sbra can*, Skt. *śrotriya*, Traditionally “one who is learned in the Vedas.” The Tibetan means “one who keeps pure and clean.” ## rotting spirit *lus srul po*, Skt. *katapūtana*, A variety of anguished spirit. ## rotunda *ba gam*, Skt. *aṣṭala, aṣṭhala, aṭṭāla, niryūha*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Rough Radiating Light *’od ’phro rtsub*, Skt. *’od ’phro rtsub*, A son of Māra. ## Rough Stone *rdo rtsub*, Skt. *rdo rtsub*, Name of a location in Khaṣa. ## round abdomen *phyal zlum pa*, Skt. *vṛttakukṣi*, Thirty-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## round fingers and toes *sor mo zlum pa*, Skt. *vṛttāṅguli*, Fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## Royal Banner *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dbang po’i rgyal mtshan*, Birthplace of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## royal class *rgyal rigs*, Skt. *kṣatriya­varṇa*, Second of the four classes of traditional Indian society. ## royal descent *rgyal po’i rigs*, Skt. *kṣatriya*, The royal, noble, or warrior caste; one of the four social classes in Indic culture. ## Royal Friend *bshes gnyen rgyal po*, Skt. *bshes gnyen rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Maṅgala. ## Royal Garden *rgyal po’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *rgyal po’i kun dga’ ra ba*, A certain nunnery, residence of Bhikṣuṇī Sthūlanandā. ## Royal Gift *rgyal byin*, Skt. *rājadāna*, Son of the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa. ## Royal Intelligence *mi dbang blo gros*, Skt. *mi dbang blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānaśūra. ## royal jasmine *dza ti*, Skt. *jāti*, Jasminum grandiflorum. Also known as Spanish or Catalonian jasmine, even though it originates in South India. Particularly used as offerings in both Buddhist and Hindu temples. In other sūtras, jāti is translated as sna ma. ## Royal Lamp *sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśottara (204 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Royal Leader *kha lo sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kha lo sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmaskandha. ## Royal Leader Endowed with the Gathering *tshogs can gtso rgyal*, Skt. *tshogs can gtso rgyal*, Mother of the buddha Askhalita­buddhi. ## Royal Leader Treading with Great Strength *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa khyu mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa khyu mchog rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Royal Light *rgyal po ’od*, Skt. *śataraśmi*, A nāga king. ## Royal Limbs *yan lag rgyal po*, Skt. *yan lag rgyal po*, Attendant of the buddha Uttamadeva. ## Royal Lord of the Earth *sa’i dbang phyug gi rgyal po*, Skt. *sa’i dbang phyug gi rgyal po*, A great bodhisattva. ## Royal Mass of Glorious Wisdom *ye shes dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, A buddha residing in the western direction during the time of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Royal Master of Delightful Melody *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *yid du ’ong ba’i dbyangs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Mother of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Royal Master of Fragrances *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Udadhi. ## Royal Master of Retention *gzungs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *gzungs kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prabhaṃkara. ## Royal Master of Wisdom *ye shes dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *ye shes dbang phyug rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Royal posture *rgyal po'i rol stabs*, sitting posture with the right leg half stretched and the left drawn in. ## royal priest *mdun na 'don pa*, Skt. *purohita*, a [brahmin](#brahmin) who serves as the king’s chaplain and chief ritual officiate for Vedic sacrifices. ## Royal Radiance *rgyal po’i ’od*, Skt. *rgyal po’i ’od*, Mother of the buddha Rājan. ## Royal Roar *rgyal po’i nga ro*, Skt. *rgyal po’i nga ro*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigatabhaya (135) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Royal Star *skar rgyal*, Skt. *skar rgyal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Royal Subjugator *rnam par gnon pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rnam par gnon pa’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vikrāntagamin. ## Royal Thunder *’brug sgra’i rgyal po*, Skt. *’brug sgra’i rgyal po*, Son of the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi. ## Royal Tree *ljon shing dbang po*, Skt. *ljon shing dbang po*, Father of the buddha Puṃgava. ## Royalty *rgyal rigs*, Skt. *rgyal rigs*, Royalty (members of a royal family; kingly rank), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Uccaratna. ## Śūrpī *zhib ma mo*, Skt. *śūrpī*, a boy in a story the [Buddha](#buddha) tells to explain why [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) is his brightest student. The [pratyekabuddha](#pratyekabuddha) brother of [Sūkṣmā](#sūkṣmā), a prior incarnation of [Śāriputra](#śāriputra). ## rūpa *gzugs*, Skt. *rūpa*, The first of the five skandhas, defined in Abhidharma literature as anything composed of the four “great elements” of earth, water, fire, and wind. Often rendered as “matter,” “material form,” or “form.” ## Rūpabala *gzugs stobs*, Skt. *rūpabala*, “Power of Beauty,” the good looking one; Prince Puṇyabala’s oldest brother, who exemplifies beauty. ## Rūpakāya *gzugs sku*, Body of Form, which includes the [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya) and [nirmāṇakāya](#nirmāṇakāya) together. ## Śrīparvata *dpal gyi ri bo*, Skt. *śrīparvata*, The ancient country roughly corresponding to the Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh; also the name of various mountains. ## Rūpati A minor king attributed by Tibetan sources to the Sanskrit epic, the Mahābhārata. He is said to have fled battle and settled in the Tibetan plateau. ## śūrpavīṇā *gau rgyud mangs*, Skt. *śūrpavīṇā*, A type of vīṇā. ## Rūpavatī *gzugs can ma*, Skt. *rūpavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Rūpavati *bzang ldan*, Skt. *rūpavati*, A merchant. Identical with Mahārhata. ## Rūpiṇī *gzugs ldan ma*, Skt. *rūpiṇī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Rūpikā *gzugs can ma*, Skt. *rūpikā*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs. ## rūpāparyanta *gzugs mu med pa*, Skt. *rūpāparyanta*, Lit. “limitless form.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Śrīprabhā *dpal gyi ’od*, Skt. *śrīprabhā*, An eminent daughter in Dhanyākara. ## Śrīprabha *dpal ’od*, Skt. *śrīprabha*, The 381st buddha in the first list, 380th in the second list, and 375th in the third list. ## Śūrpāraka *shur pa ra ka*, Skt. *śūrpāraka*, A certain town (or sometimes two different towns) during the time of the Buddha. ## Rūpyaketu *dngul gyi tog*, Skt. *rūpyaketu*, The older son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu. ## Rūpyaprabha *dngul ’od*, Skt. *rūpyaprabha*, The younger son of the bodhisattva Ruciraketu. ## Rūpyāvatī *gzugs ldan*, Skt. *rūpyāvatī*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Rāṣṭrapāla *pho brang ’khor skyong*, Skt. *rāṣṭrapāla*, The standardized name in Tibetan according to the Mvy (Sakaki 1361) is yul ’khor skyong. In the Pāli texts, Raṭṭhapāla is famous for having forced his parents to consent to his becoming a Buddhist monk by going on a hunger strike. ## Śrīratna *rin po che’i dpal*, Skt. *śrīratna*, A buddha realm. ## Śrīrāja *dpal gyi bdag*, Skt. *śrīrāja*, A buddha in the distant past. See . ## Śrīsaṃbhava *dpal ’byung*, Skt. *śrīsaṃbhava*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fifty-eighth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Śrīsambhava *dpal ’byung*, Skt. *śrīsambhava*, A bodhisattva, formerly the bodhisattva Divine Excellence, who is mentioned in The Teaching by the Child Inconceivable Radiance. ## Śrīsamudra *dpal gyi mtsho*, Skt. *śrīsamudra*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS: Śirisa Mudra. ## Śrīsena *dpal gyi sde*, Skt. *śrīsena*, A king, who was a past life of the Buddha. He was a bodhisattva renowned for his unstinting generosity and spiritual resolve. ## Śrīsukhākara *bde ’byung dpal*, Skt. *śrīsukhākara*, A buddha. ## Śrīsumeru *ri rab dpal*, Skt. *śrīsumeru*, The third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS: Śirisumeru. ## Śrītejā *gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *śrītejā*, A buddha. ## Śrītejas *dpal gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *śrītejas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śrī­tejas *dpal gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *śrī­tejas*, A nāga prince. ## Śrītejorāja *dpal gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *śrītejorāja*, A buddha. ## Śrī­tejo­vimala­gātra *gzi brjid dri ma med pa’i lus*, Skt. *śrī­tejo­vimala­gātra*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Ārti *nyam thag pa*, Skt. *ārti*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Rātri *mtshan mo*, Skt. *rātri*, The goddess of the night. ## Āruṇā *skya rengs*, Skt. *āruṇā*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Ru Tsam *ru ’tshams*, A place and monastery at the border of Ü and Tsang, between Tsurphu and Nyemo, figuring in the history of the early Sakya masters. ## Ruby Forest *pad ma rA ga’i nags*, Skt. *pad ma rA ga’i nags*, A forest in Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Rucira­bhadra­yaśas *grags pa yid du ’ong bas bzang ba*, Skt. *rucira­bhadra­yaśas*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Rucira­brahmā *tshangs pa yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *rucira­brahmā*, Literally “Attractive Brahmā,” an epithet for Brahmā, one of the epithets that in the non-Buddhist tradition designated him as the primordial creator. ## Rucira­dhvaja *mdzes pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rucira­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Ruciraketu *mdzes pa’i tog*, Skt. *ruciraketu*, The name of a bodhisattva, central to the narrative of this sūtra, who has a dream in which a prayer of confession emanates from a shining golden drum. (In chapter 12, this is also the name a king in the distant past.) ## Ruciramati *mdzes pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *ruciramati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Rucira­śrī­garbha *dpal yid du ’ong ba’i snying po*, Skt. *rucira­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Rudanī *ngud mo*, Skt. *rudanī*, A river. ## Rudhirāhāriṇī *khrag za ma*, Skt. *rudhirāhāriṇī*, A great rākṣasī. ## rudrā A female rudra. The term rudra here seems to be applied to a class of nonhuman beings who, as their name indicates, are specifically wrathful or hostile. ## Rudra A brahmanical deity, the wrathful form of Śiva. ## Rudradatta *drag pos ’od byin*, Skt. *rudradatta*, A character from literature (it is not clear which one). ## Rudraka *lhag spyod*, Skt. *rudraka*, A meditation teacher who was one of the Buddha’s teachers before he attained awakening. Although the spelling Rudraka is attested in the Sanskrit of this sūtra, in most other texts his name is Udraka, or Udraka Rāmaputra (“Udraka the son of Rāma”). ## Rudrakātyāyanī *ka ta ya na dregs ma*, Skt. *rudrakātyāyanī*, ‟Violent Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## rudrākṣa *ru drAk+Sha*, Skt. *rudrākṣa*, Seeds of Elaeocarpus ganitrus with rough surface. The larger ones are used for counting the mantras of wrathful deities. ## Śrughnā *yul srug na*, Skt. *śrughnā*, A country. ## Śrughna *’gro ’joms*, Skt. *śrughna*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Āruṇika One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## rule *khrims su bca’ ba*, Skt. *kriyākāra*, A rule devised to meet specific or local conditions. Tibetan monasteries are governed by a “constitution” (bca’ yig), which is a document that compiles the “rules” (Tib. bca’ khrims) specific to that monastery. ## rule of training *bslab pa’i gzhi*, Skt. *sikṣāpada*, The prātimokṣa rules for monks and nuns, ten rules for novices, six rules for female probationers, and five rules for laypeople. ## Ruler *dbang po*, Skt. *dbang po*, Ruler (one who governs or reigns), also the name of a son of the buddha Indra. ## Ruler Gift *dbang pos byin*, Skt. *dbang pos byin*, Attendant of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## Ruler of Demigods *lha ma yin gyi bdag mo*, Skt. *lha ma yin gyi bdag mo*, Mother of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## Ruler of Gods *lha yi dbang phyug*, Skt. *lha yi dbang phyug*, Mother of the buddha Ratnapradatta. ## Ruler of Humanity *mi yi dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *mi yi dbang phyug ma*, Mother of the buddha Uccaratna. ## Ruler of Humans *skye ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *skye ba’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Pūrṇacandra. ## Ruler of Men *skye dbang*, Skt. *skye dbang*, Attendant of the buddha Anunnata. ## Ruler of Victors *rgyal ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Drumendra. ## Ruler Qualities *yon tan dbang po*, Skt. *yon tan dbang po*, Father of the buddha Viraja. ## Ruler Radiance *dbang po’i ’od zer*, Skt. *dbang po’i ’od zer*, Son of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## rules adopted *khrims su bca’ ba*, Skt. *kriyākāra*, The “rules adopted” at a monastic site are unique regulations devised to meet specific or local conditions. Yijing renders this term as both 立制 (Taishō 1445) and 所有制法 (Taishō 1446). ## rules of customary conduct *kun tu spyod pa’i chos*, Skt. *āsamudācāriko dharmaḥ*, This term is frequently used in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya to define the rights and responsibilities of positions within the administration of monasteries. It is also used, as here, to stipulate monastics’ regular obligations, from hygiene to training. This word appears in several variants throughout the Kangyur and Tengyur, including rig pa spyod pa can. ## Ruling Banner *rgyal mtshan dbang po*, Skt. *rgyal mtshan dbang po*, Father of the buddha Indra. ## Ruling Light *dbang po ’od*, Skt. *dbang po ’od*, Mother of the buddha Druma. ## Rumbling Like Drums *rnga bo che dang cang te’u yi sgra ltar dir dir*, Skt. *rnga bo che dang cang te’u yi sgra ltar dir dir*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Runglung Shödrok A monastery associated with the early production of vinaya texts. ## runners *kun tu rgyug pa*, Skt. *kun tu rgyug pa*, A class of asuras. ## Rurubha *ri dags can*, Skt. *rurubha*, A mountain king. ## Rutaprabhāsa *sgra snang*, Skt. *rutaprabhāsa*, The name of the eon in which, according to the prophecy of the Buddha Ratnagarbha, the young brahmin Radiant Bull will become the Buddha Ratna­cchatrābhyudgata­raśmi in the realm Rutasañcaya. ## Rutasañcaya *sgra yang dag par bstsags pa*, Skt. *rutasañcaya*, The realm in which the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies Samudrareṇu’s pupil Radiant Bull will become the Buddha Ratna­cchatrābhyudgata­raśmi. ## Rutasvara *skad kyi sgra*, Skt. *rutasvara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Rāvaṇī *sgra sgrogs pa*, Skt. *rāvaṇī*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## Rāvaṇa Skt. *rāvaṇa*, King of the Rākṣasas in Laṅka. He features prominently in the Ramāyāna where he kidnaps Rāma’s wife Sīta. ## Śrāvaṇa *dbyar zla tha chung*, Skt. *śrāvaṇa*, The month of Śrāvaṇa generally falls in July or August, and on its fifteenth day begins the “later rains” retreat. ## śrāvakā *nyan thos*, Skt. *śrāvakā*, See “disciple.” ## Śrāvaka *nyan thos*, a follower of the root [vehicle](#vehicle) of Buddhism whose goal is to attain [liberation](#liberation) from the sufferings of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) as an [Arhat](#arhat). Unlike the followers of the [Great Vehicle](#great-vehicle), the Śrāvakas do not aspire to full [enlightenment](#enlightenment) for the sake of all beings. ## Śrāvaka Vehicle The vehicle comprising the teaching of the śrāvakas, those disciples of the Buddha who aspire to attain the state of an arhat by seeking self-liberation. The śrāvakas are typically defined as “those who hear the teaching from the Buddha and make it heard by others.” ## Śrāvakayāna *nyan thos kyi theg pa*, the [vehicle](#vehicle) of the [Śrāvakas](#śrāvaka). ## Śrāvaka­yāna *nyan thos kyi theg pa*, Skt. *śrāvaka­yāna*, The vehicle comprising the teaching of the śrāvakas. ## Śrīvardhana *dpal ’phel*, Skt. *śrīvardhana*, A nāga king. ## Śrāvastī *mnyan yod*, During the life of the [Buddha](#buddha), Śrāvastī was a major city in the kingdom of Kosala, in present day Uttar Pradesh. ## Śrāvasti *mnyan yod*, Skt. *śrāvasti*, The capital of the ancient Kosala kingdom in India. ## Ūrṇāvat *mdzod spu ldan*, Skt. *ūrṇāvat*, The 280th buddha in the first list, 279th in the second list, and 279th in the third list. ## śrīvatsa *dpal gyi be’u*, Skt. *śrīvatsa*, An auspicious design on the Buddha’s body, mentioned in this text at his heart (in the form of a curl of hair in that shape) as well as on his hands and feet (in the form of lines in the skin). It is often depicted in Tibetan Buddhist tradition as the “eternal knot” symbol, but takes different forms as a motif shared by other traditions of Indian origin. It is said, for example, to be an auspicious mark on Viṣṇu’s chest that represents the insignia of his consort Lakṣmī in the form of an inverted triangle or the shape of a four-petaled flower. ## śrīvatsa mark *dpal be’u*, Skt. *śrīvatsa*, A swirl of chest hair that in the Buddhist tradition is counted as one of the eighty minor marks of a great being. It is also a regular iconographic feature of the Brahmanical deity Viṣṇu. The srīvatsa can be stylistically depicted as an endless knot, and is thus included among the eight auspicious symbols in Buddhism. ## śrīvatsa motif *dpal gyi be’u*, Skt. *śrī­vatsa*, An auspicious symbol, taking the form of an endless knot, indicative of eternity. ## āryā *’phags ma*, Skt. *āryā*, Generally has the common meaning of a noble female, one of a higher class or caste. In Dharma terms it means a female who has gained the realization of the path and is superior for that reason. ## Īrṣyā Yamāri *phrag dog gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *īrṣyāyamāri*, “Jealousy Yamāri,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Īrṣyāvajra Yamāri Īrṣyāvajra ## ārya *’phags pa*, Skt. *ārya*, Generally has the common meaning of a noble male, one of a higher class or caste. In Dharma terms it means a male who has gained the realization of the path and is superior for that reason. ## Āryadeva *'phags pa lha* (2nd century), the most famous [disciple](#disciple) of [Nāgārjuna](#nāgārjuna), whose teaching he commented upon in several treatises on [Mādhyamika](#mādhyamika) philosophy. See [Middle way](#middle-way). ## Āryapriya *’phags pa dgyes pa*, Skt. *āryapriya*, The 755th buddha in the first list, 754th in the second list, and 744th in the third list. ## āryas’ level *’phags pa’i sa*, Skt. *āryabhūmi*, Levels of bodhisattvas on the paths of seeing, meditation, and no more learning. ## Āryastuta *’phags pas bstod*, Skt. *āryastuta*, The 884th buddha in the first list, 883rd in the second list, and 874th in the third list. ## Āryavimuktisena *rnam grol sde*, Skt. *vimuktisena*, Indian commentator on the Abhisamayālaṃkāra (fl. early sixth century). ## Āryāsaṅga *’phags pa thogs med*, Skt. *āryāsaṅga*, This great Indian philosopher lived in the fourth century and was the founder of the Vijñānavāda, or “Consciousness-Only,” school of Mahāyāna Buddhism. ## Īrṣyāvajra *phrag dog rdo rje*, Skt. *īṛṣyāvajra*, “Vajra Jealousy,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Īrṣyā Yamāri and Yamāri Īrṣyāvajra. ## Saṃbhavā *’byung ba*, Skt. *saṃbhavā*, A realm in the distant past. ## Saṃbhava *yang dag ’byung*, Skt. *saṃbhava*, The second of the brahmin Samudrareṇu’s eighty sons. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will become the Buddha Vairocanakusuma. ## Saṃbhavagiri *yang dag ’byung ba’i mchog*, Skt. *saṃbhavagiri*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Saṃbhavapuṣpa *yang dag ’byung dang me tog*, Skt. *saṃbhavapuṣpa*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-sixth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Saṃbhogakāya *longs spyod rdzogs pa'i sku*, Body of Perfect Enjoyment, the spontaneously luminous aspect of Buddhahood, only perceptible to highly realized beings. ## Saṃbhāra *tshogs*, Skt. *saṃbhāra*, A buddha realm. ## Sabzang Mati Paṇchen *sa bzang ma ti paN chen blo gros rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sa bzang ma ti paN chen blo gros rgyal mtshan*, A great fourteenth century (1294–1376) Jonangpa scholar and translator, student of Dolpopa, who had earlier studied at Nyetang, Ralung, Sakya, and Zhalu. He is best known for his revised translations, made with Jonang Lotsāwa Lodrö Pal, of the Kālacakra­tantra and Vimala­prabhā. ## Sacintyārtha­garbha Skt. *sacintyārtha­garbha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Saṃcālitā *shin tu sbyangs*, Skt. *saṃcālitā*, The daughter of a courtesan in another world in the distant past. A previous life of Gopā. The name as given in verse. In prose she is called Sucalita­rati­prabhāsa­śrī. ## Sañcodaka *yang dag skul pa*, Skt. *sañcodaka*, A god. ## sacramental substances *dam tshig gyi rdzas*, Skt. *samayadravya*, Sacramental substances ingested as part of tantric ritual; frequently composed of bodily fluids or illicit meats. ## Sacred *dam pa*, Skt. *dam pa*, See “Sacred Goddess Who Upholds the Teachings and Delights in the Great Vehicle.” ## Sacred Dharma *dam chos*, Skt. *dam chos*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmā. ## sacred doctrine *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, The term dharma (chos) conveys ten different meanings, according to Vasubandhu’s Vyākhyā­yukti. In the context‌ of the present work, it may mean “sacred doctrine” (also rendered “Dharma” in this translation), the “attributes” which buddhas and bodhisattvas acquire, “phenomena” or “things” in general, and, more specifically, “mental phenomena” which are the object of the mental faculty (manas, yid). ## Sacred Goddess *dam pa lha mo*, Skt. *dam pa lha mo*, See “Sacred Goddess Who Upholds the Teachings and Delights in the Great Vehicle.” ## Sacred Goddess Who Upholds the Teachings and Delights in the Great Vehicle *dam pa lha mo theg pa chen po la rab tu dga’ bar sems pa bstan pa ’dzin pa*, Skt. *dam pa lha mo theg pa chen po la rab tu dga’ bar sems pa bstan pa ’dzin pa*, A queen of the Dharma king Great Diligent Nāga. ## sacred thread The sacred thread worn by a member of the so-called “twice-born” higher castes in India. ## sacrifice Any Vedic ritual in which offerings are made, typically by means of a sacrificial fire. ## Sacrifice Gift *mchod sbyin byin*, Skt. *mchod sbyin byin*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmarāja (897 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sacrifice of the Strong Accomplishment of Power *mthu rtsal stobs grub mchod sbyin*, Skt. *mthu rtsal stobs grub mchod sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arajas. ## sacrifice tree Ficus indica. ## sacrificial post *mchod sdong*, Skt. *yūpa*, A post set up as a marker to which offerings may be presented. Described in the Maitreyāvadāna (“The Story of Maitreya”), which in the Kangyur is found within the Bhaiṣajya­vastu (in Vinayavastu, Toh 1, Degé Kangyur vol. kha, folios 29a-32b), see Yao (2021), 3.139 (the term is translated as “divine pillar”); a matching passage from the Divyāvadāna is translated in Rotman (2008), pp. 121–24. ## sacrificial rite A type of ritual. ## sad destinies *ngan ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, See “evil destinies.” ## Saddharma­ghoṣāmbara­dīpa­rāja *dam chos dbyangs mchog sgron ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *saddharma­ghoṣāmbara­dīpa­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past, as rendered in verse. In prose he is called Dharma­cakra­nirghoṣa­gagana­pradīpa­rāja. ## saddle horse *pa ha na*, Skt. *pa ha na*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Sadgaṇin *legs tshogs can*, Skt. *sadgaṇin*, The 345th buddha in the first list, 344th in the second list, and 339th in the third list. ## Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra *dgongs pa nges ’grel pa’i mdo*, Skt. *saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra*, The Saṃdhi­nirmocana­sūtra ( Unraveling the Intent , Toh 106) is one of the most important Mahāyāna sūtras, especially for the Yogācāra school. As an authoritative source for Mahāyāna Buddhist hermeneutics, it is perhaps best known for its delineation of the three turnings of the wheel of the dharma (dharmacakrapravartana), which became a highly influential schema for classifying the teachings of the Buddha according to their various intended meanings and target audiences. ## Saṃdhāna *’dum byed*, Skt. *saṃdhāna*, A householder who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Sadāmatta *rtag tu myos*, Skt. *sadāmatta*, One of the three classes of yakṣas at the base of Meru, below the paradises of the mahārājas, as part of the lowest class of paradises in the desire realm. Their name means “constantly intoxicated or insane” and because of their condition they are unable to follow the path to enlightenment. ## Sadāparibhūta *rtag tu brnyas pa*, Skt. *sadāparibhūta*, A bodhisattva in the distant past, whose name has been translated to mean “Constantly Ridiculed” (sadā-pari­bhūta) in Tibetan and by Burnouf from the Sanskrit. The Chinese translation and Kern from the Sanskrit translate it as “Never Ridiculed” (sadā-apari­bhūta). The difference results from how the compound is broken apart. It is the Chinese and Kern version that better fits the context. ## Sadprarudita *rtag tu ngu*, a [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) whose name [means](#means) "Ever Weeping", on account of the numerous tears he [shed](#shed) in his quest to receive the teachings on transcendent [wisdom](#wisdom). ## Sadāprarudita *rtag par rab tu ngu ba*, Skt. *sadāprarudita*, Sadāprarudita (literally, “He Who Was Always Weeping”) is the bodhisattva whose exemplary search for the Perfection of Wisdom and devotion to his teacher Dharmodgata are narrated in the final chapters (73–76) of this text. ## Sadā­vatāra­prekṣin *rtag tu glags tshol ba la rjes su lta ba*, Skt. *sadā­vatāra­prekṣin*, A māra (lit. “He Who Always Looks for a Weak Point”). ## safflower *le brgan rtsi*, Skt. *kusumbha*, Carthamus tinctorius. ## saffron *gur kum*, Skt. *kuṅkuma*, Although YJ’s transliteration 茶矩麼 chajumo corresponds to kuṅkuma or saffron, his translation, 鬱金 yujin instead refers to turmeric or Curcuma longa. ## Saffron Color *kha dog ngur smrig*, Skt. *kha dog ngur smrig*, A bodhisattva who seeks a prophecy from Śākyamuni. ## Saffron Summit *gur kum gyi rtse mo*, Skt. *gur kum gyi rtse mo*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Saga *sa ga*, Skt. *sa ga*, Father of the buddha Jayanandin. ## Sagacious *blo ldan*, Skt. *matimān*, Sagacious (having or showing keen discernment; wise), also another name of Citraketu. ## Sagara *dug chen mtsho*, Skt. *sagara*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## sage *thub pa*, Skt. *muni*, An ancient title given to ascetics, monks, hermits, and saints, namely, someone who has attained the realization of a truth through their own contemplation and not by divine revelation. Here also used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sage Faith *drang srong dad pa*, Skt. *drang srong dad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Arthakīrti. ## Sage Friend *drang srong bshes gnyen*, Skt. *drang srong bshes gnyen*, Father of the buddha Ṛṣideva. ## Sage Gift *drang srong byin*, Skt. *drang srong byin*, Son of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Sage Intelligence *drang srong blo*, Skt. *drang srong blo*, Father of the buddha Hutārci. ## Sage Joy *drang srong dga’*, Skt. *drang srong dga’*, Mother of the buddha Sugandha. ## Sage Landing The hermitage for ascetics at the Deer Park where the Buddha is said to have delivered his first sermon and subsequently other teachings. This translation derives from the story that the place got its name from the fact that sages would fly down and land there. ## Sage Leader *drang srong gtso*, Skt. *drang srong gtso*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Sage Mind *drang srong blo*, Skt. *drang srong blo*, Attendant of the buddha Susthita. ## Sage of Clear Mind *drang srong sems gsal*, Skt. *drang srong sems gsal*, Father of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Sage of Mount Kailāśa *ti se’i gangs thub*, Skt. *ti se’i gangs thub*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sage of the Śākyas *shAkya thub pa*, Skt. *śākyamuni*, The name of the historical Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, who was a sage (muni) from the Śākya clan. ## Sage Realization *drang srong rtogs*, Skt. *drang srong rtogs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Chedana. ## Sagely Joy *drang srong dga’ ba*, Skt. *drang srong dga’ ba*, A river on Flocking Peacocks. ## saṅghāṭī *snam sbyar*, Skt. *saṅghāṭī*, One of the three robes of a monk. This robe is a shawl with thirty-two patches, allowed for fully ordained monks. ## Saṅgha *dge 'dun*. In its broad meaning it refers to all the practitioners of the [Buddha's](#buddha) teaching. It can have a more restricted meaning according to the context, referring to ordained monks, [Arhat](#arhat)s, [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva)s, etc. ## saṅgha of hearers *nyan thos kyi dge ’dun*, Skt. *śrāvakasaṅgha*, A term for the original disciples of the Buddha, those who received teachings directly from the historical Buddha himself. ## saṅgha remnant *dge 'dun lhag ma*, Skt. *saṅghāvaśeṣa*, one of five types of offense a monk can incur. Second only to a [defeat](#defeat) in severity, there are thirteen such offenses. After a monastic incurs one of these offenses, a “remnant” (Tib. lhag ma; Skt. śeṣa) of the [prātimokṣa](#prātimokṣa) vow must be restored through the serving of a [probation](#probation) or, if the offense is concealed, a [penance](#penance) followed by [probation](#probation), during which the offending monk loses certain privileges and must perform [menial tasks](#menial-tasks). Upon completion of this period of [probation](#probation) and [penance](#penance), the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) may then reinstate the monk with full honors and privileges. ## Saṃghaṭṭa Skt. *saṃghaṭṭa*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Saṃghaṭṭaśabda *’khrug sgra*, Skt. *saṃghaṭṭaśabda*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Saṅgharakṣita *dge 'dun 'tsho*, Skt. *saṅgharakṣita*, a [disciple](#disciple) of [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) who was abducted by [nāga](#nāga)s and taken back to their land under the sea where he helped three young [nāga](#nāga)s memorize the Four [Āgama](#āgama)s, thereby establishing the [sūtra](#sūtra)s in the land of the [nāga](#nāga)s. ## Saṃghāta *ris gzhom pa*, Skt. *saṃghāta*, The third of the “hot hells.” Here, beings are perpetually crushed between rocks the size of mountains. ## Saṅgila *sang ghila*, Skt. *sang ghila*, Attendant of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## Sagittarius *gzhu*, Skt. *dhanus*, See “Dhanus.” ## Saṃgīti *glu dbyangs*, Skt. *saṃgīti*, The 959th buddha in the first list, 958th in the second list, and 949th in the third list. ## Saṃgupta *kun tu sbas pa*, Skt. *saṃgupta*, Name of a past buddha. ## Sahā A name for the “world” or perhaps “galaxy” or “world system,” more literally, “the container of worlds” (lokadhātu), that forms the extent of the Buddha Śākyamuni’s domain. Its name suggests that it is a world in which beings experience suffering. It could also be described as the extent of the world over which Great Brahmā is said to be the lord and sovereign god (Sahāṃpati). Opinions vary over the precise extent of Sahā, and its expanse seems to have extended over time. For the purposes of this sūtra, it is sometimes equated with “the cosmos of a billion worlds.” More generally, it can also be conceived as the world in which the implied target audience of the sūtra can locate themselves, the place where we are located. ## Sahā universe *mi mjed*, Skt. *sahā*, This term usually refers to the trichiliocosm, the world system that is the universe of ordinary beings, but sometimes only to our own world with four continents around Mount Meru. It means “Endurance,” as beings there have to endure suffering. ## Sahā world *mi mjed*, Skt. *sahālokadhātu*, This universe of ours, or the trichiliocosm (but sometimes referring to just this world system of four continents), presided over by Brahmā. The term is variously interpreted as meaning the world of suffering, of endurance, of fearlessness, or of concomitance (of karmic cause and effect). ## Sahā world system *’jig rten gyi khams mi mjed*, Skt. *sahālokadhātu*, The world system presided over by the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Saha­cittotpāda­dharma­cakra­pravartin *sems bskyed ma thag tu chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba*, Skt. *saha­cittotpāda­dharma­cakra­pravartin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sahadeva *lhar bcas*, Skt. *sahadeva*, Son of Siddhārtha Gautama’s maternal grandfather King Suprabuddha of Videha. ## Sahadevakaivartaputra A king. ## Sahajā Sahajā is a goddess who presides over the Tibetan lands as described in the eighteenth chapter of the Vajraḍāka Tantra. ## Sahasraśrī *stong gi dpal*, Skt. *sahasraśrī*, “Thousand Splendors.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Sahasraśiri. ## Sahasraśīrṣa *mgo stong can*, Skt. *sahasraśīrṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sahasraraśmi *’od zer stong ldan*, Skt. *sahasraraśmi*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sahasrayajña *mchod sbyin stong ldan*, Skt. *sahasrayajña*, A king, one of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Sahasrāvartā *stong ’khyil ma*, Skt. *sahasrāvartā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Saṃhatana Skt. *saṃhatana*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sahetu­kṛṣṇa­vidhvaṃsana­rāja *nag po rnam par ’joms pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sahetu­kṛṣṇa­vidhvaṃsana­rāja*, The name of the bodhisattva Sārakusumita on becoming a buddha. ## Sahetusaṃskarṣana *rgyu bcas yang dag ’dren*, Skt. *sahetusaṃskarṣana*, The northern realm in which the bodhisattva Sārakusumita became the Buddha Sahetu­kṛṣṇa­vidhvaṃsana­rāja. ## Saṇṭhila *gnas bcas*, Skt. *saṇṭhila*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Sahita *phan bcas*, Skt. *sahita*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirtieth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sahitaraśmi *’od zer ldan pa*, Skt. *sahitaraśmi*, The 364th buddha in the first list, 363rd in the second list, and 358th in the third list. ## Sahākhya *kun nas grags pa*, Skt. *sahākhya*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sahāṃpati *mi mjed kyi bdag po*, Skt. *sahāṃpati*, Epithet of Brahmā, head god of the Brahma heavens. ## Sahāṃpati Brahmā *mi mjed kyi bdag po tshangs pa*, Skt. *sahāṃpati brahmā*, An epithet of Brahmā meaning “Lord of the Sahā World.” ## Saṃhāra *tshogs*, Skt. *saṃhāra*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Sahāsrakārṇa The name of a king. ## Sahya *sa ha*, Skt. *sahya*, A mountain range in the Deccan. ## Saikata *bye ma skyes*, Skt. *saikata*, This monk is the central protagonist in the narrative that introduces the exemption on the grounds of being of unsound mind. ## Saindhava *sen da pa*, Skt. *saindhava*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## saṃjñā *’du shes*, Skt. *saṃjñā*, Perception, the third of the five skandhas. ## Saṃjayī Vairaṭṭīputra *smra ’dod kyi bu mo’i bu yang dag rgyal ba can*, Skt. *saṃjayī vairaṭṭīputra*, One of the six teachers at the time of the Buddha. ## Sañjaya *yang dag shes*, Skt. *sañjaya*, The son of Kubera, about whom very little is known. His name is often rendered as yang dag shes in Tibetan translation, reflecting a frequent variant in the Sanskrit, Sañjñeya. ## Saṃjaya *kun rgyal*, Skt. *saṃjaya*, The 316th buddha in the first list, 315th in the second list, and 310th in the third list. ## Sañjayi Vairattīputra *kun rgyal ’be’i ra ti’i bu*, Skt. *sañjayi vairattīputra*, A proponent of the doctrine of scepticism (vikṣepavāda). ## Sañjayin *sdom can*, Skt. *sañjayin*, The 48th buddha in the first list, 48th in the second list, and 49th in the third list. ## Sañjayin, the teacher *ston pa yang dag rgyal*, Skt. *śāstā sañjayin*, [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana) joined his order after rejecting the six [tīrthika](#tīrthika) teachers. ## Saṃjayin Vairaṭīputra *smra ’dod kyi bu mo’i bu*, Skt. *vairaṭīputra*, One of the six philosophical extremists who lived during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sañjñeya *yang dag shes*, Skt. *sañjñeya*, Name of a yakṣa general. ## Saṃjñeya *yang dag shes*, Skt. *saṃjñeya*, A yakṣa general. ## Saṃjñika *yang dag shes*, Skt. *saṃjñika*, One of the five yakṣa generals. ## saṃjñāparyanta *’du shes mu med pa*, Skt. *saṃjñāparyanta*, Lit. “limitless perception.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sañjīva *yang sos*, Skt. *sañjīva*, “Reviving,” one of the hells. ## Saṃjīvana *yang dag ’tsho*, Skt. *saṃjīvana*, An ājīvika ascetic who asks King Ambara, a previous life of Śākyamuni, for his genitalia. Also the name of an eastern buddha realm. The Sanskrit is also the name for one of the hells, which in Tibetan is rendered yang sos. In the traditional Buddhist list of eight hot hells, this is the “reviving” hell where beings are repeatedly killed. ## Saṃjñāvikaraṇa­bhīṣma *mi ’gyur ’jigs byed*, Skt. *saṃjñāvikaraṇa­bhīṣma*, An ājīvika ascetic who prays to beg for everything from Samudrareṇu in his future lives and be his disciple when he is the Śākyamuni Buddha. ## Saṃjāyin Vairāṭī­putra *smra ’dod kyi bu mo’i bu yang dag rgyal ba can*, Skt. *saṃjāyin vairāṭī­putra*, One of the six outsider teachers. ## Saṅkāśa *sang kA sha kA*, Skt. *saṅkāśa*, A mountain in Kuru. ## Saṅkalā *lcags sgrog ma*, Skt. *saṅkalā*, One of the goddesses. ## Saṃkaramardārci *dres spong ’od zer*, Skt. *saṃkaramardārci*, The name of the bodhisattva Dharaṇidatta when he became a buddha. ## Saṃkarṣana *yang dag ’dren*, Skt. *saṃkarṣana*, A realm to the south of the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s realm into which the Buddha Śākyamuni in his previous lives was repeatedly reborn as a caṇḍāla who becomes a cakravartin and gives away his body or parts of his body. ## Saṃkaśya *nai ka sha*, Skt. *saṃkaśya*, The country where Śākyamuni descended to the earth after preaching to his deceased mother in Indra’s heaven. ## saṃkrānti *’pho ba*, Skt. *saṃkrānti*, Unit of time related to the counting of breath. ## Saṃkusuma *yang dag pa’i me tog*, Skt. *saṃkusuma*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Saṃkusumitā *me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *saṃkusumitā*, A realm above the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s realm in which resides the Buddha Prasphulitakusuma­vairocana. ## Saṃkusumita *me tog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *saṃkusumita*, “Fully Manifested,” or “Filled with Blossoms,” a buddhafield which contains the world sphere Kusumāvatī. ## Saṃkusumita Rājendra *me tog kun tu skyes pa’i rgyal po’i dbang po*, Skt. *saṃkusumita­rājendra*, The tathāgata who orders, in the MMK, the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī to go and receive teachings from Lord Śākyamuni; one of the eight tathāgatas; a bodhisattva. ## Saṃkusumita­gandhottama Rāja *me tog kun nas skyes pa’i dri mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *saṃkusumita­gandhottama rāja*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Sakya One of the four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism, taking its name from Sakya monastery in southern central Tibet. ## Sakya Paṇḍita Sakya Paṇḍita Künga Gyaltsen (1182–1251) was one of the five Sakya patriarchs and a highly influential scholar whose ideal of scholasticism became deeply embedded in Buddhist learning in Tibet. ## Sakyapa *sa skya pa*, one of the schools of the [New Tradition](#new-tradition), founded by Khön Könchok Gyalpo (1034 - 1102). ## Sakyapa Chenpo Sachen Kunga Nyingpo (1092–1158), the founder of Sakya as a distinctive school of Tibetan Buddhism. His father founded the first physical center at Sakya, but it was Sachen who was innovative in terms of its practices and doctrines. ## Sakyong Dampa Jampa See “Jampa Phuntsok.” ## sal *sA la*, Skt. *śāla*, Shorea robusta. This is the dominant tree in the forests where it occurs. Also known as the sakhua or shala tree. It is the tree under which the Buddha was born. ## sal tree *shing sA la*, Skt. *śāla*, A hardwood tree, Shorea robusta, widespread on the Indian subcontinent. ## Saṃlākṣa *ma lus spyan*, Skt. *saṃlākṣa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Salīla One of the sublineages connected with the Vātsya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Salīlagajagāmin *ngom bag glang po’i ’dros*, Skt. *salīlagajagāmin*, A buddha in the past. ## Saltong Shogom Saltong Shogom (twelfth century) was a student of Gampopa who founded a minor sect that has since disappeared. He is one of the “three men from Kham” (khams pa mi gsum), three famous students of Gampopa from eastern Tibet. ## salty *lan tshwa*, Skt. *lavaṇa*, One of the eight supreme flavors. Also, one of the six tastes of the Āyurveda and Tibetan medical traditions. ## Salty Gift *tshwa rgo byin*, Skt. *tshwa rgo byin*, Attendant of the buddha Gaṇimuktirāja. ## Saluted by Jambu *’dzam bu ’dud pa*, Skt. *’dzam bu ’dud pa*, Name of a past buddha. ## Samaśarīra *zhi ba’i sku yi ’od*, Skt. *samaśarīra*, The seventy-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. The equivalent of ’od (“light”) is not in the Sanskrit. ## Samacitta The name of the merchant Naradatta when he attains buddhahood in the distant future. ## Samadhyāyin *bsam gtan snyoms*, Skt. *samadhyāyin*, The 786th buddha in the first list, 785th in the second list, and 775th in the third list. ## Samaṅginī *ldan ma*, Skt. *samaṅginī*, One of the eight goddesses dwelling in the Bodhi tree. ## Samaṅgira *ngag mnyam*, Skt. *samaṅgira*, A great ṛṣi. ## samaṭiraṇa An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Samaṃkara *zhi byed*, Skt. *samaṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samanantarāśi *kun nas phung po*, Skt. *samanantarāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samanta *kun tu yod*, Skt. *samanta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantabhadra *kun tu bzang po*, 1. the original [Buddha](#buddha) (Adibuddha), he who has never fallen into delusion, the [Dharmakāya](#dharmakāya) [Buddha](#buddha) represented as a naked figure, deep blue like the sky, in union with Samantabhadrī, as a symbol of awareness-emptiness, the pure, absolute nature ever present and unobstructed. The source of the lineage of the [tantra](#tantra) transmissions of the [Nyingma](#nyingmapa) school. 2. [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) Samantabhadra, one of the [Eight Great Close Sons](#eight-great-close-sons), renowned for the way in which, through the power of his [concentration](#concentration), he miraculously multiplied the offerings he made. ## Samanta­bhadra *kun tu bzang po*, Skt. *samanta­bhadra*, Presently classed as one of the eight principal bodhisattvas, he is distinct from the primordial buddha with the same name in the Tibetan Nyingma tradition. He is prominent in the Gaṇḍa­vyūha, and also in The White Lotus of the Good Dharma (Toh 113, Saddharma­puṇḍarīka) and The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra (Toh 111, Mahā­karuṇā­puṇḍarīka­sūtra). ## Sa­manta­bhadra *kun tu bzang po*, Skt. *sa­manta­bhadra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Samanta­bhadra­caryā­praṇidhāna *kun tu bzang po’i spyod pa’i smon lam*, Skt. *samanta­bhadra­caryā­praṇidhāna*, The Samanta­bhadra­caryā­praṇidhāna appears in the final part of the Gaṇḍa­vyūha­sūtra, which itself forms part of the Buddhāvataṃsaka­sūtra. It is well-known in Tibet, where it has been the subject of numerous commentaries. It continues to be recited daily in some monastic traditions in Tibet and China. The work also goes under the Sanskrit titles Bhadracari(-ī), and Bhadra­caryā­praṇidhāna. See Skilling and Saerji 2013, 198 n. 30. ## Samantabuddhi *kun tu blo*, Skt. *samantabuddhi*, A bodhisattva. ## Samantacakṣu *kun du mig*, Skt. *samantacakṣu*, A king and sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Samanta­cakṣu *kun tu gzigs*, Skt. *samanta­cakṣu*, A buddha in the past. ## Sa­manta­candra *kun tu zla ba*, Skt. *sa­manta­candra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sa­manta­cāri­tra­mati *kun tu spyod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sa­manta­cāri­tra­mati*, A great bodhisattva. ## Samanta­darśana­netra *kun nas lta ba’i myig*, Skt. *samanta­darśana­netra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samantadarśin *kun gzigs*, Skt. *samantadarśin*, The 427th buddha in the first list, 426th in the second list, and 420th in the third list. The translation is tentative; kun gzigs found in list three corresponds to Samantadarśin, but kun du gzi brjid found in list one and two would expect *Samantatejas. ## Samanta­dharma­dhātu­gagana­pratibhāsa­mukuṭa *chos kyi dbyings nam mkha’ kun nas snang ba’i cod pan*, Skt. *samanta­dharma­dhātu­gagana­pratibhāsa­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samanta­dharma­dvāra­vahana­śikha­rābha *sgo kun nas chos ston pa’i ri bo’i ’od*, Skt. *samanta­dharma­dvāra­vahana­śikha­rābha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­diśa­tejas *phyogs kun gzi brjid*, Skt. *samanta­diśa­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samanta­digabhimukha­dvāra­dhvaja­vyūha *phyogs kun tu sgo mngon par bltas pa rgyal mtshan gyis rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *samanta­digabhi­mukha­dvāra­dhvaja­vyūha*, A group of world realms in the distant past. ## Samantadyota *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantadyota*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samanta­gambhīra­śrī­vimala­prabhā *kun tu zab pa’i dpal dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *samanta­gambhīra­śrī­vimala­prabhā*, A night goddess at the bodhimaṇḍa, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 35. ## Samantagandha *kun tu dri*, Skt. *samantagandha*, A deva in the retinue of Śakra. ## Samanta­gandha­vitāna *spos kun tu rnam par yangs pa*, Skt. *samanta­gandha­vitāna*, A buddha in a southern realm. ## Samantagarbha *kun du snying po*, Skt. *samantagarbha*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## Samanta­guṇa­megha *yon tan kun tu sprin*, Skt. *samanta­guṇa­megha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samantaguptasāgara­rāja *kun sbed rgya mtsho’i rgyal po*, Skt. *samantaguptasāgara­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Samantahastin *kun nas phyag*, Skt. *samantahastin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantajaṭā *kun nas ral pa ma*, Skt. *samantajaṭā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samanta­jñāna­bhadra­maṇḍala *ye shes kun tu bzang po’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­bhadra­maṇḍala*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­jñāna­caryāvilamba *ye shes kyi spyod pa kun tu thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­caryāvilamba*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samanta­jñāna­dhvaja­śūra *ye shes rgyal mtshan kun tu dpal*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­dhvaja­śūra*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­jñāna­maṇḍala­pratibhāsa­nirghoṣa *ye shes kyi dkyil ’khor kun tu snang ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­maṇḍala­pratibhāsa­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in a realm in the upward direction. ## Samanta­jñāna­prabha­rāja *ye shes kun snang rgyal po*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samanta­jñāna­prabhā­meru *ye shes kun tu snang ba’i ri bo*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­prabhā­meru*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­jñāna­prabhāsa *ye shes kyi ’od kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­prabhāsa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­jñāna­ratnārci­śrī­guṇa­ketu­rāja *ye shes rin po che’i ’od kun tu ’phro ba’i dpal yon tan dpal gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *samanta­jñāna­ratnārci­śrī­guṇa­ketu­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. See . ## Samanta­jñānābha­pravara *ye shes kun tu snang ba’i dam pa*, Skt. *samanta­jñānābha­pravara*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­jñānāloka­vikrama­siṃha *ye shes snang bas rnam par gnon pa’i seng ge*, Skt. *samanta­jñānāloka­vikrama­siṃha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samanta­jñānārci­padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā *ye shes kyi ’od kun tu ’phro ba pad+mo bzang mo mig yid du ’ong ba’i dpal gyi zla ba*, Skt. *samanta­jñānārci­padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā*, A cakravartin’s princess in the distant past. Also called Padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī­candrā and Padma­bhadrābhirāma­netra­śrī. ## Samantakarṇa *kun nas rna ba*, Skt. *samantakarṇa*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Samantaketu *kun tu tog ma*, Skt. *samantaketu*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantakusuma *kun nas me tog*, Skt. *samantakusuma*, Lit. “With Flowers Everywhere.” The tathāgata in the buddhafield Padmavatī. ## Samanta­kusumārciḥ­pralamba­cūḍa *me tog gi ’od kun nas ’phro ba gtsug phud rab tu ’phyang ba*, Skt. *samanta­kusumārciḥ­pralamba­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva in a southwestern realm. ## Samantamātā *kun tu ma*, Skt. *samantamātā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Samanta­mukha *kun nas sgo*, Skt. *samanta­mukha*, A town in the south of India. ## Samanta­mukha­jñāna­bhadra­meru *sgo kun nas mkhyen pa’i ri bzang po*, Skt. *samanta­mukha­jñāna­bhadra­meru*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­mukha­jñāna­virocana­ghoṣa *sgo kun nas ye shes rnam par snang ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *samanta­mukha­jñāna­virocana­ghoṣa*, A buddha in a southwestern realm. ## Samantanetra *kun tu mig*, Skt. *samantanetra*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Samanta­netra *kun tu lta ba*, Skt. *samanta­netra*, A perfume seller, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 19. ## Sa­manta­netra *kun nas mig*, Skt. *sa­manta­netra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Samanta­nirmathana Skt. *samanta­nirmathana*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantanātha *kun nas mgon po*, Skt. *samantanātha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantaparikarachattra *klu’i rgyal po kun nas ’khor ba’i gdugs*, Skt. *samanta­parikara­chattra*, One of the nāga kings. ## Samantapariśuddhā The name of the buddha realm of the future buddha Vajravikrāmin, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. The name means something like “wholly pure”. ## Samantaprabha *kun tu ’od*, Skt. *samantaprabha*, The name of a buddha in the eastern direction. Also the name of thirty-two thousand gods when they attain buddhahood in the future, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Samanta­prabha­śrī­tejas *kun nas ’od dpal gzi brjid*, Skt. *samanta­prabha­śrī­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samantaprabhāsa *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samanta­prabhāsa*, The name of the nāga king Attainment of Perpetual Faith when, as the bodhisattva Lofty Aspiration, he attains buddhahood in the future, as prophesied by the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Samanta­prabhāsa *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samanta­prabhāsa*, Kauṇḍinya’s name when he becomes a buddha in the distant future. It will also be the name of five hundred of Śākyamuni’s arhats when they attain buddhahood. Also called “Samanta­prabhāsa” and “Samanta­prabha.” ## Samanta­prajñapti­nirghoṣa­megha *shes rab kyi sgra kun tu ’byung ba’i sprin*, Skt. *samanta­prajñapti­nirghoṣa­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­prajñābha­dharma­nagara­pradīpa *shes rab kyi ’od kun tu gsal ba chos kyi grong khyer rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *samanta­prajñābha­dharma­nagara­pradīpa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­pratibhāsa­cūḍa *gzugs brnyan kun tu snang ba’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *samanta­pratibhāsa­cūḍa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samantaprāsādika *kun nas mdzes*, Skt. *samanta­prāsādika*, A bodhisattva. ## Samanta­prāsādika *kun nas mdzas*, Skt. *samanta­prāsādika*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Sa­manta­prāsā­dika *kun tu mdzes*, Skt. *sa­manta­prāsā­dika*, A great bodhisattva. ## Samantaśrī Samantaśrī was a Nepalese paṇḍita active during the eleventh century and is one of the translators of Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Samantaraśmi *kun nas ’od*, Skt. *samantaraśmi*, Lit. “Rays All Around.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Ratnāvatī, in the eastern direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## Saman­taraśmya­bhyudgataśrīkūṭa­rāja *’od zer kun nas ’phags pa dpal brtsegs rgyal po*, Skt. *samantaraśmyabhyudgataśrīkūṭa­rāja*, The name of Avalokiteśvara when he succeeds the Buddha Amitābha as the next buddha in his realm. ## Samanta­ratnā *kun nas rin po che*, Skt. *samanta­ratnā*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Samanta­ratna­kusuma­prabhā *rin chen me tog kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samanta­ratna­kusuma­prabhā*, A royal city in the distant past. ## Samanta­śrī­kusuma­tejābha *dpal gyi me tog kun nas rgyas pa’i gzi brjid snang ba*, Skt. *samanta­śrī­kusuma­tejābha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­śrī­saṃbhava *dpal kun nas yang dag par ’byung ba*, Skt. *samanta­śrī­saṃbhava*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Samanta­śrī­samudgata­tejorāja *dpal kun nas ’phags pa’i gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *samanta­śrī­samudgata­tejorāja*, A bodhisattva from a western realm. ## Samanta­śrī­tejas *kun nas dpal gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *samanta­śrī­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samanta­śrī­vairocana­ketu *dpal kun tu rnam par snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *samanta­śrī­vairocana­ketu*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­saṃbhava­pradīpa *kun tu ’byung ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *samanta­saṃbhava­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samanta­saṃpūrṇa­śrī­garbhā *kun nas yongs su rgyas pa’i dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *samanta­saṃpūrṇa­śrī­garbhā*, A royal capital in a world in the eastern direction in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­sattva­trāṇojaḥ­śrī *sems can kun tu skyong ba’i gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *samanta­sattva­trāṇojaḥ­śrī*, A night goddess. ## Samanta­sūci­suviśuddha­jñāna­kusuma *ye shes kyi me tog kun nas rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *samanta­sūci­suviśuddha­jñāna­kusuma*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­sūryāvabhāsa­prabha­rāja *’od nyi ma kun tu snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *samanta­sūryāvabhāsa­prabha­rāja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samantataṭī *kun ’gro ma*, Skt. *samantataṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Samantatiṣya *kun nas rgyal*, Skt. *samantatiṣya*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantatreya *kun nas rgyun shes kyi bu*, Skt. *samantatreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## samanta­śubha­vyūha *kun tu zhim pas brgyan pa*, Skt. *samanta­śubha­vyūha*, A magical tree, the name of which means “completely pleasant array.” ## Samanta­vairocana­candra *kun tu rnam par snang ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *samanta­vairocana­candra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samanta­vairocana­mukuṭa *kun nas rnam par snang ba’i cod pan*, Skt. *samanta­vairocana­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samanta­vairocana­śrī­meru­rāja *dpal gyi ri bo kun nas rnam par snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *samanta­vairocana­śrī­meru­rāja*, A buddha in a northwestern realm. ## Samantaveda One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Samanta­vighuṣṭa­kīrti­dhvaja *snyan pa kun tu rnam par grags pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *samanta­vighuṣṭa­kīrti­dhvaja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­vilokitā *kun tu rnam par bltas pa*, Skt. *samanta­vilokitā*, A world within the Thus-Gone One Samantadarśin’s buddha realm. ## Samanta­vilokita­jñāna *kun tu rnam par gzigs pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *samanta­vilokita­jñāna*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samantavipaśyin *kun tu rnam par gzigs*, Skt. *samantavipaśyin*, The name that Adorned with Various Jewels will adopt when she becomes a buddha. ## Samanta­vīryolkāvabhāsa­megha *brtson ’grus kyi sgron ma kun tu snang ba’i sprin*, Skt. *samanta­vīryolkāvabhāsa­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Samanta­vyūha *kun nas rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *samanta­vyūha*, A park in South India. ## Samantābhaśrī *kun tu snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *samantābhaśrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Samantābhaśiri. ## Sa­manterya­patha *kun tu spyod lam*, Skt. *sa­manterya­patha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Samanteśvara Skt. *samanteśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samantāloka *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāloka*, The realized one who prince Ratnakīrti will become. The name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Samantāntakarī *kun nas mthar byed ma*, Skt. *samantāntakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Samantānuravita­śānta­nirghoṣa *zhi ba’i dbyangs kun tu bsgrags pa*, Skt. *samantānuravita­śānta­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## samantāvabhāsa *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa*, Lit. “total illumination.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Samantāvabhāsa­dharma­śrī­ghoṣa Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­dharma­śrī­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. Missing in Tibetan. ## Samantāvabhāsa­dhvaja *kun tu snang ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­dhvaja*, “Shining Banner.” The name of a past kalpa. ## Samantāvabhāsa­ketu *kun nas snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­ketu*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samantāva­bhāsa­ketu *kun tu snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *samantāva­bhāsa­ketu*, A buddha realm. ## Samantāvabhāsana­dharma­megha­nirghoṣa­dhvaja *kun tu grags pa’i chos kyi sprin sgra’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsana­dharma­megha­nirghoṣa­dhvaja*, “The Victory Banner That Resounds Everywhere with the Sound of the Clouds of the Dharma.” A Bodhi tree in the distant past. ## Samantāvabhāsa­śrī *dpal kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­śrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. His name is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “Glorious with Surrounding Fragrance and Light.” ## Samantāvabhāsa­śrī­garbha­rāja *dpal gyi snying po kun nas snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­śrī­garbha­rāja*, A buddha in a southern realm. ## Samantāvabhāsa­vijita­saṃgrāma­śrī *kun tu snang ba gyul las rnam par gyal ba’i dpal*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­vijita­saṃgrāma­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Samantāvabhāsa­vyūha­śrī *kun nas snang ba bkod pa’i dpal*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa­vyūha­śrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Samantāvabhāsodgata *kun tu snang bas ’phags pa*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samantāvaloka *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāvaloka*, One of the five celestial bodhisattvas associated with Mañjuśrī. ## Samantāvaloka­buddhi *kun tu snang ba’i blo*, Skt. *samantāvaloka­buddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samantāvalokita *kun tu lta ba*, Skt. *samantāvalokita*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Samantāvalokiteśvara *kun tu spyan ras gzigs dbang phyug*, Skt. *samantāvalokiteśvara*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: kun tu spyan ras gzigs kyi dbang po) ## Samantāyatana *kun nas skye mched*, Skt. *samantāyatana*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samarī *sa ma ri*, Skt. *samarī*, This could be the name or an epithet of one of the goddesses; its meaning is unclear. ## Samar Yangön A monastery in the area of Samar. During the Yuan dynasty, a chiliarch (stong dpon) position was associated with this monastery. ## Samarthin A king. ## Samataṭa Skt. *samataṭa*, A country in the east of India. ## Samataprabha *kun nas ’od*, Skt. *samataprabha*, The twelfth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Samatārtha­saṃbhavā *mnyam pa nyid kyi don ’byung ba*, Skt. *samatārtha­saṃbhavā*, An earth goddess in the distant past. ## Sama­tā­vihā­rin *mnyam pa nyid la gnas pa*, Skt. *sama­tā­vihā­rin*, A bodhisattva present during the delivery of the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities. ## Samaya *dam tshig*, lit. promise. Sacred links between teacher and [disciple](#disciple), and also between [disciple](#disciple)s, in the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). The Sanskrit word samaya can mean: agreement, engagement, convention, precept, [boundary](#boundary),e tc. Although there are many detailed obligations, the most essential samaya is to consider the teacher's body, speech and mind as pure. ## samaya holder A general term for beings that are bound to a particular deity maṇḍala and bound by contractual agreement to protect, support, and commune with practitioners who provide them with the requisite offerings. ## Samaya object or substance *dam tshig gi rdzas*, object or ingredient which is necessary for or enhances the practices of the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). ## samaya substances *dam rdzas*, A term for the substances that are offered to a deity as part of the propitiator’s fulfillment of the samaya vow. ## samayagola The precise identification of this flower is not clear, but it may refer to either Vangueria spinosa (Skt. golā) or the jujube (Skt. kolā). ## samayasattva *dam tshig sems dpa*, Skt. *samayasattva*, The form of the deity generated and visualized by the practitioner. ## Samayoṣṇīṣa *spyi gtsug*, Skt. *samayoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## sambhoga cakra *longs spyod ’khor lo*, Skt. *sambhogacakra*, The name of the energy center (cakra) in the throat. ## sambhogakāya *longs spyod rdzogs pa’i sku*, Skt. *sambhogakāya*, The “enjoyment body,” one of the three bodies of a buddha, refers to the way a buddha manifests for realized beings; this may be represented by different iconographic forms of deity figures. ## Sambuka The name of a city. ## Samṛddha *’byor par ldan*, Skt. *samṛddha*, The 220th buddha in the first list, 219th in the second list, and 219th in the third list. ## Samṛddhajñāna *ye shes ’byor ldan*, Skt. *samṛddhajñāna*, The 680th buddha in the first list, 679th in the second list, and 671st in the third list. ## Samṛddhapakṣa A bodhisattva who is a prince predicted to be the buddha Abhyupagatagāmin and whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Samṛddhayaśas *’byor ldan grags pa*, Skt. *samṛddhayaśas*, The 840th buddha in the first list, 839th in the second list, and 829th in the third list. ## Samṛddhi *’byor pa ma*, Skt. *samṛddhi*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## samādhi *ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *samādhi*, Some readers may be familiar with the term samadhi, written without diacritics as it would appear in English dictionaries, where it is usually explained as referring to meditation or meditative states. In a more restricted sense, and when understood as a mental state, samādhi is defined as the one-pointedness of the mind (cittaikāgratā), the ability to remain on the same object over long periods of time. In Vaibhāṣika abhidharma, samādhi is a mental state that accompanies each and every moment of mind; the practice of meditation and the like is for the purpose of making samādhi more powerful (samādhiś cittasyaikagrateti | agram ālambanam ity eko 'rthaḥ | yadyogāc cittaṃ prabandhena ekatrālambane vartate | sa samādhiḥ | yadi samādhiḥ sarva­cetasi bhavati | kim arthaṃ dhyāneṣu yatnaḥ kriyate | balavatsamādhiniṣpādanārthaṃ, Abhidharma­kośa­vyākhyā 2.24, Wogihara 1989, p. 128). Some forms of abhidharma (Yogācāra, for example) do not consider samādhi as a mental factor that accompanies every moment of mind. In a slightly less technical sense, samādhi can describe a number of different meditative states, including the highest such as the “samādhi that is like a diamond” (vajropamasamādhi). If we understand the term samādhi as derived from sam + ā + dhā, the sense is something like to “place together” or “collect.” In the Tibetan rendering of this term, the ’dzin represents, we think, the root dhā and matches one of the senses of this root, “to hold” (dhāraṇa). The possible etymology of ting nge is debated and possibly a complex matter; if we accept the hypothesis that ting nge is related to gting, then the sense is probably akin to “profound” or “deep,” which may indicate taking sam + ā more or less as intensifiers. The sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa commentary on the Mahāvyutpatti explains the term samādhi as referring to the instrument through which mind and mental states “get collected,” i.e., it is by the force of samādhi that the continuum of mind and mental states becomes collected on a single point of reference without getting distracted (samādhi zhes pa samādhiyante anena zhes bya ste | ting nge ’dzin gyi mthus sems dang sems las byung ba’i rgyud dmigs pa gcig la sdud cing mi g.yo bar ting nge ’dzin ’jog pas na ting nge ’dzin zhes bya). ## samādhi of valiant progress The name of a samādhi that is considered one of the main samādhis of a bodhisattva. This samādhi is described in The Sūtra on the Samādhi of Valiant Progress (Toh 132; forthcoming). ## Samādhi­garbha *ting nge ’dzin gyi snying po*, Skt. *samādhi­garbha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Samādhihastyuttaraśrī *ting nge ’dzin gyi glang po dam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *samādhi­hastyuttara­śrī*, Name of a buddha in the northeastern intermediate direction, residing in the world system called Samādhyalaṅkṛta. ## Samādhi­hastyuttara­śrī *ting nge ’dzin gyi glang po dam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *samādhi­hastyuttara­śrī*, Lit. “Glorious Supreme Elephant of Meditative Stabilization.” A buddha in a world system called Samādhyalaṃkṛtā in the intermediate northeast direction. ## Samādhi­mervabhyudgata­jñāna *ting nge ’dzin gyi ri rab mngon par ’phags pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *samādhi­mervabhyudgata­jñāna*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Samādhi­mudrā­vipula­makuṭa­prajñā­prabha *ting nge ’dzin gyi phyag rgya shin tu yangs pa’i cod pan shes rab kyi ’od*, Skt. *samādhi­mudrā­vipula­makuṭa­prajñā­prabha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## samādhirāja *ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *samādhirāja*, Lit. “king of meditative stabilizations.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## samādhi­rāja­su­pratiṣṭhita *ting nge ’dzin la rgyal po ltar rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *samādhi­rāja­su­pratiṣṭhita*, Lit. “good standing like a king in meditative stabilization.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## samādhisamata *ting nge ’dzin mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *samādhisamata*, Lit. “sameness meditative stabilization.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Samādhyalaṃkṛtā *ting nge ’dzin gyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *samādhyalaṃkṛtā*, Lit. “Adorned with Meditative Stabilizations.” A world system in the intermediate northeast direction, where the buddha Samādhi­hastyuttara­śrī now dwells. ## Samādhyalaṅkṛta *ting nge ’dzin gyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *samādhyalaṅkṛta*, Name of a world system in the northeastern direction, where the buddha Samādhi­hastyuttara­śrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## same *gcig pa nyid*, Skt. *gcig pa nyid*, Also translated here as “single” in the context of the ten continuities of Dharma. ## Same Image *bzhin ’dra*, Skt. *bzhin ’dra*, Son of the buddha Vairocana. ## sameness Refers here to the awakened realization of the sameness or equality of all phenomena, since all phenomena share the ultimate nature in emptiness. ## sameness of all phenomena *chos thams cad mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samatā*, A meditative stability. As well as its more general meaning, this is the name of the sixty-second meditative stability, and the first of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## sameness of all things *chos thams cad mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­sama­tā*, As well as its more general meaning, this is the name of the fifty-seventh meditative stability. ## sameness of meditative stability *ting nge ’dzin mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *samādhisamatā*, The 111th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## (sameness of the) irreducibility of all phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par ’jig pa mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāvibhāvanāsamatā*, The twentieth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and the twenty-second of the meditative stabilities realized by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. The Sanskrit term vibhāvana has a complex range of meanings and the English rendering here is a tentative attempt to reconcile the Sanskrit and Tibetan. See also breaking down of the cultivation. ## Saṃmūḍhasmṛti A māra who appears to the brothers Samvara and Samvarasthita. ## Samāhitātman *mnyam gzhag bdag nyid*, Skt. *samāhitātman*, The 660th buddha in the first list, 659th in the second list, and 651st in the third list. ## samāhitāvasthā­pratiṣṭhāna *mnyam par gzhag pa’i gnas la gnas pa*, Skt. *samāhitāvasthā­pratiṣṭhāna*, Lit. “stationed in the absorption stage.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sami *zhi ldan*, Skt. *sami*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## samikā *kun tu phreng bar byed pa*, Skt. *samikā*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Samitāyus *skye bcil ba*, Skt. *samitāyus*, The sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## samākṣarāvakāra *yi ge mnyam par ’god pa*, Skt. *samākṣarāvakāra*, Lit. “sets down all syllables the same.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Samālikā *byis bcas mo*, Skt. *samālikā*, One of the seven types of ḍākinīs.. ## samāna *mnyam gnas*, Skt. *samāna*, One of the five vital airs, centered in the navel area. ## Samori The name of a city. ## Sampadā *phun sum tshogs ma*, Skt. *sampadā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samāpadyata *mnyam par gzhag pa*, Skt. *samāpadyata*, A kalpa in the distant past. ## samāpatti *snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *samāpatti*, One of the synonyms for the meditative state, in tems of both the state itself and the various meditative states that serve as attainments along the path. The Tibetan translation interprets it as sama-āpatti, which brings in the idea of “equal,” or “level;” however, it can also be parsed as sam-āpatti, in which case it would have the sense of “concentration,” or “absorption,” much like “samādhi,” but with the added sense of “completion.” ## Sampūjita *yang dag mchod*, Skt. *sampūjita*, A buddha in the past. ## Sampūrṇa *gang ba bzang*, Skt. *sampūrṇa*, A brahmin devotee of Buddhism. ## sampuṭa *yang dag par sbyor ba*, Skt. *sampuṭa*, Sexual union perceived as the union of wisdom and skillful means; space between two concave surfaces; the principle of sampuṭa personified; an epithet of Vajrasattva/Saṃvara. See also . ## Samāta *mnyam pa*, Skt. *samāta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## samudgata *yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *samudgata*, Lit. “truly noble.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Samudgataśrī *kun tu ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *samudgataśrī*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Samudgata­rāja *rgyal po yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *samudgata­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Samudrā The name of a goddess who is said to be an emanation of Mahākālī’s body, speech, and mind. ## Samudra *rgya mtsho*, Skt. *samudra*, The ocean personified; the Gupta emperor Samudragupta who ruled Gauḍa and Magadha in the third quarter of the fourth century. ## Samudradatta *rgya mtshos byin*, Skt. *samudradatta*, One of the members of a group of four monks described in the Vinaya as followers of Devadatta that attempted to create a schism in the Buddhist saṅgha. ## Samudradeva *rgya mtsho’i lha*, Skt. *samudradeva*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Samudragarbha *rgya mtsho’i snying po*, Skt. *samudragarbha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twelfth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Samudrakaccha *rgya mtsho’i ’gram*, Skt. *samudrakaccha*, A province in South India. ## Samudra­pratiṣṭhāna *rgya mtsho brten pa*, Skt. *samudra­pratiṣṭhāna*, A town in South India. ## Samudraputra *rgya mtsho’i bu*, Skt. *samudraputra*, A nāga king. ## Samudrareṇu *rgya mtsho’i rdul*, Skt. *samudrareṇu*, The past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni as a brahmin priest, who is the principal figure in The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra. In this sūtra, he is the court priest of King Araṇemin and the father of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Samudravetāḍī *rgya mtsho rnam par rlob pa*, Skt. *samudravetāḍī*, An area in the south of India. ## Samudreśvarabhuvi *rgya mtsho’i dbang phyug khyab bdag*, Skt. *samudreśvara­bhuvi*, The eldest of the brahmin Samudrareṇu’s eighty sons and the brother of the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## samudrāparyanta *rgya mtsho mu med pa*, Skt. *samudrāparyanta*, Lit. “limitless ocean.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Saṃmukha “Facing.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Samutkhalī *mu khu li*, Skt. *samutkhalī*, One of the four goddesses who attended and kept guard over Prince Siddhārtha while he was in the womb of his mother. ## Samvara Lit. Disciplined; a son of the householder Suvicaya. See also “Samvarasthita.” These are the same words that were translated as “vows” (Samvara) and “keeping to vows” (Samvarasthita) above. ## Samvarasthita Lit. Firm Discipline; a son of the householder Suvicaya. See also “Samvara.” These are the same words that were translated as “vows” (Samvara) and “keeping to vows” (Samvarasthita) above. ## Samveda The name of a king. ## Samyé *bsam yas*, Skt. *bsam yas*, The first monastery established in Tibet, built between 775 and 779 ce. It was the location of the decades-long program of translating Buddhist texts. ## Samyé Chimphu Tibet’s first monastery and a center of Buddhist activity throughout the imperial period. ## samyaksaṃbuddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyaksaṃbuddha*, “Perfectly realized one.” A buddha who teaches the Dharma, as opposed to a pratyekabuddha, who does not teach. ## samyak­saṃbuddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyak­saṃbuddha*, “A perfect buddha.” A buddha who teaches the Dharma, as opposed to a pratyeka­buddha, who does not teach. ## samyaksam­buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyak­sambuddha*, A perfect buddha: a buddha who teaches the Dharma and brings it into a world, as opposed to a pratyekabuddha, who does not teach the Dharma or bring it into a world. ## samyak­sambuddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *samyak­sambuddha*, A perfect buddha: a buddha who teaches the Dharma and brings it into a world, as opposed to a pratyekabuddha, who does not teach the Dharma or bring it into a world. ## samyaktva­mithyātva­sarva­saṃgrasana *yang dag pa dang log pa thams cad yang dag par sel ba*, Skt. *samyaktva­mithyātva­sarva­saṃgrasana*, Lit. “eliminator of all right and wrong.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Samye *bsam yas*, the first monastery in Tibet, in the Tsangpo valley south-east of Lhasa, built during the time of King [Trisong Detsen](#trisong-detsen). The name [means](#means) "inconceivable." ## Samye Chimpu *bsam yas mchims phu*, name of a group of hermitages situated on the mountainside above [Samye](#samye) Monastery, where many great Buddhist masters have attained [accomplishment](#accomplishment). ## Śāsanadhara *bstan pa ’dzin*, Skt. *śāsanadhara*, A mountain king. ## Sanat *kun bged*, Skt. *sanat*, One of the grahas. ## Sanatkumāra *sa nad ku mA ra*, Skt. *sanatkumāra*, The son of the god Brahmā. ## sanctified conduct *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, In Buddhism, a term denoting a religious life grounded in renunciation and chastity. In the brahmanical traditions, this refers specifically to the stage in one’s youth dedicated to focused study of religious scripture and practice. ## sanction *byin gyis brlab pa*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhāna*, a monk’s robes are sanctioned at ordination. Furthermore, two types of offenses, [saṅgha remnant](#saṅgha-remnant) offense and [transgression](#transgression)s requiring forfeiture, must be formally sanctioned or excused in order to be completely expunged. ## sanctuary *dri gtsang khang*, Skt. *gandhakuṭī*, a special room or [shrine](#shrine) dedicated to a [buddha](#buddha), intended as both residence and reliquary. A common feature especially in rock-cut [temple](#temple)s. ## sand A term that often refers to dust or dirt but may also refer to sand. ## Sand Castle *mkhar phye ma*, Skt. *mkhar phye ma*, An ancient settlement in the eastern part of Khotan. ## sandalwood Santalum album. The white sandalwood tree. ## Sandalwood Dwelling *tsan dan khyim*, Skt. *tsan dan khyim*, A tathāgata in the past eon Most Fragrant, of the world realm Fragrant. ## Sandalwood Essence *tsan dan gyi snying po*, Skt. *tsan dan gyi snying po*, A brahmin. ## Sandalwood Fragrance *tsan dan spos*, Skt. *tsan dan spos*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Laḍitakrama (797 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sandalwood Heir *gtso bo’i bu tsan dan*, Skt. *gtso bo’i bu tsan dan*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Sandalwood Incense *tsan dan spos*, Skt. *tsan dan spos*, A buddha realm. ## Sandalwood Joy *tsan dan dga’*, Skt. *tsan dan dga’*, Son of the buddha Sūkṣmabuddhi. ## Sandalwood Light *tsan dan ’od*, Skt. *tsan dan ’od*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Sandalwood Mansion *tsan dan khang pa*, Skt. *tsan dan khang pa*, A buddha. ## sandalwood paste *tsan+dana a bar ta ka*, Skt. *candana āvartana*, Skt. candana is sandalwood, while āvartana means “turning around repeatedly” as in a churning or grinding motion (Monier-Williams). ## Sandalwood Retreat *tsan dan phug*, Skt. *tsan dan phug*, A buddha realm. ## Sandy Stretch *bye ma’i gnas skabs*, Skt. *bye ma’i gnas skabs*, An area between Godānīya and Videha. ## Sanema *mu khyud can*, Skt. *sanema*, A Śakra deity who prays to be Samudrareṇu’s disciple with wisdom when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Śāriputra. ## Sanetya­jñāna­saṃbhava *spyod bcas dang ye shes ’byung*, Skt. *sanetya­jñāna­saṃbhava*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-fifth) when he becomes a buddha. The Tibetan divides this into two names: Sanetya and Jñānasaṃbhava. ## Sangyé Menla *sangs rgyas sman bla*, Skt. *sangs rgyas sman bla*, Tibetan short form of Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha, also known as the Medicine Buddha. ## Sangyé Tenpa Sangyé Tenpa (ca. 1638–1710) was the son of the seventh Degé king and the third abbot of Lhundrup Teng. He was known for his religious ecumenicalism. ## āsanna­rūpa­rājas *gzugs kyi rdul sel*, Skt. *āsanna­rūpa­rājas*, Lit. “eliminating material dirt.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sannimika *mu khyud bzang po*, Skt. *sannimika*, One of the māras. ## Sanātana *kun bged*, Skt. *sanātana*, An epithet of Viṣṇu. Sometimes also used as an epithet of Brahmā. ## Santata “Continual.” The name of muhūrta. ## Santuṣita *dga’ ldan*, Skt. *santuṣita*, The lord of the desire realm who resides in the Tuṣita heaven. ## sapakṣa Skt. *sapakṣa*, Technical term in Buddhist logic. ## Saṃpannakīrti *grags rdzogs*, Skt. *saṃpannakīrti*, The 134th buddha in the first list, 134th in the second list, and 134th in the third list. ## Saphala *’bras bu dang bcas pa*, Skt. *saphala*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Saphalātreya *rgyun shes kyi bu ’bras bu dang bcas pa*, Skt. *saphalātreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Saṃpūrṇa *yongs su gang ba*, Skt. *saṃpūrṇa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## saṃpracchada *yongs su ’gengs*, Skt. *saṃpracchada*, A magical tree, the name of which means “completely covering.” ## Saṃpūrṇa­śrīvakrā *dpal gyi bzhin yongs su rgyas pa*, Skt. *saṃpūrṇa­śrīvakrā*, A cakravartin’s precious queen in the distant past. ## sapta An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Saptalakṣaṇa A king. ## Saptaparṇā *’dab bdun ma*, Skt. *saptaparṇā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## saptaparṇa Alstonia scholaris. The scholar tree, also known as milkwood or devil’s tree. ## Saptaśīrṣa *mgo bdun*, Skt. *saptaśīrṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sapta­ratna­padma­vikrānta­gāmin *rin po che sna bdun gyi pad ma la gom pas ’gro ba*, Skt. *sapta­ratna­padma­vikrānta­gāmin*, The name of Rāhula when he becomes a buddha. ## Sapta­ratna­vicitrasan­darśana *rin po che sna bdun rnam par bkra bar snang ba*, Skt. *sapta­ratna­vicitrasan­darśana*, A Bodhi tree, the name meaning “The Lovely Appearance of a Variety of the Seven Jewels.” ## Saptarājñī *bdun pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *saptarājñī*, “Queen of the Seven,” a yoginī in Paramāśva’s maṇḍala. ## Saṃpuṣpita *me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *saṃpuṣpita*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Saraṇa *sa ra Na*, Skt. *saraṇa*, Son of King Udayana of Vatsa, he went forth by Venerable Kātyāyanaputra. ## Saracchighoṣa *sgra bzang*, Skt. *saracchighoṣa*, A brahmin who asks King Ambara, a previous life of Śākyamuni, for his ears. ## Saraha *sa ra ha*, Indian [mahāsiddha](#mahāsiddha), author of three cycles of [dohās](#dohā) ## Saṇṭīraka Skt. *saṇṭīraka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## sarala pine *gdug pa’i shing*, gdug pa’i shing is an alternate spelling for the Tibetan bdug pa’i shing, which translates the Sanskrit dhūpavṛkṣa—one of many names for the sarala pine or Pinus roxburghii, but the literal meaning of this term (“a tree that gives off aromatic smoke”) might apply to a number of different trees such as juniper, which is commonly used in Tibetan smoke offering rites. ## Sarasvatī *dbyangs can ma*, Skt. *sarasvatī*, The goddess of music and eloquence. The Sanskrit name means “she who has flow,” or “she who has a body of water.” She was originally the personification of the Punjab river of that name. ## Sarasvatī Grove Skt. *sarasvatyārāma*, The name of a garden in Kauśāmbī. ## Sarasvati­saṃgīti *glu snyan pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarasvati­saṃgīti*, A palace in another world in the distant past. ## Sarayū *sar yu*, Skt. *sarayū*, A river. ## Saṃśrayasa *legs bcas*, Skt. *saṃśrayasa*, A previous eon, during which Śākyamuni was a cakravartin named Ambara. ## Sarṣibhañjikā The name of a town. ## Sarma The name of a king. ## Saṃrocana *legs dga’*, Skt. *saṃrocana*, A pupil of the Buddha Śākyamuni who is one of only eight bodhisattvas in the past or future who equal the Buddha Śākyamuni’s generosity in his previous lives. ## Saṃrocanabuddha *sangs rgyas yang dag ’dod*, Skt. *saṃrocana­buddha*, A bodhisattva sent by the Buddha Vigata­saṃtāpodbhava­vaiśravaṇasāla­rāja to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Sarpadāsa *sbrul kho*, Skt. *sarpadāsa*, A disciple of the Buddha. Note that this name rendered as sprul khol in the Degé Kangyur. ## Sarva­śaṅkita­sumardaka *dogs pa thams cad legs par ’joms pa*, Skt. *sarva­śaṅkita­sumardaka*, A buddha. ## Sarvaśatrudamana *dgra thams cad ’dul ba*, Skt. *sarva­śatru­damana*, A buddha. ## Sarva­bala­vegavatī *stobs thams cad kyi shugs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sarva­bala­vegavatī*, A southern realm. ## Sarvabhadra *thams cad bzang*, Skt. *sarvabhadra*, A yakṣa general. ## Sarvabhayahara *’jigs pa thams cad sel ba*, Skt. *sarvabhayahara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of this teaching. ## Sarvabhūtaketu *’byung po thams cad kyi tog ma*, Skt. *sarvabhūtaketu*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarva­bhūta­saṃkṣayaka *’byung po thams cad yang dag par ’khrug par byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­bhūta­saṃkṣayaka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Sarva­bhūta­vaśaṅkarī *’byung po thams cad dbang du byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­bhūta­vaśaṅkarī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Sarva­bhūta­yakṣa­rākṣasa­preta­piśāca­kuṃbhāṇḍa­mahoraga­śrī *byung bo thams cad dang gnod sbyin dang srin po dang yi dgas dang sha za dang grul bum dang lto ’phye chen po thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­bhūta­yakṣa­rākṣasa­preta­piśāca­kuṃbhāṇḍa­mahoraga­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvabhūtika *’byung po thams cad pa*, Skt. *sarvabhūtika*, One of the rāśis. ## Sarva­bhūtāvartā *’byung po thams cad ’khyil ma*, Skt. *sarva­bhūtāvartā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarva­bodhisattva­śrī *byangs chub sems pa thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­bodhisattva­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­buddha­kṣetra­pariśuddhi­nigarjita­pratibhāsa­vijñāpanā *sangs rgyas kyi zhing thams cad yongs su dag par sgra ’byin pa’i gzugs brnyan rnam par dmigs pa*, Skt. *sarva­buddha­kṣetra­pariśuddhi­nigarjita­pratibhāsa­vijñāpanā*, “The Perception of the Speech Emitted by All the Pure Buddha Realms.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarva­buddha­nirmāṇa­pratibhāsa­cūḍa *sangs rgyas thams cad kyi sprul pa snang ba’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarva­buddha­nirmāṇa­pratibhāsa­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­buddha­saṃbhūta­garbha­maṇi­mukuṭa *sangs rgyas thams cad yang dag par ’byung ba’i snying po*, Skt. *sarva­buddha­saṃbhūta­garbha­maṇi­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarvacaṇḍāla *thams cad du gdol pa*, Skt. *sarvacaṇḍāla*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Sarva­caryātiśaya­jñāna­rāja *spyod pa thams cad kyi yul shes pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­caryātiśaya­jñāna­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvadada *kun sbyin*, Skt. *sarvadada*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Sarvaṃdada *thams cad sbyin pa*, Skt. *sarvaṃdada*, The name given by the devas to the cakravartin Ambara, a previous life of Śākyamuni, on account of his generosity. It means “The One Who Gives Away Everything.” ## Sarvadarśin *kun mthong*, Skt. *sarvadarśin*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Sarva­deva­gaṇa­mukha­śrī *lha’i tshogs thams cad la mngon du phyogs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­deva­gaṇa­mukha­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­deva­nāga­yakṣa­gandharvāsura­garuḍa­kinnara­mahoraga­śrī *lha dang klu dang gnod sbyin dang dri za dang lha ma yin dang nam mkha’ lding dang mi ’am ci dang lto ’phye chen po thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­deva­nāga­yakṣa­gandharvāsura­garuḍa­kinnara­mahoraga­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­devatābhiṣiktā *lha thams cad kyi dbang bskur ba*, Skt. *sarva­devatābhiṣiktā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­devatābhimukha­śrī *lha sogs pa thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­devatābhimukha­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­devatā­mātṛ *lha thams cad kyi ma*, Skt. *sarva­devatā­mātṛ*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## sarvadhalī Unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Sarva­dhana­dhānyākarṣaṇa­śrī *nor dang ’bru thams cad sdud pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­dhana­dhānyākarṣaṇa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Sarva­dharma­bhāvanārambha­saṃbhava­tejas *chos thams cad kyi gnas bsgrub pa yongs su ’grub pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­bhāvanārambha­saṃbhava­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Sarva­dharma­darśin *chos thams cad gzigs*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­darśin*, A buddha. ## sarva­dharma­dhāraṇī­mukha­mudra *chos thams cad kyi gzungs kyi sgo’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­dhāraṇī­mukha­mudra*, Lit. “seal of the dhāraṇī gateway for all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­dhātu­sāgara­nigarjita­ghoṣa *chos rgya mtsho thams cad rab tu sgrog pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­dhātu­sāgara­nigarjita­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­dharma­dhātu­spharaṇa­ghoṣa *chos kyi dbyings kun tu rgyas pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­dhātu­spharaṇa­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­dharma­dhātu­tala­bheda­ketu­rāja *chos kyi dbyings kyi gzhi tha dad pa’i dpal gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­dhātu­tala­bheda­ketu­rāja*, A bodhisattva in a southeastern realm. ## sarva­dharmaikarasa *chos thams cad ro gcig pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmaikarasa*, Lit. “the one taste of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­jñānādhivāsana­praveśa *chos thams cad shes pa’i bzod pa la ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­jñānādhivāsana­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into knowledge forbearance for all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­mudra *chos thams cad kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­mudra*, Lit. “seal of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­mudrāgata *chos thams cad kyi phyag rgyar gyur pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­mudrāgata*, Lit. “become exalted among all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­niśceṣṭa *chos thams cad byed pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­niśceṣṭa*, Lit. “where all dharmas are motionless.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­nigarjita­rāja *chos thams cad rab tu sgrog pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nigarjita­rāja*, This is a buddha in the distant past in chapter 34, where the name is translated as chos thams cad rab tu sgrog pa’i rgyal po, and a buddha in the distant past in chapter 41, where the name is translated as chos thams cad kyi ’brug sgra bsgrags pa’i rgyal po. ## sarva­dharma­nimittāpagata *chos thams cad mtshan ma dang bral ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nimittāpagata*, Lit. “separated from all causal signs.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­nirnādacchatra­maṇḍala­nirghoṣa *chos thams cad kyi nga ro’i gdugs kyi dkyil ’khor rab tu sgrog pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirnādacchatra­maṇḍala­nirghoṣa*, A cakravartin king in another world realm in the distant past. ## sarva­dharma­nirnānātva *chos thams cad tha dad pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirnānātva*, Lit. “where all dharmas are in a state without difference.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­nirukti­niyata­praveśa *chos thams cad kyi nges pa’i tshig la gdon mi za bar ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirukti­niyata­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into certainty about the etymologies of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­nirvedhaka *chos thams cad la nges par ’bigs pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirvedhaka*, Lit. “piercer of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­nirviśeṣa­darśin *chos thams cad bye brag med par lta ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirviśeṣa­darśin*, Lit. “that sees all dharmas without particularizing them.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­nirvikāra­darśin *chos thams cad ’gyur ba med par mthong ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nirvikāra­darśin*, Lit. “seeing all dharmas as unchanging.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­nityadarśana­dhīmat *chos thams cad la rtag tu lta ba’i blo ldan*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­nityadarśana­dhīmat*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Intelligence That Always Sees All Phenomena.” ## sarva­dharma­pada­prabheda *chos thams cad kyi tshig rab tu ’byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­pada­prabheda*, Lit. “sorts out the words for all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­prabha­rāja *chos ’od rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Sarva­dharma­prabhāsa­vyūha­śrī *chos kyi snang ba thams cad bkod pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­prabhāsa­vyūha­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## sarva­dharma­praveśa­mudra *chos thams cad la ’jug pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­praveśa­mudra*, Lit. “seal of entry into all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­praveśa­mukha *chos thams cad la ’jug pa’i sgo*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­praveśa­mukha*, Lit. “gateway of the entry into all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­samatā *chos thams cad mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samatā*, Lit. “sameness of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇa­samudra *chos thams cad yang dag par ’du ba rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇa­samudra*, Lit. “ocean in which all dharmas are united.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇa­sāgara­mudra *chos thams cad yang dag par ’du ba rgya mtsho’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇa­sāgara­mudrā*, Lit. “ocean seal in which all dharmas are united.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇākāra­mudra *chos thams cad yang dag par ’du ba’i rnam pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samavasaraṇākāra­mudra*, Lit. “seal in a form in which all dharmas are united.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­samādhi­prabha­ghoṣa *chos thams cad ting nge ’dzin gyi ’od kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samādhi­prabha­ghoṣa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Sarva­dharma­samudrābhyudgata­vega­rāja *chos rgya mtsho thams cad kyis mngon par ’phags pa’i shugs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­samudrābhyudgata­vega­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Sarva­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­prabha­rāja *chos rgya mtsho thams cad kyi dbyangs ’od kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in another world in the distant past, the first of countless buddhas in that kalpa. In verse he is called Dharma­samudra­prabha­garjita­rāja. ## Sarva­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­rāja *chos rgya mtsho thams cad kyi gsung gi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­sāgara­nirghoṣa­rāja*, A buddha in a world in the eastern direction in the past. ## sarva­dharma­svabhāva­vyavalokana *chos thams cad kyi ngo bo nyid la rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāva­vyavalokana*, Lit. “looking at the intrinsic nature of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­svabhāvānupalabdhi *chos thams cad kyi ngo bo nyid mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāvānupalabdhi*, Lit. “where the intrinsic nature of all dharmas cannot be found.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­tamopagata *chos thams cad mun pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­tamopagata*, Lit. “where all dharmas are free from darkness.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­vibhava­samudra *chos thams cad kyi ’byor pa rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vibhava­samudra*, Lit. “ocean of the wealth of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­vipaśyana *chos thams cad la rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vipaśyana*, Lit. “giving insight into all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharma­vivikta *chos thams cad dben*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vivikta*, Lit. “isolation of all dharmas.”Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharma­vīrya­vega­dhvaja *chos thams cad kyi brtson ’grus drag po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vīrya­vega­dhvaja*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## sarva­dharmābhyudgata *chos thams cad las mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmābhyudgata*, Lit. “that has risen above all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmācalana *chos thams cad g.yo ba med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmācalana*, Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmācintya *chos thams cad bsam gyis mi khyab*, Skt. *sarva­dharmācintya*, Lit. “inconceivability of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharmeśvara­vaśa­vikrānta­gāmin *chos thams cad la dbang phyug gi dbang gi rtsal gyis spyod pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmeśvara­vaśa­vikrānta­gāmin*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## sarva­dharmājñāna­vidhvaṃsana *chos thams cad mi shes pa sel ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharmājñāna­vidhvaṃsana*, Lit. “shattering ignorance of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmājñānāpagata *chos thams cad mi shes pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharmājñānāpagata*, Lit. “separated from not knowing all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmāmanana *chos thams cad rlom sems med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāmanana*, Lit. “without conceit for any dharma.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmānirodha *chos thams cad ’gag pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānirodha*, Lit. “where all dharmas are in a state without cessation.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmānupalabdhi *chos thams cad mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānupalabdhi*, Lit. “all dharmas are not found.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmānutpāda *chos thams cad skye ba med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānutpāda*, Lit. “nonproduction of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmānāvaraṇa­koṭi *chos thams cad la sgrib pa med pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānāvaraṇa­koṭi*, Lit. “unobstructed limit of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmodgata *chos thams cad las shin tu ’phags*, Skt. *sarva­dharmodgata*, Lit. “superior to all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharmopaccheda *chos ma yin pa gcod par byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmopaccheda*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. The Tibetan term would translate *Sarvādharmopaccheda. ## sarva­dharmāparigṛhīta *chos thams cad yongs su ma bzung ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāparigṛhīta*, Lit. “not grasping at any phenomena at all.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmāparyanta *chos thams cad mu med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāparyanta*, Lit. “the limitlessness of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmāsaṃbheda *chos thams cad ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāsaṃbheda*, Lit. “unadulterated nature of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmāsaṃpramoṣa *chos thams cad brjed pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāsaṃpramoṣa*, Lit. “does not forget all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmāstambhita *chos thams cad khengs pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāstambhita*, Lit. “without arrogance toward any dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmātikramaṇa *chos thams cad las ’da’ ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharmātikramaṇa*, Lit. “gone beyond all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmātma­bhāvānabhinirhāra *chos thams cad bdag gi dngos po mi sgrub pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmātma­bhāvānabhinirhāra*, Lit. “does not establish the essential nature in all phenomena.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­dharmāvabhāsa­kara *chos thams cad snang bar byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāvabhāsa­kara*, Lit. “illuminator of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­dharmīśvara­rāja *chos thams cad kyi dbang phyug gi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­dharmīśvara­rāja*, One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text. ## sarva­dharmāvibhāvanāsamatā *chos thams cad rnam par ’jig pa mnyam pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāvibhāvanāsamatā*, Lit. “sameness of the destruction of all dharmas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­diśa­pradīpa­prabha­rāja *phyogs rnams kun tu sgron ma gsal ba’i bdag*, Skt. *sarva­diśa­pradīpa­prabha­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## sarva­dṛṣṭi­kṛta­gahana­vivarjita *lta bar gyur pa thibs po thams cad rnam par spong ba*, Skt. *sarva­dṛṣṭi­kṛta­gahana­vivarjita*, Lit. “extricated from the thicket of all the distortions.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarvagamin *thams cad du ’gro ba*, Skt. *sarvagamin*, A parivrājaka who is the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 23. ## Sarva­gandha­prabhāsa­vatī *spos thams cad kyi ’od dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sarva­gandha­prabhāsa­vatī*, A western buddha realm. ## Sarva­gandha­sugandhā *spos thams cad kyi dri mchog*, Skt. *sarva­gandha­sugandhā*, Universe of the Buddha Gandhottama­kūṭa; a universe wherein the Dharma is taught through the medium of scent. According to Lamotte, p. 319, n. 2, this universe is mentioned in the Śikṣāsamuccaya, the Laṇkāvatāra, and the Prasannapadā. However, In the Prasannapadā, this universe is said to be ruled by Samantabhadra, not Gandhottama­kūṭa (see Lamotte, p. 320, n. 3). ## Sarva­gandhārci­mukha *zhal nas spos thams cad ’od du ’phro ba*, Skt. *sarva­gandhārci­mukha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Sarvaghoṣa *kun dbyangs*, Skt. *sarvaghoṣa*, The southern realm in which the bodhisattva Dharaṇidatta became the Buddha Saṃkaramardārci. ## sarva­giri­ghoṣākṣara­vimukta *sgra dbyangs kyi yi ge thams cad dang bral ba*, Skt. *sarva­giri­ghoṣākṣara­vimukta*, Lit. “free from all sound and voiced syllables.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarvagrahaśrī *zla thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarvagrahaśrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## sarva­guṇa­saṃcaya *yon tan thams cad kyi tshogs su gyur pa*, Skt. *sarva­guṇa­saṃcaya*, Lit. “collection of all good qualities.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­guṇa­viśuddhi­garbha *yon tan thams cad rnam par dag pa’i snying po*, Skt. *sarva­guṇa­viśuddhi­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Sarva­jagad­abhimukha­pradīpā *’gro ba thams cad la mngon du gyur pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *sarva­jagad­abhimukha­pradīpā*, “The Lamp of the Manifestation of All Beings.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarva­jagadabhi­mukha­rūpa *’gro ba thams cad mngon gzugs*, Skt. *sarva­jagadabhi­mukha­rūpa*, The seventy-third buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Sarva­jagad­buddha­darśana­vipāka­kuśala­mūla­saṃbhavā *’gro ba thams cad kyis sangs rgyas mthong ba rnam par smin pa’i dge ba’i rtsa ba las byung ba*, Skt. *sarva­jagad­buddha­darśana­vipāka­kuśala­mūla­saṃbhavā*, “The Vision of the Buddha by All Beings Arisen from Ripened Roots of Virtue.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarva­jagad­dhita­praṇidhāna­candra *’gro ba thams cad la phan pa’i smon lam zla ba*, Skt. *sarva­jagad­dhita­praṇidhāna­candra*, The second of five hundred buddhas in a kalpa in the distant future. ## Sarva­jagad­duḥkha­praśāntyāśvāsana­ghoṣa *’gro ba thams cad sdug bsngal rab tu zhi bar bya ba’i dbugs ’byin pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­jagad­duḥkha­praśāntyāśvāsana­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­jagad­rakṣā­praṇidhāna­vīrya­prabhā *’gro ba thams cad bsrung ba’i smon lam la brtson pa’i ’od*, Skt. *sarva­jagad­rakṣā­praṇidhāna­vīrya­prabhā*, A night goddess at the bodhimaṇḍa. ## Sarva­jagadvara­vyūha­garbha *’gro ba thams cad na rgyan gyi dam pa phul*, Skt. *sarva­jagadvara­vyūha­garbha*, The palace of Mahābrahmā. The name could be translated as “The Essence of the Array of All Worlds.” Jagad can also mean “beings” and therefore is regularly translated as ’gro ba (“beings”) in this sūtra. Here garbha, usually meaning “essence,” is translated as phul (“perfection”). ## Sarvajñādeva *sarba dz+nyA de ba*, Skt. *sarvajñādeva*, according to traditional accounts, the Kashmiri [preceptor](#preceptor) Sarvajñādeva was among the “one hundred” [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita)s invited by Trisong Deutsen (r. 755–797/800) to assist with the translation of the Buddhist scriptures into Tibetan. Sarvajñādeva assisted in the translation of more than twenty-three works, including numerous [sūtra](#sūtra)s and the first translations of [Śāntideva](#śāntideva)’s Bodhicaryāvatāra and Nāgarjuna’s Suhṛllekha. Much of this work was likely carried out in the first years of the ninth century and may have continued into the reign of Ralpachen, who ascended the throne in 815 and died in 838 or 841 ᴄᴇ. (See Dotson, 2007, for a summary of the imperial chronology between Trisong Deutsen’s abdication in 797 and Ralpachen’s ascension in 815). ## Sarvajit The twenty-first in the sixty-year calendar of Vedic astrology, literally meaning “all-conquering.” ## Sarvajita Skt. *sarvajita*, One of the rāśis. ## sarva­kausīdyāpagata *le lo thams cad dang bral ba*, Skt. *sarva­kausīdyāpagata*, Lit. “separated from all laziness.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­kṣetrālaṅkāra­vyūhasandarśaka *zhing thams cad kyi rgyan bkod pa kun tu ston pa*, Skt. *sarva­kṣetrālaṅkāra­vyūhasandarśaka*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. His name means “Revealing the Ornamental Displays of All Buddhafields.” ## Sarva­kinnara­sarvāsuryottama­śrī *dpal gyi mchog mi ’am ci mo thams cad dang lha ma yin mo thams cad kyi dpal gyi mchog*, Skt. *sarva­kinnara­sarvāsuryottama­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## sarva­kleśa­nirdahana *nyon mongs pa thams cad nges par sreg pa*, Skt. *sarva­kleśa­nirdahana*, Lit. “burns all afflictive emotions.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarvakāmalatā *’dod pa kun gyi ’khris ma*, Skt. *sarvakāmalatā*, A goddess in the maṇḍala of Heruka. ## Sarvakrodha *khro bo thams cad*, Skt. *sarvakrodha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Sarva­kuśala­mūla­saṃbhava­nirghoṣā *dge ba’i rtsa ba thams cad yang dag par ’byung ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­kuśala­mūla­saṃbhava­nirghoṣā*, “The Voice That Causes the Emergence of All Roots of Merit.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarvakuṇḍali *’khyil bar bcas pa*, Skt. *sarvakuṇḍalin*, A deity in Heruka’s maṇḍala. ## Sarva­lakṣaṇa­pratimaṇḍita­viśuddhi­śrī­garbha *mtshan thams cad kyis brgyan pas rnam par dag pa’i dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *sarva­lakṣaṇa­pratimaṇḍita­viśuddhi­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Sarva­loka­bhayacchambhita­tva­vidhvaṃsana­rakara *’jig rten thams cad kyi ’jigs pa dang pham pa dang bag tsha ba rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­bhayacchambhita­tva­vidhvaṃsana­rakara*, A buddha in the northeastern direction. ## Sarva­loka­dhātūdgata­mukuṭa *’jig rten thams cad las mngon par ’phags pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *sarva­loka­dhātūdgata­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­loka­dhātū­padra­vodvega­pratyuttīrṇa *’jig rten gyi khams thams cad kyi gnod pa dang skyo ba las rab tu brgal ba*, Skt. *sarva­loka­dhātū­padra­vodvega­pratyuttīrṇa*, A buddha in the western direction. ## Sarva­loka­hitaiṣin *’jig rten thams cad la phan par mdzad pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­hitaiṣin*, The fourth of five hundred buddhas in a kalpa in the distant future. ## sarva­loka­prabhākara *’jig rten thams cad du ’od byed pa*, Skt. *sarva­loka­prabhākara*, Lit. “illuminator of all worlds.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­maṅgala­dhāriṇī *bkra shis thams cad ’dzin ma*, Skt. *sarva­maṅgala­dhāriṇī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­maṅgala­dhārin *dga’ byed kyi bkra bshis thams cad ’dzin pa*, Skt. *sarva­maṅgala­dhārin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of this teaching. ## Sarva­mahā­pṛthivī­rāja­maṇi­raśmi­jāla­pramuktā *sa chen po thams cad du mdzes pa’i rin po che ’od zer gyi dra ba rab tu ’gyed pa*, Skt. *sarva­mahā­pṛthivī­rāja­maṇi­raśmi­jāla­pramuktā*, A buddha realm in the northeastern direction. ## Sarva­malā­pa­gata *dri ma kun bral*, Skt. *sarva­malā­pa­gata*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sarva­māra­maṇḍala­pramardaṇa­ghoṣa *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor thams cad rab tu ’dul ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­māra­maṇḍala­pramardaṇa­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vikiraṇa­jñāna­dhvaja *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’thor ba’i ye shes rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vikiraṇa­jñāna­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva from a southwestern realm. Also known as Sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vikiraṇa­jñāna­dhvaja­rāja. ## Sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vikiraṇa­jñāna­dhvaja­rāja *bdud kyi dkyil ’khor thams cad rnam par ’thor ba’i ye shes rgyal mtshan gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vikiraṇa­jñāna­dhvaja­rāja*, A bodhisattva from a southwestern realm. Also known as Sarva­māra­maṇḍala­vikiraṇa­jñāna­dhvaja. ## Sarva­māra­viśayasa­mati­krānta *bdud thams cad kyi yul las ’das pa*, Skt. *sarva­māra­viśayasa­mati­krānta*, A buddha. ## Sarva­nadī­saricchrī *chu klung dang mtsho thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­nadī­saricchrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­nagara­rakṣā­saṃbhava­tejaḥ­śrī *grong khyer thams cad bsrung ba ’byung ba’i gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *sarva­nagara­rakṣā­saṃbhava­tejaḥ­śrī*, A night goddess in Bodhgaya. ## Sarva­nivaraṇa­viṣkambhin *sgrib pa thams cad rnam par sel*, Skt. *sarva­nivaraṇa­viṣkambhin*, One of the celestial bodhisattvas. ## Sarva­nīvaraṇa­viṣkaṃbhin *sgrib pa thams cad rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *sarva­nīvaraṇa­viṣkaṃbhin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of this teaching. ## Sarvanīvaraṇaviṣkambhin *sgrib pa rnam sel*, one of the [Eight Great Close Sons](#eight-great-close-sons) of [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). ## Sarva­nīvaraṇa­viṣkambhin *sgrib pa thams cad rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *sarva­nīvaraṇavi­ṣkambhin*, One of the eight great bodhisattvas. In particular, he has an important role in the Lotus Sūtra, in which Buddha Śākyamuni sends him to Vārāṇasī to see Avalokiteśvara. This is paralleled in the Kāraṇḍavyūha, in which he is sent to Vārāṇasī to obtain Avalokitesvara’s mahāvidyā. ## Sarva­nīvaraṇa­viṣkam­bhin *sgrib pa thams cad rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *sarva­nīvaraṇa­viṣkam­bhin*, A great bodhisattva, visitor from the distant buddhafield of Padmanetra, and the Buddha Śākyamuni’s main interlocutor in this text. ## Sarva­śokāndha­kārāpoha­mati *mya ngan gyi mun pa thams cad sel ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *sarva­śokāndha­kārāpoha­mati*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Intelligence Dispelling All Darkness of Sorrow.” ## Sarva­śokāpagata *mya ngan med pa*, Skt. *sarva­śokāpagata*, Name of a world system in the southern direction, where the buddha Aśokaśrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Sarvaśokāpagata *mya ngan med pa*, Skt. *sarva­śokāpagata*, Name of a world system in the southern direction, where the buddha Aśokaśrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Sarva­pāpa­hantrī *sdig pa thams cad ’phrog ma*, Skt. *sarva­pāpa­hantrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­praṇidhāna­sāgara­nirghoṣa­maṇi­rāja­cūḍa *smon lam rgya mtsho thams cad rab tu sgrog pa’i rin chen rgyal po’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarva­praṇidhāna­sāgara­nirghoṣa­maṇi­rāja­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­pṛthivī­śrī *sa thams cad dang rgyal po thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­pṛthivī­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­puṇya­lakṣaṇa­dhārin *bsod nams kyi mtshan tham cad ’dzin pa*, Skt. *sarva­puṇya­lakṣaṇa­dhārin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of this teaching. ## Sarva­puṇyākarṣaṇa­śrī *bsod nams thams cad sdud pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­puṇyākarṣaṇa­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­puṇyopacitāṅgī *bsod nams kyi phung po thams cad kyi lus can*, Skt. *sarva­puṇyopacitāṅgī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvaśrī *bkra shis thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarvaśrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvarasa The name of a muhūrta. ## Sarva­ratna­garbha­vicitrābha *rin po che thams cad kyi snying po ’od sna tshogs can*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­garbha­vicitrābha*, A bodhimaṇḍa in a world realm in the eastern direction. ## Sarva­ratna­śikhara­dhvaja *rin po che sna tshogs kyi rtse mo’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­śikhara­dhvaja*, A four-continent world in the distant past. ## Sarvaratnapāṇi *thams cad phyag na rin po che*, Skt. *sarvaratnapāṇi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarva­ratna­rucirā *rin po che thams cad rab tu ’bar ba*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­rucirā*, A northeastern buddha realm. ## Sarva­ratna­saṃnicaya *rin po che thams cad yang dag par bsags pa*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­saṃnicaya*, Literally “An Accumulation of All Jewels.” Prince Avalokiteśvara will attain complete enlightenment and become the Tathāgata Samantaraśmyabhyudgataśrīkūṭarāja in this realm. ## Sarva­ratna­varṇa­samanta­prabhāsa­śrī *rin po che thams cad kyi mdog kun tu snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­varṇa­samanta­prabhāsa­śrī*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Sarva­ratna­vicitra­varṇa­maṇi­kuṇḍala *rin po che’i dkyil ’khor rin po che thams cad kyis rnam par brgyan pa’i kha dog*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­vicitra­varṇa­maṇi­kuṇḍala*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Sarva­ratna­vimala­prabhā­vyūha *rin po che thams cad kyi dri ma med pa’i ’od rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *sarva­ratna­vimala­prabhā­vyūha*, A universe of world realms far to the east. ## Sarvaratnābha *rin chen thams cad ’od*, Skt. *sarvaratnābha*, A realm in the distant past. BHS: Sarvaratanābha. ## Sarva­rṣi­pavitra­śrī *drang srong thams cad dag par byed pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­rṣi­pavitra­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## sarva­rodha­nirodha­saṃpraśamana *’gal ba dang ’gog pa thams cad yang dag par zhi ba*, Skt. *sarva­rodha­nirodha­saṃpraśamana*, Lit. “pacifier of all obstruction and stopping.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­rūpa­saṃdarśanā *gzugs thams cad shin tu ston pa*, Skt. *sarva­rūpa­saṃdarśanā*, A world realm in the distant past. ## Sarva­rūpa­saṃdarśana *gzugs thams cad ston pa*, Skt. *sarva­rūpa­saṃdarśana*, This bodhisattva asks Vimalakīrti the whereabouts of his family, etc., thus prompting the latter’s extraordinary verses on the family and accoutrements of all bodhisattvas (Chap. 8). ## Sarvartha­siddha *don thams cad grub pa*, Skt. *sarvartha­siddha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sarvasa­ddharmā­vismaraṇasthita *dam pa’i chos thams cad mi brjed par gnas pa*, Skt. *sarvasa­ddharmā­vismaraṇasthita*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Not-Forgetting All the Sacred Teachings” ## sarva­saṅga­vimukta *chags pa thams cad las rnam par grol ba*, Skt. *sarva­saṅga­vimukta*, Lit. “free from all attachments.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­saṃketa­rūta­praveśa *brda dang sgra thams cad la ’jug pa*, Skt. *sarva­saṃketa­rūta­praveśa*, Lit. “entry into all terms and sounds.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­samādhi­sāgarāvabhāsa­siṃha *ting nge ’dzin rgya mtsho thams cad snang bar mdzad pa’i seng ge*, Skt. *sarva­samādhi­sāgarāvabhāsa­siṃha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Sarva­sattva­karma­vipāka­nirghoṣa *sems can thams cad kyi las rnam par smin pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­karma­vipāka­nirghoṣa*, “The Voice That Ripens the Karma of All Beings.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarva­sattva­kuśala­mūla­nigarjita­svara *sems can kun gyi dge ba’i rtsa ba rab tu sgrog pa’i sgra*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­kuśala­mūla­nigarjita­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­sattva­praharṣa­prīti­prāmodya­samudaya­nirghoṣā *sems can thams cad rab tu dga’ ba dang spro ba dang mos pa yongs su ’byung ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­praharṣa­prīti­prāmodya­samudaya­nirghoṣā*, “The Voice That Gives Rise to Joy, Delight, and Aspiration in All Beings.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarva­sattva­priyadarśana *’jig rten thams cad kyis mthong*, Skt. *sarvasattvapriyadarśana*, A Licchavī youth. ## Sarva­sattva­priya­darśana *sems can thams cad kyis mthong na dga’ ba*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­priya­darśana*, The name of Mahāprajāpatī when she becomes a buddha in the future. Also the name of a bodhisattva. ## sarva­sattva­ruta­kauśalyānugata *sems can thams cad kyi sgra la mkhas pa’i rjes su song ba*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­ruta­kauśalyānugata*, Lit. “following the knowledge of sounds of all beings.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­sattva­ruta­nirhāra *sems can thams cad kyi sgra sgrub pa*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­ruta­nirhāra*, Lit. “that produces the sounds of all beings.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­sattva­trātā *sems can thams cad skyob pa*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­trātā*, Name of a Mahābrahmā in the eastern direction. ## Sarva­sattva­virajaḥpradīpa *sems can thams cad rdul dang ’byed pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­virajaḥpradīpa*, “The Lamp That Removes the Dust from All Beings.” The name of a ray of light. ## sarva­sattvābhibhavana *sems can thams cad zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *sarva­sattvābhibhavana*, Lit. “overcomes all beings.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­sattvābhimukhī *sems can thams cad la mngon du phyogs ma’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­sattvābhimukhī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## sarva­sattvābhipramodana *sems can thams cad mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *sarva­sattvābhipramodana*, Lit. “that delights all beings.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­sattvojohārī *sems can thams cad kyi mdangs ’phrog*, Skt. *sarva­sattvojohārī*, A rākṣasī known only from this sūtra. ## Sarva­sattvāvabhāsa­tejas *sems can thams cad tu snang ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­sattvāvabhāsa­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Sarvasiddhārtha *don kun ’grub pa*, Skt. *sarvasiddhārtha*, A great bodhisattva. ## sarva­sārānugata *snying po thams cad kyi rjes su song ba*, Skt. *sarva­sārānugata*, Lit. “following all essences.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarva­sukha­duḥkha­nirabhinandin *bde ba dang sdug bsngal thams cad la mngon par dga’ ba med pa*, Skt. *sarva­sukha­duḥkha­nirabhinandin*, Lit. “not taking pleasure in any happiness or suffering.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarva­sukha­pratimaṇḍita *bde ba thams cad kyis rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *sarva­sukha­pratimaṇḍita*, A universe, or buddhafield, where the bodhisattvas live in a constant state of bliss. The Skt. of the Potala MS has Sarva­sukha­pratimaṇḍita, that of the excerpt cited in the Śikṣāsamuccaya has Sarvasukhamaṇḍitā. ## Sarva­sumeru­parvata­rāja­śrī *ri bo’i rgyal po ri rab thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­sumeru­parvata­rāja­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­svarāṅga­ruta­ghoṣa­śrī *thams cad dbyangs kyi yan lag sgra skad dpal*, Skt. *sarva­svarāṅga­ruta­ghoṣa­śrī*, The hundred-and-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Sarva­svarāṅga­ruta­ghoṣa­śirī. ## Sarva­svarāṅga­ruta­nirghoṣa­śrī *gsung gi yan lag thams cad kyi sgra dbyangs dpal*, Skt. *sarva­svarāṅga­ruta­nirghoṣa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Sarva­tamāndha­kāra­vidhamana­rāja *mun nag thams cad ’joms pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­tamāndha­kāra­vidhamana­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarva­tathāgata­dharma­cakra­nirghoṣa­cūḍa *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi chos kyi ’khor lo sgrog pa’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­dharma­cakra­nirghoṣa­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­tathāgata­mātṛ *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi yum*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­mātṛ*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­tathāgata­prabhā­maṇḍala­pramuñcana­maṇi­ratna­nigarjita­cūḍa *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi ’od kyi dkyil ’khor rab tu ’gyed pa’i nor bu rin chen ’brug sgra’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­prabhā­maṇḍala­pramuñcana­maṇi­ratna­nigarjita­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­tathāgata­prabhā­maṇḍala­vairocanā *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi ’od kyi dkyil ’khor rnam par snang ba*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­prabhā­maṇḍala­vairocanā*, A buddha realm in the downward direction. ## Sarva­tathāgata­prabhā­praṇidhi­nirghoṣa *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi ’od dang smon lam gyi dbyangs*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­prabhā­praṇidhi­nirghoṣa*, A group of world realms in the eastern direction. ## Sarva­tathāgata­śrī *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­tathāgata­siṃhāsana­saṃpratiṣṭhita­maṇi­mukuṭa *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi seng ge’i khri ’dzin pa’i cod pan*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­siṃhāsana­saṃpratiṣṭhita­maṇi­mukuṭa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­tathāgata­vaśavartinī *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad dbang sgyur ma*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­vaśavartinī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­tathāgata­viṣayāsaṃbheda­pradīpā *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi yul tha mi dad pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­viṣayāsaṃbheda­pradīpā*, “The Lamp of the Different Ranges of All the Tathāgatas.” The name of a ray of light. ## Sarva­tathāgata­vikurvita­pratibhāsa­dhvaja­maṇi­rāja­jāla­saṃchādita­cūḍa *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa snang ba’i rgyal mtshan dang rin po che’i rgyal po’i dra bas kun nas yog pa’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgata­vikurvita­pratibhāsa­dhvaja­maṇi­rāja­jāla­saṃchādita­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­tathāgatābhiṣiktā *de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi dbang bskur ba*, Skt. *sarva­tathāgatābhiṣiktā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvatejas *gzi byin thams cad pa*, Skt. *sarvatejas*, The 622nd buddha in the first list, 621st in the second list, and 614th in the third list. ## Sarva­toya­samudra­śrī *chu thams cad kyi rgya mtsho’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­toya­samudra­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvatīrthā *mu tegs kyi sgo thams cad kyi bkra shis ma*, Skt. *sarvatīrthā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­tīrtha­maṅgala­dhārin *mu stegs kyi bkra bshis tham cad ’dzin pa*, Skt. *sarva­tīrtha­maṅgala­dhārin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of this teaching. ## Sarva­tīrthābhimukha­śrī *mu tegs thams cad du mngon du phyogs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sarva­tīrthābhimukha­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­tryadhva­nāma­cakra­nirghoṣa­cūḍa *dus gsum gyi mying thams cad rab tu sgrog pa’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarva­tryadhva­nāma­cakra­nirghoṣa­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sarva­tryadhva­tathāgata­viṣaya­patra­saṃdhi­vidyotita­megha­vyūha *lo ma’i mtshams nas dus gsum gyi de bzhin gshegs pa thams cad kyi yul rnam par ston pa’i ’od gzer gyi sprin gyi rgyan*, Skt. *sarva­tryadhva­tathāgata­viṣaya­patra­saṃdhi­vidyotita­megha­vyūha*, The name of a magical lotus in the distant past; the name means “An Array of the Clouds of the Light Rays from between the Petals That Reveal the Range of All the Tathāgatas of the Three Times.” ## Sarvauṣadhi­tṛṇa­vanaspati­dhana­dhānya­śrī *sman dang rtsi tog dang shing dang nor dang ’bru thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarvauṣadhi­tṛṇa­vanaspati­dhana­dhānya­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­vaśita­kāya­pratibhāsa *thams cad la dbang ba’i lus rab tu snang ba*, Skt. **sarva­vaśita­kāya­pratibhāsa*, A bodhimaṇḍa in a world realm in the eastern direction. The Sanskrit is a reconstruction from the Tibetan. The Chinese and Sanskrit each have a different version of the name. See . ## Sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha *yon tan mchog ma kun gyi ’od*, Skt. *sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha*, The 705th buddha in the first list, 704th in the second list, and 694th in the third list. ## Sarva­viṣamadarśin *mi mnyam pa thams cad ston pa*, Skt. *sarva­viṣamadarśin*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Unequaled Teacher of All.” ## Sarva­vidyā­dhara­rāja­śrī *rig sngags ’chang gi rgyal po thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­vidyā­dhara­rāja­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­vidyā­dhara­vajra­pāṇi­vajra­dhara­śrī *rig sngags ’chang dang lag na rdo rje dang rdo rje ’chang ba thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarva­vidyā­dhara­vajra­pāṇi­vajra­dhara­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarva­vidyāntaś­cara *rig pa thams cad kyi nang spyod*, Skt. *sarva­vidyāntaś­cara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Sarva­vikiraṇa­bodhi­vidhvaṃsana­rāja *gnod pa thams cad rnam par ’jig pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sarva­vikiraṇa­bodhi­vidhvaṃsana­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvavit *kun rig*, Skt. *sarvavit*, A sage, former incarnation of the Buddha Dīpaṃkara. ## Sarva­vṛkṣpraphullana­sukha­saṃvāsā *shing thams cad kyi me tog rgyas par bde bar gnas pa*, Skt. *sarva­vṛkṣpraphullana­sukha­saṃvāsā*, A goddess of the night at the bodhimaṇḍa. ## Sarva­vyādhi­cikitsanī *nad thams cad gso bar byed ma*, Skt. *sarva­vyādhi­cikitsanī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sarva­vyūhālaṃkāra­pratibhāsa­saṃdarśana­garbha *rgyan rnam par bkod pa thams cad rab tu snang bar ston pa’i snying po*, Skt. *sarva­vyūhālaṃkāra­pratibhāsa­saṃdarśana­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Sarvābhibhū *thams cad zil gyis gnon*, Skt. *sarvābhibhū*, The second of eight named buddhas of the past (with the addition of Śākyamuni making nine) in The Four Boys’ Absorption. ## Sarvābhijñāmati­rāja *mngon par shes pa thams cad blo gros ’od zer rgyal po*, Skt. *sarvābhijñāmati­rāja*, Sarvābhijñāmati­rāja (King with a Mind of All Supernatural Abilities) is a buddha who inhabits the buddhafield Vyūhā. ## Sarvābhijñā­mati­rāja *mngon par shes pa’i blo gros thams cad kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sarvābhijñā­mati­rāja*, “The King of All Clairvoyant Knowledge.” A buddha seen by the assembly of bodhisattvas when they are inside bodhisattva Vajra­garbha’s body. He does not appear anywhere else in the Kangyur . ## Sarvākāśa­talāsaṃbheda­vijñapti­maṇi­ratna­vibhūṣita­cūḍa *nam mkha’i dbyings thams cad tha myi dad par rnam par dmyigs pa’i rin chen rgyal pos brgyan pa’i gtsug phud*, Skt. *sarvākāśa­talāsaṃbheda­vijñapti­maṇi­ratna­vibhūṣita­cūḍa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## sarvākāra­prabhākara *rnam pa thams cad du ’od byed pa*, Skt. *sarvākāra­prabhākara*, Lit. “total illuminator.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## sarvākāra­varopeta *rnam pa thams cad kyi mchog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sarvākāra­varopeta*, Lit. “furnished with the supreme of all aspects.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sarvālakṣmī­nāśayitrī *bkra mi shis pa thams cad med par byed pa*, Skt. *sarvālakṣmī­nāśayitrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvālaṅkāra­vibhūṣita *rgyan thams cad kyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *sarvālaṅkāra­vibhūṣita*, The buddha realm of the Buddha Sālendrarāja in the distant past. Maitreya was a disciple of that buddha. ## Sarvodbhava *thams cad ’byung ba*, Skt. *sarvodbhava*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvodgata *thams cad du ’phags pa*, Skt. *sarvodgata*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvārthadarśa *mthong ba don yod*, Skt. *sarvārthadarśa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Sarvārthadarśin *don thams cad gzigs pa*, Skt. *sarvārthadarśin*, Name of a past buddha. ## Sarvārtha­darśin *don rnams thams cad gzigs*, Skt. *sarvārtha­darśin*, The 218th buddha in the first list, 217th in the second list, and 217th in the third list. ## Sarvārtha­garbha *don thams cad kyi snying po*, Skt. *sarvārtha­garbha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvārthaṃkara *don thams cad mdzad*, Skt. *sarvārthaṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvārthanāman *don thams cad*, Skt. *sarvārthanāman*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. ## Sarvārthaśrī *don thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarvārthaśrī*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvārthasiddha *don thams cad grub pa*, Skt. *sarvārthasiddha*, Name the buddha Śākyamuni in the Lalitavistara ( The Play in Full , Toh 95); he is the fourth Buddha of the Fortunate Eon or Bhadrakalpa and the seventh of the seven buddhas of antiquity (Skt. saptatathāgata). ## Sarvārtha­siddha *don thams cad grub pa*, Skt. *sarvārtha­siddha*, One of the buddhas who appear in Vimalakīrti’s house to teach the Tathāgata­guhyaka, according to the goddess. ## Sarvārthasiddhi *don kun grub pas byas pa*, Skt. *sarvārthasiddhi*, An unknown figure who is said to be one of three brothers, along with Jayakara and Madhukara. The more common form of his name is Siddhikara. ## Sarvārtha­siddhi *don thams cad grub pa*, Skt. *sarvārtha­siddhi*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvārya­śrāvaka­pratyeka­buddha­śrī *’phags pa nyan thos dang rang sangs ryas thams cad kyi dpal*, Skt. *sarvārya­śrāvaka­pratyeka­buddha­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sarvāvaraṇa Skt. *sarvāvaraṇa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvāvaraṇa­viṣkambhin Skt. *sarvāvaraṇa­viṣkambhin*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sarvāvaraṇa­vikiraṇa­jñāna­vikrāmin *bsgribs pa thams cad rnam par ’thor ba’i ye shes kyis rnam par non pa*, Skt. *sarvāvaraṇa­vikiraṇa­jñāna­vikrāmin*, A bodhisattva from a buddha realm in the downward direction. Also called Sarvāvaraṇa­vikiraṇa­jñāna­vikrānta­rāja. ## Sarvāvaraṇa­vikiraṇa­jñāna­vikrānta­rāja *sgrib pa thams cad rnam par ’thor ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sarvāvaraṇa­vikiraṇa­jñāna­vikrānta­rāja*, A bodhisattva from a buddha realm in the downward direction. Also called Sarvāvaraṇa­vikiraṇa­jñāna­vikrāmin. ## Sash Wearer A bodhisattva in this sūtra said to be one of the sons of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra who will go on to become the Buddha Maitreya. ## saṃskāra *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, The fourth of the five skandhas, often rendered as “formations,” “karmic formations,” or “volitional formations.” These are the very subtle karmic tendencies that shape an individual’s saṃsāric experience. ## saṃskārāparyanta *’du byed mu med pa*, Skt. *saṃskārāparyanta*, Lit. “limitless volitional factors.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Saṃsāra *'khor ba*, the cycle of existence in which one is endlessly propelled by [negative emotions](#negative-emotions) and the karmic force of one's actions from one state of rebirth to another. ## saṃsāra’s ever-revolving five cycles *'khor ba'i 'khor lo cha lnga pa g.yo ba dang mi g.yo ba*, the five [realm](#realm)s of [gods](#gods), humans, animals, spirits, and hell-denizens. “Ever-revolving” is an adjective applied to [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) with its constant fluctuations. ## Saté *sa ste*, Skt. *sa ste*, A river. Possibly a phonetic approximation of Saritā, as in the river Saritā. ## Satamapati *su ta ma ni*, Skt. *satamapati*, A god who is the king of lightning in the northern direction. ## Satata­samitābhiyukta *rtag par rgyun du brtson*, Skt. *satata­samitābhiyukta*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching, who appears in no other sūtra or tantra. ## satchel of diseases A handbag that holds the seeds of various diseases carried by nonhuman beings associated with causing disease. ## Satham See “Jang.” ## Satisfier *tshim byed*, Skt. *tshim byed*, Satisfier (one who or that which satisfies), also the name of a king of the asuras. ## satisfy whichever gods and humans encounter them *lha dang mi gang dag de dag gi sku mthong ba de dag tshim par ’gyur*, Skt. *deva­manuṣya­tṛpta­kāya­darśana­tāv*, Sixty-fifth of the eighty minor marks. ## Satisfying Cave *tshim par byed pa’i phug*, Skt. *tshim par byed pa’i phug*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in Mathurā. ## Satisfying Offerings *mchod pas kun du tshim*, Skt. *mchod pas kun du tshim*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratibala. ## Satisfying Radiance *’od zer tshim*, Skt. *’od zer tshim*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣya (235 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Satisfying Sight of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin po che mthong bas ngoms par byed pa*, Skt. *yon tan rin po che mthong bas ngoms par byed pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## Satisfying the Mind *yid tshim byed*, Skt. *yid tshim byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Maticintin. ## Satisfying the Mind Mentally *yid kyis sems pa yongs su tshim par byed*, Skt. *yid kyis sems pa yongs su tshim par byed*, Mother of the buddha Yaśas. ## Satisfying the Unprotected *mgon med tshim par byed*, Skt. *mgon med tshim par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahātapas. ## Saṃtāna “Continuum.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Saṃtoṣaṇa *kun dga’ mdzad*, Skt. *saṃtoṣaṇa*, The 651st buddha in the first list, 650th in the second list, and 642nd in the third list. ## Saṃtāpana *tsha ba*, Skt. *saṃtāpana*, The sixth of the hot hells. Usually called Tāpana. ## Saṃtāraṇa *kun nas sgrol ba*, Skt. *santāraṇa*, The name of an eon in the distant past. ## Saṃtīraṇa *yang dag rtog*, Skt. *saṃtīraṇa*, The realm in which the Buddha Ratnagarbha lived and gave his prophecies. ## sattu *phye*, Skt. *saktu*, The flour of roasted grain and pulses, usually barley or chickpeas. It can be made into a porridge or a drink. ## Sattva­gagana­citta­pratibhāsa­bimba *sems can nam mkha’i sems snang ba’i gzugs*, Skt. *sattva­gagana­citta­pratibhāsa­bimba*, A buddha in the distant past. ## sattvam *snying stobs*, Skt. *sattva*, One of the three principles or forces of nature, as known in the Sāṃkhya philosophy, characterized by lightness. ## sattvaparyaṅka *sems dpa’i skyil mo krung*, Skt. *sattvaparyaṅka*, Sitting posture with the left foot drawn to one’s perineum and the other one extended slightly (typically, the posture of Tārā). ## sattvaparyaṅka posture *sems dpa’i dkyil krung*, Skt. *sattvaparyaṅka*, Sitting posture when the right shank is placed on top of the left shank; there is also a standing version of this posture. ## Sattvavajra *sems dpa' rdo rje*, a name given to [Vajrapāṇi](#vajrapāṇi) ## Sattvāśaya­śamana­śarīra­śrī *sems can gyi bsam pa zhi bar mdzad pa’i sku’i dpal*, Skt. *sattvāśaya­śamana­śarīra­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Sattvāśaya­sama­śarīri­śri *sems can bsam par mnyam pa sku yi dpal*, Skt. *sattvāśaya­sama­śarīri­śri*, The hundred-and-eighth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: sattvāśayaiḥ sama­śarīri­śiri. ## Sattvottara­jñānin *brtan pa dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *sattvottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Saṃtuṣita *yongs su dga’ ldan*, Skt. *saṃtuṣita*, The principal deity in the paradise of the same name, Saṃtuṣita. More commonly referred to in English, as elsewhere in the sūtra, as Tuṣita. ## Saṃ­tuṣita *yongs su dga’ ldan*, Skt. *saṃ­tuṣita*, A god. ## saturated earth *sa zhag*, Skt. *pṛthivīparvataka*, An enigmatic term that refers to a crust or deposit left on the earth after it is saturated by a fluid. When used together with a term for cremation ash, it seems to refer to the earth beneath the fire that has been saturated by the ghee used in the fire as well as by the melted bodily constituents. ## Saturn *spen pa*, Skt. *śanaiścara*, See “Śanaiścara.” ## Satya *bden pa*, Skt. *satya*, The 334th buddha in the first list, 333rd in the second list, and 328th in the third list. ## Satyabhāṇin *bden par gsung*, Skt. *satyabhāṇin*, The 175th buddha in the first list, 174th in the second list, and 174th in the third list. ## Satyacara *bden par spyod pa*, Skt. *satyacara*, The 374th buddha in the first list, 373rd in the second list, and 368th in the third list. ## Satyadṛś *bden pa mthong ba*, Skt. *satyadṛś*, A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins. ## Satyadarśin *bden pa gzigs*, Skt. *satyadarśin*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Satyadatta A monk in the dispensation of the realized one Ratnacandra, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Satyadeva *lha bden*, Skt. *satyadeva*, The 446th buddha in the first list, 445th in the second list, and 439th in the third list. ## Satya­dharma­vipula­kīrti *bden pa’i chos grags rgya chen*, Skt. *satya­dharma­vipula­kīrti*, A buddha in the past. ## Satyaka *bden pa can*, Skt. *satyaka*, A Jain who features prominently in the sūtra The Range of the Bodhisattva (Toh 146, Satyaka Sūtra). The Buddha states that he is a bodhisattva who takes on various forms to aid beings. Also translated elsewhere as bden pa po and bden par smra ba. The latter term is reconstructed into Sanskrit as Satyavādin by Lozang Jamspal in his translation of the Satyaka Sūtra. ## Satyaka Nirgranthaputra *gcer bu pa’i bu bden ldan*, Skt. *satyaka nirgranthaputra*, The name of a monk identified as a contemporary of Śākyamuni who taught an impure Dharma. It is possible that this figure is synonymous with the teacher Nirgrantha Jñātiputra, one of the six famous heretical teachers that were contemporaries of the Buddha Śākyamuni. Nirgrantha Jñātiputra is often believed to have been associated with the Jain traditions. ## Satyakathin *bden par gsung*, Skt. *satyakathin*, The 342nd buddha in the first list, 341st in the second list, and 336th in the third list. ## Satyaketu *bden pa’i tog*, Skt. *satyaketu*, The 558th buddha in the first list, 558th in the second list, and 551st in the third list. ## Satyarāśi *bden phung*, Skt. *satyarāśi*, The 630th buddha in the first list, 629th in the second list, and 622nd in the third list. ## Satyaruta *bden pa gsung*, Skt. *satyaruta*, The 430th buddha in the first list, 429th in the second list, and 423rd in the third list. ## Satyasaṃbhava *bde ’byung*, Skt. *satyasaṃbhava*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-fourth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Satyavardhana *bden pa ’phel ba*, Skt. *satyavardhana*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Satyavādinī *bden smra*, Skt. *satyavādinī*, One of the eight goddesses dwelling in the Bodhi tree. ## Saubhadriya *bzang mdzes*, Skt. *saubhadriya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Saubhāgyavatī Skt. *saubhāgyavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Saugandhakaśrī *dri mchog dpal*, Skt. *saugandhakaśrī*, A buddha. ## Saugandhikarāja *dri mchog rgyal po*, Skt. *saugandhika­rāja*, A buddha. ## Saumitrā *mdza’ bzang*, Skt. *saumitrā*, A river queen. ## Saumyā *zhi ba ma*, Skt. *saumyā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Saumya A creature whom the śakra Sunetra, who was the Buddha Śākyamuni in a previous life, spontaneously generated to heal the people of Kuru during a period of great pestilence. The Tibetan term is attested elsewhere as a translation for the Sanskrit terms sūrata and sauratya (Mahāvyutpatti), peśala (Bodhisattva­bhūmi), and some other terms, and is attested as a translation equivalent for the name Surata in the title of Surata’s Questions (Toh 71). However, in the Sanskrit of the parallel telling of this story found in the Bodhisatvapiṭaka (Toh 56), the name is attested as Saumya. This Sanskrit name is derived from Soma, both the plant and the moon, and can have the meanings of gentleness and mildness as well as auspiciousness. ## Saumyamukhī *bzhin mdzes ma*, Skt. *saumyamukhī*, ‟Gentle-Faced One/She with the Beautiful Face,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Saumyākarṣaṇa­śrī *zhi ba ’dren pa’i dpal*, Skt. *saumyākarṣaṇa­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Saurabhyā Kiṃśukā *nyi gdugs snying po*, Skt. *saurabhyā kiṃśukā*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Saurabhyākiṃśukā *des pa king shu ka*, Skt. *saurabhyākiṃśukā*, A mountain goddess who prays to be Samudrareṇu’s wife when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Yaśodhara. ## Sauraṣṭra *sau rASh+Ta*, Skt. *sauraṣṭra*, One of the two auxiliary melāpakas. ## Sautrāntika An early Buddhist philosophical school that was part of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya lineage, they held the sūtras to be authoritative, as opposed to the Abhidharma śāstras. ## Sauvarcasa A sublineage of the Sāmavedins. ## Sauvīra *stang zil can*, Skt. *sauvīra*, A country. ## Sauvīraka The people of a country in the west of the Indian subcontinent, situated in the lower reaches of the Indus River. ## savage *gdol pa*, Skt. *caṇḍāla*, Also rendered here as “outcast.” ## Saṃvarā *sdom pa*, Skt. *saṃvara*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## Saṃvara *bde ba’i mchog*, Skt. *saṃvara*, A wrathful deity of the heruka type. ## Saṃvarasara *bde mchog snying po*, one of [Mañjuśrī's](#mañjuśrī) names. ## Savirocana *legs par rnam par byed*, Skt. *savirocana*, Śākyamuni’s previous life as a Śakra deity who terrifies people into good behavior. ## Saṃvṛtalocana *spyan bsdams*, Skt. *saṃvṛtalocana*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixth) when he becomes a buddha ## Saṃvṛtaskandha *phung po yongs su grub pa*, Skt. *saṃvṛtaskandha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Saṃvṛtta­skandha *dpung mgo zlum pa*, Skt. *saṃvṛtta­skandha*, A buddha. ## Saṃvṛtīśvaraghoṣa *sdom pa’i dbang phyug dbyangs*, Skt. *saṃvṛtīśvaraghoṣa*, The name of one thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## saw exactly what was going on *nges par rtogs pa*, Skt. *avakalpanā*, Mvy ## saṃyaksaṃbuddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *saṃyak­saṃbuddha*, Lit. “perfectly accomplished Buddha.” Name of the Buddha. ## Saṃyama The name of a muhūrta. ## sayings in prose and verse *dbyangs bsnyad*, Skt. *geya*, Second of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## Saṃyuktāgama *yang dag par ldan pa’i lung*, Skt. *saṃyuktāgama*, The Connected Discourses, one of the four divisions of the Sūtrapiṭaka. ## Sūcī Skt. *sūcī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## scabies *g.yan pa’i nad*, Skt. *kacchūroga*, Any cutaneous disease. ## scabs *rkang shu*, Skt. *vicarcikā*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Scaling the Peak of Meru *lhun po’i rtse ’dzin*, Skt. *lhun po’i rtse ’dzin*, A bodhisattva. ## scary face *’jigs su rung ba’i gdong*, Skt. *’jigs su rung ba’i gdong*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Scattered Stones *rdo ba ’drim pa*, Skt. *rdo ba ’drim pa*, A river on Upward Ocean. ## scattering of flowers *me tog mngon par ’thor ba*, Skt. *kusumābhikīrṇo*, The tenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Scattering Wind *rnam par ’thor rlung*, Skt. *rnam par ’thor rlung*, A great wind king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Scent *dri ma*, Skt. *dri ma*, Scent (a distinctive smell or fragrance), also the name of one of the eight great nāgas. ## Scent of Bliss *bde ba’i dri*, Skt. *bde ba’i dri*, A world system. ## scent of constant inebriation *rtag tu myos pa’i dri*, Skt. *rtag tu myos pa’i dri*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Scholar Endowed with Insight *mkhas pa shes rab ldan pa*, Skt. *mkhas pa shes rab ldan pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vibodhana. ## Scholar of Perfect Divine Substance *mkhas pa lha rdzas rdzogs pa*, Skt. *mkhas pa lha rdzas rdzogs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Caitraka. ## Sūci *mtshan*, Skt. *sūci*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## science of auspices Literally “the science of birds,” it entails prognostication on the basis of the flight of birds. ## science of propitiousness Literally “the science of jackals,” it entails prognostication on the basis of the cries of jackals. ## Sūciloma *khab kyi spu*, Skt. *sūciloma*, A nāga king. ## Sūciloman *khab kyi spu can*, Skt. *sūciloman*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Sūciromā *khab spu*, Skt. *sūciromā*, A yakṣa usually paired with Kharakarṇa. ## Sūciroma *khab kyi spu*, Skt. *sūciroma*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: khab spu) ## scope of a buddha The term buddhaviṣaya refers to the perceptual range of the awakened state. A buddha is beyond ordinary, dualistic perception and recognizes the sameness of all phenomena as emptiness. Therefore the perceptual range of buddha is boundless, and defies any description, categorization, or quantification. The term buddhaviṣaya is often closely related to the alternative term buddhagocara (Tib. sangs rgays kyi spyod yul). The term may also be used to refer to buddhafields. The term has been translated elsewhere as the “domain of a buddha” and the “sphere of a buddha.” ## Scorpio *sdig pa*, Skt. *vṛścika*, See “Vṛścika.” ## Scream *sgra chen po*, Skt. *mahānināda*, Scream (a loud, piercing cry), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Screaming Hell *ngu ’bod chen po*, Skt. *mahā­raurava*, Fifth of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. An even larger version of the Shrieking Hell, likewise named for the cries of its inhabitants. ## Screams Everywhere *thams cad sgra ’byin pa*, Skt. *thams cad sgra ’byin pa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## screen *re lde*, Skt. *kiliñca*, Such screens were probably made from grass or pliable wood, as with wicker. ## scriptural categories *chos kyi rnam grangs*, Skt. *dharma­paryāya*, Also translated here as “doctrinal sūtra.” ## scriptural exegete *gzhung smras pa*, Skt. *gzhung smras pa*, An individual who is well versed in a particular textual lineage or lineages. ## scriptures *bstan bcos*, Skt. *śāstra*, Commentarial texts. ## scrutinizing *lta ba*, Skt. *prekṣate*, Mahāvyutpatti 7470. ## sādhaka *sgrub pa po*, Skt. *sādhaka*, The person who performs a sādhana or a ritual aimed at a particular result. This term can loosely be translated as “practitioner.” ## sādhana *sgrub thabs*, Skt. *sādhana*, Ritual practice organized into sessions and dedicated to a particular goal; the act of achieving or accomplishing one’s purpose in general. ## Sādhāraṇa The forty-fourth in the sixty-year calendar of Vedic astrology, literally meaning “common” or “shared.” ## sādhu *spyod pa can*, Skt. *caraka*, a tīrthika-style renunciate. ## Sādhumatī *legs pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sādhumatī*, Lit. “Auspicious Intellect.” The ninth level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Sādhumati *dge ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *sādhumati*, A sage. ## sādhya *sgrub pa*, Skt. *sādhya*, A class of nonhuman being. ## seal *phyag rgya*, Skt. *mudrā*, A polysemous term that indicates a “seal” in both the literal and metaphoric sense. It can refer to an emblem or symbol, a ritual hand gesture, or a consort in sexual practices. When paired with the term dhāraṇī it conveys the idea that a dhāraṇī seals or stamps the nature that it embodies upon the reciter or the targeted phenomenon. ## seal of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­mudrā*, The 7th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Seal of Dhāraṇī *gzungs kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *dhāraṇī­mudrā*, Name of the nineteenth meditative stability. ## seal of entry into all phenomena *chos thams cad la ’jug pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­praveśa­mudrā*, The 12th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## seal of the Dharma *chos dam pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *vara­dharma­mudrā*, The 61st meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## seal of the gateway of all dhāraṇīs *gzungs kyi sgo thams cad kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *sarva­dhāraṇī­mukha­mudrā*, A meditative stability. ## Seal of the King *rgyal po’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *rāja­mudrā*, Name of the thirteenth meditative stability. ## seal of the pledge *dam tshig phyag rgya*, Skt. *samayamudrā*, A particular gesture of the hands. ## Seal of the Sacred Doctrine *chos dam pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *vara­dharma­mudrā*, Name of the fifty-sixth meditative stability. ## seal of the supreme phenomenon *chos dam pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *vara­dharma­mudrā*, A meditative stability. ## Seal without Characteristics *mtshan nyid med pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *mtshan nyid med pa’i phyag rgya*, A buddha realm. ## sealed with the seal *phyag rgya yongs su ’dzin pa*, Skt. *dhāraṇīmudrā*, A meditative stability. The Sanskrit from Dutt would suggest, rather, “Dhāraṇī seal,” as in the Ten Thousand (gzungs kyi phyag rgya). ## sealing of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi phyag rgyar gyur pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­mudrāgata*, A meditative stability. ## sealing of Avalokita *spyan ras gzigs kyi phyag rgya*, Skt. *avalokita­mudrā­gata*, A meditative stability. ## sealing off the directions *phyogs bcing ba*, Skt. *digbandha*, A protection rite designed to guard the subject against attack or assault from demonic forces and mantra or vidyā beings. ## Sears the Lower Realms *ngan ’gro skem*, Skt. *ngan ’gro skem*, A bodhisattva. ## Seasonal Joy *dus na dga’ ba*, Skt. *dus na dga’ ba*, A mountain in Kuru. ## seat of awakening *byang chub kyi snying po*, Skt. *bodhimaṇda*, The place where Śakyamuni Buddha achieved awakening and where countless other buddhas are said to have achieved awakening, and will do so in the future. This is understood to be located under the bodhi tree in present-day Bodhgaya, India. In some texts, the term is used to refer to a seat of awakening in other buddha realms. ## seat of enlightenment *byang chub kyi snying po*, Skt. *bodhimaṇḍa*, Haribhadra defines it as “a place used as a seat, where the maṇḍa, here ‘essence,’ of enlightenment is present.” See Lamotte, p. 198, n. 105. The main “seat of enlightenment” is the spot under the bo tree at Buddha Gaya, where the Buddha sat and attained unexcelled, perfect enlightenment. It is not to be confused with bodhimaṇḍala, “circle of enlightenment.” ## seated practice *’dug pa*, Skt. *niṣadyā*, According to Kalyāṇamitra, this refers to the practice of yoga while seated, i.e. the cultivation of samādhi (Toh 4113, F.308.b). ## secluded meditation *nang du yang dag par ’jog pa*, Skt. *pratisaṃlayana*, Appearing in the Mahā­vyutpatti as a type of dhyāna, this term is used in The Hundred Deeds to signify a period of secluded meditation retreat. ## seclusion *nang du yang dag 'jog*, Skt. *pratisaṃlayana*, this term can mean both physical seclusion and a meditative state of withdrawal. ## Second Buddha *sangs rgyas gnyis pa*, an epithet of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## Second China *rgya nag gzhan*, Skt. *rgya nag gzhan*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## second concentration *bsam gtan gnyis pa*, Skt. *dvitīyadhyāna*, See “four meditative states.” ## secondary afflictive emotions *nye ba’i nyon mongs*, Skt. *upakleśa*, A subsidiary set of afflictive emotions that differ in number depending on the system of Abhidharma that presents them. ## secondary signs *dpe byed*, Skt. *anuvyañjana*, The eighty secondary physical characteristics of a “great being,” a mahāpuruṣa, which every buddha possesses. They include such details as the redness of the fingernails and the blackness of the hair. ## second-week embryo *sko*, Skt. *arbuda*, The Gaṇḍa­vyūha uses the same terminology as the Jain text Tandulaveyāliyua and differs from other sūtras. In the Nanda­garbhāvakranti­nirdeśa­sūtra , arbuda is translated as mer mer po. ## secret Derived from a verb that means to hide, conceal, or keep secret, the term means a secret, a mystery, as well as a hiding place or secret location, such as a place where one finds buried treasure. In this way, the term also has the sense that what is kept secret or hidden is something precious and mysterious. It is closely connected with the term guhyaka, the guardians of hidden treasures. ## Secret Delight *gsang bar dgyes*, Skt. *gsang bar dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāraśmi (395 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Secret empowerment *gsang dbang*. The second [empowerment](#empowerment), "which purifies the [defilements](#defilements) of speech, enables one to meditate on the [channel](#channel)s and energies and to recite [mantra](#mantra)s, and sows the seed for obtaining [vajra](#vajra) speech and the [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya)." DICT. ## secret initiation The second of the four initiations in the higher tantras. ## secret mantra *gsang sngags*, Skt. *guhyamantra*, A spell. Although a technical term in its own right, it is also at times used interchangeably with the terms dhāraṇī and dhāraṇīmantra, vidyāmantra, etc. ## Secret Mantra Vajrayāna A general term used to refer to the practices and methods of Tantric Buddhism. ## Secret Mantrayāna *gsang ngags kyi theg pa*, a branch of the [Great Vehicle](#great-vehicle) which uses the special techniques of the [tantras](#tantra) to pursue the [path](#path) of [enlightenment](#enlightenment) for all beings more rapidly. Synonym of [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). ## Secret Play *gsang ba rtse dga’ ba*, Skt. *gsang ba rtse dga’ ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## secret symbolic language This refers to encoded or hidden language. ## secret teaching This expression is used in the brahmanical tradition to refer to the Upaniṣads, the corpus of esoteric texts that aim to explain the secret meaning of the Vedas. ## section *glegs bu*, Skt. *paṭṭaka*, monks’ robes are to be sewn into large sections from small [patches](#patches) of cloth rather than bolts of cloth. ## secure *mkhos su 'bebs pa*, Skt. *pratiśāmayati*, as in to secure one’s goods to a pack animal. ## secured from the king the liberty of a prince *rgyal po las gzhon nu'i yongs su spang ba thob*, a stylized way to say that a person or group may govern itself and is not subject to the “law of the land.” The Buddhist [saṅgha](#saṅgha) enjoyed such autonomy. The analogy [means](#means) the king granted sovereignty to the [saṅgha](#saṅgha), which was then allowed to govern itself and was not subject to the law of the land. The legal exemption members of the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) enjoyed made it an attractive [sanctuary](#sanctuary) for those on the run from their masters, debt collectors, and the law, who would join the [saṅgha](#saṅgha) for legal rather than spiritual reasons. “From ancient times the legal tradition recognized the right of properly constituted groups to formulate their own laws” (Olivelle, 1993, 209). ## sedakaṇḍā An unidentified ritual substance. ## seed *sa bon*, Skt. *bīja*, Seed of a plant; the syllable from which a deity manifests. ## Seeing All Meanings *don kun mthong*, Skt. *don kun mthong*, A bodhisattva. ## Seeing All Sentient Beings *sems can kun gyi mdangs ’phrog ma*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 556: sems can kun gyi gzi ’phrog ma) ## Seeing All Wealth *nor kun mthong*, Skt. *nor kun mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyahastin. ## Seeing and Moving Across a Hundred Yojanas *dpag tshad brgyar rnam par lta zhing ’gro ba*, Skt. *dpag tshad brgyar rnam par lta zhing ’gro ba*, A bodhisattva present in the circle around Śākyamuni. ## Seeing Awakening *byang chub mthong*, Skt. *byang chub mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇaprabhāsa. ## Seeing Beyond Extremes and Transcending All Sensory Objects *mtha’ yas par lta zhing yul thams cad las ’das pa*, Skt. *mtha’ yas par lta zhing yul thams cad las ’das pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Seeing Completely Correctly *shin tu yang dag gzigs*, Skt. *shin tu yang dag gzigs*, Mother of the buddha Dṛḍhadharma. ## Seeing Correctly *yang dag gzigs*, Skt. *yang dag gzigs*, Father of the buddha Dṛḍhadharma. ## Seeing Everything *thams cad mthong*, Skt. *thams cad mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Seeing Eyes *mig lta*, Skt. *mig lta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śaśiketu. ## Seeing in All Directions *phyogs lta*, Skt. *phyogs lta*, Mother of the buddha Deśāmūḍha. ## Seeing Purity *dag par mthong*, Skt. *dag par mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhānumat. ## Seeing Qualities *yon tan mthong*, Skt. *yon tan mthong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Priya­cakṣurvaktra. ## Seeing the Dharma *chos mthong*, Skt. *chos mthong*, Father of the buddha Siṃharaśmi. ## Seeing the Ends of Existence *srid mtha’ gzigs*, Skt. *srid mtha’ gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigatatamas (113 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Seeing the Head *mgo bo mthong ba*, Skt. *mgo bo mthong ba*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Seeing the Meaning *don mthong*, Skt. *don mthong*, Attendant of the buddha Dyutimat. ## Seeing the Secret *gsang ba mthong*, Skt. *gsang ba mthong*, Father of the buddha Āśādatta. ## Seeing the Truth *bden pa mthong*, Skt. *bden pa mthong*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sārthavāha (12 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Seeing the World *’gro ba lta*, Skt. *’gro ba lta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maṇicandra. ## Seeing Thousands *stong du mthong ba*, Skt. *stong du mthong ba*, A lotus pond on Draped in Light Rays. ## Seeing Wisdom *ye shes mthong*, Skt. *ye shes mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānaruci. ## Seeing with the Wisdom of Universal Divinity *kun lha ye shes mthong*, Skt. *kun lha ye shes mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Asaṅgadhvaja. ## seek out the oral instructions of gurus and preceptors *bla ma dang mkhan po’i gdams ngag yongs su btsal ba*, In this sūtra, the fifth of the ten factors that lead to awakening. See to the translation. ## Seen Always *rtag tu mthong*, Skt. *rtag tu mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhacandra. ## Seen as Delightful by All Beings *sems can thams cad kyis mthong bar dga’ ba*, Skt. *sarvasattvapriyadarśana*, A Licchavī youth. ## Seen by Brahmā *tshangs pas lta*, Skt. *tshangs pas lta*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmaketu. ## Seen by Elephants *glang pos mthong*, Skt. *glang pos mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Nāgaprabhāsa. ## Seen by Mountains *ri yis mthong*, Skt. *ri yis mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Kusumaparvata. ## Seen Clearly *gsal bar mthong*, Skt. *gsal bar mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Chedana. ## Seen through Bliss *bde bas mthong*, Skt. *bde bas mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmavāsa. ## Seen through the View *blta bas mthong*, Skt. *blta bas mthong*, Son of the buddha Kusumaprabha. ## Seen with Delight *dga’ bas mthong*, Skt. *dga’ bas mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Seen with Joy *dga’ bas bltas*, Skt. *dga’ bas bltas*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Seen with the Eyes *mig gis mthong*, Skt. *mig gis mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Maṇicandra. ## seer *drang srong*, Skt. *ṛṣi*, “Sage.” An ancient Indian spiritual title, especially for divinely inspired individuals credited with creating the foundations for all Indian culture. ## Seer of All *kun nas gzigs pa*, Skt. *kun nas gzigs pa*, A buddha. ## Seer of Cessation *’gog pa mthong ba*, Skt. *’gog pa mthong ba*, A king; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Seer of Knowledge Free from Obscuration *sgrib pa med par shes pa mthong ba*, Skt. *sgrib pa med par shes pa mthong ba*, A sage; former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Seer of Light *snang ba mthong ba*, Skt. *snang ba mthong ba*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## sees the aspects of all things *chos thams cad la rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *chos thams cad la rnam par lta ba*, An absorption. ## seized conditions *thogs pa’i rkyen*, Skt. *thogs pa’i rkyen*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its thirty-eighth week. ## seizer *gdon*, Skt. *graha*, A class of demonic, possessing beings. ## seizers that possess children *byis pa rnams kyi gdon*, Skt. *bālagrahaḥ*, Literally “child snatchers,” the bālagrahaḥ are an important class of demonic being in both Āyurvedic literature and across both popular and institutional religious communities in South Asia and the broader South Asian cultural world. ## seizure A lunar eclipse caused by the celestial body called Rāhu. ## Sekā *dbang ma*, Skt. *sekā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Sekoddeśaṭippaṇī Skt. *sekoddeśaṭippaṇī*, Sādhuputraśrīdharānanda’s commentary on the Sekoddeśa. ## Sekoddeśaṭīkā Skt. *sekoddeśaṭīkā*, Nāropa’s commentary on the Sekoddeśa. ## self *bdag*, Skt. *ātma*, It is crucial to understand what is meant by “self,” before one is able to realize the all-important “absence of self.” Before we can discover an absence, we have to know what we are looking for. In Mahāyāna, there is a self of persons and a self of things, both presumed habitually by living beings and hence informative of their perceptions. Were these “selves” to exist as they appear because of our presumption, they should exist as substantial, self-subsistent entities within things, or as the intrinsic realities of things, or as the intrinsic identities of things, all permanent, unrelated and unrelative, etc. The nondiscovery of such “selves” within changing, relative, interdependent persons and things is the realization of ultimate reality, or absence of self. ## self-arisen buddha *rang byung sangs rgyas*, Skt. *svayambhu buddha*, An epithet for Buddha Śākyamuni, or for any fully awakened buddha. ## self-assurance Often rendered as fearlessness, of which there are commonly said to be four types. ## self-awakened one *rang sangs rgyas*, Skt. *pratyekabuddha*, One who has attained awakening and lives in solitude, without teaching others. ## self-consecration *rang byin blabs pa*, Skt. *svādhiṣṭhāna*, This is a consecration of oneself (in the Sanskrit compound, the word “self” is in a genitive case relationship with “consecration”). ## Self-Emergent One *rab ’byung*, Skt. *svayaṃbhū*, An epithet of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## self-immolator *mer ’jug*, Skt. *agnipraveśaka*, See . ## selfish reticence *slob dpon dpe mkhyud*, Skt. *ācāryamuṣṭi*, Lit. “The tight fist of the [bad] teacher.” ## selflessness *bdag med*, Skt. *ātmāsadbhūta­tva*, Selflessness denotes the lack of inherent existence in self-identity and also, more subtly, in all physical and mental phenomena. Also translated here as “non-self” or “absence of self.” ## Self-Luminous The name of an eon in the future. ## self-ordained *rang byung, rang byung gi bsnyen par rdzogs pa*, Skt. *svāma upasaṃpadā*, the [Buddha](#buddha)’s ordination as a monk was a self-ordination, not presided over by a [preceptor](#preceptor) or following one of the ritual procedures that were later adopted by the tradition. ## self-originated from the vessel *snod las rang ’byung ba*, A meditative stability. ## Self-Reflexive Awareness The twelfth of the twelve buddha grounds. ## semen *shu kra*, Skt. *śukra*, The word śukra may also refer to the female sexual fluid. ## Senā The name of a king. ## sena An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Senalek Jingyön The fortieth emperor of Tibet. Reigned ca. 800–15 ce. Also known as Tri Désongtsen (khri lde srong btsan), he was youngest son of King Tri Songdetsen (khri srong lde btsan, 742–97). ## send forth To perform the ceremony whereby someone becomes a monk or nun. ## Sender of Light *’od btang*, Skt. *’od btang*, A buddha. ## Senikā Cave *sde can ma’i phug*, Skt. *senikāguhā*, A monastery near Rājagṛha. ## senior exemplar *ches rgan pa*, Skt. *vṛddhataraka*, an exemplar is one who has one or another of the twenty-one sets of five qualities given in “The Chapter on Going Forth.” ## Senānī *sde 'dod*, Skt. *senānī*, the village where the village headman’s daughters, [Nandā](#nandā-1) and [Nandabalā](#nandabalā) (elsewhere known as Sujata and her sister) nursed Siddhārtha Gautama after his six years of austerities and where he later convinced them of the Truths. ## Senāpati *sde spon gyi grong*, Skt. *senāpati*, A village near Urubilvā. ## sensation *tshor ba*, Skt. *vedanā*, The seventh of the twelve phases of dependent origination and the second of the five skandhas. It refers to nonconceptual pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral sensations as a result of sensory experiences. ## sensations *tshor ba*, Skt. *vedanā*, The second of the five skandhas: nonconceptual pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral sensations as a result of sensory experiences. ## sense base *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, Sometimes translated “sense field” or “base of cognition,” the term usually refers to the six sense faculties and their corresponding objects, i.e. the first twelve of the eighteen constituents (Skt. dhātus). Along with the aggregates (Skt. skandhas) and the constituents, one of the three major categories in the taxonomy of phenomena in the sūtra literature. ## sense bases *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, There are twelve such bases—the six sense organs plus the corresponding six types of sense objects. ## Sense Control *dbang po bsdams*, Skt. *dbang po bsdams*, Attendant of the buddha Satyaruta. ## sense domain *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, The twelve sense domains are: eye and visible objects, ear and sound, nose and odor, tongue and taste, body and touch, mind and mental objects. ## sense doors *dbang po’i sgo*, The doors to the five senses (sight, smell, touch, hearing, taste) plus the mental faculty. ## sense faculties *dbang po*, Skt. *indriya*, The six sense faculties of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## sense faculties are excellent *skye mched kyi sgo bzang ba dag*, Skt. *cārvāyatana­dvāra­tā*, Lit. “their gates to the sense fields are excellent;” thirty-sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## sense field *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, Twelve sense fields: the six sensory faculties (the eyes, nose, ear, tongue, body, and mind), which form in the womb and eventually have contact with the external six bases of sensory perception (form, smell, sound, taste, touch, and phenomena). In another context in this sūtra, āyatana refers to the four formless absorptions and its stations. ## sense field of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhibhvāyatana*, See “eight sense fields of mastery”; also and . ## sense field of mental phenomena *chos kyi skye mched*, Skt. *dharmāyatana*, Twelfth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of neither perception nor non-perception *’du shes med min gyi skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjnā­saṃjnāyatana*, Fourth of the four formless absorptions. ## sense field of odors *dri’i skye mched*, Skt. *gandhāyatana*, Ninth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of sights *gzugs kyi skye mched*, Skt. *rūpāyatana*, Seventh of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of sounds *sgra’i skye mched*, Skt. *śabdāyatana*, Eighth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of tangibles *reg bya’i skye mched*, Skt. *spraṣṭavyāyatana*, Eleventh of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of tastes *ro’i skye mched*, Skt. *rasāyatana*, Tenth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of the body *lus kyi skye mched*, Skt. *kāyāyatana*, Fifth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of the ears *rna ba’i skye mched*, Skt. *śrotrāyatana*, Second of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of the eyes *mig gi skye mched*, Skt. *cakṣurāyatana*, First of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of the mental faculty *yid kyi skye mched*, Skt. *mana āyatana*, Sixth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of the nose *sna’i skye mched*, Skt. *ghrāṇāyatana*, Third of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of the tongue *lce’i skye mched*, Skt. *jihvāyatana*, Fourth of the twelve sense fields. ## sense field of touch *reg bya’i skye mched*, Skt. *spraṣṭavyāyatana*, Eleventh of the twelve sense fields. ## sense fields *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, The senses as sources of perception and their respective objects. The twelve sense sources consist of the six sense organs and their respective six objects. They are sometimes called collectively “the six sense fields,” meaning six pairs of two (this set of six is the fifth of the twelve links of dependent origination), or the “twelve sense fields.” ## sense fields of complete suffusion *mtha’ dag gi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, See “ten sense fields of complete suffusion.” ## sense object A term for an object of the five senses. In this case the term functions as a shorthand for the pursuit of knowledge of external objects and the ways in which external objects are known or perceived (i.e., epistemology). ## sense of decency According to the definition given in Vasubandhu’s Pañcaskandhaka, the term apatrāpya predominantly relates to a sense of shame in relation to others. See Deleanu 2006, pp. 484–85. The Abhidharma categorizes it as one of the eleven virtuous mental factors (Tib. sems byung dge ba; Skt. kuśalacaitta), a subgroup of the mental states or factors associated with the mind (Skt. caitasika, caitta). ## sense of moral and ascetic supremacy *tshul khrims dang brtul zhugs mchog tu ’dzin pa*, Skt. *śīlavrata­parāmarśa*, Considering discipline and the observance of vows as supreme is the third of the four bonds that bind the psychophysical body to cyclic existence. ## sense of moral supremacy *tshul khrims mchog ’dzin*, Skt. *śīla­parā­marśa­granthā*, Third of the four knots. ## sense of reverence *sems mgu ba*, Skt. *ārādhitacitta*, a sense of reverence proves that a convert has rejected his old religious sentiments in favor of new ones. The term suggests humility. ## sense organs of hearing that are undiminished *snyan gyi dbang po ma nyams pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *anupahata­karṇendriya*, Seventieth of the eighty minor signs. ## sense source *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, These can be listed as twelve or as six sense sources (sometimes also called sense fields, bases of cognition, or simply āyatanas). In context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namely, (1–2) eye and form, (3–4) ear and sound, (5–6) nose and odor, (7–8) tongue and taste, (9–10) body and touch, (11–12) mind and mental phenomena. These are subsumed under the eighteen elements, where to the twelve sense sources the six consciousnesses are added. In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned—they are the inner sense sources (similar to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## sense sources *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, The six “inner” senses (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind), and their respective six “outer” objects of forms, sounds, odors, tastes, touch, and mental objects, are sometimes called collectively the “six sense sources,” but are also sometimes taken as two separate groups, making twelve. ## sense sphere *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, One way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense spheres (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and odor, tongue and taste, body and touch, mind and mental objects). ## sense spheres *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, One way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense fields (eye and form, ear and sound, nose and odor, tongue and taste, body and touch, mind and mental objects). ## senseless talk *kyal ba*, Skt. *pralāpa*, Seventh of the ten nonvirtuous (akuśala) actions, the third of the three related to speech (the first two being slander and harsh speech). ## sense-media *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, The twelve sense-media are eye-medium (cakṣurāyatana), form-medium (rūpa-), ear-medium (śrotra-), sound-medium (śabda-), nose-medium (ghrāna-), scent-medium (gandha-), tongue-medium (jihvā-), taste-medium (rasa-), body-medium (kāya-), texture-medium (spraṣṭavya), mental-medium (mana-), and phenomena-medium (dharmāyatana). In some passages they are enumerated as six, the object-faculty pair being taken as one, and it is this set of six that is the fifth member of the twelve links of dependent origination. The word āyatana is usually translated as “base,” but the Skt., Tib., and Ch. all indicate “something through which the senses function” rather than a basis from which they function; hence “medium” is suggested. ## senses are completely purified *skye mched shin tu yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *vi­śuddha­gātra­tā*, Sixteenth of the eighty minor marks. ## Senses Tamed *dbang po thul ba*, Skt. *dbang po thul ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Atibala (986 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## sensitive plant *ladz+dza lu*, Skt. *lajjālu*, Mimosa pudica. ## sensory bases *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, The six bases of sensory perception are the six sensory faculties: the eyes, nose, ear, tongue, body, and mind, which form in the womb but as yet have no contact with the external six bases of sensory perception: form, smell, sound, taste, touch, and phenomena. In another context in this sūtra, āyatana refers to the four formless meditations (see “liberations”). ## sensory contact *reg pa*, Skt. *sparśa*, The contact of the sense organs with the sense objects. Also translated here as “touch.” ## sensory element *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, See “eighteen sensory elements.” ## sensory element of auditory consciousness *rna ba’i rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *śrotra­vijñāna­dhātu*, Sixth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of gustatory consciousness *lce’i rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *jihva­vijñāna­dhātu*, Twelfth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of mental consciousness *yid kyi rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *mano­vijñāna­dhātu*, Eighteenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of mental phenomena *chos kyi khams*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, Seventeenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of odors *dri’i khams*, Skt. *gandhadhātu*, Eighth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of olfactory consciousness *sna’i rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *ghrāṇa­vijñāna­dhātu*, Ninth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of sights *gzugs kyi khams*, Skt. *rūpadhātu*, Second of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of sounds *sgra’i khams*, Skt. *śabdadhātu*, Fifth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of tactile consciousness *lus kyi rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *kāya­vijñāna­dhātu*, Fifteenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of tangibles *reg bya’i khams*, Skt. *spraṣṭavya­dhātu*, Fourteenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of tastes *ro’i khams*, Skt. *rasadhātu*, Eleventh of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of the body *lus kyi khams*, Skt. *kāyadhātu*, Thirteenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of the ears *rna ba’i khams*, Skt. *śrotradhātu*, Fourth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of the eyes *mig gi khams*, Skt. *cakṣurdhātu*, First of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of the mental faculty *yid kyi khams*, Skt. *manodhātu*, Sixteenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of the nose *sna’i khams*, Skt. *ghrāṇdhātu*, Seventh of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of the tongue *lce’i khams*, Skt. *jihvadhātu*, Tenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of touch *reg bya’i khams*, Skt. *spraṣṭavya­dhātu*, Fourteenth of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory element of visual consciousness *mig gi rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *cakṣurvijñāna­dhātu*, Third of the eighteen sensory elements. ## sensory elements *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, The six sensory objects, six sensory faculties, and six consciousnesses. ## sentient being *sems can*, Skt. *sattva*, Often rendered simply as “being.” ## separated from the goal by one birth *skye ba gcig gis thogs pa*, Skt. *ekajātipratibaddha*, A term for a bodhisattva held back from buddhahood by only a single remaining lifetime, as exemplified by Maitreya. ## separating *rnam par ’byed pa*, Skt. *rnam par ’byed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its ninth week. ## separating all phenomena from darkness *chos thams cad mun pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharmatamopagato*, The seventh of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## sequential *rjes su ’thun pa*, Skt. *anukāra*, Also translated as “well-organized.” ## sequential and reverse modalities *lugs ’byung dang lugs ldog*, Skt. *anuloma­pratiloma*, The process of dependent origination as it works to bring about rebirth in saṃsāra, and as it works when deliberately reversed to bring the cycle to an end. See “twelve links of dependent origination.” ## Ser A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Serdingpa A monk and scholar of the twelfth–thirteenth century. Founder of Serding monastery and prominent in the Guhyasamāja Tantra lineage. ## Serene *rab tu gtum pa ma yin pa*, Skt. *rab tu gtum pa ma yin pa*, Serene (calm, peaceful, and untroubled), also the name of a ruler of the Heaven Free from Strife. Also called Serene Form. ## Serene Faculties *dbang po zhi*, Skt. *dbang po zhi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kusumaparvata (163 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Serene Form *rab tu gtum pa ma yin pa’i gzugs*, Skt. *rab tu gtum pa ma yin pa’i gzugs*, Alternative name for Serene. ## Serene Intelligence *rab tu zhi ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba’i blo gros*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāprabha. ## Serene Joy *rab tu zhi dga’*, Skt. *rab tu zhi dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Serene Light *’od zhi*, Skt. *’od zhi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anantarūpa (177 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Serene Mental Faculties *yid dbang shin tu zhi ba*, Skt. *yid dbang shin tu zhi ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśānta. ## serenity *shin tu sbyangs pa*, Skt. *shin tu sbyangs pa*, One of the factors of awakening. ## serial clear realization *mthar gyis pa’i mngon rtogs*, Skt. *ānupūrvābhisamaya*, Sixth of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## serial steps of meditative absorption *mthar gyis gnas pa’i snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *anupūrva­vihāra­samāpatti*, See “nine serial levels of meditative absorption.” ## Serika village *se ri ka*, Skt. *serika*, A certain village during the Buddha’s time, home to Nandā and Nandabalā. ## Serpent Serpent (a snake, especially a large one), also the name of a deity. ## Servant of Peace *zhi ba’i bran*, Skt. *zhi ba’i bran*, Father of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Serving as the Ornament of the Minds of All Sentient Beings Immediately upon the Generation of the Mind of Awakening *sems bskyed ma thag tu sems can thams cad kyi rgyan mdzad*, Skt. *sems bskyed ma thag tu sems can thams cad kyi rgyan mdzad*, A buddha. ## sesame flowers *ti la ka*, Skt. *tilaka*, Sesamum indicum. ## Sesame Oil Ruler *til mar dbang po*, Skt. *til mar dbang po*, Father of the buddha Tejorāśi. ## sesbania Sesbania grandiflora. ## sessile joyweed *sha ling tsa*, Skt. *śāliṃcī*, Achyranthes triandra. ## set off to the forest The third of the four life stages (āśrama) in the brahmanical tradition, which one enters after studying the Vedas and being a householder. A brahmin then sets off to the forest to devote himself fully to spiritual practice, still accompanied by his wife. The last stage is that of complete renunciation (saṃnyāsa). ## setting of the mind on enlightenment *byang chub sems bskyed pa*, Skt. *bodhi­cittotpāda*, The setting of the mind on enlightenment for the sake of all sentient beings, which marks the onset of the bodhisattva path and culminates in the actual attainment of buddhahood, distinguishes the compassionate bodhisattva path from that of the śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas who are both preoccupied with their own emancipation from cyclic existence. See Dayal (1932): 50–79, Williams (1989): 197–204, and Padmakara Translation Group (1994): 218–234. (See also ). ## settling in complete peace *nye bar zhi ba la ’jug pa*, Skt. *upaśamapraveśa*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## seven abodes of consciousness *rnam par shes pa la gnas pa bdun*, Skt. *vijñānasthiti*, This refers to the seven categories of living beings, as enumerated in the Abhi­dharma­kośa, III, v. 5-6a. The seven abodes of consciousness consist of beings who differ physically and intellectually; beings who differ physically but are similar intellectually; beings similar physically but who differ intellectually; beings similar physically and intellectually; and three types of immaterial beings (nānātvakāya­saṃjñāś ca nānākāyaika­saṃjñinaḥ / viparyayāc caikakāya­saṃjñāś cārūpiṇas trayaḥ // vijñāna­sthitayaḥ sapta…). According to Vasubandhu the first category consists of men, the six types of gods of the desire-realm, and the gods of the first realm of contemplation (brahma­vihāra) except those fallen from higher realms (prathamābhinivṛta); the second category consists of those fallen (prathamābhiniṛvṛta) gods who have different bodies but whose intellects are single-mindedly aware of the idea of being created by Brahmā; the third category consists of the gods of the second realm of contemplation—the abhāsvara (clear-light) gods, the parīṭṭābha (radiant) gods, and the apramāṇābha (immeasurably luminous) gods—who have similar luminous bodies but differ in their thoughts, which are bent on the experiences of pleasure and numbness; the fourth category consists of the śubhakṛtsna (pure-wholeness) gods, whose intellects are united in concentration on bliss; the fifth category consists of the immaterial beings who reside in the realm of infinite space; the sixth category consists of the immaterial beings who reside in the realm of infinite consciousness; and the seventh category consists of the immaterial beings who reside in the realm of nothingness. (See also Mvy, Nos. 2289-2295.) ## seven aspects of spiritual wealth *nor bdun*, Skt. *saptadhana*, These are enumerated in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā, Toh 3807 (Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.40.b), as (1) faith (dad pa), (2) ethical discipline (tshul khrims), (3) study (thos pa), (4) liberality (gtong ba), (5) wisdom (shes rab), (6) conscience (hrī, ngo tsha shes pa), and (7) shame (apatrāpya, khrel yod). ## Seven attributes of royalty *rgyal srid sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, seven possessions of a [universal monarch](#universal-monarch), each of which has a symbolic significance. They are the precious golden [wheel](#wheel), precious [wish-fulfilling jewel](#wish-fulfilling-jewel), precious queen, precious minister, precious elephant, precious horse, and precious general. ## seven bases of consciousness *rnam par shes pa’i gnas bdun*, Skt. *sapta-vijñānasthiti*, Seven categories that describe living beings in the higher realms, from humans up to the formless realm: (1) those different in body and different in perception; (2) those different in body and equal in perception; (3) those equal in body but different in perception; (4) those equal in body and equal in perception; (5) those reborn in the sphere of boundless space; (6) those reborn in the sphere of boundless consciousness; and (7) those reborn in the sphere of nothingness. ## Seven branches *yan lag bdun*, Skt. *saptāṅga*, a form of prayer which comprises seven parts: [prostration](#prostration), offering, confession, rejoicing, requesting the teachers to turn the [wheel](#wheel) of [Dharma](#dharma), requesting them not to pass into [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa), and dedication of [merit](#merit). ## seven branches of awakening The seven branches of awakening are mindfulness or recollection (Skt. smṛti, Tib. dran pa); wisdom (prajñā, shes rab); diligence or perseverance (vīrya, brtson ’grus); joy (prīti, dga’ ba); pliability (praśrabdhi, shin sbyangs); meditative absorption (samādhi, ting nge ’dzin); and equanimity (upekṣā, btang snyoms). They are included among the thirty-seven factors for awakening. ## seven branches of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *saptabodhyaṅga*, These, as listed in , are (1) the branch of enlightenment that is correct recollection, (2) the branch of enlightenment that is correct doctrinal analysis, (3) the branch of enlightenment that is correct perseverance, (4) the branch of enlightenment that is correct delight, (5) the branch of enlightenment that is correct mental and physical refinement, (6) the branch of enlightenment that is correct meditative stability, and (7) the branch of enlightenment that is correct equanimity. ## seven elevations *bdun mtho ba*, Skt. *saptotsada*, This refers to seven convex surfaces on different parts of the Buddha’s body. ## seven emptinesses *stong pa nyid bdun po*, Skt. *stong pa nyid bdun po*, As found in Ghoṣa, p. 138; Bṭ1, p. 758; and Bṭ3, , they are the emptinesses of seven separate groups‍—aggregates, sensory elements, sense fields, truths of the noble ones, dependent origination, all conditioned phenomena, and all unconditioned dharmas. (Alternatively, the last two are all phenomena, and then all conditioned and unconditioned phenomena; Toh 3808 renders these “all compounded phenomena, and all uncompounded dharmas.”) Zacchetti, 21r3, says “ten emptinesses,” but a flaw in the material of the MS may have distracted the scribe at this point. ## seven factors of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *saṃbodhyaṅga*, These are the factors of remembrance (smṛti), discrimination between teachings (dharma­pravicaya), effort (vīrya), joy (prīti), ecstasy (praśrabdhi), meditative absorption (samādhi), and equanimity (upekṣā). These seven form a part of the thirty-seven aspects of awakening. ## seven factors of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *saṃbodhyaṅga*, These are the factors of remembrance (smṛti), discrimination between teachings (dharma­pravicaya), effort (vīrya), joy (prīti), ecstasy (praśrabdhi), concentration (samādhi), and equanimity (upekṣā). These seven form a part of the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment. ## seven great tathāgatas *de bzhin gshegs pa chen po bdun*, Skt. *sapta­mahā­tathāgata*, See “seven tathāgatas.” ## seven harmonious tones of the musical scale *glu dbyangs kyi nges pa bdun*, Skt. *saptasvara*, The seven harmonious tones of the musical scale, contained in the sixty-four crafts, are (1) the [peacock-like] sixth tone (ṣaḍja, drug ldan); (2) the [ox-like] sage tone (ṛṣabha, drang srong); (3) the [goat-like] third tone (gandhāra, sa ’dzin); (4) the [crane-like] middle tone (madhyama, bar ma); (5) the [cuckoo-like] fifth tone (pancama, lnga pa); (6) the [horse-like] clear tone (dhaivata, blo gsal); and (7) the [elephant-like] base tone (niṣāda, ’khor nyan). On all these and related matters, see Jamgon Kongtrul TOK Book 6, Pt.1: 311–315. ## seven jewels *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, When associated with the seven heavenly bodies, and therefore the seven days of the week, these are ruby for the sun, moonstone or pearl for the moon, coral for Mars, emerald for Mercury, yellow sapphire for Jupiter, diamond for Venus, and blue sapphire for Saturn. There are variant lists not associated with the heavenly bodies but retaining the number seven, which include gold, silver, and so on. In association with a cakravartin, the seven jewels can refer, according to the Abhidharma, to his magical wheel, elephant, horse, wish-fulfilling jewel, queen, minister, and leading householder. In the Tibetan mandala-offering practice, the householder is replaced by a general. ## seven jewels of the noble ones *’phags pa’i nor bdun*, Skt. *saptadhanāni*, (1) Faith (sŕaddhā, dad pa), (2) moral discipline (śīla, tshul khrims), (3) hearing (śruta, thos pa), (4) generosity (tyāga, gtong ba), (5) a sense of shame (hrī, ngo tsha shes pa), (6) dread of blame (āpatrāpya, khrel yod pa), (7) wisdom (prajñā, shes rab) (Rigzin 271). ## seven kinds of precious substances *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, The list of seven precious materials vary. Either they are gold, silver, turquoise, coral, pearl, emerald, and sapphire; or else they are ruby, sapphire, beryl, emerald, diamond, pearls, and coral. ## seven kinds of riches Listed here as faith, morality, conscience, moral sensitivity, learning, renunciations, and wisdom. ## seven kumārīs In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra this term refers to a painting depicting a group of seven goddesses to whom one can make offerings. ## seven limbs of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *sapta­bodhyaṅga*, The set of seven factors or aspects that characteristically manifest on the path of seeing: (1) mindfulness (smṛti, dran pa), (2) examination of dharmas (dharma­pravicaya, chos rab tu rnam ’byed/shes rab), (3) perseverance (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (4) joy (prīti, dga’ ba), (5) mental and physical pliability (praśrabdhi, shin sbyangs), (6) meditative stabilization (samādhi, ting nge ’dzin), and (7) equanimity (upekṣā, btang snyoms). ## seven limbs of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *saptabodhyaṅga*, (1) Mindfulness (smṛiti, dran pa), (2) wisdom (dharmapravicaya, chos rab tu rnam ’byed/shes rab), (3) diligence (vīrya, brtson ’grus), (4) joy (prīti, dga’ ba), (5) mental and physical pliancy (praśrabdhi, shin sbyangs), (6) meditative stabilization (samādhi, ting nge ’dzin), and (7) equanimity (upekṣā, btang snyoms). ## seven means to quell disputes *rtsod pa zhi bar byed pa’i chos bdun*, The Chapter on Disputes (Toh 1, ch. 16) describes the seven means for “quelling” or “settling” a dispute as (1) quell in person (Tib. mngon sum zhi ba; Skt. saṃmukhaṃ śamatha); (2) through recourse to memory (Tib. dran ’dul ’os; Skt. smṛtyāvinaya); (3) dismissing by reason of insanity (Tib. ma myos ’dul ’os; Skt. amūḍhavinaya); (4) by votes (tshul shing dag ni blang ba; Skt. chalākāgrahaṇa); (5) carrying out an investigation into the nature of an issue (Tib. de yi ngo bo tshol gzhug; Skt. tatsvabhāvaiṣīya); (6) by sweeping it under the rug or, more literally, spreading over with grass (Tib. rtswa bkram lta bur ’os pa; Skt. tṛṇaprastāraka); and (7) by taking an oath (Tib. khas blang bar ’os pa; Skt. pratijñākāraka). The Pratimokṣa Sūtra (Toh 2) and The Chapter on Minor Matters of the Discipline (Kṣudrakavastu, Toh 6) give similar lists of the “seven means to quell disputes.” The Chapter on Minor Matters of the Discipline gives (1) calming through appeal to the obvious; (2) calming through appeal to mindfulness (e.g., of what is appropriate); (3) calming through nondistraction; (4) investigating the nature; (5) appeal to the majority; (6) urging the establishment of an oath; and (7) drawing straws (Orgyan Nordrang 2008, vol. 2, p. 1697). ## seven mothers of the world *’jig rten gyi ma bdun*, Skt. *saptalokamātṛ*, A set of Indic goddesses, most typically comprised of Brāhmī, Māheśvarī, Kaumārī, Vaiṣṇavī, Vārāhī/Yāmī, and Aindrī. They correspond to a similar set of seven brahmanical deities: Brahmā, Śiva, Skanda, Viṣṇu, Varāha/Yama, and Indra. ## Seven noble riche *'phags pa'i nor bdun*, Skt. *saptadhanam*, faith, discipline, [generosity](#generosity), learning, conscientiousness, modesty, and [wisdom](#wisdom). ## seven parts of awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag bdun*, Skt. *sapta­bodhyaṅga*, A standard list of seven factors that arise at a certain point on the path toward awakening and facilitate it. They are the parts of awakening of mindfulness, classifying the dharmas, heroism, joy, ease, samādhi, and equanimity. ## seven perfect buddhas *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas bdun po*, Skt. *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas bdun po*, The best known of many sets of past buddhas, including Śākyamuni as the seventh, his three predecessors in this eon (Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa), and the three last buddhas of the previous eon (Vipaśyin, Śikhin, and Viśvabhū). ## Seven point posture of Vairocana *rnam snang [cho](#cho)s bdun*, Skt. *saptadharmavairocana*, the seven points of the ideal meditation posture: legs crossed in the [vajra posture](#vajra-posture), back straight, hands in the gesture of meditation, eyes gazing along the nose, chin slightly tucked in, shoulders well apart "like a vulture's wings", and the tip of the tongue touching the palate. ## seven precious attributes *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, Seven possessions of a universal monarch: the precious lady, precious jewel, precious wheel, precious elephant, precious horse, precious minister, and precious general. ## seven precious branches of enlightenment *byang chub kyi yan lag gi rin po che bdun*, Skt. *sapta­bodhyaṅga­ratna*, These are the seven precious branches of mindfulness (Skt. smṛti), discerning reality (Skt. dharma­pravicaya), effort (Skt. vīrya), joy (Skt. prīti), ecstasy (Skt. praśrabdhi), meditative absorption (Skt. samādhi), and equanimity (Skt. upekṣā). These seven form a part of the thirty-seven aids to enlightenment. ## seven precious factors of perfect awakening *yang dag pa’i byang chub kyi yan lag rin po che bdun*, Skt. *saptabodhyaṅgāni*, Otherwise known as the seven branches of awakening (byang chub kyi yan lag bdun): (1) awakened mindfulness, (2) awakened discernment of phenomena, (3) awakened diligence, (4) awakened rejoicing, (5) awakened pliancy, (6) awakened absorption, and (7) awakened equanimity. ## seven precious implements The seven possessions of a king of the entire world: the precious wheel, the precious elephant, the precious horse, the precious jewel, the precious queen, the precious householder, and the precious minister. ## seven precious jewels *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, The chos rnam kun btus lists three different sets. They are (1) precious gold, silver, baiḍūrya crystal, coral, asmagarbha, and musāragalpa; (2) the precious wheel, precious elephant, precious horse, precious jewel, precious female, precious householder, and precious minister; (3) padmarāga, inḍanīla, baiḍūrya, emerald, diamond, pearl, and coral; or alternatively baiḍūrya, gold, silver, crystal, agate, red pearl, and cornelian. ## seven precious materials *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, In this sūtra, the seven precious materials are specified to be gold, silver, pearls, beryl, crystal, white coral, and red pearls. When the same term is associated with the seven heavenly bodies, and therefore the seven days of the week, they are seven jewels: ruby for the sun, moonstone or pearl for the moon, coral for Mars, emerald for Mercury, yellow sapphire for Jupiter, diamond for Venus, and blue sapphire for Saturn. According to the Abhidharma, in association with a cakravartin, the seven jewels can refer to his magical wheel, elephant, horse, wish-fulfilling jewel, queen, minister, and leading householder. In the Tibetan mandala offering practice, the householder is replaced by a general. ## seven precious possessions *rin chen bdun*, Skt. *saptoparatna*, The usual list is: (1) the precious golden wheel (Skt. cakraratna; Tib. ’khor lo rin po che); (2) the precious jewel (Skt. maṇiratna; Tib. nor bu rin po che); (3) the precious queen (Skt. strīratna; Tib. btsun mo rin po che); (4) the precious minister (Skt. puruṣaratna or pariṇāyakaratna; Tib. blon po rin po che); (5) the precious elephant (Skt. hastiratna; Tib. glang po rin po che); (6) the precious horse (Skt. aśvaratna; Tib. rta mchog rin po che); and (7) the precious general (Skt. khaḍgaratna or senāpatiratna; Tib. dmag dpon rin po che). Here the precious queen is substituted by a precious woman (Tib. bud med rin po che) and the precious general is substituted by a precious householder (Tib. khyim bdag rin po che). However, in this text they appear listed slightly differently (see ). Here the precious queen is substituted by a precious woman (Tib. bud med rin po che), and the precious general is substituted by a precious householder (Tib. khyim bdag rin po che). ## seven precious stones *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, Haribhadra lists the seven precious stones as coral, turquoise, silver, crystal, gold, ruby, and emerald. ## seven precious substances *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, The chos rnam kun btus lists three different sets. They are (1) precious gold, silver, baiḍūrya crystal, coral, asmagarbha, and musāragalva; (2) the precious wheel, precious elephant, precious horse, precious jewel, precious female, precious householder, and precious minister; (3) padmarāga, indranīla, baiḍūrya, emerald, diamond, pearl, and coral; or alternatively baiḍūrya, gold, silver, crystal, agate, red pearl, and cornelian. ## seven precious things *rin chen sna bdun*, Skt. *sapta­ratna*, The seven precious things in this context‌ comprise the seven precious metals and stones, namely, gold, silver, turquoise, coral, pearl, emerald, and sapphire. More generally‌, they may also comprise the symbols of royal dominion, namely, the wheel, gem, queen, minister, elephant, general, and horse. See Dudjom Rinpoche (1991), vol. 2, p. 156. ## seven precious treasures *rin po che sna bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, The wheel, queen, minister, horse, elephant, general, and jewel. In the list at , “chamberlain” is added. ## seven prominences *bdun shin tu mtho ba*, Skt. *saptotsada*, One of the thirty-two signs of a great beings, this refers to the two feet, two hands, two shoulders, and the nape of the neck. See . ## seven prominent parts *bdun mtho ba*, Skt. *saptocchraya­tā*, Fifteenth of the thirty-two major marks, including the backs of the legs, backs of the arms, shoulders, and neck. ## seven riches *nor bdun*, Skt. *saptadhana*, These are enumerated in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā, Toh 3807 (Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.40.b), as (1) faith (dad pa), (2) ethical discipline (tshul khrims), (3) study (thos pa), (4) liberality (gtong ba), (5) wisdom (shes rab), (6) conscience (hrī, ngo tsha shes pa), and (7) shame (apatrāpya, khrel yod). ## seven royal treasures *rin chen bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, The seven royal treasures of the wheel-turning king or cakravartin are the wheel, jewel, queen, minister, elephant, horse, and general. ## seven sages *drang srong bdun*, Skt. *saptarṣi*, Refers to the seven stars of the Big Dipper, the names of which are derived from the names of the seven sages (saptarṣi) of the Vedic tradition. ## seven spiritual treasures *nor bdun*, Skt. *saptadhana*, Seven qualities of a spiritual practitioner: faith, discipline, shame, modesty, obedience, renunciation, and insight. ## Seven Splendid Jewels *gzi brjid rin chen bdun*, Skt. *gzi brjid rin chen bdun*, Son of the buddha Praśānta. ## seven states of consciousness *rnam par shes pa gnas pa bdun*, Skt. *saptavi­jñānasthiti*, The seven states of consciousness are (1) beings such as humans and heavenly beings, and beings living in suffering, who are different in body and perception; (2) beings who are the first-born gods of the Brahmā world, beings who are different in body but equal in perception; (3) beings who are equal in body but different in perception, such as the Radiant Gods; (4) beings who are equal in body and equal in perception, such as the All-Illuminating Gods; (5) beings reborn in the sphere of boundless space;(6) beings reborn in the sphere of boundless consciousness; and (7) beings reborn in the sphere of nothingness. ## seven subterranean levels The seven regions below the surface of the earth where subterranean beings such as nāgas live. ## seven successive buddhas *sangs rgyas rabs bdun*, Skt. *saptatathāgata*, The best known of many sets of past buddhas, including Śākyamuni as the seventh, his three predecessors in this eon (Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, and Kāśyapa), and the three last buddhas of the eon that preceded the present one (Vipaśyin, Śikhin, and Viśvabhū). ## seven tathāgatas *de bzhin gshegs pa bdun*, Skt. *saptatathāgata*, These are the seven tathāgatas of the past: Vipaśyin, Śikhin, Viśvabhū, Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni, Kāśyapa, and Śākyamuni. ## seven treasures The seven possessions of a cakravartin including the precious wheel, the precious elephant, the precious horse, the precious jewel, the precious woman, the precious steward, and the precious minister. In some forms of the list the steward or minister is variably replaced by the precious general (senāpatiratna; dmag dpon rin po che) or the precious sword (khaḍgaratna; ral gri rin po che). A more detailed description of these seven can be found in Toh 95, The Play in Full, –. There is also a detailed description of the seven treasures and the corresponding causal conditions for obtaining them in Toh 4087, the Kāraṇaprajñapti, folio 111.b. The term should not be confused with seven precious substances, a set of seven precious stones or minerals, which is a term found elsewhere but also rendered rin po che sna bdun. ## seven treasures of a noble being *'phags pa'i nor bdun*, Skt. *saptadhanāni*, Dungkar Rinpoche gives two similar lists of the seven treasures of a noble being: (1) faith, ethics, [generosity](#generosity), learning, [samaya](#samaya), a conscience, and [wisdom](#wisdom); and (2) faith, ethics, learning, [generosity](#generosity), a conscience, propriety, and [wisdom](#wisdom) (dung dkar, 2002, pp. 1370–71). ## seven treasures of noble beings *’phags pa’i nor bdun*, Skt. *saptāryāṇi dhanāni*, Faith, discipline, learning, generosity, a sense of shame, fear of blame, and wisdom. ## seven types of discipline *tshul khrims rnam pa bdun*, Skt. *tshul khrims rnam pa bdun*, The seven aspects of discipline comprises three bodily aspects and four verbal aspects. The bodily aspects are to abstain from killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct. The four bodily aspects are to abstain from lying, divisive speech, abusive speech, and idle chatter. ## seven types of jewels *rin po che sna tshogs bdun*, Skt. *saptaratna*, The list of seven varies. Either they are gold, silver, turquoise, coral, pearl, emerald, and sapphire; or they are ruby, sapphire, beryl, emerald, diamond, pearls, and coral; etc. ## Seven-Headed *mgo bdun pa*, Skt. *mgo bdun pa*, A virtuous nāga king. ## seven-limbed practice *yan lag bdun pa*, A set of practices found in many textual forms for recitation, often daily. The seven limbs are paying homage to the buddhas, presenting them with offerings, disclosing one’s negative deeds, rejoicing in the positive deeds of all beings, requesting the Dharma, supplicating the enlightened ones to remain with us, and dedicating all virtues to the benefit of sentient beings. ## severance of doubt *the tshom gcod pa*, Skt. *kāṅkṣocchedano*, The thirty-eighth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Severe God *drag pa’i lha*, Skt. *drag pa’i lha*, Name of a past king in a story the Buddha tells. ## Severer of the Bonds of Existence *srid pa’i ’ching ba gcod byed*, Skt. *srid pa’i ’ching ba gcod byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tejasprabha. ## sexual misconduct The third of the negative actions to be renounced under the five precepts. The Tibetan (as well as the Pali and Sanskrit) literally means “wrongdoing regarding lust.” The rules of what constitutes sexual misconduct are different depending on the level or category of Buddhists, i.e., whether lay or monastic. One form of sexual misconduct for laypeople is unfaithfulness or adultery, which is the theme of the first part of The Benefits of the Five Precepts. ## sexual play *kun du ru*, Skt. *kundura*, Literally “olibanum,” this is the code word for the five types of enjoyment derived from the lotus of the female consort. ## sexual yoga A yoga practice mentioned in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. The term kunduru is a code words for sexual copulation in Buddhist tantric sources. ## sexually submissive person *'khyud nas ldang ba'i ma ning*, Skt. *āsaktaprādurbhāvī paṇḍaka*, “The Chapter on Going Forth” defines this as, “One who becomes erect if embraced by another.” Though its exact meaning is not clear, fetishism seems to be implied. One of the five types of [person labeled a paṇḍaka](#person-labeled-a-paṇḍaka), all of whom are barred from joining the renunciate order. ## Sāgara *rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sāgara*, The principal nāga king in The King of Samādhis Sūtra and The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara. This is also said to be another name for Vaṛuna, the god of the oceans. ## Sā­gara *rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sā­gara*, A king of the nāgas. ## Sāgara­buddhi *rgya mtsho’i blo*, Skt. *sāgara­buddhi*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Sāgara­buddhi­dhārin *rgya mtsho blo ’dzin*, Skt. *sāgara­buddhi­dhārin*, A short form of Sāgara­vara­dhara­buddhi­vikrīḍitābhijña, the name that Ānanda will have when he is a buddha. ## Sāgaradhvaja *rgya mtsho’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sāgaradhvaja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Sāgara­dhvaja *rgya mtsho’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sāgara­dhvaja*, A bhikṣu, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 9. ## Sāgara­garbha *rgya mtsho’i snying po*, Skt. *sāgara­garbha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Sāgara­garbha­saṃbhava­śrī *rgya mtsho’i snying po las byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sāgara­garbha­saṃbhava­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Sāgara­ghoṣa *rgya mtsho’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sāgara­ghoṣa*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sāgaramati *blo gros rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sāgaramati*, A bodhisattva from the world Adorned with Immaculate and Countless Precious Qualities. The protagonist of this discourse, his name can be translated as Oceanic Intelligence, which is referenced in the omen of the flooding of the trichiliocosm at the beginning of the sūtra. ## Sāgara­mati *blo gros rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sāgara­mati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Sāgaramegha *rgya mtsho’i sprin*, Skt. *sāgaramegha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sāgara­megha *rgya mtsho’i sprin*, Skt. *sāgara­megha*, A bhikṣu, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 5. ## Sāgaramudrā *rgya mtsho’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *sāgaramudrā*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sāgara­mukha *rgya mtsho’i sgo*, Skt. *sāgara­mukha*, An area in the south of India. ## Sāgara­nigarjita­svara *rgya mtsho’i ’brug gi sgra*, Skt. *sāgara­nigarjita­svara*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sāgaraputra *mtsho chen bu*, Skt. *sāgaraputra*, A nāga king. ## Sāgara­śrī *rgya mtsho phun sum tshogs*, Skt. *sāgara­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Sāgara­śiri. ## Sāgara­tīra *rgya mtsho’i ngogs*, Skt. *sāgara­tīra*, An area in the Laṅka region of South India. ## Sāgara­vara­dhara­buddhi­vikrīḍitābhijña *rgya mtsho mchog ’chang blo rnam par rol pa’i mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *sāgara­vara­dhara­buddhi­vikrīḍitābhijña*, The name of Ānanda when he becomes a buddha in the future. ## Sāgara­vyūha­garbha *rgya mtsho’i rgyan gyi snying po*, Skt. *sāgara­vyūha­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Sha Mountain *sha’i ri*, Skt. *sha’i ri*, A legendary mountain in Khotan. ## Shackles Tārā *sgrol ma lcags sgrog ma*, Skt. *sgrol ma lcags sgrog ma*, A wrathful form of the goddess Tārā. ## Shaded by Garlands *’phreng ba’i grib ma*, Skt. *mālācchāyā*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three and the name of a tree that grows there. ## Shaded by Trees *shing gis g.yogs pa*, Skt. *shing gis g.yogs pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## shadow players *grib ma’i rtse*, Skt. *grib ma’i rtse*, A type of rākṣasī living on an island called Endowed with Jewels. ## Shak A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Shaken by Fierce Winds *rlung gtum pos g.yos pa*, Skt. *rlung gtum pos g.yos pa*, A forest in Living on the Peak. ## Shaker of Existence *srid pa g.yo bar byed pa*, Skt. *srid pa g.yo bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśottara. ## Shaker of the Realms *zhing rnams g.yo bar byed pa*, Skt. *zhing rnams g.yo bar byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ugratejas. ## Shaking All Defilements *nyon mongs pa thams cad bskyod pa*, A world system in the eastern direction, presently the realm of the buddha named Follower. ## Shamar Chenga Chökyi Drakpa The fourth Shamarpa (1453–1524), an important reincarnation lineage in the Kagyü sect. Also known as Chödrak Yeshé (chos grags ye shes), he was an important religious and political figure in central Tibet at the turn of the sixteenth century. ## shame According to the definition given in Vasubandhu’s Pañcaskandhaka, the term hrī differs from apatrāpya (see “sense of decency”) in that it predominantly relates to one’s own internal sense of shame or inner conscience rather than in relation to others. See Deleanu 2006, pp. 484–85.The Abhidharma categorizes it as one of the eleven virtuous mental factors (Tib. sems byung dge ba; Skt. kuśalacaitta), a subgroup of the mental states or factors associated with the mind (Skt. caitasika, caitta). ## shami *sha myi*, Skt. *śamī*, Prosopis cineraria. A tree believed to be auspicious due to the power of its purification properties. (Toh 555: sha mi; Toh 556 sha myi) ## Shang Buchikpa *zhang bu gcig pa*, Skt. *zhang bu gcig pa*, An assistant translator and editor of this scripture. ## Shang Gyalnyen Nyasang Tibetan translator from the eighth century. ## Shang Rinpoche *bla ma zhang rin po che* (*brtson 'grus grags pa*) (1121 - 1193), a great [Kagyupa](#kagyupa) [lama](#lama), founder of the Tsalpa Kagyu branch. ## Shapdrung Palchokpa A Buddhist master. ## shape shifter *sprul pa*, Skt. *pratāraṇā*, one of the classes of beings barred from joining the renunciate order. The word sprul pa denotes a wide range of phenomena‍—[emanation](#emanation)s, apparitions, conjurings, shape-shifting creatures, etc.‍—all united by their tendency to morph through their own agency or another’s. We have therefore translated sprul pa according to context as “[emanation](#emanation)” or “shape shifter.” ## Shapkyu *zhabs kyu*, lit. foot hook. A sign in the shape of a hook which is put under consonants to represent the *u* sound ## Sharawa *sha ra ba* (*yon ton grags*)( 1070 - 1141), name of a [Kadampa](#kadampa)[geshe](#geshe), [disciple](#disciple) of [Geshe Potowa](#potowa-geshe). ## Shardachu A river name in Kham, mentioned in the Catalog in reference to the “land of Ling.” While the Dachu (zla chu) is a name used for the upper Mekong river that flows to the west of Degé, the Shardachu (“eastern Dachu”) here likely refers to the eastern Dzachu, which is one of the four great rivers of eastern Tibet known in Chinese as the Yalong (Ch. Yalongjiang), a major tributary of the Yangtze. ## Sharing *shug pa*, Skt. *shug pa*, Sharing (giving a portion of something to others), also the name of a son of the buddha Gandhahastin. ## Sharp and Unbearable Pain *tshor ba rtsub cing tsha la bzod pa dka’ ba*, Skt. *khara­kaṭuka­duḥsaha­vedana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Sharp Eyes *shin tu rno ba’i mig*, Skt. *shin tu rno ba’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## sharp eye-teeth *tshems mche ba rno ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *tīkṣṇa­daṃṣṭra­tā*, Forty-seventh of the eighty minor marks. ## sharp mouth *kha rno*, Skt. *kha rno*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Sharp Moving Eyes *mig g.yo rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *mig g.yo rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Sharpest Teeth *mche ba mchog tu rno*, Skt. *mche ba mchog tu rno*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Shübu Palgyi Senge *shud bu dpal gyi seng ge*, one of the [twenty five disciples](#twenty-five-disciples) of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). ## She of Great Fame *grags chen ma*, Skt. *mahāyaśas*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. The Sūtra of Mahāśrī gives the variant grags pa chen mo. ## She of Great Radiance *’od chen ma*, Skt. *mahādyuti*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. The Sūtra of Mahāśrī gives the variant ’od chen mo. ## She of Jewel-Like Gleam *rin po che rab tu sbyin ma*, Skt. *ratnaprabhā*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī and The Twelve Names of the Goddess Śrī (Toh 741/1006). The Twelve Names gives the Tibetan variant rin chen ’od ldan ma (*ratnapradā). ## She Who Accomplishes *byed pa mo*, Skt. *kartrī*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. ## She Who Gathers *’dus mo*, Skt. *’dus mo*, Princess of Takṣaśīla, child of Padmagarbha, mother of Kātyāyana, and spouse of Riu. During the Buddha’s time she defeated all the scriptural exegetes from neighboring lands in debate. ## She Who Goes Everywhere Revatī’s mother, according to this text. ## She Who Is Wearing a Garland of Lotuses *pad+ma’i phreng ba can*, Skt. *padmamālinī*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī and The Twelve Names of the Goddess Śrī (Toh 741/1006). The Twelve Names gives the Tibetan variant padma’i phreng thogs ma. ## shed *yol khang*, Skt. *daṇḍacchadana*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Sheep Face *lug gdong*, Skt. *lug gdong*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## shell stone *shang ka shi la*, Skt. *śaṅkhaśilā*, A type or stone or shell. Pali sankhasilā. ## Shenazha *she na zha*, Skt. *she na zha*, A buddha. ## Sherab Sengé *shes rab seng ge*, Skt. *shes rab seng ge*, The monk who translated this sūtra from Chinese. No details of this person are known. ## Sherap Ö *shes rab ’od*, Skt. *shes rab ’od*, An assistant translator and editor of this scripture. ## shift in one’s basis of existence *gnas gyur pa*, Skt. *āśraya­parivṛtti*, See . ## Shigatsé *gzhis ka rtse*, The principal town in the Tsang region of central Tibet, which was the capital during a period of Tibetan history. ## Shingmo Chepa Jangchup Sengé Living during the twelfth century, he was a holder of the upper Vinaya lineage (stod ’dul). ## Shining *gsal ba*, Skt. *gsal ba*, Shining (giving out or reflecting bright light), also the name of a monk from a previous eon. ## Shining Brightness *mdangs snang byed*, Skt. *mdangs snang byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhamati. ## Shining Countenance *bzhin rab gsal*, A Śākya youth, the main interlocutor of Dispelling Darkness in the Ten Directions. ## Shining Crest *tog gi ’od*, Skt. *tog gi ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Supraṇaṣṭamoha. ## Shining Disk *’od kyi dkyil ’khor can*, Skt. *’od kyi dkyil ’khor can*, A great bodhisattva. ## Shining Essence of Glory *dpal gyi snying po snang ba*, Skt. *dpal gyi snying po snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Glorious. ## Shining Forth Dharma *chos gsal*, Skt. *chos gsal*, A monk of a previous buddha. ## Shining Gem *nor bu snang ba*, Skt. *nor bu snang ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Shining Star Lamp. ## Shining in Manifold Ways *rnam pa sna tshogs par rnam par bkra ba*, Skt. *rnam pa sna tshogs par rnam par bkra ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Shining Incense *spos ’od*, Skt. *spos ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Shining Jewel *rin chen snang ba*, Skt. *rin chen snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Brilliant. ## Shining Jewel Light *nor bu ’byin*, Skt. *nor bu ’byin*, A mountain in Moving in Vast Environments. ## Shining Light *’od ’phro snang*, Skt. *’od ’phro snang*, Mother of the buddha Jyotiṣprabha. ## Shining Like Gold *gser ltar snang ba*, Skt. *gser ltar snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Moon. ## Shining Master of Melodies *dbyangs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi dbang phyug*, Father of the buddha Amitābha. ## Shining Mountain *ri bo’i ’od zer*, Skt. *ri bo’i ’od zer*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sumedhas. ## Shining Qualities *yon tan ’od*, Skt. *yon tan ’od*, Father of the buddha Vratanidhi. ## Shining Splendor *gzi brjid gsal ba*, Skt. *gzi brjid gsal ba*, Mother of the buddha Bhava­tṛṣṇā­mala­prahīṇa. ## Shining Star Lamp *skar ma mar me snang ba*, Skt. *skar ma mar me snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Shining Gem. ## Shining Stūpa *mchod rten snang bar byed*, Skt. *mchod rten snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Hutārci. ## Shining Treasure *dbyig snang*, Skt. *dbyig snang*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## Shining Wisdom *ye shes ’od byed*, Skt. *ye shes ’od byed*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Asamabuddhi. ## Shining with All Qualities *yon tan thams cad rab tu snang ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad rab tu snang ba dang ldan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Brilliant Jewel. ## Shining with Beryl *bai dUr+ya’i snang ba can*, Skt. *bai dUr+ya’i snang ba can*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Pristine Light. ## Shining with Immeasurable Incense *spos dpag med snang ba*, Skt. *spos dpag med snang ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Fragrant with an Ocean of Incense. ## Shining with Precious Jewels *nor bu rin po ches khong snums pa*, Skt. *nor bu rin po ches khong snums pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Siddhi. ## shiny eyebrows *smin ma snum pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *snigdhabhrū*, Sixty-seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## Shöl A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Shöntsul Śākya Gyaltsen Also known as Rongtönpa (1367–1449), he was one of the most prominent scholars in the Sakya tradition. ## Shokchung The name of a monastery mentioned in this text. No other information could be found. ## should it happen that *brgya la las*, Skt. *brgya la las*, Literally “one in a hundred.” Also rendered here as “should it be the case that,” “rare,” and “rarely.” ## should properly make amends *chos bzhin du gyis*, Skt. *yathādharmaṃ pratikartavyā*, To purify offenses, monks and nuns must confess and “properly make amends for the offense according to Vinaya” (Tib. chos bzhin ’dul ba bzhin slar bgyi’o). This means, according to Kalyāṇamitra, that the monastic flawlessly follows the appropriate procedures spelled out in the Vinaya (F.326.a) . The proper procedure for making amends for offenses is described in The Chapter on the Restoration Rite (Toh 1, ch. 2, ). ## shoulder ornament of the victory banner’s crest *rgyal mtshan rtse mo’i dpung rgyan*, Skt. *dhvajāgra­ketu[rāja]*, The 25th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8; also mentioned in other chapters. ## Shower of Jewels *rin chen char ’bebs*, Skt. *rin chen char ’bebs*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Showing the Symbol of the Body of the Sun *nyi ma’i gzugs brda ston*, Skt. *nyi ma’i gzugs brda ston*, Mother of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## Shrieking Hell *ngu ’bod*, Skt. *raurava*, Fourth of the eight hot hells of Buddhist cosmology. Named for the cries of its inhabitants who are engulfed in a tremendous blaze. ## shrine *mchod rten*, Skt. *caitya, stūpa*, this can refer to a shrine or a reliquary. ## shrine chamber *spos kyi khang pa*, Skt. *gandhakuṭi*, Literally “perfumed chamber,” this was the name given to the Buddha’s personal room at the Jetavana monastery. The term was then later applied to the room in any monastery where an image of the Buddha was installed to signify his presence. In the context of an Action Tantra, the term seems to refer generically to a shrine chamber, perhaps one specifically enshrining the deity that is the focus of a given rite. ## shrines *dri gtsang khang*, Skt. *gandhakuṭī*, Literally “perfumed chamber”; this was the name given to the Buddha’s personal room at the Jetavana monastery. Later, after the Buddha’s passing, the term came to denote a special room or shrine dedicated to a buddha, intended as both residence and reliquary. ## shrub cotton *ras bal*, Skt. *karpāsa*, karpāsa (rendered here “shrub cotton”) and Tūla (rendered here as “tree cotton”) are both kinds of cotton, perhaps overlapping as is translated into Tibetan as ras bal in some texts. Our rendering is based on the Tibetans’ choice of the term shing bal and the existence of a number of species of Gossypium, among which are the diploid, Asian G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (cf Monier Williams); Negi’s Tibetan-Sanskrit dictionary also mentions five kinds of tūla, at least some of which are trees. Other possible distinctions might be between annual and perennial plants, or varieties grown in different regions. See . ## shrubby jasmine *na pa ma li ka*, Skt. *navamālikā*, Jasminum arborescens. A species of jasmine that is a shrub and does not twine or climb. Its other common name is navamallika. ## shutters *sgo glegs*, Skt. *kavāṭikā*, This can mean “window shutters” or “door panels.” ## Siamese rough-brush Streblus asper. ## Siddhā *grub ma*, Skt. *siddhā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Siddha *grub thob*, lit. one who has attained the [accomplishment](#accomplishment)s. Someone who has attained the fruit of the practice of the [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna). ## siddha vidyādhara *grub pa’i rig sngags ’chang*, Skt. *siddha­vidyādhara*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Siddhaṃkara *grub mdzad*, Skt. *siddhaṃkara*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Siddhalocanā *sid+dha lo tsa ni*, Skt. *siddhalocanā*, “Perfect Eye,” one of the mantra deities. ## Siddhapātra *’gro grub*, Skt. *siddhapātra*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Siddharājñī *ma gcig grub pa’i rgyal mo*, Skt. *siddharājñī*, A twefth century yoginī, female guru of Rechungpa. ## Siddhartha *don grub*, Skt. *siddhārtha*, “One who accomplished his aim,” the name given to the Buddha Śākyamuni when he was a child. ## Siddhi *dngos grub*, see [accomplishment](#accomplishment). ## Siddhikara *n/a*, Skt. *siddhikara*, An unknown figure who is said to be one of three brothers, along with Jayakara and Madhukara. This figure is also named Sarvasiddhikara and Sarvārthasādhaka. ## Siddhikarasarvārtha­sādhana *grub par byed pa dang don kun sgrub pa*, Skt. *siddhikarasarvārtha­sādhana*, An unknown figure who is said to be one of three brothers, along with Jayakara and Madhukara. It is possible his name is supposed to be Sarvārthasiddhikara or Sarvārthasiddhikarasādhana. ## Siddhimati *grub pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *siddhimati*, A medicine deity; a bodhisattva who seeks a prophecy from Śākyamuni. ## Siddhārthā *don grub ma*, Skt. *siddhārthā*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Siddhārtha *don grub*, Skt. *siddhārtha*, Lit. “One Who Accomplished His Aim.” The birth name given to the Bodhisattva by his father, King Śuddhodana. Siddhārtha is a short form of the name Sarvārthasiddha. ## Siddhārthabuddhi *don grub blo*, Skt. *siddhārtha­buddhi*, Name of a Buddha of a previous eon. ## Siddhārtha­cintin *don grub sems pa*, Skt. *siddhārtha­cintin*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Intending to Accomplish the Goal.” ## Siddhārthamati A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Siddhārtha­mati *don grub blo gros*, Skt. *siddhārtha­mati*, One of the bodhisattvas attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Siṅgala *sing ga la*, Skt. *siṅgala*, One of the eight yakṣa generals. ## Sight *rnam par bltas*, Skt. *rnam par bltas*, Sight (the faculty or power of seeing), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Sight of Infinite Splendor *gzi brjid mtha’ yas mthong*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas mthong*, Mother of the buddha Vardhana. ## Sight of Joy *dga’ ba mthong*, Skt. *dga’ ba mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Vimuktacūḍa. ## Sight of Light *’od mthong*, Skt. *’od mthong*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthita­buddhi­rūpa. ## Sight of Merit *bsod nams mthong*, Skt. *bsod nams mthong*, Attendant of the buddha Kalyāṇacūḍa. ## Sight of Power *mthu rtsal mthong*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maṇivyūha. ## Sight of Qualities *yon tan mthong*, Skt. *yon tan mthong*, Mother of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Sight of the Mind of Love *byams sems mthong*, Skt. *byams sems mthong*, Mother of the buddha Bhasmakrodha. ## sight of the tathāgatas *de bzhin gshegs pa mthong ba*, Skt. *tathāgata­darśano*, The fifty-first of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Sight of Worship *mchod mthong*, Skt. *mchod mthong*, Attendant of the buddha Mayūraruta. ## sign *mtshan ma*, Skt. *nimitta*, A polyvalent term, it generally refers to the characteristic features of an object or image. Nimitta can refer to features of an object that attract the mind’s attention, engage with it more deeply, and develop emotional responses to it. Such marks or features are often considered to be ultimately false and deceptive. In a more positive sense nimitta can refer to the focus of meditation practice. The term applies to both external objects and visualized images that are used to deepen meditative concentration and absorption. Also translated here as “mark” and “feature.” ## Sign Expert *brda la mkhas pa*, Skt. *brda la mkhas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimalakīrti. ## signless *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *nir­nimitta*, Also translated here as “without mental images.” ## signlessness *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animittatā*, In ultimate reality, there is no sign, as a sign signals or signifies something to someone and hence is inextricably involved with the relative world. We are so conditioned by signs that they seem to speak to us as if they had a voice of their own. The letter “A” seems to pronounce itself to us as we see it, and the stop-sign fairly shouts at us. However, the configuration of two slanted lines with a crossbar has in itself nothing whatsoever to do with the phenomenon made with the mouth and throat in the open position, when expulsion of breath makes the vocal cords resonate “ah.” By extending such analysis to all signs, we may get an inkling of what is meant by “signlessness,” which is essentially equivalent to voidness, and to “wishlessness” (see entry). Voidness, signlessness, and wishlessness form the “Three Doors of Liberation.” ## signlessness as a gateway to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo mtshan ma myed pa*, Skt. *animitta­vimokṣa­mukha*, Second of the three gateways to liberation. ## signs (of a great being) *mtshan*, Skt. *lakṣaṇa*, The thirty-two primary physical characteristics of a “great being,” mahāpuruṣa, which every buddha and cakravartin possesses. See for a complete list according to this sūtra. ## Siṃha *seng ge*, Skt. *siṃha*, In The Hundred Deeds, a certain army chief in Vaiśālī by this name appears twice (in part 4: “The Story of Siṃha” and in part 5: “The Story of Good Compassion”). It is not clear whether this army chief refers the same person or not. In the first story, he is the father of a ugly and stinking son who heard the Dharma from the Blessed One, went forth, and was healed of his afflictions. In the second story, he is the father of Good Compassion who was sentenced to death but was released and went forth under the Buddha. ## Siṃhabala *seng ge’i stobs*, Skt. *siṃhabala*, The 476th buddha in the first list, 475th in the second list, and 469th in the third list. ## Siṃhacandrā *seng ge’i zla ba*, Skt. *siṃhacandrā*, Bhikṣuṇī pupil of the Buddha, who is only known from this sūtra. ## Siṃhacandra *seng ge’i zla ba*, Skt. *siṃhacandra*, The 329th buddha in the first list, 328th in the second list, and 323rd in the third list. ## Siṃhadaṃṣṭra *seng mche ba*, Skt. *siṃhadaṃṣṭra*, The 986th buddha in the first list, 985th in the second list, and 976th in the third list. ## Siṃhadatta *seng ges byin pa*, Skt. *siṃhadatta*, The 130th buddha in the first list, 130th in the second list, and 130th in the third list. ## Siṃhadhvaja *seng ge’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *siṃhadhvaja*, The 273rd buddha in the first list, 272nd in the second list, and 272nd in the third list. ## Siṃha­dhvaja­dhāriṇī Skt. *siṃha­dhvaja­dhāriṇī*, ‟She who Holds the Lion Banner,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Siṃha­dhvajāgra­tejas *seng ge rgyal mtshan dam pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *siṃha­dhvajāgra­tejas*, A four-continent world in the distant past. ## Siṃhadāsa *seng ge bran bzangs*, Skt. *siṃhadāsa*, A figure from an unidentified avadāna narrative. ## Siṃhagandha *seng ge spos*, Skt. *siṃhagandha*, The bodhisattva who is the seventh son of King Araḅemi and is prophesied to become the Buddha Prabhāsavirajaḥ­samucchraya­gandheśvara­rāja. ## Siṃhagati *seng ge’i stabs*, Skt. *siṃhagati*, The 398th buddha in the first list, 397th in the second list, and 391st in the third list. ## Siṃhaghoṣa *seng ge’i sgra*, Skt. *siṃhaghoṣa*, One of the buddhas who teach the Tathāgata­guhyaka on certain occasions in Vimalakīrti’s house. ## Siṃhagātra *seng ge’i sku*, Skt. *siṃhagātra*, The 209th buddha in the first list, 208th in the second list, and 208th in the third list. ## Siṃhahanu *senge ge’i ’gram*, Skt. *siṃhahanu*, King of Kapilavastu. His children were Amṛtā, Droṇā, Śuklā, Śuddhā, Amṛtodana, Droṇodana, Śuklodana, and Śuddhodana. ## Siṃhahasta *seng ge’i phyag*, Skt. *siṃhahasta*, The 384th buddha in the first list, 383rd in the second list, and 377th in the third list. ## Siṃhahastin *glang chen seng ge*, Skt. *siṃhahastin*, The 359th buddha in the first list, 358th in the second list, and 353rd in the third list. ## Siṃhajātaka *seng ge’i skyes pa’i rabs las*, Skt. *siṃhajātaka*, This source is so far unidentified. The illustrative story in the Karmavibhaṅga is not found in the known texts bearing the same title: the Pāli collection of the Buddha’s former birth stories (jātakas) contains a Sīhajātaka (no. 157), and Haribhaṭṭa’s Jātakāmālā contains a Siṃhajātaka (no. 32) (see Hahn 2007). ## Siṃhaketu *seng ge’i tog*, Skt. *siṃhaketu*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Siṃhakīrti *seng ge grags pa*, Skt. *siṃhakīrti*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Siṃhala *sing gha la*, Skt. *siṃhala*, Sri Laṅka, formerly Ceylon. The Rāmāyaṇa epic specified that Laṅka is inhabited by rākṣasas. Siṃhala was the name by which Laṅka was referred to in the Mahābhārata. The indigenous Buddhist population and their language is still called Singhalese. ## Siṁhaladvīpa One of the names of the island of Sri Lanka. ## Siṃhamati *seng ge’i blo gros*, Skt. *siṃhamati*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Siṃhanandi *seng ge dga’*, Skt. *siṃhanandi*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Siṃhanāda Literally, “The Lion’s Roar.” The name of a form of Avalokiteśvara. ## Siṃhanādanādī *seng ge bsgrags pa*, Skt. *siṃhanādanādī*, One of the buddhas who teach the Tathāgata­guhyaka on certain occasions in Vimalakīrti’s house. ## Siṁha­nāda­nādin *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *siṁha­nāda­nādin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Siṃha­nādābhinādin *seng ge ltar sgra mngon par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *siṃha­nādābhinādin*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Siṃhanādeśvara *seng ge’i sgra’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *siṃhanādeśvara*, Lit. “Lion-Voiced.” A buddha to the east, from whose buddha field the bodhisattva child Sucintitārtha comes. ## Siṃhanādin *seng ge sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *siṃhanādin*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Siṃhapakṣa *seng ge’i phyogs pa*, Skt. *siṃhapakṣa*, The 309th buddha in the first list, 308th in the second list, and 303rd in the third list. ## Siṃhapota *seng ge’i gzugs*, Skt. *siṃhapota*, A town in South India. ## Siṃhapradyota *seng ge rab snang*, Skt. *siṃhapradyota*, A bodhisattva who is attending the Buddha’s teaching in this sūtra. ## Siṃhapārśva *seng ge’i logs*, Skt. *siṃhapārśva*, The 641st buddha in the first list, 640th in the second list, and 632nd in the third list. ## Siṃharaśmi *seng ge’i ’od zer*, Skt. *siṃharaśmi*, The 349th buddha in the first list, 348th in the second list, and 343rd in the third list. ## Siṃha­rāja­gati­vikrīḍita­mati *seng ge’i rgyal po ’gro ba rnam par rol pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *siṃha­rāja­gati­vikrīḍita­mati*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Siṃhasena *seng ge’i sde*, Skt. *siṃhasena*, The 597th buddha in the first list, 596th in the second list, and 590th in the third list. ## Siṃhasvara *seng ge’i nga ro*, Skt. *siṃhasvara*, The 843rd buddha in the first list, 842nd in the second list, and 832nd in the third list. ## Siṃhavajraketu *seng ge rdo rje’i tog*, Skt. *siṃhavajraketu*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Siṃhavijṛṃbhiteśvararāja to the realm of the Buddha Ratnagarbha to make offerings to Mahākāruṇika. ## Siṃhavāhinī *seng ge la zhon ma*, Skt. *siṃhavāhinī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Siṃha­vijṛmbhitā *seng ge rnam par bsgyings pa*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhitā*, A bhikṣuṇī, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 27. ## Siṃhavijṛmbhita *seng ge ltar bsgyings pa*, Skt. *siṃhavijṛmbhita*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Jitendriya­viśāla­netra to the realm of the Buddha Ratnagarbha to make offerings to Mahākāruṇika. ## siṃha­vijṛmbhita *seng ge rnam par bsgyings pa*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhita*, Lit. “lion’s yawn.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Siṃha­vijṛmbhita­prabha *seng ge rnam par bsgyings pa’i ’od*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhita­prabha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Siṃha­vijṛmbhita­rāja *seng ge bsgyings pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhita­rāja*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Siṃha­vijṛmbhiteśvara­rāja *seng ge ltar bsgyings pa’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhiteśvara­rāja*, A buddha in a southern realm who sends bodhisattvas to make offerings to Mahākāruṇika. ## Siṃhavikrama *seng ge’i rtsal*, Skt. *siṃhavikrama*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the eighteenth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Siṁha­vi­krī­ḍita *seng ge rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *siṁha­vi­krī­ḍita*, A great bodhisattva. ## Siṃhavikrīḍita The name (meaning “Lion’s Play”) of a bodhisattva. Interlocutor in the The Dhāraṇī “Heap of Flowers.” ## Siṃhavikrāmin *seng ge’i stabs*, Skt. *siṃhavikrāmin*, The 954th buddha in the first list, 953rd in the second list, and 944th in the third list. ## Siṃha­vikrānta­gāmin *seng ge rtsal gyis ’gro ba*, Skt. *siṃha­vikrānta­gāmin*, A bodhisattva and the main interlocutor of The Teaching on How Phenomena Are without Origin. ## Siṃha­vinardita *seng ge rnam par sgrog pa*, Skt. *siṃha­vinardita*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Siṃha­vinardita Vidu­pradīpa *seng ge’i sgra sgrogs mkhas pa sgron ma*, Skt. *siṃha­vinardita vidu­pradīpa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## siṃhābhigarjita *seng ge mngon par bsgrags pa*, Skt. *siṃhābhigarjita*, Lit. “lion’s roar.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Siṃhinī *seng ge ma*, Skt. *siṃhinī*, A lion-faced goddess in the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Siṃhārī *seng ge ma*, Skt. *siṃhārī*, One of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Siṃhāsyā *seng ge’i gdong ma*, Skt. *siṃhāsyā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## Sikatin *bye ma can*, Skt. *sikatin*, A village. ## silk *dar*, an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## silk from Kāśī *ka shi ka’i ras*, Skt. *ka shi ka’i ras*, The perennially famous silk from the north Indian city now named Vārānasī/Benares. ## silk-cotton tree *shal ma la*, Skt. *śālmalī*, Salmalia malabarica. ## Silky White Mane And Perfect Limbs *dar dkar lta bu’i ral pa can yang lag ma smad pa*, Skt. *dar dkar lta bu’i ral pa can yang lag ma smad pa*, A lion king. ## Silver Forest *dngul gyi shing ljon pa’i tshal*, Skt. *dngul gyi shing ljon pa’i tshal*, A forest in White Body. ## Silver Hue *dngul gyi mdog*, Skt. *dngul gyi mdog*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Silvery Sands *dngul dang bcas pa’i bye mas yongs su bskor ba*, Skt. *dngul dang bcas pa’i bye mas yongs su bskor ba*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## simple atonement *ltung ba ’ba’ zhig pa*, Skt. *śuddha-prāyaścittika*, The second of two types of transgression, the third most severe class of monastic offense. The Buddha prohibited ninety such acts for monks. ## simple transgression *ltung byed 'ba' zhig*, Skt. *śuddhaprāyaścittika*, one of two types of offense. There are ninety varieties of simple transgression. These are expunged through participation in the community’s [restoration](#restoration). ## Sincere *yid gzhungs*, Skt. *yid gzhungs*, Sincere (genuine; free from deceit or pretense), also the name of a son of the buddha Jñānākara. ## sincere attitude *lhag pa’i bsam pa*, Skt. *adhyāśaya*, As defined in the Bodhisattvabhūmi, this is a bodhisattva’s determined, deeply informed enthusiasm for the Buddhist teachings that is grounded in faith and careful study of the Dharma. ## Sindh *sin du’i yul*, Skt. *sindh*, An area located in present day Pakistan. ## Sindhū *sin+d+hu*, Skt. *sindhū*, A river to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## Sindhu The name of a region in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent, named after the Indus River, along which it is situated. ## Sindhudeśa *sin dhu*, Skt. *sindhudeśa*, Sindh (the country around the Indus). ## Sindhusāgara *sin d+hu yi ni rgya mtsho*, Skt. *sindhusāgara*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## sinduvāra *si du ba ra*, Skt. *sinduvāra*, Vitex trifolia or Vitex negundo, types of chaste tree. ## Sing A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Singer of Divine Melodies *lha’i sgra dbyangs skad sgrogs*, Skt. *lha’i sgra dbyangs skad sgrogs*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## single *gcig pa nyid*, Skt. *gcig pa nyid*, Also translated here as “same” in the context of the ten continuities of Dharma. ## single array *gcig tu rnam par bkod pa*, Skt. *ekavyūha*, The 88th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## single aspect *rnam pa gcig tu ’gyur ba*, Skt. *ekākāra*, A meditative stability. ## single day *gdugs gcig*, Skt. *eka­devasika*, gdugs gcig is an archaic word for “day.” ## Single Face *ngos gcig pa*, Skt. *ngos gcig pa*, A mountain in the eastern sea beyond Jambudvīpa. ## Single Heap of Jewels *rin po che brtsegs pa gcig pa*, Skt. *rin po che brtsegs pa gcig pa*, A buddha realm. ## Single Heavenly Body *rgyu skar gcig pa*, Skt. *rgyu skar gcig pa*, A buddha. ## single heroine *dpa’ mo gcig ma*, Skt. *ekavīrā*, The single form of a deity without its accompanying maṇḍala of deities. ## Single Jewel Ornament *rin po che’i bkod pa gcig pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i bkod pa gcig pa*, A buddha. ## Single Jewel Treasury *rin po che’i mdzod gcig pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i mdzod gcig pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Single Lotus Parasol *pad ma’i gdugs gcig pa*, Skt. *pad ma’i gdugs gcig pa*, A buddha realm. ## Single Parasol *gdugs gcig pa*, Skt. *gdugs gcig pa*, A buddha realm. ## single principle *tshul gcig*, Skt. *ekanaya*, In this sūtra, it stands in for the understanding of emptiness and nonduality. ## Single Treasury *mdzod gcig pa*, Skt. *mdzod gcig pa*, A buddha. ## Single-Flavored Attention *sems pa ro gcig pa*, Skt. *sems pa ro gcig pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mokṣavrata. ## single-pointed mind *sems rtse gcig*, Skt. *cittaikāgratā*, A state in which the mind is focused on a single object. ## single-pronged vajra An implement held by Mahākāla in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## single-sitter *stan gcig pa*, Skt. *ekāsanikaḥ*, A “single-sitter” is one who eats only during a single sitting (per day). ## Singular *gcig pa*, Skt. *gcig pa*, Singular (single; exceptional or unique), also the name of a buddha realm. ## singular expression *gcig brjod pa*, Skt. *ekod­āhāra*, See . ## Singularly Blissful *gcig tu bde ba*, Skt. *gcig tu bde ba*, A buddha realm. ## Singularly Delightful *gcig tu yid du ’ong*, Skt. *gcig tu yid du ’ong*, Birthplace of the buddha Madhuvaktra. ## sirisa *shi ri sha*, Skt. *śirīṣa*, The sirisa tree or Acacia sirissa. ## Sitā *dkar mo*, Skt. *sitā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; can also be a metrically shortenend form of Sitātapatrā. ## sit under trees *shing drung pa*, Skt. *vṛkṣamūlika*, Ninth of the twelve ascetic practices. ## Sita *dkar po*, Skt. *sita*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK (in the Tib. only); one of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas. ## Sitaketu *tog dkar po*, Skt. *sitaketu*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas. ## Sitaśrī *dkar po’i dpal*, Skt. *sitaśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Sitaraśmi *’od dkar po*, Skt. *sitaraśmi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sitarāśi *dkar po’i phung po*, Skt. *sitarāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sitaviśālākṣa *mi dkar rings po’i spyan*, Skt. *sitaviśālākṣa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## site *gnas*, Skt. *āvāsa*, A “site” is an area for monastic residence demarcated from surrounding land by a boundary (Tib. mtshams; Skt. sīmā), which is adopted in an official act of the saṅgha who are to reside there. The act along with the different natural and adopted boundaries used to mark the perimeter of a monastic residential site are described in The Chapter on the Restoration Rite. Once a site has been demarcated, other formal acts of saṅgha (such as the rites of restoration, lifting restrictions, and pledging to settle for the rains) may be performed there. Thus, an officially sanctioned monastic “site” is also described as an “allowable place” (Tib. rung ba’i gnas; Skt. kalpikaśālā) in The Chapter on Medicines (Toh 1, ch. 6, 10.14 ff). In secondary scholarship, the Sanskrit āvāsa or “site” has also been translated as “monastic district” and “colony.” ## Sitāṅga *mi dkar yan lag*, Skt. *sitāṅga*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Sitātapatrā *gdugs dkar mo can*, Skt. *sitātapatrā*, “White Umbrella Goddess,” a female Buddhist deity renowned for her power to avert or repel threats from supernatural beings, disease, and misfortune. ## Sitātapatra *gtsug tor gdugs dkar po*, Skt. *sitātapatra*, One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings. ## Situ Paṇchen *si tu paN chen*, Tibetan polymath, founder of Palpung (dpal spungs) Monastery (1700–1774). ## Situ Paṇchen Chökyi Jungné *si tu paN chen chos kyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *si tu paN chen chos kyi ’byung gnas*, The editor of the Degé Kangyur (1700–1774). ## Situated by the End of Karaṇa *ka ra na’i mtha’ na gnas pa*, Skt. *ka ra na’i mtha’ na gnas pa*, An area in Kuru. ## six aspects of perception *’du shes drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭ­saṃjñā*, The six aspects of perception, as enumerated in , are: (1) perception of impermanence, (2) perception of suffering, (3) perception of non-self, (4) perception of unattractiveness, (5) perception of death, and (6) perception of disinterest in all mundane things. ## six branches *yan lag drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍaṅga*, knowledge of miraculous [realm](#realm)s, the divine ear, different states of mind, previous rebirths, birth and death, and the exhaustion of [defilements](#defilements). ## six clairvoyances *mngon par shes pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍābhijña*, See “clairvoyances.” ## Six classes of beings *'gro drug*, see [six realms of existence](#six-realms-of-existence). ## six cognitive fields *skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍāyatana*, Each field comprises one of the six senses with its respective sense-consciousness and the range of objects accessible to it. ## six collections of contacts *reg pa’i tshogs drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭ sparṡa*, The six kinds of contact that occur based on the six sense faculties. ## six collections of feelings *tshor ba’i tshogs drug*, Skt. *tshor ba’i tshogs drug*, The six feelings or sensations resulting from contact between the six sense faculties and their objects. ## Six consciousnesses *rnam shes tshogs drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍvijñānakāya*, lit. six gatherings of consciousness, meaning the gathering of a sense object, of a sense organ and of a consciousness. They are the vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mental consciousnesses. ## six contact-entrances *reg pa’i skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭsparśāyatana*, This refers to the six “internal entrances,” i.e., the five sense faculties plus thought. ## six destinies *’gro ba drug*, Skt. *sadgati*, The six destinies correspond to the six realms of Buddhist cosmogony (i.e., gods, demigods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hell beings). ## six elements *khams drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍdhātu*, The usual four—earth, water, fire, and air—plus space and consciousness. ## six entrances *skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍāyatana*, Six sets of similar dharmas under which all compounded and uncompounded dharmas may be included: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, and their objects—visible forms, sounds, smells, flavors, tangibles, and dharmas. The fifth of the twelve parts of dependent arising. Another name for the “twelve entrances.” ## six extrasensory powers *mngon shes drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍ­abhi­jñā*, As mentioned in , they comprise (1) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of [miraculous] activities, (2) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of divine clairvoyance, (3) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of divine clairaudience, (4) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of other minds, (5) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of recollection of past lives, and (6) the extrasensory power realizing knowledge of the cessation of contaminants. (See also ). ## six faculties *dbang po drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍindriya*, The six sense faculties of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## six forms of life *’gro ba drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍgati*, Life as a being in hell, an animal, a ghost, a human, an asura, and a god. ## six forms of superknowledge *mngon par shes pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍabhijñā*, The divine eye (Skt. divyacakṣus), divine ear (Skt. divyaśrotra), recollection of previous births (Skt. pūrva­nivāsānu­smṛti), knowledge of other minds (Skt. paracittajñāna), knowledge of the destruction of the defiled (Skt. āsrava­kṣayajñāna), and [knowledge of] superpowers (Skt. ṛddhi). ## six great cities *grong khyer chen po drug*, Skt. *ṣaṇmahānagara*, The six great cities of the Middle Country are frequently mentioned in Buddhist literature. The Mahā­parinirvāṇa­sūtra lists them as Śrāvastī, Sāketa, Campā, Vārāṇasī, Vaiśālī, and Rājagṛha. ## six higher perceptions *mngon shes drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍabhijñā*, Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, ability to perform miracles, and the knowledge that all mental defilements have been destroyed. ## six inner sense fields *nang gi skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍ­ādhyātmikāyatana*, The six inner sense fields, as listed in , comprise (1) the sense field of the eyes, (2) the sense field of the ears, (3) the sense field of the nose, (4) the sense field of the tongue, (5) the sense field of the body, and (6) the sense field of the mental faculty. These are part of the twelve sense fields. ## six kinds of sense objects *yul drug*, Skt. *yul drug*, The objects of the six senses include those of the five physical senses (visual forms, sounds, smells, tastes, and tactile sensations) plus the object of the mental faculty, mental phenomena (dharmas). ## six mindfulnesses *rjes su dran pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍanusmṛti*, The six mindfulnesses are (1) mindfulness of the Buddha, (2) mindfulness of the Dharma, (3) mindfulness of the Saṅgha, (4) mindfulness of ethical discipline, (5) mindfulness of giving away, and (6) mindfulness of the gods. See also “ten mindfulnesses.” ## six mothers *yum drug*, The five long sūtras—in One Hundred Thousand, Twenty-Five Thousand (Toh 9), Eighteen Thousand (Toh 10), Ten Thousand (Toh 11), and Eight Thousand (Toh 12) lines—plus the Verse Summary (Toh 13), so called because they are all complete, as defined by each including all eight topics of the Abhisamayālaṃkāra. ## six mountain ranges *sgang drug*, The six mountain ranges of eastern Tibet are listed as the Zalmo range (zal mo sgang), Tsawa range (tsha ba sgang), Markham range (smar khams sgang), Minyak-Rab range (mi nyag rab sgang), Pobor range (spo ’bor sgang), and Mardza range (dmar rdza sgang). ## six non-Buddhist teachers *ston pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭ śāstāraḥ*, These six teachers of nihilism, sophism, determinism, asceticism, etc. sought to rival the Buddha in his day: Purāṇa Kāśyapa, who negated the effects of actions, good or evil; Māskārin Gośāliputra, who taught a theory of randomness, negating causality; Saṃjāyin Vairaṭiputra, who was agnostic in refusing to maintain any opinion about anything; Kakuda Kātyāyana, who taught a materialism in which there was no such thing as killer or killed, but only transformations of elements; Ajita Keśakambala, who taught a more extreme nihilism regarding everything except the four main elements; and Nirgrantha Jñātiputra, otherwise known as Mahāvīra, the founder of Jainism, who taught the doctrine of indeterminism (Skt. syādvāda), considering all things in terms of “maybe.” They were allowed to proclaim their doctrines unchallenged until a famous assembly at Śrāvastī, where the Buddha eclipsed them with a display of miracles and teachings. ## six objects *yul drug*, Skt. *yul drug*, The six sense objects: forms, sounds, smells, tastes, textures, and mental objects. ## Six Ornaments *rgyan drug*, the six great commentators of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s teachings: [Nāgārjuna](#nāgārjuna), [Āryadeva](#āryadeva), [Asaṅga](#asaṅga), Vasubandhu, Dignāga, and Dharmakīrti. ## six outer sense fields *phyi’i skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍ­bāhyāyatana*, The six outer sense fields, as listed in , comprise (1) the sense field of sights, (2) the sense field of sounds, (3) the sense field of odors, (4) the sense field of tastes, (5) the sense field of tangibles, and (6) the sense field of mental phenomena. These are part of the twelve sense fields. ## six outsider masters *ston pa drug*, Skt. *ṣāṭ śāstāraḥ*, These six teachers of nihilism, sophism, determinism, asceticism, etc. sought to rival the Buddha in his day: Purāna Kāśyapa, who negated the effects of action, good or evil; Māskārin Gośāli­putra, who taught a theory of randomness, negating causality; Saṃjāyin Vairaṭi­putra, who was agnostic in refusing to maintain any opinion about anything; Kakuda Kātyāyana, who taught a materialism in which there was no such thing as killer or killed, but only transformations of elements; Ajita Keśakambala, who taught a more extreme nihilism regarding everything except the four main elements; and Nirgrantha Jñāti­putra, otherwise known as Mahāvīra, the founder of Jainism, who taught the doctrine of indeterminism (syādvāda), considering all things in terms of “maybe.” They were allowed to proclaim their doctrines unchallenged until a famous assembly at Śrāvastī, where the Buddha eclipsed them with a display of miracles and teachings. ## six perfections *pha rol tu phyin pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭpāramitā*, The practice of the six perfections, comprising generosity, ethical discipline, tolerance, perseverance, meditative concentration, and wisdom or discriminative awareness, is the foundation of the entire bodhisattva’s way of life. These six are known as “perfections” when they are motivated by an altruistic intention to attain full enlightenment for the sake of all beings, when they are undertaken within a sixfold combination of all the perfections, and when they are performed with an awareness of the emptiness of the agent, the object, and their interaction. Some of the more detailed discussions of different aspects of the six perfections in this text include -, -, -, -, -, -, and -. ## six primary and six accompanying duties of training *bslab pa’i chos drug dang rjes su mthun pa’i chos*, The vows of nun postulants consist of six primary vows and six secondary observances, all of which are modeled on the 364 vows of a nun. According to The Explanation of the Nuns’ Discipline (Toh 5), the six primary duties are that a nun postulant must not (1) travel alone on the road, (2) cross a body of water, (3) touch men, (4) stay together with a man, (5) act as a matchmaker, or (6) conceal an offense. The six accompanying duties are that a nun postulant must not (1) handle gold, (2) shave her pubic hair, (3) dig in the earth, (4) cut green grass, (5) eat what has not been properly given and accepted, or (6) eat what has been stored. ## six principles of being liked *yang dag par sdud par ’gyur ba’i chos drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭsaṃrañjanīya*, Vasubandhu/Daṃṣṭrāsena’s Bṛhaṭṭīkā () says these “are in the One Hundred Thousand” and lists them as “kindly physical action, kindly verbal action, kindly mental action, and a balanced morality, balanced view, and balanced livelihood.” ## Six realms of existence *'gro drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍgati*, six modes of existence caused and dominated by a particular mental poison: the [realm](#realm)s of [hells](#hell) (**anger**), of [pretas](#preta) (**miserliness**), of animals (**bewilderment or ignorance**), of humans (**desire**), of [demigods](#demigod) or asuras (**jealousy**), and of [gods](#gods) (**pride**). They correspond to deluded [perceptions](#perceptions) produced by beings' [karma](#karma) and apprehended as real. One also speaks of five [realm](#realm)s (*'gro lnga*, Skt. *pañcagati*), counting [gods](#gods) and [demigod](#demigod)s together as one [realm](#realm). ## six recollections *rjes su dran pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍanusmṛti*, The six recollections are enumerated in this sūtra at and discussed in the passage that follows. They are listed in the Abhisamayālaṅkāra as part of the sixth aspect, viz. the seventh to the twelfth of thirteen serial trainings. They are recollection of (1) the spiritual teacher, (2) the Buddha, (3) the Dharma, (4) the Saṅgha, (5) ethical discipline, and (6) giving away. All but the first are also included in the ten recollections (q.v.). ## six remembrances *rjes su dran pa drug*, Skt. *anusmṛti*, These are six things to keep in mind: the Buddha, the Dharma, the Saṅgha, morality (śīla), generosity (tyāga), and deities (devatā). ## six seasons *dus tshigs drug*, Skt. *dus tshigs drug*, The six seasons are early winter, late winter, spring, summer, monsoon, and fall. ## six sense bases *skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍāyatana*, The five senses and their objects, plus the mind and phenomena known to the mind. Together they comprise the fifth of the twelve links of dependent origination. ## six sense faculties *dbang po drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍindriya*, The six sense faculties of the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## six sense fields May refer to the six sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and thinking mind) together with their respective objects (forms, sounds, smells, tastes, touch, and dharmas). In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned, and they are the inner sense sources (similar to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## six sense objects Forms, sounds, smells, tastes, textures, and mental objects. ## six sense sources *skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣadāyatana*, The six sense organs of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, tactile sense, and mind, together with their respective objects of forms, sounds, smells, flavors, tactile objects, and mental objects. See also “sense source.” ## six senses *dbang po drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍindriya*, The senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, together with a sixth “mental” sense that takes phenomena (Skt. dharma; Tib. chos) as its object. ## six sources of knowledge *tshad ma drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭpramāṇa*, This likely refers to perception (Skt. pratyakṣa), inference (Skt. anumāna), comparison (Skt. upamāna), testimony (Skt. śabda), nonperception (Skt. anupalabdhi), and inference from circumstances (Skt. arthāpatti). ## six spheres *skye mched drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍāyatana*, Six sets of similar dharmas under which all compounded and uncompounded dharmas may be included: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, and their objects‍—visible forms, sounds, smells, flavors, tangibles, and dharmas. ## six [summaries and explanations] *mtha’ drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭkoṭi*, Here referring to the three types of summaries and three types of explanations. ## six superior abilities The same as the five superior abilities—divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the thoughts of others, clear experiential recollection of previous states of existence, and the realization of magical methods—with the addition of the ability to destroy all mental defilements (ā srava, zag pa). ## six superknowledges *mngon shes drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍabhijñā*, The six superknowledges in Siṃha’s Question are discussed in verses 27–30 in the following order: (1) divine sight, a form of clairvoyance; (2) divine hearing, a form of clairaudience; (3) knowing the dying, transmigration, and rebirth of sentient beings; (4) knowing how to extinguish the defilements; (5) the recollection of former lives; and (6) knowing how to perform miraculous transformations. In Buddhist literature, the six are not always given in this order, and sometimes the superknowledges are listed as five, excluding knowing how to extinguish the defilements. ## six supernormal faculties *mngon shes drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍabhijñā*, The six supernormal faculties are (1) miraculous powers, (2) divine hearing, (3) knowledge of others’ minds, (4) recollection of former lives, (5) divine sight, and (6) knowledge that the defilements have been extinguished. ## six supernormal knowledges *mngon par shes pa drug*, Skt. *mngon par shes pa drug*, Divine sight, divine hearing, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, ability to perform miracles, and ability to destroy all mental defilements. The first five supernormal knowledges are considered mundane or worldly and can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis as well as Buddhist arhats and bodhisattvas. The sixth is considered to be supramundane and can be attained only by Buddhist yogis. ## six tastes *ro drug po*, Skt. *ṣaḍrasa*, These are sweet, salty, sour (like a lemon), bitter like the bitter gourd (Hindi karela), astringent (like an unripe banana), and pungent (like chili). ## Six transcendent perfections *pha rol tu phyin pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭ pāramitā*: **transcendent generosity** (*sbyin pa'i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dāna-pāramitā*), **transcendent discipline** (*tshul khrims gyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, *Śīla-pāramitā*), **transcendent patience** (*bzod pa'i pha rol tu phyin pa*, *kṣānti-pāramitā*), **transcendent diligence** (*dbtson 'grus kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, *vīrya-pāramitā*), **transcendent concentration** (*bsam gtan gyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, *dhyāna-pāramitā*) and **transcendent wisdom** (*shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, *prajñā-pāramitā*). See also [transcendent perfection](#transcendent-perfection). ## six transcendent virtues *phar phyin drug*, Skt. *ṣaṭpāramitā*, The six qualities that are to be perfected on the Mahāyāna path: generosity, discipline, patience, diligence, concentration, and insight. ## six types of brahminical activities *las rnam pa drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍbrahmiñcarya*, Read as a variant of the Tib. bram ze’i las drug, they are (1) reading (klog pa), (2) encouraging others to read (klog tu ’jug pa), (3) making sacrificial offerings (mchod sbyin), (4) encouraging others to perform sacrificial offerings (mchod sbyin byed du ’jug pa), (5) practicing giving/giving alms (sbyin pa), and (6) accepting alms/offerings (len pa) (Rigzin 285). ## six types of existence *’gro ba drug*, Skt. *ṣaḍgati*, Gods, asuras, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. ## six-month observance *ba ra ta ka zla ba drug*, An ascetic observance (Tib. brtul zhugs; Skt. vrata) that is adopted for a fixed period of six months. ## six-syllable mahāvidyā *yi ge drug pa’i rig pa chen po*, Skt. *ṣaḍakṣarī mahāvidyā*, Oṁ maṇipadme hūṁ. This appears to be a vocative call to Avalokiteśvara under the name of Maṇipadma (see Introduction, ). Ṣadakṣarī (q.v.) is also the name of the four-armed goddess who personifies the mantra. ## six-syllable mantra *yi ge drug pa*, Skt. *ṣaḍakṣarī*, Ṣadakṣarī (q.v.) is also the name of the four-armed goddess who personifies the mantra. See “six-syllable mahāvidyā.” ## six-syllable queen of mahāvidyās *yi ge drug pa’i rig sngags chen mo’i rgyal mo*, Skt. *ṣaḍakṣarī mahā­vidyā­rājñī*, See “six-syllable mahāvidyā.” ## six-syllable vidyāmantra *yi ge drug pa’i rig sngags*, Skt. *yi ge drug pa’i rig sngags*, See “six-syllable mahāvidyā.” ## sixteen aspects (of the four truths of noble beings) *bden bzhi’i dpyod pa rnam pa bcu drug*, Skt. *ṣoḍaśākāra*, These are impermanence, suffering, emptiness, absence of self, origination, causality, production, conditionality, cessation, peace, excellence, deliverance, path, reason, practice, and release. See for an explanation of these. ## sixteen developed powers *stobs bskyed pa bcu drug*, Skt. *ṣoḍaśa­balādhāna*, The sixteen are listed at . ## sixteen emptinesses *stong pa nyid bcu drug*, Skt. *ṣoḍaśaśūnyatā*, Here the classical set of sixteen types of emptiness described in many Mahāyāna philosophical texts corresponds to a group of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas. The sixteen are listed as (1) inner emptiness, (2) outer emptiness, (3) outer and inner emptiness, (4) the emptiness of emptiness, (5) ultimate emptiness, (6) the emptiness of compounded phenomena, (7) the emptiness of uncompounded phenomena, (8) beginningless and endless emptiness, (9) the emptiness of nonrejection, (10) natural emptiness, (11) the emptiness of all phenomena, (12) the emptiness of own-characteristics, (13) the emptiness of the unobserved, (14) the emptiness of nonentities, (15) the emptiness of own-essence, and (16) the emptiness of own-essence of nonentities. ## sixteen excellent men *skyes bu dam pa bcu drug*, Skt. *ṣoḍaśasatpuruṣa*, A list of sixteen bodhisattvas headed by Bhadrapāla, mentioned in many sūtras as present in the audience. Unlike many other great bodhisattvas, they are all householders. Their names are—according to The White Lotus of the Good Dharma (Toh 113): Bhadrapāla, Ratnākara, Susārthavāha, Naradatta, Guhyagupta, Varuṇadatta, Indradatta, Uttaramati, Viśeṣamati, Vardhamānamati, Amoghadarśin, Susaṃprasthita, Su­vikrānta­vikrāmiṇ, Anupamamati, Sūryagarbha, and Dharaṇīṃdhara. ## sixteen great inexpiable occupations *las mi zad pa chen po bcu drug*, Skt. *las mi zad pa chen po bcu drug*, These are described in the Nirvāṇa Sūtra as (1) raising and fattening sheep for market, (2) butchering sheep for profit, (3) raising and fattening pigs for market, (4) butchering pigs for profit, (5) raising and fattening cattle for market, (6) butchering cattle for profit, (7) raising and fattening fowl for market, (8) butchering fowl for profit, (9) fishing, (10) hunting, being a (11) brigand, (12) executioner, (13) bird catcher, (14) liar, (15) or jailer, and (16) casting incantations on nāgas. ## sixteen great occupations *las chen po bcu drug*, Skt. *las chen po bcu drug*, See “sixteen great inexpiable occupations.” ## sixth Shamar The sixth Shamar Rinpoché, Shamar Chökyi Wangchuk (shwa dmar chos kyi dbang phyug, 1584–1630), at the request of the king of Jang Satham in eastern Tibet, led the compilation of what became known as the Lithang Kangyur. ## sixty qualities *yan lag drug cu*, Skt. *ṣaṣṭāṅga*, The Buddha’s speech is said to have sixty aspects and sometimes sixty-four. The list of sixty, as given in Maitreyanātha’s Mahāyāna­sūtrālaṃkāra, are (1) ripening, (2) smooth, (3) direct, (4) cogent, (5) correct, (6) stainless, (7) clear, (8) harmonious, (9) proper, (10) undefeatable, (11) meaningful, (12) taming, (13) gentle, (14) kind, (15) completely taming, (16) pleasing, (17) refreshing, (18) soothing, (19) gladdening, (20) blissful, (21) fulfilling, (22) worthwhile, (23) meaningful, (24) comprehensive, (25) reassuring, (26) inspiring, (27) enlightening, (28) instructive, (29) logical, (30) pertinent, (31) exact, (32) powerful, (33) fearless, (34) unfathomable, (35) majestic, (36) melodious, (37) sustaining, (38) long-lasting, (39) auspicious, (40) authoritative, (41) exhortative, (42) selfless, (43) confident, (44) omniscient, (45) whole, (46) complete, (47) certain, (48) desireless, (49) exhilarating, (50) pervasive, (51) stimulating, (52) continuous, (53) consistent, (54) multilingual, (55) adaptive, (56) reliable, (57) timely, (58) calm, (59) pervasive, and (60) perfecting. ## sixty qualities (of speech) *yan lag drug cu*, Skt. *ṣaṣṭyaṅga*, The Buddha’s speech is said to have sixty aspects and sometimes sixty-four. The list of sixty, as given in Maitreyanātha’s Mahāyāna­sūtrālaṃkara, are (1) ripening, (2) smooth, (3) direct, (4) cogent, (5) correct, (6) stainless, (7) clear, (8) harmonious, (9) proper, (10) undefeatable, (11) meaningful, (12) taming, (13) gentle, (14) kind, (15) completely taming, (16) pleasing, (17) refreshing, (18) soothing, (19) gladdening, (20) blissful, (21) fulfilling, (22) worthwhile, (23) meaningful, (24) comprehensive, (25) reassuring, (26) inspiring, (27) enlightening, (28) instructive, (29) logical, (30) pertinent, (31) exact, (32) powerful, (33) fearless, (34) unfathomable, (35) majestic, (36) melodious, (37) sustaining, (38) long-lasting, (39) auspicious, (40) authoritative, (41) exhortative, (42) selfless, (43) confident, (44) omniscient, (45) whole, (46) complete, (47) certain, (48) desireless, (49) exhilarating, (50) pervasive, (51) stimulating, (52) continuous, (53) consistent, (54) multilingual, (55) adaptive, (56) reliable, (57) timely, (58) calm, (59) pervasive, and (60) perfecting. ## sixty-four arts *sgyu rtsal drug cu rtsa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥṣaṣṭikalā*, These include writing and mathematics, and also different sports, crafts, dancing, acting, and the playing of various instruments. MW s.v. kalā gives the sixty-four Skt names as they are found in the Śaivatantra starting with the art of singing, speaking, dancing, writing, drawing and so on. ## sixty-four crafts *sgyu rtsal drug cu rtsa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥṣaṣṭi­kalā*, The sixty-four crafts, as enumerated in the Mahāvyutpatti, comprise the thirty designated arts, the eighteen requisites of musical performance, the seven harmonious tones of the musical scale, and the nine dramatic moods. See also . ## sixty-four skills *sgyu rtsal drug cu rtsa bzhi*, Skt. *catuḥṣaṣṭi­kalāvidhi*, These include writing and mathematics, and also different sports, crafts, dancing, acting, and the playing of various instruments. ## sixty-four vocational arts *sgyu rtsal drug cu rtsa bzhi*, Skt. *sarvāsu ca catuḥ­ṣaṣṭhiṣu kalāsu pariniṣpanna*, These include writing and mathematics, and also different sports, crafts, dancing, acting, and the playing of various instruments. ## sixty-two convictions *lta bar gyur pa drug cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dṛṣṭigata*, These are enumerated in the Brahmājāla­sūtra and in the Dighanikāya and consist of all views other than the “right view” of the absence of self. All sixty-two fall into either one of the two categories known as the “two extremisms:” “eternalism” (sāśvatavāda) and “nihilism” (ucchedavāda). ## sixty-two fabricated views *lta ba drug cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvāṣaṣti dṛṣṭīkṛta*, A typology of erroneous beliefs about the nature of reality, often grouped into views of eternalism, nihilism, and their combinations. ## sixty-two false views *lta ba’i rnam pa drug cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvā­ṣaṣṭi­dṛṣṛṭi­kṛtāni*, The sixty-two false views, as enumerated in the Sūtra of the Net of Brahmā (Bodhi (1978)), comprise eighteen speculations concerning the past, based on theories of eternalism, partial eternalism, extensionism, endless equivocation, and fortuitous origination, as well as forty-four speculations concerning the future, based on percipient immortality, non-percipient immortality, neither percipient nor non-percipient immortality, annihilationism, and the immediate attainment of nirvāṇa in the present life. ## sixty-two mistaken views *lta ba’i rnam pa drug cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvāṣaṣṭi­dṛṣṛṭi­kṛtāni*, The sixty-two false views, as enumerated in the Sūtra of the Net of Brahmā (Bodhi (1978)), comprise eighteen speculations concerning the past, based on theories of eternalism, partial eternalism, extensionism, endless equivocation, and fortuitous origination, as well as forty-four speculations concerning the future, based on percipient immortality, nonpercipient immortality, neither percipient nor nonpercipient immortality, annihilationism, and the immediate attainment of nirvāṇa in the present life. See also Dorje 2012: pp. 502–3. ## sixty-two views *lta ba’i rnam pa drug cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvāṣaṣṭidṛṣṛṭikṛta*, The sixty-two false views, as enumerated in the Brahma­jāla­sūtra (Toh 352), comprise eighteen speculations concerning the past, based on theories of eternalism, partial eternalism, extensionism, endless equivocation, and fortuitous origination, as well as forty-four speculations concerning the future, based on percipient immortality, non-percipient immortality, neither percipient nor non-percipient immortality, annihilationism, and the immediate attainment of nirvāṇa in the present life. ## Sāja Another name for the lunar asterism Pūrvabhādrapadā. ## Skandā *skem byed ma*, Skt. *skandā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## skanda *skem byed*, Skt. *skanda*, A class of nonhuman beings associated with disease and misfortune. They are often specifically associated with conditions that afflict children. ## skandha *phung po*, Skt. *skandha*, The constituents that make up a being’s existence: forms, sensations, identifications, mental activities, and consciousnesses. Often translated “aggregate,” commonly in the context of the five aggregates. Along with dhātu and āyatana, one of the three major categories in the taxonomy of phenomena in the sūtra literature. ## skandhamāra *phung po’i bdud*, Skt. *skandhamāra*, See “māra.” ## skandhas *phung po*, Skt. *skandha*, Literally, “heaps,” or “aggregates.” These are the five aggregates of forms, sensations, identifications, mental activities, and consciousnesses. ## Skandhākṣa *phrag pa’i mig*, Skt. *skandhākṣa*, A yakṣa general. ## skeleton sign *rus pa’i mtshan nyid*, Skt. *rus pa’i mtshan nyid*, A name for the frame of a sculpture before clay or plaster is applied ## Sāketā *gnas bcas*, Skt. *sāketā*, A country mentioned in the story of the physician Ātreya and the story of King Māndhātṛ. ## Sāketa *yul gnas bcas*, Skt. *sāketa*, Place where the Buddha resided and taught, thought to be present day Ayodhyā. ## Sāṃkhya *grangs can pa*, Skt. *sāṃkhya*, One of the three great divisions of Brahmanical philosophy. ## Skilful Means *thabs*, Skt *upāya*, spontaneous, altruistic activity born from [wisdom](#wisdom). ## skill in means *thabs*, Skt. *upāya*, The skillful methods of a bodhisattva, enacted for the benefit of others. ## Skill of the Completely Victorious in Battle *g.yul las shin tu rnam par rgyal ba’i rtsal*, Skt. *g.yul las shin tu rnam par rgyal ba’i rtsal*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Entering from All Doors. ## Skilled at Proclaiming the Abodes *gnas sgrogs mkhas*, Skt. *gnas sgrogs mkhas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Skilled in Changing Action *spyod pa sgyur ba la mkhas pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Skilled in Gathering *tshogs mkhas ma*, Skt. *tshogs mkhas ma*, Mother of the buddha Sadgaṇin. ## skilled in means *thabs mkhas pa*, Skt. *upāyakuśala*, The concept of skillful means is central to the understanding of the Buddha’s enlightened deeds and the many scriptures that are revealed contingent to the needs, interests, and mental dispositions of specific types of individuals. According to the Great Vehicle, training in skillful means collectively denotes the first five of the six perfections when integrated with wisdom, the sixth perfection, to form a union of wisdom and means. ## Skilled in Releasing into Awakening *byang chub tu sgrol ba la mkhas pa*, Skt. *byang chub tu sgrol ba la mkhas pa*, A former buddha. ## Skilled in the Knowledge of Cessation as Related to the Knowledge of Death *’chi ba shes pa ’gog pa shes pa la mkhas pa*, Skt. *’chi ba shes pa ’gog pa shes pa la mkhas pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## skilled logician *rtog pa can*, Skt. *tārkika*, A skilled dialectician, logician, or philosopher. ## Skillful *thabs ldan*, Skt. *thabs ldan*, Skillful (having or showing skill), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Tīrthakara. ## Skillful Achiever of the Future *phyi ma’i mtha’ sgrub pa la mkhas pa*, Skt. *phyi ma’i mtha’ sgrub pa la mkhas pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Skillful Illumination *mkhas par snang bar byed*, Skt. *mkhas par snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Supraṇaṣṭamoha. ## Skillful in the Glory of the Lotus Guru *pad ma bla dpal mkhas pa*, Skt. *pad ma bla dpal mkhas pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Beautiful Lotus. Likely the same as the thus-gone one Glory of the Manifestation of the Sublime Lotus. ## Skillful Insight *shes rab mkhas pa*, Skt. *shes rab mkhas pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Skillful Manner *tshul la mkhas pa*, Skt. *tshul la mkhas pa*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## skillful means *thabs*, Skt. *upāya*, The concept of skillful means is central to the understanding of the Buddha’s enlightened deeds and the many scriptures which are revealed contingent to the needs, interests, and mental dispositions of specific types of individuals. According to the Great Vehicle, training in skillful means collectively denotes the first five of the six transcendent perfections when integrated with wisdom, the sixth transcendent perfection, to form a union of discriminative awareness and means. ## skin of extremely delicate complexion *mdog shin tu ’jam pa*, Skt. *ślakṣṇa­mṛdu­snehacchavitā*, Fifteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Sūkṣmā *zhib mo*, Skt. *sūkṣmā*, the younger sister of the [pratyekabuddha](#pratyekabuddha) [Śūrpī](#śūrpī) and also a prior incarnation of [Śāriputra](#śāriputra). ## Sūkṣmabuddhi *blo zhib*, Skt. *sūkṣmabuddhi*, The 621st buddha in the first list, 620th in the second list, and 613th in the third list. ## Sūkṣmarūpā *phra gzugs ma*, Skt. *sūkṣmarūpā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## skull *thod*, Skt. *yogapātra*, The vault or calvaria of a human skull used as a cup held by some wrathful deities, often filled with blood; or a skull cup used as a ritual implement. ## Skull cup *thod phor*, Skt. *kapāla*. The top of a skull is used in certain rituals and by some yogīs as a [bowl](#bowl). It symbolizes [egolessness](#egolessness). ## Skull Cup with Ears *rna bcas thod pa can*, Skt. *rna bcas thod pa can*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Skull Holder A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Sky Dweller *bar snang ma*, Skt. *bar snang ma*, One of the eight great yakṣīs. ## Sky Eyes *nam mkha’i mig*, Skt. *nam mkha’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Sky Family *nam mkha’i rigs*, Skt. *nam mkha’i rigs*, A buddha realm. ## Sky Joy *nam mkha’ dga’*, Skt. *nam mkha’ dga’*, Mother of the buddha Rāhu­sūrya­garbha. ## Sky Lady *gnam mo*, Skt. *gnam mo*, Mother of the buddha Śaśiketu. ## Sky Mind *nam mkha’i blo*, Skt. *nam mkha’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Akṣobhya (776 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sky Roar *nam mkha’i nga ro*, Skt. *nam mkha’i nga ro*, A buddha. ## Sky Scent *nam mkha’i dri ma*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dri ma*, A town in Videha. ## sky traveler *nam mkha’ la rgyu bar byed pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ la rgyu bar byed pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Sky Treasury *nam mkha’ mdzod*, Skt. *nam mkha’ mdzod*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sky Uttering Sound *nam mkha’ sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *ākāśaghoṣa*, A Licchavī youth. ## Sāṃkāśya *gsal ba*, Skt. *sāṃkāśya*, A city where the Buddha descended from the heaven of the Thirty-Three gods. ## Sāṅkāśya Skt. *sāṅkāśya*, The town where the Buddha descended from the realm of the Thirty-Three. ## sky-flower *nam mkha’i me tog*, Skt. *khakusuma*, Metaphorical expression for something unreal, illusionary. ## sky-goer face *mkha’ ’gro gdong*, Skt. *khagamukhā*, Another name for the channel carrying semen. ## sky-like *nam mkha’ lta bu*, Skt. *gaganākalpa*, The thirteenth of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## Sky-Like Thought *bsam pa nam mkha’ ci bzhin*, Skt. *ākāśavat*, A bodhisattva. ## Sālā *sa la*, Skt. *sālā*, A village. ## sāl tree *shing sA la*, Skt. *sāla*, A hardwood tree that is widespread on the Indian subcontinent. Usually identified as Shorea robusta. It is usually known as the kind of tree under which the Buddha was born and passed away. However, according to this account, the Buddha was born under a fig tree, similar to the one under which he attained awakening. ## sāla *sA la*, Skt. *sāla*, Usually identified as Shorea robusta, known as the kind of tree under which the Buddha was born and passed away. ## Sāla Grove *sA la’i nags*, Skt. *sālavana*, The place where the Buddha passed into final nirvāṇa. ## Slab of Beryl *bai DUr+ya’i rdo leb*, Skt. *bai DUr+ya’i rdo leb*, A location in Draped with Jewels. ## Sālabalā *sa la stobs*, Skt. *sālabalā*, A village. See also . ## Sālajaya­bindu­rājā *sA la’i thigs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sālajaya­bindu­rājā*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## slander *phra ma*, Skt. *paiśunya*, Fifth of the ten nonvirtuous (akuśala) actions, the first of the three related to speech (the latter two being harsh speech and senseless talk). ## Sālarāja A buddha in the distant past, he was previously the bodhisatva Smṛtipratilabdha. ## Sāla­vyūha­megha *sa las rnam brgyan sprin*, Skt. *sāla­vyūha­megha*, A royal capital in another world realm in the distant past. In prose, its long form is Ratna­sāla­vyūha­megha­pradīpā. ## Sleepless Eye *gnyid med pa’i mig*, Skt. *gnyid med pa’i mig*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of the Finest Gold of Immeasurable Propriety. ## Slender, Supple, Firm, Fine, and Smooth Limbs Youthful Like Flowers and with Copper-Colored Nails *rka lag phra zhing mnyen la gzhon sha chags shing sra ba la ’jam zhing me tog ltar shin tu gzhon la rka lag gi sen mo zangs kyi mdog ’dra ba*, Skt. *rka lag phra zhing mnyen la gzhon sha chags shing sra ba la ’jam zhing me tog ltar shin tu gzhon la rka lag gi sen mo zangs kyi mdog ’dra ba*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Sālendra *sA la’i dbang po*, Skt. *sālendra*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-seventh) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sālendrarāja *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sālendrarāja*, The name of a buddha in a northeastern realm who sends bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Sālendra­rāja­śri­garbha *sA la’i rgyal po dpal gyi mchog*, Skt. *sālendra­rāja­śri­garbha*, The fifty-first buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Sālendra­rāja­śiri­garbha. ## Sālendrasiṃha­vigraha *sAla’i dbang po seng ge’i sgra*, Skt. *sālendrasiṃha­vigraha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Sālibalā *sa la’i stobs*, Skt. *sālibalā*, A village. ## Slicing Like a Bottle-Gourd Fruit *’bras bu a la bud lta bur gcod pa*, Skt. *alābucchedaka*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## slightly leprous *mdze can chung ngu*, Skt. *mdze can chung ngu*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## slightly piercing *cung zad ’bigs pa*, Skt. *cung zad ’bigs pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## slightly white *cung zad dkar ba*, Skt. *cung zad dkar ba*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Slope of Mount Sumeru *ri rab kyi ngos*, Skt. *ri rab kyi ngos*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Mind without Torment. ## Sloping Banks *gram sag gi chu*, Skt. *gram sag gi chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## slowness *zhan pa*, Skt. *mandatva*, The Nibandhana explains this as a change in one’s mnemonic abilities, such as forgetting quickly and not remembering clearly, i.e., a kind of mental slowness. ## Sāma Veda *snyan tshig gi rig byed*, Skt. *sāmaveda*, Along with the Ṛg Veda, Yajur Veda, and Atharva Veda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. ## small bundle *po ta ra ka*, Skt. *po ta ra ka*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Small Club Holder *mdung thung ’dzin*, Skt. *mdung thung ’dzin*, One of the eight great yakṣīs. ## small mass The name of a siddhi. This term is used as a synonym for the term “pill” in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. Because both terms are so similar in both Tibetan and Sanskrit, they are sometimes used interchangeably. ## Small Person with a Curving Spine *sgur chung*, Skt. *sgur chung*, A certain monk of the Buddha’s order whose vile deeds committed against his mother in a previous life ripened into a series of hell births. Finally attaining a human birth, he had a curved spine and went hungry, then drank ash-gruel and passed into parinirvāṇa. ## small pustules *phol mig*, Skt. *piṭaka*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## small shape A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Small skull drum *thod pa'i da ma ru*, small double sided drum made of two skull-tops. ## small stake A smaller form of the kīla. ## small thousandfold world system *stong gi ’jig rten gyi khams byur bu*, Skt. *sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, A universe comprising one thousand world systems each with its four continents etc., according to traditional Indian cosmology. The Tibetan term byur bu that forms part of the term used in this text, and also means “brimful,” may be a rendering of Skt. cūlakabaddha with the sense of this first-order world system being “bound,” i.e., relatively compact or limited when compared to the second- and third-order universes. ## Small Waves *dba’ rlabs chung ngu*, Skt. *alpormika*, A nāga king. ## Smaller Heaven of the Pure The thirteenth heaven of the form realm, counting from lowest to highest. Associated with the fourth state of meditation (dhyāna). It's name may derive from the notion that it is the lowest of the heavens that are abodes of the pure (śuddhāvāsa)." ## Smara *dran*, Skt. *smara*, Another name for Kāmadeva or Vajrānaṅga. ## Smart Blacksmith *mgar ba legs rtogs*, Skt. *mgar ba legs rtogs*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Sāmaveda *snyan tshig gi rig byed*, Skt. *sāmaveda*, Along with the Ṛgveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. It primarily contains melodic notations for the chanting of Vedic hymns. ## Sāmaveda branch The category of priests in the brahmanical tradition who specialize in the ritual chants of the Sāmaveda. ## Sāmavedin The name of a brahmin lineage. ## smell power *snum pa’i stobs*, Skt. *snum pa’i stobs*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Smiling Face That Brightly Shines Like the Moon and a Lotus Flower *pad ma dang zla ba ltar bzhin ’dzum zhing brjid la mdangs gsal ba*, Skt. *pad ma dang zla ba ltar bzhin ’dzum zhing brjid la mdangs gsal ba*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Sāmkhya *grangs can*, Skt. *sāmkhya*, One of the three great divisions of Brahmanical philosophy. ## Sāmānyā *spyi ma*, Skt. *sāmānyā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Smoky *du ba pa*, Skt. *du ba pa*, Smoky (filled with or resembling smoke), also the name of a forest on Forest Garlands. ## Smoky Forest of Burning Embers *me mdag dud pa’i tshal*, Skt. *dhūmāṅgāravana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Smoky Forest of Burning Plantains *chu shing bsregs pa’i tshal*, Skt. *kadalī­dhūma­vana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Smooth *’jam pa*, Skt. *’jam pa*, Smooth (having an even surface; free from roughness), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Apagatakleśa. ## Smooth as Kācilindika Fabric *gos ka tsa lin da ltar reg na ’jam pa*, Skt. *gos ka tsa lin da ltar reg na ’jam pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Astride Mount Sumeru. The Mahāvyutpatti has kācalindikam for kA tsa lin da’i gos, but Edgerton (175) calls this and other forms of this term a corruption of kācilindika, which he rather nebulously defines as “n. of some kind of very soft textile stuff.” ## Smooth Ground *gzhi ’jam pa*, Skt. *gzhi ’jam pa*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## smooth hair *dbu skra mi rtsub pa*, Skt. *aparuṣakeśa*, Seventy-eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## Sāmreḍā *sA mre DA*, Skt. *sāmreḍā*, A river on Great Slope. ## Smṛtibuddhi *dran pa’i blo*, Skt. *smṛtibuddhi*, A bodhisattva of the past world Virtuous Occurrence who answers the questions of the Tathāgata Glorious Secret. A past incarnation of the bodhisattva Prajñākūṭa. ## Smṛtijñāna (10th - 11th century), famous Indian master and [paṇḍita](#paṇḍita) who contributed to the translation into Tibetan and correction of certain [tantra](#tantra)s and commentaries. His death, in Tibet, marks the end of the period of the Old Translations. ## Smṛtiketu­rāja­śrī *dran pa’i tog gi rgyal po’i dpal*, Skt. *smṛtiketu­rāja­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Smṛti­ketu­rāja­śri *dran pa’i rgyal mtshan rgyal po*, Skt. *smṛti­ketu­rāja­śri*, The eighty-fourth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. In the Tibetan, dpal (śri) has been merged into the following name, Dharmamati. BHS verse: Smṛti­ketu­rāja­śiri. ## Smṛtilābha *dran pa rnyed pa*, Skt. *smṛtilābha*, A prince and bodhisattva. ## Smṛtimat *dran pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *smṛtimat*, A deva in Trāyastriṃśa. ## Smṛtiprabha *dran ’od*, Skt. *smṛtiprabha*, The 703rd buddha in the first list, 702nd in the second list, and 692nd in the third list. ## Smṛtipratilabdha *dran pa thob pa*, Skt. *smṛtipratilabdha*, Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha. ## Smṛtipratilabha A bodhisatva in the distant past. ## Smṛtiśrī *dran pa’i dpal*, Skt. *smṛtiśrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Smṛti­samudra­mukha *dran pa rgya mtsho’i sgo*, Skt. *smṛti­samudra­mukha*, The fourteenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Smṛtīndra *dran pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *smṛtīndra*, The 872nd buddha in the first list, 871st in the second list, and 861st in the third list. ## Snake *sbrul*, Skt. *sbrul*, Snake (a legless reptile), also the name of a mountain off Videha. ## Sönam Phuntsok Sönam Phuntsok (d. 1714) served as the fourth abbot of Lhundrup Teng and, in effect, as the ninth Degé king since the true political power lay at that time more with the clergy than the hierarchy. ## Sönam Rapten Also known as Sönam Chöphel (bsod nams chos ’phel, 1595–1658), he was an important political figure in the time of the Fourth and Fifth Dalai Lamas, acting as the de facto ruler of Tibet between 1641 and 1658. ## Sönam Rinchen One of the two sons of Garchen Yeshé Sangpo, said to have served as chamberlain to Drogön Chögyal Phakpa. ## snapped the fingers A courteous way of attracting someone’s attention. ## Snehavajrā *rdo rje sdug pa*, Skt. *snehavajrā*, One of the four retinue goddesses of Mahāsukhavajra. ## snipe *ku na la*, Skt. *kuṇāla*, Specifically, the greater painted snipe (Rostrature benghalensis). ## sānnipātikā *’dus pa las gyur pa*, Skt. *sānnipātikā*, A class of spirits causing imbalance of all three humors. ## sānnipātika A class of spirits causing imbalance of all three agents of wind, bile, and phlegm. ## Snowy *gangs yod pa*, Skt. *gangs yod pa*, Snowy (covered with or full of snow), also the name of a river on Saṅkāśa. ## Snowy Regions *kha ba ’khor ba*, Skt. *kha ba ’khor ba*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## snātaka *khrus byed pa*, Skt. *snātaka*, A brahmin priest who has completed his apprenticeship, and undergone a ritual ablution to mark his graduation. ## Sānu *sA nu*, Skt. *sānu*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## So, Zur and Nub *so zur gnubs*, the family names of three great masters who were the early holders of the lineage of the Nyingma Kahma (long transmission from master to [disciple](#disciple) of the Nyingma teachings, as opposed to the Terma, or [spiritual treasures](#spiritual-treasure) hidden, then revealed, some times a very long time later). Their full names were So Yeshe Wangchuk, Zur Shakya Jungne and Nub Chen Sangye Yeshe. ## so-and-so *a mu ka*, Skt. *amuka*, A term that appears in mantras to indicate where the practitioner should insert the name of the target of the rite. The term is often translated into Tibetan as che ge mo. ## soapberry Sapindus mukorossi. ## Soarer *’phur lding*, Skt. *’phur lding*, Soarer (one that soars or flies high), also the name of a nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## social diversion *’du ’dzi*, Skt. *saṃsarga*, Worldly activities such as social gatherings and performances that distract one from the Buddhist path. ## Soft Soft (yielding readily to touch; not hard), also the name of a city at the time of the Buddha Vipaśyin. Also the name of the king of the city. ## soft eyebrows *smin ma ’jam pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *ślakṣṇabhrū*, Sixty-fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## Soft Grove The name of a grove in the city of Soft at the time of the Buddha Vipaśyin. ## soft hair *dbu skra ’jam pa*, Skt. *ślakṣṇakeśa*, Seventy-sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## solar lineage *nyi ma’i rigs*, Skt. *sūryavaṃśa*, A mythical ancient Indian clan with divine origins to which Siddhārtha Gautama’s family was said to belong. ## solar syllable *nyi ma’i yi ge*, A phrase describing a mantra syllable in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## Sole Hero *dpa’ bo gcig pa*, Skt. *ekallavīra*, Another name for Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa; he is called “sole” because, apart from his consort, he is not accompanied by the deities of the maṇḍala. ## Sole Lamp of the World *gcig tu snang ba’i mar me*, Skt. *gcig tu snang ba’i mar me*, A bodhisattva. ## Sole Shadow *grib ma gcig pu pa*, Skt. *grib ma gcig pu pa*, A forest in Continuous Movement. ## solemn duties *lci ba’i chos*, Skt. *gurudharma*, In the Mūlasarvāstivādin tradition, nuns have eight “solemn duties.” In his Saṃskṛtāsaṃskṛtaviniścaya, Daśabalaśrīmitra gives them as (1) women must receive entry into the renunciate order and ordination into the nunhood from the order of monks (in addition to receiving them from the order of nuns); (2) every fortnight, nuns must seek advice and instructions from the order of monks; (3) nuns must not undertake a rains retreat in a place devoid of monks; (4) a nun who has pledged to settle for the rains must confess to both saṅghas the “three grounds”—infractions she has seen, heard, or suspected during the rains; (5) nuns must not accuse or remind a monk of a lapse of pure conduct, view, observance, or livelihood; (6) a nun must not show anger toward a monk; (7) a nun who has lapsed in her solemn duties must serve a fortnight penance under both saṅghas; (8) a nun ordained for one hundred years must speak respectfully to, act with honor and palms pressed toward, and stand up together with a monk ordained for one day (Orgyan Nordrang 2008, p. 1763). ## Solid Armor *go cha sra brtan*, Skt. *go cha sra brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa. ## Solitary *gcig pu ba*, Skt. *gcig pu ba*, Solitary (alone; isolated), also the name of a mountain in Jambudvīpa. ## solitary awakening *rang byang chub*, Skt. *pratyekabodhi*, See “solitary buddha.” ## solitary buddha A category of awakened being (buddha) who is variously described as having attained awakening but not then teaching the Dharma to others, and as attaining awakening without relying on a teacher. In this way, the solitary buddha is sometimes contrasted with the “disciple” (śrāvaka) and the “perfect, fully awakened buddha” (saṃyaksam­buddha), as well as with the bodhisattava who aspires to become a fully awakened buddha. ## Solitary Buddha Vehicle *rang sangs rgyas kyi theg pa*, Skt. *pratyeka­buddha­yāna*, The vehicle of solitary buddhas who have reached awakening without contact with a buddha, particularly characterized by contemplation on the twelve phases of dependent origination. ## solitary realizer *rang sangs rgyas*, Skt. *pratyekabuddha*, Literally, “buddha for himself,” or “solitary realizer.” Those who attain buddhahood in a time when a buddha’s doctrine is no longer available in the world, and who remain either in solitude or among peers, without teaching the path of liberation to others. They are sometimes called “rhinoceros-like” for their preference to stay in solitude. ## Somā *zla ba ma*, Skt. *somā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Soma *zla ba*, Skt. *soma*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; the moon; the god of the moon; one of the twelve kṣaṇas; the Gauḍa king Śaśāṅka of the early seventh century ce; one of the kings of Vārāṇasī. ## Somabhuva One of the sublineages connected with the Kautsa lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Somacchattra *zla gdugs*, Skt. *somacchattra*, The 505th buddha in the first list, 505th in the second list, and 498th in the third list. ## Somadarśana *zla mthong*, Skt. *somadarśana*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Somanandi *zla ba dga’ bo*, Skt. *somanandi*, An upāsaka in Dhanyākara. ## Somaśrī *zla ba’i dpal*, Skt. *somaśrī*, “Moon Glory.” The name of a past kalpa. BHS verse: Somaśiri. ## Somaraśmi *zla ba’i ’od zer*, Skt. *somaraśmi*, The 613th buddha in the first list, 612th in the second list, and 606th in the third list. ## Somaśriti *zla ba’i dpal*, Skt. *somaśriti*, An upāsaka in Dhanyākara. ## someone denied the common living *gnas par mi bgyi ba*, Skt. *asaṃvāsika*, A monk is denied the “common living” (Tib. gnas pa; Skt. saṃvāsa) after incurring a “defeat” (Tib. phas pham pa; Skt. pārājikā). Here, “common living” denotes a monk’s right to a share of the saṅgha’s resources, beginning with dwellings, food, robes, and medicine. A monk who incurs a defeat may request and be “given a training” (Tib. bslab pa byin pa; Skt. śikṣādatta), which allows him to share in the saṅgha’s common living but in a position subordinate to monks and nuns. If a defeated monk does not request and receive a training, he forfeits his right to the “common living” and hence his livelihood in the saṅgha. ## someone living under false pretenses *rku thabs su gnas pa*, Skt. *steyasaṃvāsika*, Someone who pretends to have been ordained although they have not. ## someone outside the common living *tha dad du gnas pa*, Skt. *nānāsaṃvāsika*, A person is outside the “common living” of the saṅgha either (1) by dint of the deviant attitudes that they hold, or (2) because they are serving out a suspension imposed by the saṅgha. A monk on suspension must endure a loss of privileges, listed in The Book of Supplements (Vinayottaragrantha, Toh 7a), F.277.b–278.a. The saṅgha can rescind this suspension and reinstate the monk to full status, unless the monk is intransigent and unrepentant, in which case he remains “outside the common living.” ## something that is a designation *btags pa’i chos*, Skt. *dharmaprajñapti*, See and also “designation for something.” ## Someśvara Skt. *someśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Somāvatī *zla ldan ma*, Skt. *somāvatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## son of a lord *rje'i sras*, Skt. *āryaputra*, a respectful address used by a wife to her husband. ## Son of Bhagirasa *bha gi ra sa’i sras*, Skt. *bha gi ra sa’i sras*, A buddha. ## son of enlightened heritage *rigs kyi bu*, Skt. *kula­putra*, A term of endearment, used by a teacher when addressing a male follower of the bodhisattva path. ## Son of Fine Gem *nor bu bzang sras*, Skt. *nor bu bzang sras*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Son of Fire *me’i bu*, Skt. *me’i bu*, Son of Agnidatta (of Vārāṇasī), the magistrate of King Brahmadatta (past). He and his brother Tongue of Fire went forth and became sages, attaining the four meditations and the five superknowledges. ## Son of good family *rigs kyi bu*, Skt. *kulaputra*, While this is usually a characteristic pertaining to Brahmins (i.e., born in the Brahmin caste to seven generations of Brahmin parents), the Buddha redefined noble birth as determined by an individual’s ethical conduct and integrity. Thus, someone who enters the Buddha’s Saṅgha is called a “son or daughter of noble family” and is in this sense “good” or “noble” and considered born again (dvija, or “twice born”). ## Son of Grasping *’dzin byed kyi bu*, Skt. *’dzin byed kyi bu*, Son of the high brahmin Grasping of Rājagṛha. As he was lying ill, Venerable Śāriputra gave him a teaching on the four immeasurables. Admonishing Venerable Śāriputra for a lack of foresight, the Buddha then gave him an additional teaching on the four noble truths, leading him to manifest the resultant state of a non-returner and take rebirth as a god. ## Son of Infinitely Vast Wealth *mtha’ yas nor rgyas kyi bu*, Skt. *mtha’ yas nor rgyas kyi bu*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## son of Manu *shed bu*, Skt. *mānava*, Manu is the archetypal human and the progenitor of humanity in Indian lore. Thus, “son of Manu” is a synonym for humanity in general. Also rendered “born of Manu.” ## Son of No Craving *sred med kyi bu*, Skt. *sred med kyi bu*, Attendant of the buddha Asthita. ## son of noble family *rigs kyi bu*, Skt. *kulaputra*, Indian term of address used toward a male student of the bodhisattva path. While this is usually a characteristic pertaining to brahmins (i.e., born in the brahmin caste to seven-generation brahmin parents), the Buddha redefined noble birth as determined by an individual’s ethical conduct and integrity. Thus, someone who enters the Buddha’s Saṅgha is called a “son or daughter of noble family” and is in this sense “good” or “noble” and considered born again (dvija, or “twice born”). ## Son of Nārada *mis byin gyi bu*, Skt. *mis byin gyi bu*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## son of the buddhas *sangs rgyas sras po*, Skt. *buddhaputra*, A synonym for bodhisattva. ## son of the sugatas *bde bar gshegs pa’i sras*, Skt. *sugataputra*, See “sugataputra.” ## son or daughter of good family *rigs kyi bu’am rigs kyi bu mo*, Skt. *kulaputro vā kuladuhitā*, While this is usually a term pertaining to the brahmin, kṣatriya, or other “upper castes,” the Buddha redefined noble birth as determined by an individual’s ethical conduct and integrity. Thus, someone who enters the Buddha’s Saṅgha is called a “son or daughter of noble family.” ## Song *glu dbyangs*, Skt. *glu dbyangs*, Song (a short musical composition with words for singing), also the name of the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇottama. ## Song of Adornment *rab tu brgyan pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *rab tu brgyan pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sahitaraśmi. ## Song of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song of Greatly Compassionate Thunder *snying rje chen po’i tshul gyi ’brug sgra bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *snying rje chen po’i tshul gyi ’brug sgra bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song of Love *byams pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *byams pa’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Adīnaghoṣa. ## Song of the Earth *sa’i sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *sa’i sgra dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song of the Lord of the World *’jig rten dbang po’i dbyangs*, Skt. *’jig rten dbang po’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song of the Ocean *rgya mtsho’i dbyangs*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song of the Sky *nam mkha’i dbyangs*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dbyangs*, A god. ## Song Offering the Royal Lord of Mountains *ri dbang rgyal po rdob pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *ri dbang rgyal po rdob pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song that Pervades the Entire Realm of Phenomena *chos kyi dbyings thams cad rgyas par ’gengs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *chos kyi dbyings thams cad rgyas par ’gengs pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song That Relieves All the Suffering of Beings *’gro ba sdug bsngal thams cad dbugs ’byin pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *’gro ba sdug bsngal thams cad dbugs ’byin pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song That Sounds the Ocean of Dharma *chos rgya mtsho thams cad bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *chos rgya mtsho thams cad bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## Song That Stirs All the Oceans *rgya mtsho’i dkyil ’khor thams cad rab tu klongs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i dkyil ’khor thams cad rab tu klongs pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## songs *dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa’i sde*, Skt. *geya*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## Songtsen Gampo *srong btsan sgam po* (617 - 698), 33rd king of Tibet and one of the three great religious kings. It was during his time that the first Buddhist [temple](#temple)s were built. ## Soothing Birth *skye bar tshim byed*, Skt. *skye bar tshim byed*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## soothsayer *ltas mkhan*, Skt. *naimittika*, In Buddhist literature this term refers to a clairvoyant, typically a brahminical sage, who is versed in reading signs around the birth of a child. ## sorceress *bon mo*, Skt. *bon mo*, A female sorcerer (bon). See also “witchcraft.” ## sorcery *bon*, Skt. *bon*, The word bon, while often understood as referring to the indigenous religion of Tibet, is here used to refer to local ritual practices in China that may have had some resemblance to those in Tibet. For more on this term, see Stein 2010, pp. 248–50. ## sorghum This term, literally “divine grain,” can refer to a number of different species of sorghum. ## Sorrowless *mi gdung ba’i lha rnams*, Skt. *atapa*, The second-highest class of gods of the Pure Abodes (Śuddhāvāsa) in the world of form (rūpadhātu); non-returners and those who have mastered the fourth dhyāna are reborn in the Pure Abodes. ## Sorrowless Heaven *mi gdung ba*, Skt. *atapa*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, second of the five Pure Abodes. See also . ## soul *bdag*, Skt. *ātman*, Also translated often as “self” or “I.” ## soul stone *bla rdo*, A stone that is said to be tied to the life essence and vitality of a particular being, and can thus act as an iconic representation of that being’s life essence and vitality in the performance of a rite. ## Sound *sgra*, Skt. *sgra*, Sound (vibration perceived by hearing), also the name of a garuḍa, king of birds, who lived on Mount Meru, and eventually went for refuge and took the fundamental precepts. He was the previous incarnation of the great king Virūpākṣa. ## Sound Bearer Flower *sgra gcan me tog*, Skt. *sgra gcan me tog*, Mother of the buddha Śuddhasāgara. ## Sound Bearer God *sgra gcan lha*, Skt. *sgra gcan lha*, Father of the buddha Vibhrājacchattra. ## Sound of Certainty *nges pa’i sgra*, Skt. *nges pa’i sgra*, Mother of the buddha Prajñāna­vihāsa­svara. ## Sound of Dharma *chos kyi sgra*, Skt. *chos kyi sgra*, The realm of the future Buddha Pure and Immaculate King Who Arises from an Infinite Assembly of Qualities. ## Sound of Joy *sgra dga’*, Skt. *sgra dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Varuṇa. ## Sound of Liberation *thar pa’i sgra*, Skt. *thar pa’i sgra*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Sound of Merit *bsod nams sgra sgrogs*, Skt. *bsod nams sgra sgrogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Sound of Renown *rnam par bsgrags pa’i sgra*, Skt. *rnam par bsgrags pa’i sgra*, A buddha realm. ## Sound of the Absence of Attachment *chags pa med pa’i sgra*, Skt. *chags pa med pa’i sgra*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suraśmi. ## Sound of the Drum *rnga sgra*, Skt. *rnga sgra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sound of the Jambu Bird *bya ’dzam pa skad ’byin*, Skt. *jambhāvitāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. This hell is the same as the Sound of Water. ## Sound of the Six Superknowledges *mngon shes drug sgra*, Skt. *mngon shes drug sgra*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amita (921 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sound of Thunder *’brug sgra*, Skt. *’brug sgra*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kusumanetra (196 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sound of Water *chu sgra*, Skt. *jambhāvitāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Sound of Wealth *’byor pa’i sgra*, Skt. *’byor pa’i sgra*, Birthplace of the buddha Candrārka. ## Sounds of the Land *nye ’khor gyi sgra*, Skt. *nye ’khor gyi sgra*, A city in Videha. ## Sounds of Water *chu sgra kun nas sgrogs pa*, Skt. *chu sgra kun nas sgrogs pa*, A forest on Encircled by White Clouds. ## soup *thug pa*, Skt. *yavāgū*, an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## sour *skyur*, Skt. *āmla*, One of the eight supreme flavors. Also, one of the six tastes of the Āyurveda and Tibetan medical traditions. ## sour gruel *sran chen*, Skt. *kulmāṣa*, Kulmāṣa is a soup or broth in which the rice or other grains have fermented. The Tibetan sran chen just means “cooked pulses.” ## Source *’byung ba*, Skt. *’byung ba*, Source (a point of origin), also the name of a buddha realm. ## Source of a Thousand Attributes *stong gi ’byung gnas*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Source of All Attributes of Good Qualities *yon tan yan lag kun ’byung ba*, Skt. *yon tan yan lag kun ’byung ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Well Proportioned. Likely the same as the thus-gone one Source of All Good Qualities. ## Source of All Excellent Qualities *yon tan kun ’byung*, Skt. *yon tan kun ’byung*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śanairgāmin. ## Source of All Good Qualities *yon tan thams cad ’byung ba*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad ’byung ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Well Proportioned. Likely the same as the thus-gone one Source of All Attributes of Good Qualities. ## Source of All Qualities *yon tan thams cad ’byung*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad ’byung*, A buddha realm. ## Source of Bliss *bde ’byung*, Skt. *bde ’byung*, A buddha realm. ## Source of Bodies *lus ’byung*, Skt. *lus ’byung*, Alternative name for Copious Parasites in Marrow and Bones. ## Source of Buddha Flowers of Limitless Light *’od mtha’ yas sangs rgyas me tog ’byung*, Skt. *’od mtha’ yas sangs rgyas me tog ’byung*, A buddha. ## Source of Buddha Qualities *sangs rgyas chos ’byung*, Skt. *sangs rgyas chos ’byung*, A great bodhisattva. ## Source of Delight *nyams dga’ ba ’byung ba*, Skt. *nyams dga’ ba ’byung ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Sūkṣmabuddhi. ## Source of Dharma *chos kyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *chos kyi ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyadhvaja. ## Source of Diligence *brtson ’grus skyes pa*, Skt. *brtson ’grus skyes pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Accomplisher of All Goals. ## Source of Diverse Flowers *me tog sna tshogs ’byung*, Skt. *me tog sna tshogs ’byung*, A buddha. ## Source of Excellence *bzang po’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *bzang po’i ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Muktaprabha. ## Source of Fame *grags pa’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *grags pa’i ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Source of Fierce Sounds *drag shul sgra dag ’byung*, Skt. *drag shul sgra dag ’byung*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍhasvara. ## Source of Flowers *me tog ’byung gnas*, Skt. *me tog ’byung gnas*, A buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Supreme Scent-Perfused Preacher attains buddhahood as Totally Fragrant. ## Source of Gold *gser gyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *gser gyi ’byung gnas*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Meteor. ## Source of good *dge ba'i rtsa ba*, Skt. *kuśalamūla*, [positive action](#positive-action)s which are like the roots (*rtsa ba*) of [merit](#merit) or good (*dge ba*). ## Source of Goodness *legs ’byung*, Skt. *legs ’byung*, A buddha realm. ## Source of Great Lotuses *pad ma che ’byung*, Skt. *pad ma che ’byung*, A lake near Sudharma. ## Source of Happiness *dga’ ba ’byung ba*, Skt. *dga’ ba ’byung ba*, A city in the world called Emanation. ## Source of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas ’byung*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas ’byung*, A buddha realm. ## Source of Insight *shes rab ’byung gnas*, Skt. *shes rab ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Source of Insight Possessing the Mind Aspiring to Awakening *shes rab kyi ’byung gnas byang chub tu smon pa’i blo can*, Skt. *shes rab kyi ’byung gnas byang chub tu smon pa’i blo can*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Bodhana. ## Source of Jewels *rin chen ’byung gnas*, Skt. *rin chen ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānarāśi. ## Source of Joy *dga’ ’byung*, Skt. *dga’ ’byung*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Source of Kumudas *ku mu da ’byung ba*, Skt. *ku mu da ’byung ba*, A buddha. ## Source of Learning *thos pa’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *thos pa’i ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Source of Light *’od kyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *’od kyi ’byung gnas*, A buddha. ## Source of Light Rays *’od zer byung ba*, Skt. *’od zer byung ba*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Source of Limitless Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas ’byung*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas ’byung*, A great bodhisattva. ## Source of Lotus Splendor *pad ma’i dpal ’byung*, Skt. *pad ma’i dpal ’byung*, A buddha. ## Source of Merit *bsod nams ’byung gnas*, Skt. *bsod nams ’byung gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gaṇiprabhāsa (397 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Source of Mind *blo yi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *blo yi ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suprabha. ## Source of Nectar *bdud rtsi’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sāra. ## source of phenomena *chos kyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *dharmodaya*, The universal matrix represented as a triangle or two interlocking triangles; in the tantric viśuddhi (pure correspondences) system, it corresponds to the triangular area between a woman’s legs. ## Source of Power *dbang po’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *dbang po’i ’byung gnas*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Light of the Moon. ## Source of Preciousness *rin po che ’byung ba*, Skt. *rin po che ’byung ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Glory of Assembled Jewels. ## Source of Qualities *yon tan ’byung gnas*, Skt. *yon tan ’byung gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnārci (355 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Source of Splendor *gzi brjid ’byung ba*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’byung ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Vāsava. ## Source of the Flowers of Wisdom *ye shes me tog ’byung*, Skt. *ye shes me tog ’byung*, A buddha. ## Source of the Nectar of Power *mthu rtsal bdud rtsi gnas*, Skt. *mthu rtsal bdud rtsi gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Brahmavasu. ## Source of the Qualities of Wisdom *ye shes yon tan ’byung gnas*, Skt. *ye shes yon tan ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pratibhānagaṇa. ## Source of the Vanquishing of Doubt *yid gnyis thams cad yang dag par ’joms ’byung*, Skt. *yid gnyis thams cad yang dag par ’joms ’byung*, A buddha. ## Source of Undivided Activities *spyod pa tha dad med ’byung*, Skt. *spyod pa tha dad med ’byung*, A buddha. ## Source of Virtue *dge ba kun tu ’byung ba*, Skt. *dge ba kun tu ’byung ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Source of Wisdom *ye shes ’byung gnas*, Skt. *ye shes ’byung gnas*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bahudevaghuṣṭa (824 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sourceless *khung med*, Skt. *khung med*, Father of the buddha Sūrata. ## South Pañcāla *lho phyogs kyi lnga len pa*, Skt. *dakṣiṇapañcāla*, One of the two kings of the country of Pañcāla. ## South (region) *yul lho*, Skt. *dakṣiṇāpatha*, a region centered on the capital city at Suvarṇagiri. ## southern region *lho phyogs kyi rgyud*, Skt. *dakṣiṇāpatha*, A region where the teachings on the perfection of wisdom will spread. ## sovereign *mnga’ bdag*, Skt. *prabhu*, A term denoting the leader of a people and/or a religious sect. ## Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm *’dod khams dbang phyug ma*, An epithet for Śrīdevī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī prays that in her next life she may meet the Buddha and become the sovereign goddess of the desire realm. When this becomes reality, she becomes known as “Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm‍.” ## Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm‍ *’dod pa’i khams kyi dbang phyug ma*, An epithet for Devī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī prays that in her next life she may meet the Buddha and become the sovereign goddess of the desire realm. When this becomes reality, she becomes known as “Sovereign Goddess of the Desire Realm‍.” ## Sovereign King of All Flowers’ Fragrance *me tog thams cad kyi dri’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *me tog thams cad kyi dri’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Moon-like. ## Sovereign King of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Pristine Pearl Lattice. ## Sovereign King of Incense *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *spos kyi dbang phyug rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Lord of Movement. ## Sovereign King of Nāgas *klu’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *klu’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Honey. ## Sovereign Light Display *’od bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *’od bkod pa’i rgyal po*, A tathāgata in the northwestern buddhafield Free of Darkness. ## Sovereign of Powerful Reverberating Sound *sgra bsrags pa’i stobs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *sgra bsrags pa’i stobs kyi rgyal po*, A bodhisattva in the western buddhafield Illuminated. ## Sovereign of Supreme Reverberating Sound *sgra bsgrags mchog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *sgra bsgrags mchog gi rgyal po*, A tathāgata of the buddhafield, at the zenith, called Adorned by Ornaments. ## Sovereign of the Magical Display of All Phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *chos thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva. ## sovereign power *byin gyi rlabs*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhāna*, This term is usually translated into English with “blessings.” However, as explained in Edgerton 1953, p. 15; Eckel 1994, pp. 90–93; Gómez 2011, pp. 539 and 541; and Fiordalis 2012, pp. 104 and 118, adhiṣṭhāna conveys the notions of control (of one’s environment as a result of meditative absorption), authority, or protection (see Abhidharmakośa VII.51, cf. La Vallée Poussin 1925, p. 119ff.). Adhiṣṭhāna is also used to convey the idea of transformation through exerting one’s control over objects, people, and places. The term “sovereign power” seems to cover all these shades of meaning as well as the various usages of the Sanskrit term, for example satyādhiṣṭhāna “the sovereign power of truth” and adhiṣṭhānādhiṣṭita “empowered by the sovereign power (of the Tathāgata).” ## sovereign ritual *cho ga zhib mo’i rgyal po*, Skt. *kalparāja*, Literally “king of rites,” the term can refer to an actual ritual or a ritual text, such as the AP. ## Sovereign Who Emanates All Phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *chos thams cad rnam par ’phrul pa’i rgyal po*, A bodhisattva in the buddhafield, at the zenith, called Adorned by Ornaments. ## sowing discord *dbye ba*, Skt. *vidveṣaṇa*, A ritual activity for causing division between two or more individuals and to sow dissent. ## Space Crest *nam mkha’i tog*, Skt. *nam mkha’i tog*, A buddha. ## space dwellers *nam mkha’ la gnas pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ la gnas pa*, A class of asuras. ## space vajra In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, this term signifies that the realization of emptiness is accompanied by the arising of profound bliss. ## space-like *nam mkha’ lta bu*, Skt. *gaganakalpo*, The twenty-sixth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## space-like and without attachment, hence free and without blemish *nam mkha’ ltar chags pa myed pas rnam par grol zhing gos pa myed pa*, Skt. *ākāśāsaṅgha­vimukti­nirupalepa*, A meditative stability. ## Space-like Splendor *nam mkha’i dpal*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## spaces between the worlds *’jig rten gyi bar*, Skt. *lokāntarika*, According to abhidharma cosmology, when different world systems form, they drift near each other, but remain divided by the spaces (small according to some descriptions, immense according to others) between the massive rings of stone that surround each of them. These spaces are completely dark, unreached by any light from the suns of the worlds they lie between. Often classified as one kind of hell, these frigid and desolate places are populated by beings brought there by very negative karma. They cling to the cliffs, climbing around in darkness searching for sustenance. When they encounter fellow sufferers, they fight and try to push each other off, and tumble into the icy waters below. ## Spaces between worlds *’jig rten gyi bar*, Skt. *lokāntarikā*, The places between adjacent world systems, outside their defining ring of mountains, that are said to be miserable and in utter darkness as the suns and moons of the world systems can shed no light there. They are nevertheless said to be inhabited by numerous beings and are sometimes counted among the hell realms. ## Spacious Mind *yangs pa’i blo*, Skt. *yangs pa’i blo*, A bodhisattva. ## Spacious Palanquin Houses *khyogs kyi khang bu yangs pa*, Skt. *khyogs kyi khang bu yangs pa*, A park in Moving in the Stream. ## Sparkling with Brilliant Jewels *nor bu’i cha shas rnams kyis rnam par bkra ba*, Skt. *nor bu’i cha shas rnams kyis rnam par bkra ba*, A mountain in Total Pleasure. ## Sparks and Parasites *me’i phye ma srin bu*, Skt. *asthicūrṇakṛmi*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## sparrow mouth *bye’u kha*, Skt. *bye’u kha*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Spatial Intellect Completely Pure *nam mkha’i blo gros rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *ākāśaviśuddhiprajña*, A deva. ## speak first *gsong por gsung ba*, Skt. *pūrvābhi­lāpin*, Thirty-eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## speak with confidence See also “eloquence and confidence.” ## Speaker *gsung mdzad*, Skt. *gsung mdzad*, Speaker (one who speaks), also the name of a buddha. ## Speaker of Gentle Words *ngag ’jam brjod pa’i tshig can*, Skt. *ngag ’jam brjod pa’i tshig can*, Mother of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## Speaker with Beautiful Voice *dbyangs snyan sgrogs par mdzad pa*, Skt. *dbyangs snyan sgrogs par mdzad pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Subāhu (100 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## speaking falsehoods See “lying.” ## Spear Holder An epithet for Śiva. ## Special Action *spyod pa khyad par can*, Skt. *spyod pa khyad par can*, A great bodhisattva. ## special days *cho ’phrul gyi phyogs*, Skt. *prātihāryapakṣa*, A sacred day; an ancient festival, not now kept. A special period of religious observance. Pali pāṭihāriyapakkha. ## special demeanor *khyad par gyi spyod pa*, a monk who has received a [punitive act](#punitive-act), a [probation](#probation) and [penance](#penance), must accept a [probation](#probation) that involves rejecting the honors accorded to observant monks and adopting a position of deference. ## Special Drink *lhag pa thung ba*, Skt. *lhag pa thung ba*, A forest on Flocking Peacocks. ## Special Gift *khyad par byin*, Skt. *khyad par byin*, A great bodhisattva. ## special insight *lhag mthong*, Skt. *vipaśyanā*, One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, aimed at developing insight into the nature of reality. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other being “tranquility.” ## Special Intelligence of Excellent Concern and Attention *legs par bsam pa sems pa khyad par blo gros*, Skt. *legs par bsam pa sems pa khyad par blo gros*, A great bodhisattva. ## Special Joy *lhag par dga’ ba*, Skt. *lhag par dga’ ba*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Special Knowledge *lhag shes*, Skt. *lhag shes*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Niyatabuddhi. ## Special Mind *khyad par sems*, Skt. *khyad par sems*, Attendant of the buddha Janendra. ## special modes of knowledge Four types of knowledge that are particularly oriented toward teaching the Dharma: knowledge of things, meanings, etymologies, and inspired eloquence. ## special qualities *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, The polysemous word chos (usually a translation of dharma) is used here in the sense of “qualities,” as when someone or something is said to possess particularly efficacious, good, or beneficial qualities. It also can mean “virtue” in the nonreligious and nonmoral sense. ## specialists in the lists *ma mo ’dzin pa*, Skt. *mātṛkādhara*, The ancient specialists in what later evolved to be the ābhidharmikas. ## speck of dirt on a cow A large-size dust particle, seven of which are equal to the size of a louse egg. ## speck of dirt on a hare A small-size dust particle, seven of which make up one speck of dirt on a sheep. ## speck of dirt on a sheep A medium-size dust particle, seven of which make up one speck of dirt on a cow. ## Speech Conqueror *smra ba ’joms byed*, Skt. *smra ba ’joms byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dharmākara. ## speech is pervasive, in conformity with their assembly, but it does not extend outside their assembly *gsung ni ’khor dang ’thun par khyab par mdzad kyi ’khor gyi phyi rol du gsung mi ’gro*, Skt. *vāg anu­kūla­varti­parṣado bahir na nir­gacchati*, Sixty-eighth of the eighty minor marks. ## speech is sweet and fully perfected *gsung snyan cing rnam pa thams cad yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *madhura­cārumañju­svara­tā*, Forty-sixth of the eighty minor marks. ## Speech Strewing *lab ’thor ma*, Skt. *lab ’thor ma*, One of the eight nāga ladies. ## speech that is pleasant, gentle, and comforting *snyan cing ’jam pa dang nyams su bde ba’i gsung dang ldan pa*, Skt. *madhura­cāru­mañju­svara*, Fifty-second of the eighty minor signs. ## spell *rig sngags*, Skt. *vidyā*, A type of incantation or spell used to accomplish a ritual goal. This can be associated with either ordinary attainments or those whose goal is awakening. ## Sphere Endowed with Diverse Music *sil snyan rnam pa sna tshogs kyi sgra dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sil snyan rnam pa sna tshogs kyi sgra dang ldan pa*, A forest in Engaging in Clarification. ## Sphere of Absolute Nothingness *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *ākiṃ­canyāyatana*, One of the three lower formless realms among the four formless realms, so termed because in its preparatory phase absolute nothingness is the object of meditation. ## sphere of activity *spyod yul*, Skt. *gocara*, Also translated here as “object of experience.” ## sphere of boundless space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, Alt. “the activity field infinite as boundless space” (Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary). Here the Blessed One begins an enumeration of the four formless realm states. ## Sphere of Infinite Consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vi­jñānānantyāyatana*, One of the three lower formless realms among the four formless realms, so termed because in its preparatory phase infinite consciousness is the object of meditation. ## sphere of infinite space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, The first of the four states of imperturbability. In the formless realm (Skt. ārūpyadhātu), no bodies or materiality of any kind exist, only mind; rebirth there is the result of accomplishing four formless meditative absorptions (Skt. ārūpya­samāpatti; five absorptions, i.e., if one includes the stage of Skt. saṃjñā-vedayita-nirodha or nirodhasamāpatti). ## sphere of infinity of consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatana*, One of the four attainments of the formless states. Also a class of gods in the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). In this realm, there is no body, only mind; it is the result of accomplishing the formless meditative absorptions (ārūpyasamāpatti). ## sphere of infinity of space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, One of the four attainments of the formless states. Also a class of devas in the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu). In this realm there is no body in this world, only mind; it is the result of accomplishing the formless meditative absorptions (ārūpyasamāpatti). ## sphere of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhibhvāyatana*, The ability to disassociate oneself from external appearances based on attainment in concentration. ## sphere of neither mind nor no-mind *sems med pa dang sems med pa ma yin pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, The fourth of the four states of imperturbability or formless meditative absorptions or attainments (Skt. ārūpya­samāpatti), which leads to rebirth in the formless realm (Skt. ārūpyadhātu) as a deva without form. ## sphere of neither perception nor absence of perception *’du shes med ’du shes med min gyi skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, The fourth meditative state pertaining to the formless realm. ## Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-perception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, The highest of the four heavens of the formless realm, so termed because conceptions there are weak but not entirely absent. Also called “the peak of existence.” ## sphere of neither perception nor nonperception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, One of the four attainments of the formless states and the highest class of devas in the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu); also called Peak of Existence (Bhavāgra). ## sphere of nothing whatsoever *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *ākiñcanyāyatana*, Name of the third of the four formless realms and of the third formless concentration, so termed because in its preparatory phase absolute nothingness is the object of meditation. ## sphere of nothing-at-all *cung zad med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *a­kiñ­canyāyatana*, The third formless meditative absorption and its resultant formless realm of existence. ## sphere of nothingness *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *ākiñcanyāyatana*, The third of the four attainments of the formless states. Also a class of devas in the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu); there is no body in this world, only mind. Rebirth there results from accomplishing the formless meditative absorptions (ārūpyasamāpatti). ## sphere of phenomena *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, Things as they truly are, with nothing imputed to them through dualistic thinking. The term is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “dharmadhātu.” ## sphere of reality *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, The element, or nature, of ultimate reality. ## sphere of sound An expression found in this sūtra that refers to the expanse or reach of the sound of a realized one’s voice. ## Sphere of the Infinity of Consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatana*, Second of the four heavens of the formless realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing one of the formless meditative absorptions. ## Sphere of the Infinity of Space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānaṃtyāyatana*, First of the four heavens of the formless realm. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing one of the formless meditative absorptions. ## sphere of totality *zad par gyi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, The ability to transform the four elements based on attainment in concentration. ## spheres of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhibhvāyatana*, This refers to the miraculous perceptual transformation that ensues when one (1) regards lesser external forms, (2) regards greater external forms, (3) regards blue external forms, (4) regards yellow external forms, (5) regards red external forms, (6) regards white external forms, (7) abides in the sphere of infinite space, or (8) abides in the sphere of infinite consciousness. ## spheres of totality *zad par gyi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, The ten spheres of totality comprise the total meditative immersion into (1) the earth element, (2) the water element, (3) the fire element, (4) the wind element, (5) the space element, (6) blueness, (7) yellowness, (8) redness, (9) whiteness, and (10) consciousness. ## Sphoṭanī *’gems ma*, Skt. *sphoṭanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Sphoṭana *rgyas byed*, Skt. *sphoṭana*, A nāga king. ## Sphāraśīrṣa *mgo bo che*, Skt. *sphāraśīrṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## spicy *tsha*, Skt. *kaṭuka*, One of the eight supreme flavors. Also, one of the six tastes of the Āyurveda and Tibetan medical traditions. ## spider lily *man dzu Sha ka*, Skt. *mañjūṣaka*, Lycoris albiflora. These flowers are both white and red and are said to also grow in the deva realms. ## spiked ginger lily *gol la*, Skt. *śatī*, Hedychium spicatum. ## spikenard *na la da*, Skt. *nalada*, Identified as Nardostachys jatamansi, or Indian spikenard, a plant recognized for its medicinal properties in the Atharvaveda and Suśrutasaṃhitā. The Sanskrit epic poem called Naiṣadhacarita identifies this plant as the root of Andropogon muricatus. A number of classical Sanskrit lexicographers identify this plant as the blossom of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. ## sūpāśimbī A type of tree. ## spirit *byung po*, Skt. *bhūta*, A broad class of demonic, possessing beings of which there are numerous subdivisions outlined in Āyurvedic literature and Śaiva tantras, such as the Netratantra and Kriyākallotara, that preserve material from the now-lost genre of bhūtatantra that discusses the symptomology, pathology, and treatment of demonic possession. ## spirit of enlightenment *byang chub kyi sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, “Spirit” is preferred to “mind” because the mind of enlightenment should rather be the mind of the Buddha, and to “thought” because a “thought of enlightenment” can easily be produced without the initiation of any sort of new resolve or awareness. “Will” also serves very well here. ## spiritual attainment *dngos grub*, Skt. *siddhi*, The mundane and transcendent abilities that are conferred through the perfection of yogic practices. ## spiritual benefactor *dge ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *kalyāṇamitra*, A Mahāyāna teacher is termed “friend,” or “benefactor,” which indicates that a bodhisattva-career depends on one’s own effort and that all a teacher can do is inspire, exemplify, and point the way. ## Spiritual companions *chos grogs*, students of the same teacher, or with whom one has received teaching. It is considered vital to have harmonious relations with such people, particularly in the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). ## spiritual family *rigs*, Skt. *gotra*, Literally, the class, caste or lineage. In this context, it is the basic disposition or propensity of an individual that determines which kind of vehicle (śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, or bodhisattva) they will follow and therefore which kind of awakening they will obtain. tathāgata­garbha), i.e., in the sense that all beings are constituted with the disposition to fully awaken as a buddha.--> ## Spiritual friend *dge ba'i gshes gnyen*, Skt. *kalyāṇamitra*, a synonym for spiritual teacher. ## spiritual guide *dge ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *kalyāṇamitra*, A teacher who can contribute to an individual’s progress on the spiritual path to awakening and act wholeheartedly for the welfare of students. ## spiritual insight *chos kyi mig pa*, Skt. *dharmacakṣus*, Literally “Dharma eye,” this term refers to different, advanced modes of insight into the nature of reality. ## spiritual level *sa*, Skt. *bhūmi*, Refers to stages of spiritual progress according to different spiritual paths or vehicles. See “ten spiritual levels.” ## spiritual life *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacārya*, Lit. “brahma conduct.” A term that in some contexts refers specifically to chastity or complete celibacy. It can also be used to refer in general to a spiritual life as a devout person or a renunciant. ## spiritual mentor *dge ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *kalyāṇamitra*, A spiritual teacher who can contribute to an individual’s progress on the spiritual path to enlightenment and act wholeheartedly for the welfare of students. ## Spiritual Teacher of Pleasant Voice *snyan pa’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *snyan pa’i bshes gnyen*, A buddha. ## Spiritual treasure *gter ma*, teachings, with statues and other objects, that were hidden by [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna), [Yeshe Tsogyal](#yeshe-tsogyal) and others in earth, rocks, lakes and trees, or even in more subtle locations such as space or mind for the sake of future generations, and then rediscovered in miraculous ways by incarnations of [Padmasambhava's](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) [disciple](#disciple)s, the [treasure discoverer](#treasure-discoverer)s. ## spirituous liquor *’bru’i chang*, Usually a drink that has been fermented or distilled from grains. ## spite *’tshig pa*, Skt. *pradāśa*, One of twenty or twenty-four so-called secondary mental defilements/afflictions (upakleśa), the basis of which seems to be feelings of jealousy and anger. Edgerton translates pradāsa as “envious rivalry” (BSHD, s.v. “pradāsa”). In Pāli commentaries it is defined as “yugaggāha [imperiousness], grasping after preëminence for oneself over others, […] primarily, concealment of the good qualities of others, jealous disparagement, nasty disposition, ill-will” (BHSD, s.v. “mrakṣa”). ## spṛkkā *’bu gsug*, Skt. *spṛkkā*, Tib. is unrecorded in Negi. Skt. spṛkkā might possibly be Trigonella corniculata (McHugh, 2008, p 180, n30). ## Splashing Swan Wings *ngang pas’i gshog pas bcom pa*, Skt. *ngang pas’i gshog pas bcom pa*, A pond on Equal Peaks. ## Splendid *gzi brjid dang ldan pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid dang ldan pa*, Splendid (magnificent, grand, or brilliant), also the name of a ruler of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Splendid Acumen *spobs pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *spobs pa’i gzi brjid*, Son of the buddha Udgata. ## Splendid Adornment *rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhacandra. ## Splendid Aggregation Adorned with Precious Flowers *rin po che’i me tog gis rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *rin po che’i me tog gis rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid phung po*, Mother of the buddha Puṣpa. ## Splendid Armor Bearer *shin tu go cha bgos pa’i dpal*, Skt. *shin tu go cha bgos pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Array *gzi byin bkod pa*, Skt. *gzi byin bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Mokṣatejas. ## Splendid Array of Infinite Light *snang ba mtha’ yas pa’i gzi brjid bkod pa*, Skt. *snang ba mtha’ yas pa’i gzi brjid bkod pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## Splendid Beauty *gzi brjid mdzes pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid mdzes pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ṛṣīndra (759 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Brightness *gzi brjid mdangs*, Skt. *gzi brjid mdangs*, Attendant of the buddha Devaruta. ## Splendid Creation *gzi brjid sprul*, Skt. *gzi brjid sprul*, Birthplace of the buddha Candra. ## Splendid Crest *tog gi gzi brjid*, Skt. *tog gi gzi brjid*, Attendant of the buddha Varuṇa. ## Splendid Delight *gzi brjid sdug*, Skt. *gzi brjid sdug*, Birthplace of the buddha Tejorāśi. ## Splendid Display of the Body of All the Buddhas *sangs rgyas thams cad kyi sku kun tu ston pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sangs rgyas thams cad kyi sku kun tu ston pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Display of the Body of Buddhas Beyond Observation *dmigs pa mtha’ yas pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sku kun tu ston pa’i dpal*, Skt. *dmigs pa mtha’ yas pa’i sangs rgyas kyi sku kun tu ston pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Enjoyment *dga’ byed gzi brjid*, Skt. *dga’ byed gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Gaṇiprabha. ## Splendid Excellence *gzi brjid bzang po*, Skt. *gzi brjid bzang po*, Father of the buddha Mahādarśana. ## Splendid Fame *gzi brjid grags pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid grags pa*, Son of the buddha Puṇyābha. ## Splendid Flashes of Highly Superior Illumination *glog snang bar byed pa shin tu ’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *glog snang bar byed pa shin tu ’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha. ## Splendid Flower *gzi brjid me tog*, Skt. *gzi brjid me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhadradatta (320 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Gathering of Qualities *yon tan tshogs kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan tshogs kyi gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## Splendid Gift *dpal byin ma*, Skt. *dpal byin ma*, Mother of the buddha Vīryadatta. ## Splendid Gift of Excellent Flowers *me tog bzang po’i gzi byin ma*, Skt. *me tog bzang po’i gzi byin ma*, Mother of the buddha Vidvat. ## Splendid Glory *gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *gzi brjid dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Uccaratna (938 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Great Flower *me tog chen po’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *me tog chen po’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Splendid Heap of Jewels *rin po che’i gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *rin po che’i gzi brjid phung po*, Father of the buddha Vararūpa. ## Splendid Heap of Merit *bsod nams phung po’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *bsod nams phung po’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sthāmaprāpta. ## Splendid Hill *gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *gzi brjid phung po*, Birthplace of the buddha Sarvārtha­darśin. ## Splendid Honey *gzi brjid sbrang rtsi*, Skt. *gzi brjid sbrang rtsi*, Mother of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## Splendid Incense of Wisdom *ye shes spos kyi dpal*, Skt. *ye shes spos kyi dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Splendid Intelligence of the Truth *bden pa’i blo gros gzi brjid*, Skt. *bden pa’i blo gros gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kuśalapradīpa. ## Splendid Intelligence That Tames the Enemy *dgra thul gzi brjid blo gros ma*, Skt. *dgra thul gzi brjid blo gros ma*, Mother of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## Splendid Jewel Adornment *rin po ches rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *rin po ches rab tu brgyan pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Splendid Jewel Light *rin chen gzi brjid snang ba*, Skt. *rin chen gzi brjid snang ba*, Father of the buddha Samṛddhajñāna. ## Splendid Joy *gzi brjid dga’*, Skt. *gzi brjid dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Viṣāṇin (120 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Kumuda *ku mu da yi gzi brjid*, Skt. *ku mu da yi gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Deśāmūḍha. ## Splendid Lamp *gzi brjid sgron ma*, Skt. *gzi brjid sgron ma*, Son of the buddha Candra. ## Splendid Light *gzi brjid snang ba*, Skt. *gzi brjid snang ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vardhana (858 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Light of the Precious Wisdom Flower *ye shes me tog rin po che’i ’od kyi dpal*, Skt. *ye shes me tog rin po che’i ’od kyi dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Light Perfumed by the Fragrance of Agarwood *a ga ru’i dri bsung gis nges par bdugs pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *a ga ru’i dri bsung gis nges par bdugs pa’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Splendid Lion Strength *seng ge’i stabs gnas gzi brjid*, Skt. *seng ge’i stabs gnas gzi brjid*, Son of the buddha Bahudevaghuṣṭa. ## Splendid Mass of Light *’od phung gzi brjid*, Skt. *’od phung gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidhijña (815 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Merit *bsod nams gzi brjid*, Skt. *bsod nams gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Splendid Mind of Reflecting Splendid Merit *bsod nams gzi brjid gzugs brnyan gzi byin sems*, Skt. *bsod nams gzi brjid gzugs brnyan gzi byin sems*, Son of the buddha Vidvat. ## Splendid Miraculous Display *rnam par ’phrul pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ajitagaṇa. ## Splendid Moon *dbyig gi zla ba*, Skt. *dbyig gi zla ba*, Father of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Splendid Nectar Light *bdud rtsi’i ’od gzi*, Skt. *bdud rtsi’i ’od gzi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānasāgara (702 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendid Nectar of Recollection *bdud rtsi dran pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *bdud rtsi dran pa’i gzi brjid*, Son of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## Splendid Noble Jewel *rin chen ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *rin chen ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Noble Mountain *lhun po mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *lhun po mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Offerings *gzi ldan legs par mchod*, Skt. *gzi ldan legs par mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Arciṣmat. ## Splendid Power *dpal stobs*, Skt. *dpal stobs*, Attendant of the buddha Dṛḍha. ## Splendid Reasoning Mind *gzi brjid yid ’thad*, Skt. *gzi brjid yid ’thad*, Father of the buddha Upakāragati. ## Splendid Ruler *gzi brjid dbang po*, Skt. *gzi brjid dbang po*, Father of the buddha Śāntārtha. ## Splendid Sages *drang srong bzi brjid*, Skt. *drang srong bzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Gautama. ## Splendid Sandalwood Fragrance *tsan dan gyi bsung gi dpal*, Skt. *tsan dan gyi bsung gi dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendid Shining Sun *gzi brjid nyi ma gsal*, Skt. *gzi brjid nyi ma gsal*, Son of the buddha Padmahastin. ## Splendid Source of Buddha Lotuses *sangs rgyas pad ma’i me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sangs rgyas pad ma’i me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha realm. ## Splendid Victor *gzi rgyal*, Skt. *gzi rgyal*, Mother of the buddha Jagadraśmi. ## Splendid Wealth *gzi brjid ’byor*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’byor*, Father of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## Splendid Wisdom *ye shes gzi brjid*, Skt. *ye shes gzi brjid*, Attendant of the buddha Balatejojñāna. ## Splendid with Light and Fragrance All Around *’od kyi zla ba dri snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *samanta­jyoti­gandhāvabhāsa­śriya*, A tathāgata invoked in a mantra. ## Splendid Worship *gzi brjid mchod*, Skt. *gzi brjid mchod*, Mother of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Splendid Worthy One *dgra bcom gzi*, Skt. *dgra bcom gzi*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigatatamas (141 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendidly Adorned *gzi byin shin tu brgyan*, Skt. *gzi byin shin tu brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Splendidly Adorned with Wisdom *ye shes kyis rnam par brgyan pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *ye shes kyis rnam par brgyan pa’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānin. ## Splendor *dpal ldan ma*, Skt. *śrī*, Splendor (magnificent or brilliant appearance), also one of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. ## splendor and intelligence *dpal dang blo gros*, Skt. *śrī­mat­buddhi­mat*, Nineteenth of the eighty minor marks. ## Splendor of a Frolicking Lion *seng ge rnam par rtse ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *seng ge rnam par rtse ba’i gzi brjid*, Father of the buddha Vijita. ## Splendor of a Thousand Qualities *yon tan stong gi gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan stong gi gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Splendor of a Thousand Suns *nyi ma stong ldan gzi brjid*, Skt. *nyi ma stong ldan gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anupamaśrī (802 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendor of Awakening *byang chub gzi brjid*, Skt. *byang chub gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Parvatendra (703 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendor of Blooming Flowers *me tog legs rgyas gzi brjid*, Skt. *me tog legs rgyas gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Maṇiprabha. ## Splendor of Carefulness *bag yod gzi brjid*, Skt. *bag yod gzi brjid*, Son of the buddha Udadhi. ## Splendor of Demigods *lha ma yin gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *lha ma yin gyi gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Indrama. ## Splendor of Diverse Flowers *sna tshogs me tog tshogs kyi dpal*, Skt. *sna tshogs me tog tshogs kyi dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Excellent Steps *stegs bzang gzi brjid*, Skt. *stegs bzang gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gautama (839 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendor of Famed Intelligence *grags pa’i blo gros gzi brjid*, Skt. *grags pa’i blo gros gzi brjid*, Attendant of the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati. ## Splendor of Glorious Clouds *dpal ldan sprin gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *dpal ldan sprin gyi gzi brjid*, A tathāgata. ## Splendor of Great Intelligence *blo gros chen po’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *blo gros chen po’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Great Qualities *yon tan chen po’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan chen po’i gzi brjid*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇadharma. ## Splendor of Growing Flowers *me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Growing Lotuses *pad ma’i ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *pad ma’i ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Immense Merit *bsod nams ri bo’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *bsod nams ri bo’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Inconceivable Qualities *yon tan bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i dpal*, Skt. *yon tan bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Jewels *rin chen gzi brjid*, Skt. *rin chen gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Joy *dga’ ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Sūrata. ## Splendor of Light *’od kyi dpal*, Skt. *’od kyi dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Mandāravā Flowers *me tog man dA ra ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *me tog man dA ra ba’i gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Cāritraka. ## Splendor of Meaningful Pronunciation *don yod ming bsgrags dpal*, Skt. *don yod ming bsgrags dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Nirvāṇa *mya ngan las ’das pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *mya ngan las ’das pa’i gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Smṛtīndra. ## Splendor of Noble Faith *’phags dad gzi brjid*, Skt. *’phags dad gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anupamavādin. ## Splendor of Numerous Flowers *me tog tshogs kyi dpal*, Skt. *me tog tshogs kyi dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Playful Undeluded Existence *gti mug med pa’i gnas pa rnam par brtse ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *gti mug med pa’i gnas pa rnam par brtse ba’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Uttīrṇapaṅka. ## Splendor of Precious Flowers *rin chen me tog gzi brjid*, Skt. *rin chen me tog gzi brjid*, Son of the buddha Siddhi. ## Splendor of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## Splendor of Purity *dri ma med pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Red Utpalas *ud pa la’i dmar po’i dpal*, Skt. *ud pa la’i dmar po’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Space *nam mkha’i dpal*, Skt. *nam mkha’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Superior Jewels *rin po che mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *rin po che mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Superior Light Rays *’od zer mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *’od zer mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Supreme Excellence *bzang po mchog dpal*, Skt. *bzang po mchog dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of Supreme Incense *spos mchog dpal*, Skt. *spos mchog dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Splendor of the Arising of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of the Array of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas bkod pa’i dpal*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas bkod pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of the Banner *rgyal mtshan gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *rgyal mtshan gyi gzi brjid*, Son of the buddha Abhedyabuddhi. ## Splendor of the Best Hands *lag mchog gzi brjid*, Skt. *lag mchog gzi brjid*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Splendor of the Earth *sa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *sa’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of the Essence of the Sun *nyi ma’i snying po gzi brjid*, Skt. *nyi ma’i snying po gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Caitraka. ## Splendor of the Faith of Wandering Beings *’gro dad gzi brjid*, Skt. *’gro dad gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Splendor of the Gathering of Merit *bsod nams kyi tshogs kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *bsod nams kyi tshogs kyi gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Mayūraruta. ## Splendor of the Growth of Precious Flowers *rin chen me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *rin chen me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of the Noble *’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Splendor of the Noble Source of Flowers *me tog ’byung ba mngon du ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *me tog ’byung ba mngon du ’byung ba’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Splendor of the Precious Flower *rin chen me tog gzi brjid*, Skt. *rin chen me tog gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa. ## Splendor of the Radiant Light of Wisdom *ye shes snang ba’i ’od kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *ye shes snang ba’i ’od kyi gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## Splendor of the Red Utpala *ud pa la dmar po’i dpal*, Skt. *ud pa la dmar po’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of the Signs of Pride *nga rgyal rtags kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *nga rgyal rtags kyi gzi brjid*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Splendor of the Source of Stainlessness *dri med ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dri med ’byung ba’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Splendor of the Source of Wisdom *ye shes ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *ye shes ’byung ba’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Splendor of the Sun *nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of the Three Realms *khams gsum gzi brjid*, Skt. *khams gsum gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Splendor of the Unimpeded Light Rays of the Superior Lotus of Awakening *thogs pa med pa’i ’od zer pad ma sangs rgyas mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i ’od zer pad ma sangs rgyas mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of the Wisdom Utpala *ye shes ud pa la’i dpal*, Skt. *ye shes ud pa la’i dpal*, A buddha. ## Splendor of the World *’gro ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *’gro ba’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nāganandin. ## Splendor of Training *dul ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *dul ba’i gzi brjid*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Damajyeṣṭha (834 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Splendor of Unmatched Majesty *mtshungs med dpal gyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *mtshungs med dpal gyi gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Utter Peace *shin tu zhi ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *shin tu zhi ba’i gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Śānta. ## Splendor of Vajra Wisdom *ye shes rdo rje’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *ye shes rdo rje’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor of Wisdom Light *ye shes snang ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *ye shes snang ba’i gzi brjid*, A bodhisattva. ## Splendor That Cannot Be Outshone by Any Mundane Form *’jig rten pa’i gzugs thams cad kyis zil gyis mi non pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *’jig rten pa’i gzugs thams cad kyis zil gyis mi non pa’i gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Vararūpa. ## Splendor That Holds Hundreds of Thousands of Qualities *yon tan ’bum phrag snyed ’chang ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan ’bum phrag snyed ’chang ba’i gzi brjid*, Attendant of the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi. ## Splendor That Vanquishes the Māra Hordes *bdud kyi dpung rab tu ’joms pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *bdud kyi dpung rab tu ’joms pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mokṣavrata. ## Splendor Without Anguish *mya ngan med pa’i dpal*, Skt. *mya ngan med pa’i dpal*, A buddha from the east. ## Splendorous Invincible One A deity whose dagger is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Splendorous King of the Glorious Exalted Flower-Garland Corona *’od kyi dkyil ’khor mngon par ’phags pa’i me tog dpal gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Splendorous King of the Luminous Sphere *’od kyi dkyil ’khor gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *’od kyi dkyil ’khor gzi brjid rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Splendorous Source of Buddha Flowers *sangs rgyas me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sangs rgyas me tog ’byung ba’i dpal*, A buddha. ## splendorous sunlight *nyi ma’i ’od kyi gzi brjid*, Skt. *sūryaprabhateja*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## Splendorous with the Gentle Glow of Light and Fragrance *’od zhi spos snang dpal*, Skt. *jyotiḥ­saumya­gandhāvabhāsa­śrī*, The name of a tathāgata. ## splint *thur ma*, a wood splint four-finger widths tall used as a sundial to mark the time in ordination ceremonies. ## Splitting Open Like a Blue Lotus Hell *ud pal ltar gas pa*, Skt. *utpala*, Sixth of the eight cold hells of Buddhist cosmology. The extreme cold of this hell turns the skin of its inhabitants blue until they crack apart in five or six pieces. Also rendered here as “Blue Lotus Hell.” ## Splitting Open Like a Great Lotus Hell *pad ma ltar gas pa chen po*, Skt. *mahā­padma*, Eighth (and heaviest) of the eight cold hells of Buddhist cosmology. The extreme cold of this hell turns the skin of its denizens blue, red, and then extremely red until they crack apart in a hundred or more pieces. Also rendered here as “Great Lotus Hell.” ## Splitting Open Like a Lotus Hell *pad ma ltar gas pa*, Skt. *padma*, Seventh of the eight cold hells of Buddhist cosmology. The extreme cold of this hell turns the skin of its denizens blue and then red until they crack apart in ten or more pieces. Also rendered here as “Lotus Hell.” ## Spānāśetu *spA nA she tu*, Skt. *spānāśetu*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Spontaneously Present Wisdom *ye shes lhun grub*, Skt. *ye shes lhun grub*, Mother of the buddha Jñānaruci. ## spoon *dgang gzar*, Skt. *pātrī*, A ritual implement. ## Sporting among Lotuses *pad ma’i nang na rgyu ba*, Skt. *pad ma’i nang na rgyu ba*, A realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Sporting among Moving Groups *tshogs pa rgyu ba na rnam par rgyu ba*, Skt. *tshogs pa rgyu ba na rnam par rgyu ba*, A realm in the Heaven Free from Strife (multiple slightly variant versions are extant in the Tibetan, making the term sound more like a description than a proper noun). ## Sāṃpraiyaka The name of a muhūrta. ## Spread Out Splendor *shin tu rnam par phye ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par phye ba’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Vajra. ## Spreader of Flowers *me tog rab gtor*, Skt. *me tog rab gtor*, A great bodhisattva. ## Spreading Spotted Wings *gshog zegs bkram*, Skt. *gshog zegs bkram*, A garuḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Spreading the Fame of Excellent Qualities *yon tan grags par byed pa*, Skt. *yon tan grags par byed pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigata­mohārtha­cintin. ## Spring Joy *dpyid dga’ ba*, Skt. *dpyid dga’ ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Sāra *snying*, Skt. *sāra*, The 946th buddha in the first list, 945th in the second list, and 936th in the third list. ## Sārabhū The name of the father of a king. ## Sārabhuja *snying po spyod*, Skt. *sārabhuja*, The fifth of the five young brahmin attendants of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Haripatracūḍabhadra, the 1,004th of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## Sārajyoti *skar ma’i snying po*, Skt. *sārajyoti*, A buddha in a northeastern realm who sends bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Sāraka *sran can*, Skt. *sāraka*, A hunter. ## Sārakusumita *snying po me tog rgyas*, Skt. *sārakusumita*, One of only eight bodhisattvas in the past or future who equal the Buddha Śākyamuni’s generosity in his previous lives. ## Sārapura *grong khyer snying po*, Skt. *sārapura*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Sūrata *des pa*, Skt. *sūrata*, The 251st buddha in the first list, 250th in the second list, and 250th in the third list. ## Sārathi *kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *sārathi*, The 295th buddha in the first list, 294th in the second list, and 294th in the third list. ## sāravatī absorption *snying po dang ldan pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *sāravatī­nāma­samādhi*, This absorption, literally “having a core,” is listed in the Mahāvyutpatti. ## sāravatin *snying po dang ldan pa*, Skt. *sāravatin*, Lit. “having a core.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Srekpa *sreg pa*, Skt. *sreg pa*, A Tibetan rendering of the name of one of the sixteen great kingdoms of ancient India. ## Sārocaya *snying po’i tshogs*, Skt. *sārocaya*, “Accumulation of Essences.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Sārodgata *snying po ’phags*, Skt. *sārodgata*, The 867th buddha in the first list, 866th in the second list, and 856th in the third list. ## Sūrpāraka *slo ma lta bu*, Skt. *sūrpāraka*, A city. ## Sārthavādi *don bcas gsung*, Skt. *sārthavādi*, The thousand and second of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## Sārthavāha *ded dpon*, Skt. *sārthavāha*, One of Māra's sons who developed faith in the Buddha. Along with numerous other sons of Māra, he tried to dissuade Māra, the evil one, from attacking the prince Siddhārtha on the evening of his awakening. See The Play in Full (Toh 95), 21.14—21.20 and 21.43–21.51. ## Sārtha­vāha *ded dpon*, Skt. *sārtha­vāha*, A māraputra, member of the māra type of nonhuman being often rendered as “demon” but in this case without a negative or harmful character. ## Sārthavāhabhadra *ded dpon bzang po*, Skt. *sārthavāha­bhadra*, A bodhisattva. ## Sārthavrata *don bcas brtul zhugs*, Skt. *sārthavrata*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-seventh) when he becomes a buddha ## sruk ladle *dgang gzar*, Skt. *sruc*, Sacrificial wooden ladle with a long arm. ## sruva ladle *blugs gzar*, Skt. *sruva*, Small sacrificial wooden ladle with two collateral cavities. ## Sūrya *nyi ma*, Skt. *sūrya*, Literally “Sun,” here it seems to be referring to the principal deity of the sun, who goes by the same name. ## Sūrya­candrābhibhūtārci *nyi ma’i ’od zil gyis gnon pa’i ’od ’phro*, Skt. *sūrya­candrābhibhūtārcis*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Sūryadatta *nyi mas byin*, Skt. *sūryadatta*, A brahmin. ## Sūryadhvaja *nyi ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sūryadhvaja*, A bodhisattva. ## Sūrya­dhvaja *nyi ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sūrya­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sūryagarbha *nyi ma’i snying po*, Skt. *sūryagarbha*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. He is not mentioned anywhere else in the Kangyur. The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-ninth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sūrya­garbha *nyi ma’i snying po*, Skt. *sūrya­garbha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sūrya­garbhārci­vimalendra *nyi ma’i snying po’i ’od zer dri ma med pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *sūrya­garbhārci­vimalendra*, The name of the bodhisattva Prajñārciḥ­saṃkopita­daṣṭa when he became a buddha. ## Sūryaghoṣa *nyi ma’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sūryaghoṣa*, The name of five hundred buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Sūrya­gātra­pravara *sku nyi ma dam pa*, Skt. *sūrya­gātra­pravara*, A buddha in another world in the distant past. ## Sūrya­kesara­nirbhāsā *nyi ma’i ’od gzer ltar snang ba*, Skt. *sūrya­kesara­nirbhāsā*, A southwestern buddha realm. ## Sūryaketu *nyi ma’i tog*, Skt. *sūryaketu*, A bodhisattva. ## Sūryakāntā *nyi ma ltar mdzes ma*, Skt. *sūryakāntā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sūryamaṇḍalaprabhāsottamaśrī *nyi ma’i dkyil ’khor snang ba dam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottama­śrī*, Name of a buddha in the southwestern direction, residing in the world system called Vigata­rajaḥsañcayā. ## Sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottama­śrī *nyi ma’i dkyil ’khor snang ba dam pa’i dpal*, Skt. *sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottama­śrī*, Name of a buddha in the southwestern direction, residing in the world system called Vigata­rajaḥsañcayā. ## Sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottara­śrī *nyi ma’i dkyil ’khor sgron ma mchog gi dpal*, Skt. *sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottara­śrī*, Lit. “Glorious Supreme Clear Light of the Sun Disk.” A buddha in a world system called Vigata­rajasaṃcayā, in the intermediate southwest direction. ## Sūryamitra *gnyis bshes*, Skt. *sūryamitra*, A yakṣa king. (Perhaps the original Tibetan was nyi bshes. Toh 557 Yunglo: gnyi bshes. Toh 556 Lithang and Peking: gnyis bshes. Toh 556 Degé and Toh 557 Cone and Urga: gnyen bshes, Toh 555: nyi ma’i gnyen) ## Sūryamālagandha *nyi phreng spos*, Skt. *sūryamālagandha*, Śākyamuni’s previous life as a brahmin who begins a tradition of medicine. ## Sūryanandi *nyi dga’*, Skt. *sūryanandi*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-first) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sūryanemin *nyi ma’i mu khyud*, Skt. *sūryanemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Sūryaprabhā *nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *sūryaprabhā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Light of the Sun,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Sūryaprabha *nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *sūryaprabha*, The 122nd buddha in the first list, 122nd in the second list, and 123rd in the third list. ## Sūrya­prabha *nyi ma’i mdog*, Skt. *sūrya­prabha*, A park in Kaliṅgavana. Also the name of a park in another world in the distant past. ## Sūrya­prabhā­ketu­śrī *nyi ’od tog gi dpal*, Skt. *sūrya­prabhā­ketu­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Sūryaprabhāsa *nyi ma rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *sūryaprabhāsa*, Name of a bodhisattva from a distant world system in the southwestern direction called Vigata­rajaḥsañcayā, who comes to this world to pay homage to the Buddha. ## sūryapradīpa *nyi ma’i sgron ma*, Skt. *sūryapradīpa*, Lit. “sun lamp.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sūrya­pradīpa­ketu­śrī *nyi ma’i sgron ma dpal gyi dpal*, Skt. *sūrya­pradīpa­ketu­śrī*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Sūrya­pradīpa­ketu­śiri. ## Sūrya­pratibhāsa *nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *sūrya­pratibhāsa*, Lit. “Sunlight.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Vigata­rajasaṃcayā, in the intermediate southwest direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## Sūryapratiṣṭhita *nyi ma gnas pa*, Skt. *sūrya­pratiṣṭhita*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Sūryapriya *nyi ma dgyes*, Skt. *sūryapriya*, The 912th buddha in the first list, 911th in the second list, and 902nd in the third list. ## Sūryaśrī *nyi ma’i dpal*, Skt. *sūryaśrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī ## Sūryaraśmi *nyi ’od*, Skt. *sūryaraśmi*, The 540th buddha in the first list, 540th in the second list, and 533rd in the third list. ## Sūrya­vairocana *nyi ma ltar rnam par snang byed*, Skt. *sūrya­vairocana*, One of the two primary bodhisattvas who accompany the Thus-Gone One Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja in the buddhafield Vaiḍūrya­nirbhāsa. ## Sūrya­vikrama­samanta­pratibhāsa *nyi ma’i rnam par gnon pas kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *sūrya­vikrama­samanta­pratibhāsa*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Sūryākānta *nyi ma mdzes*, Skt. *sūryākānta*, A mountain king. ## Sūryānana *nyi ma’i zhal*, Skt. *sūryānana*, The 862nd buddha in the first list, 861st in the second list, and 851st in the third list. ## Sūryānanda *nyi ma’i zhal*, Skt. *sūryānanda*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Sūryodaya *snying rje bzang po*, Skt. *sūryodaya*, The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Sūryottara­jñānin *nyi ma dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *sūryottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Sūryāvartā *nyi ma ’khor ba*, Skt. *sūryāvartā*, A world within the Thus-Gone One Candra­sūrya­jihmī­kara­prabha’s buddha realm. ## sīt *sit*, Skt. *sīt*, In Indian culture, the sound expressive of sexual excitement or pleasure. ## Sītā *si ta*, Skt. *sītā*, Unidentified river. Tibetan texts refer to the source of the Indus by this name. ## stabdha *rengs pa*, Skt. *stabdha*, A spirit that causes paralysis. ## stability *brtan pa*, Skt. *brtan pa*, The name of the twenty thousand channels on the left side of the body. ## stability of mind *sems gnas pa*, Skt. *cittasthita*, The 57th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## stable *brtan pa*, a monk who has been ordained at least five or ten years without incurring an offense is considered stable. ## Stable Borders *mtshams brtan*, Skt. *mtshams brtan*, Birthplace of the buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## Stable Dharma *chos brtan*, Skt. *chos brtan*, Son of the buddha Kusumaraśmi. ## Stable Diligence *brtson ’grus brtan pa*, Skt. *brtson ’grus brtan pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūrata. ## Stable Faculties of Amassed Glory *dpal brtsegs dbang po brtan*, Skt. *dpal brtsegs dbang po brtan*, Attendant of the buddha Indrama. ## Stable Forest *nags tshal rab gnas*, Skt. *nags tshal rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Stable Holder of the Earth *sa ’dzin rab gnas*, Skt. *sa ’dzin rab gnas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Stable Insight *shes rab brtan*, Skt. *shes rab brtan*, Mother of the buddha Dharmacandra. ## Stable Intelligence *blo gros brtan pa*, Skt. *blo gros brtan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṅgha. ## Stable Jewels *rin chen rab gnas*, Skt. *rin chen rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Stable Meaning *don brtan*, Skt. *don brtan*, Father of the buddha Kṣemaṃkara. ## Stable Mind *blo brtan*, Skt. *blo brtan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśas (592 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Stable Mode *’gros brtan*, Skt. *’gros brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Stable Movement *’gro ba brtan*, Skt. *’gro ba brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Yaśottara. ## Stable Power *mthu rtsal brtan po*, Skt. *mthu rtsal brtan po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Stable Power of Indomitable Strength *mthu rtsal brtan po gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i stobs*, Skt. *mthu rtsal brtan po gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Viśvadeva. ## Stable Presence of All Good Qualities *yon tan thams cad rab gnas*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad rab gnas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Stable Presence of All Qualities *yon tan thams cad rab gnas*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Stable Presence of the King of Qualities *yon tan gyi rgyal po rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan gyi rgyal po rab tu gnas pa*, A buddha. ## Stable Qualities *yon tan rab gnas*, Skt. *yon tan rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Stable Roots *rtsa ba shin tu brtan pa*, Skt. *rtsa ba shin tu brtan pa*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas, located south of Vaiśālī. ## Stable Splendor *gzi brjid brtan pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid brtan pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## Stable Strength *stobs brtan*, Skt. *stobs brtan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Stable Water *chu brtan pa*, Skt. *chu brtan pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Stack of Precious Golden Parasols *gser gdugs rin po che brtsegs pa*, Skt. *suvarṇacchattraratnakūṭa*, A buddha. ## Stacked Incense *spos brtsegs*, Skt. *spos brtsegs*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## Stacked Qualities *yon tan brtsegs pa*, Skt. *yon tan brtsegs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Ratnacūḍa. ## stage Eight or ten levels or stages through which the bodhisatva traverses on the journey to complete awakening. ## stage of devoted conduct *mos pas spyod pa’i sa*, Skt. *adhimukti­caryā­bhūmi*, The level of devoted conduct is said to comprise the first two of the five paths, those of accumulation and preparation, which lead up to the path of seeing. This level is also presented as the second of seven spiritual levels in the Bodhisattva­bhūmi, which follows the initial level of the spiritual potential (gotrabhūmi). ## stage of engagement through aspiration *mos pa spyod pa’i sa*, Skt. *adhimukticaryābhūmiḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 897. ## stage of neither thought nor no thought *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched pa*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, The highest of the four divine attainments (absorptions) of the formless realm. ## stage of no impediment *mi lcog med pa*, Skt. *mi lcog med pa*, The preparatory stage for the first concentration. ## stages of the strengths *dbang po rnams kyi rim pa*, Skt. *indriyavaimātratā*, The development of various levels of capacities or capabilities as one progresses on the path. ## Stainless *dri ma med pa*, Skt. *dri ma med pa*, Stainless (free of stains or blemish), also (1) a past world where the Tathāgata Stainless Illumination recited a dhāraṇī to the bodhisattva Glorious Light. (2) The name of an eon in the past. ## Stainless and Clear *dri ma med par gsal ba*, Skt. *dri ma med par gsal ba*, A city in Godānīya. ## Stainless and Pure Subjugator *rdul med rdul bral rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *rdul med rdul bral rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Stainless Army *rdul bral sde*, Skt. *rdul bral sde*, A great bodhisattva. ## Stainless Array *bkod pa dri ma med pa*, Skt. *vimalavyūha*, A park in the city of city of Kapilavastu. ## Stainless Crest *dri ma med pa’i tog*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i tog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Stainless Disperser *dri med ’thor ba*, Skt. *dri med ’thor ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Stainless Essence *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vikrāntadeva. ## Stainless Eyes *dri med mig*, Skt. *dri med mig*, A brahmin. ## Stainless Fame *dri med grags pa*, Skt. *dri med grags pa*, Attendant of the buddha Amitāyus. ## Stainless Flower *dri ma med pa’i me tog*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i me tog*, A buddha. ## Stainless Gift *dri med byin*, Skt. *dri med byin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇabāhu. ## Stainless Giver *dri med gtong*, Skt. *dri med gtong*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Stainless Glow *dri med legs snang*, Skt. *dri med legs snang*, A brahmin layman who is the main interlocutor in The Dhāraṇī for Secret Relics. ## Stainless Hero *dpa’ bo dri med*, Skt. *dpa’ bo dri med*, A great bodhisattva. ## Stainless Illumination *dri ma med par snang ba*, Skt. *dri ma med par snang ba*, A tathāgata of the past world Stainless who recited a dhāraṇī for the bodhisattva Glorious Light. ## Stainless Insight *shes rab sgrib pa med pa*, Skt. *shes rab sgrib pa med pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Uttamadeva. ## Stainless Intelligence *dri med blo gros*, Skt. *dri med blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Stainless Intent *sgrib med dgongs pa*, Skt. *sgrib med dgongs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpaprabha (788 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Stainless Joy *dri med dga’*, Skt. *dri med dga’*, Father of the buddha Meruyaśas. ## stainless lamplight *dri ma med pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *vimalapradīpa*, A meditative stability. ## Stainless Land *yul ’khor dri ma med*, Skt. *yul ’khor dri ma med*, Father of the buddha Ratnakrama. ## Stainless Leader *rdul med khyu mchog*, Skt. *rdul med khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Stainless Light *dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Stainless. ## Stainless Light Rays Precious Ornament *dri ma med pa’i ’od zer rin po che’i tog*, Skt. *uttama­maṅgala­garbha Vimala­raśmi­ratna­ketu*, A buddha. ## Stainless Light Renown *dri med ’od grags*, Skt. *dri med ’od grags*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Stainless Mind *dri med blo*, Skt. *dri med blo*, Son of the buddha Jagattoṣaṇa. ## Stainless Moon *dri med zla*, Skt. *dri med zla*, Short name of the buddha Bright Countenance Like the Stainless Moon of the Essence of Glorious Splendor. ## stainless performance *dri ma med par spyod*, A meditative stability. ## Stainless Pleasure Grove *dri ma med pa’i kun dga’ ra ba*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i kun dga’ ra ba*, The location of the Buddha’s discourse in The Dhāraṇī for Secret Relics. ## Stainless Power *mthu rtsal dri med*, Skt. *mthu rtsal dri med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mokṣatejas. ## Stainless Quality *dri med ldan*, The wife of a householder in this sūtra. ## Stainless Radiance *dri med ’od ’phro*, Skt. *dri med ’od ’phro*, Father of the buddha Candra. ## Stainless Space-Like Eyes *mkha’ ltar mig dri ma med pa*, Skt. *mkha’ ltar mig dri ma med pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Stainless Subjugator *rdul med rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rdul med rnam par gnon*, A bodhisattva. ## Stainless Sundarī Skt. *nirmalasundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Stainless Teacher *sgrib med lung ston*, Skt. *sgrib med lung ston*, A buddha. ## Stainless Victory Banner *dri ma med pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Stainless Zenith *dri med tog*, Skt. *dri med tog*, A buddha. ## Stainless-Dharma Moon *chos dri ma med pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *chos dri ma med pa’i zla ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Staircase to a Vase *bum pa’i bang rim*, Skt. *bum pa’i bang rim*, One of the eight great nāgas. ## Staircase to Heaven *lha’i bang rim*, Skt. *lha’i bang rim*, One of the eight great nāgas. ## Staṣkako *staSh+ka ko*, Skt. *staṣkako*, A nāga who visits Saṅkāśa Mountain. ## stambhaka *rengs ba can*, Skt. *stambhaka*, The period after exhalation and before the next inhalation (one of the four stages during a single breath). ## Stambhala *stam b+ha la*, Skt. *stambhala*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Stambhanī *staM b+ha ni*, Skt. *stambhanī*, A goddess invoked to immobilize wayward beings. ## stamp *rgya*, Skt. *mudrā*, A stamp, signet, or seal. ## Star *rgyu skar*, Skt. *rgyu skar*, Star (a luminous celestial body), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnacandra. ## Star Bearer *rgyu skar can*, Skt. *rgyu skar can*, Birthplace of the buddha Pradyota. ## Star Color *skar mdog*, Skt. *skar mdog*, Son of the buddha Amoghadarśin. ## Star Crest *rgyu skar tog*, Skt. *rgyu skar tog*, Father of the buddha Udadhi. ## Star Garland *skar ’phreng*, Skt. *skar ’phreng*, An asura city. ## star jasmine *kun da*, Skt. *kunda*, Trachelospermum jasminoides. It has its name because of its starlike white blossoms. In India it is used in speech as an example of whiteness, i.e., “as white as star jasmine.” Also called downy jasmine, Chinese jasmine, Chinese ivy, and trader’s compass. ## Star King *rgyu skar rgyal po*, Skt. *rgyu skar rgyal po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vipulabuddhi (223 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Star King Mastering the Gatherings *skar ma’i rgyal po tshogs kyi bdag po*, Skt. *skar ma’i rgyal po tshogs kyi bdag po*, A buddha. ## Star Knower *skar mkhan*, Skt. *skar mkhan*, Son of the buddha Sūryagarbha. ## Star Lady *rgyu skar bdag mo*, Skt. *rgyu skar bdag mo*, Mother of the buddha Puṣya. ## Star Lover *skar ma la dga’ ba*, Skt. *skar ma la dga’ ba*, A bodhisattva. ## Star Opportunity *skar ma’i skabs*, Skt. *skar ma’i skabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi (540 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Star Owner *rgyu skar bdag*, Skt. *rgyu skar bdag*, Mother of the buddha Vighuṣṭatejas. ## Star Possessor *rgyu skar ldan*, Skt. *rgyu skar ldan*, Mother of the buddha Kusumaraśmi. ## Star Radiance *skar ma’i ’od*, Skt. *skar ma’i ’od*, Attendant of the buddha Asaṅgakīrti. ## star-banner jewel *skar ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *jyotirdhvaja*, See “cat’s eye.” ## Star-Color *skar mdog*, Skt. *skar mdog*, Name of an eon (kalpa). ## starfruit Averrhoa carambola. ## Starlight *skar ’od*, Skt. *skar ’od*, Starlight (light from the stars), also the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmeśvara (107 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Star-Like *skar ma lta bu*, Skt. *skar ma lta bu*, An eon following the eon called Great Renown, during which time eighty thousand ministers of the universal monarch Vast Mind (a previous incarnation of the buddha Dīpaṅkara) will awaken to buddhahood. ## starving spirit *yi dags*, Skt. *preta*, One of the five or six classes of sentient beings, considered to be the karmic fruition of past miserliness. In Sanskrit, literally “the departed”; they are analagous to the ancestral spirits of Vedic tradition, the pitṛs, who starve without the offerings of descendants. They live in the realm of Yama, the Lord of Death. They are particularly known to suffer from great hunger and thirst and the inability to acquire sustenance. ## Sātatagiri *g.yung drung ri*, Skt. *sātatagiri*, Name of a yakṣa. ## state *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, This term has various meanings according to context. Here in this sūtra it is used to refer to the four meditative states associated with the formless realm: (1) infinite space, (2) infinite consciousness, (3) nothingness, and (4) neither perception nor nonperception. In the context of epistemology, it is one way of describing experience and the world in terms of twelve sense sources, which can be divided into inner and outer sense sources, namely: (1–2) eye and form, (3–4) ear and sound, (5–6) nose and odor, (7–8) tongue and taste, (9–10) body and touch, (11–12) mind and mental phenomena. In the context of the twelve links of dependent origination, only six sense sources are mentioned, and they are the inner sense sources (identical to the six faculties) of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind. ## state in which all dharmas are just so *chos thams cad kyi de bzhin nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānāṃ tathatā*, Also rendered as the “suchness of all dharmas.” ## state of all-knowing *thams cad mkhyen pa nyid*, Skt. *sarvajñatva*, The state of knowing all possible and actual states of affairs of the past, present, and future (i.e., total omniscience) or knowing all that is most soteriologically relevant, the basic nature of reality (i.e., essential omniscience). ## state of arhatship *dgra bcom pa nyid*, Skt. *arhattva*, The level of attainment of an arhat, one who is worthy of worship (pūjām arhati), or one who has conquered the enemies, the mental afflictions, and has reached liberation from the cycle of rebirth and suffering. The fourth and highest of the four fruits attainable by hearers (śrāvakas). ## state of infinite consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatana*, The second level of the four levels of the formless realm and its meditation, when everything is perceived as consciousness. ## state of infinite space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, The first of the four levels of the formless realm and its meditation, when all appears to be space. ## state of neither perception nor nonperception *du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana*, The “highest” of the four formless realms, which have no location other than where the meditator passed away. ## state of nirvāṇa Seemingly conceived of as either the state or nature of being or that of a being. One of a number of applications of the term dhātu, which can have the sense of an element or constituent part of the world and of the person. It can also be used in the sense of “the true state of things” (dharmadhātu) and “the sphere of the worlds” (lokadhātu). ## state of nothingness *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *ākiñcanyāyatana*, The third of the four levels of the formless realm and its meditation, when there is the perception of nothingness. ## state of subjugation *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhi­bhavāyatana*, State when the power of meditation is more powerful than any perception, which therefore cannot disturb it. ## state of totality *zad par gyi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, State of meditation in which one can transform whatever is perceived. ## state of utter joy In Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra, this phrase describes the state that arises when the vital winds of the left and right channels are suppressed. ## statement *brjod pa*, Skt. *pra­vyāhāra*, Also translated here as “description.” ## statements made for a purpose *ched du brjod pa*, Skt. *udāna*, Fifth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. See also . ## states of existence *srid pa*, The five states of existence refer to the five destinies of birth as a god, as a human, as an animal, as a preta (or “hungry ghost”), and in the hells. ## states of meditative attainment *snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *samāpatti*, One of several common terms that are used to describe meditative states. The four states of meditative attainment refer here to the states of infinite space, infinite consciousness, nothingness, and neither perception nor absence of perception. ## states of misery A collective name for the realms of animals, anguished spirits (pretas), and denizens of the hells. ## sātatikā *rtag pa las byung ba’i rims*, Skt. *sātatikā*, A class of spirits causing a lasting disease. ## station *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, Here station refers to sucessive stages of formless absorption, namely: station of endless space, station of endless consciousness, station of nothing-at-all, and station of neither perception nor nonperception. In other contexts in this sūtra, āyatana refers to the twelve sense fields; see “sense field.” ## station of complete suffusion *mtha’ dag gi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, See “ten stations of complete suffusion.” ## station of endless consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatana*, Second of the four formless realms. The term also refers to the class of gods that dwell there, and the name of the second of the four formless absorptions. The other three realms are the station of endless space, the station of nothing-at-all, and the station of neither perception nor nonperception. ## station of endless space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatana*, First of the four formless realms. The term also refers to the class of gods that dwell there and the name of the first of the four formless absorptions. The other three realms are the station of endless consciousness, the station of nothing-at-all, and the station of neither perception nor nonperception. ## station of mastery *zil gyis gnon pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *abhibhvāyatana*, See “eight stations of mastery.” ## station of neither perception nor nonperception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñā­nāsaṃjñāyatana*, The highest of the four formless realms. The term also refers to the class of gods that dwell there and the name of the fourth of the four formless absorptions. The other three realms are the station of endless space, the station of endless consciousness, and the station of nothing-at-all. ## station of nothing-at-all *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *ākiṃcityāyatana*, Third of the four formless realms. The term also refers to the class of gods that dwell there and the third of the four formless absorptions. The other three realms are the station of endless space, the station of endless consciousness, and the station of neither perception nor nonperception. ## station of the endless-space absorption *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched kyi snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched kyi snyoms par ’jug pa*, See “station of endless space.” ## station of the neither perception nor nonperception absorption *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched kyi snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched kyi snyoms par ’jug pa*, See “station of neither perception nor nonperception.” ## station of the nothing-at-all absorption *ci yang med pa’i skye mched kyi snyoms par ’jug pa*, Skt. *ci yang med pa’i skye mched kyi snyoms par ’jug pa*, See “station of nothing-at-all.” ## stations of complete immersion *zad par gyi skye mched*, Skt. *kṛtsnāyatana*, See “ten stations of complete immersion.” ## Stavakarṇin *rgya skegs kyi rna rgyan can*, Skt. *stavakarṇin*, Another name of Bhavatrāta, a half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## Sātavāhana *sa la yi ni bzhon pa*, Skt. *sātavāhana*, A dynasty in south India whose rule ended in the third century ce. ## Stavārha *bstod ’os*, Skt. *stavārha*, A self-awakened one in the future. ## stay wherever they happen to be *gzhi ji bzhin pa*, Skt. *yathā­saṃstarika*, Eleventh of the twelve ascetic practices. ## Steadfast *brtan pa*, Skt. *brtan pa*, Steadfast (firm and unwavering), also the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajra (48 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast Diligence *brtson brtan*, Skt. *brtson brtan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vigatakāṅkṣa (180 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast Feet *zhabs dag brtan pa*, Skt. *zhabs dag brtan pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Abhaya (434 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast Intelligence *blo gros brtan pa*, Skt. *blo gros brtan pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ketumat (916 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast Mind *brtan pa’i blo*, Skt. *brtan pa’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha (688 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast Movement *brtan par gshegs*, Skt. *brtan par gshegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Duṣpradharṣa (39 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast One *brtan pa*, Skt. *brtan pa*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Steadfast Vision *gzigs pa brtan*, Skt. *gzigs pa brtan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Caitraka (885 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Steadfast Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs brtan*, Skt. *brtul zhugs brtan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Surūpa (587 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## steady alms *tsho ba brtan pa*, Skt. *dhruvabhikṣā*, “To establish steady alms,” i.e. to establish an endowment, thereby ensuring that monks have good food and drink. Also rendered “steady alms living” (Tib. mthun pa’i mchod sbyin brtan po; Skt. dhruvabhikṣā). ## steady alms living *mthun pa’i mchod sbyin brtan po*, Skt. *dhruvabhikṣā*, “To establish steady alms,” i.e. to establish an endowment, thereby ensuring that monks have good food and drink. ## steady gait *mi yo bar bzhud pa*, Skt. *avakragāmin*, Seventeenth of the eighty minor signs. ## Steady Pillar of Sandalwood *tsan dan gyi ka ba rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *tsan dan gyi ka ba rab tu gnas pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Outshining Flower. ## stealing *ma byin par len pa*, Skt. *adattādāna*, The second among the three physical misdeeds. Also rendered here according to the literal meaning of ma byin par len pa, “taking what was not given.” ## Steps *mu stegs*, Skt. *mu stegs*, Steps (movements made by lifting and setting down the foot), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Vibhaktagātra. ## Steps for Wandering Beings *’gro ba’i mu stegs*, Skt. *’gro ba’i mu stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Toṣitatejas (573 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sātāgiri *ri mnyam*, Skt. *sātāgiri*, A yakṣa general in the intermediate directions; a yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Sātāgirista *bde ba’i ri nyid*, Skt. *sātāgirista*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: bde ba’i ri) ## Sthalā *ka ba*, Skt. *sthalā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Sthala *ka ba*, Skt. *sthala*, A yakṣa general. ## Sītāharaṇa *rol snyed ma phrogs pa*, Skt. *sītāharaṇa*, The name of the chariot in which Sītā, the wife of Rāma, was carried away. ## sthavira *gnas brtan*, Skt. *sthavira*, Literally “elder,” a respectful term for a senior monk or nun (seniority being defined by the number of years since full ordination); also the name of the sixteen arhats who are said to preserve the Teaching (Dharma) until the arrival of the future Buddha Maitreya. ## Sthavira Cave *gnas brtan gyi phug*, Skt. *gnas brtan gyi phug*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in the region called Increasing Joy. ## Sthaviragāthā *gnas brtan pa’i tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *sthaviragāthā*, A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins. ## Sthavirīgāthā *gnas brtan ma’i tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *sthavirīgāthā*, A lost verse text possibly included in the Kṣudraka­piṭaka of the Mūla­sarvāstivādins. ## Sthirā *brtan pa*, Skt. *sthirā*, A capital city in South India. ## Sthiramati *blo gros brtan pa*, Skt. *sthiramati*, (c. fourth century). One of the important masters of the Vijñānavāda school, he wrote important commentaries on the works of Vasubandhu and Āryāsaṅga. ## Sthirapadavikrāmin A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name means something like “Steady Stepper.” ## Sthitabuddhi *blo gnas pa*, Skt. *sthitabuddhi*, The 157th buddha in the first list, 156th in the second list, and 156th in the third list. ## Sthita­buddhi­datta *blo gros brtan pas byin*, Skt. *sthita­buddhi­datta*, A buddha in the past. ## Sthita­buddhi­rūpa *blo gnas rang bzhin*, Skt. *sthita­buddhi­rūpa*, The 852nd buddha in the first list, 851st in the second list, and 841st in the third list. ## Sthitagandha *spos gnas*, Skt. *sthitagandha*, The 667th buddha in the first list, 666th in the second list, and 658th in the third list. ## Sthitamitra *grogs brtan*, Skt. *sthitamitra*, The 421st buddha in the first list, 420th in the second list, and 414th in the third list. ## sthitaniścitta *sems med par gnas pa*, Skt. *sthitaniścitta*, Lit. “firm without mind.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Sthita­vega­jñāna *shugs gnas ye shes ldan*, Skt. *sthita­vega­jñāna*, The 792nd buddha in the first list, 791st in the second list, and 781st in the third list. ## Sthitisamāsa *gnas pa bsdus pa*, Skt. *sthitisamāsa*, Text by Sahajavajra (Toh 2227). ## Sthitārtha *don la gnas pa*, Skt. *sthitārtha*, The 720th buddha in the first list, 719th in the second list, and 709th in the third list. ## Sthitārtha­buddhi *don gnas blo*, Skt. *sthitārtha­buddhi*, The 648th buddha in the first list, 647th in the second list, and 639th in the third list. ## Sthitārtha­jñānin *don gnas mkhyen*, Skt. *sthitārtha­jñānin*, The 191st buddha in the first list, 190th in the second list, and 190th in the third list. ## Sthālabhuja *thang la spyod*, Skt. *sthālabhuja*, The second of the five young brahmin attendants of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Sukhendriyamati, the 1,001st of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## Sthūlaśira *mgo bo che*, Skt. *sthūlaśira*, A great ṛṣi. ## Sthūlakoṣṭhaka *bang mdzod stug po can*, Skt. *sthūlakoṣṭhaka*, A village in the country of Kuru. ## Sthūlakoṣṭhaka Forest *bang mdzod stug po can gyi tshal*, Skt. *bang mdzod stug po can gyi tshal*, A forest near Sthūlakoṣṭhaka, a village in the country of Kuru. ## Sthūlanandā *tshon mo dga’ mo*, Skt. *sthūlanandā*, A certain nun who is tricked in The Hundred Deeds by the Band of Six. She resided at the nunnery Royal Garden. ## Sthālisugandha *snod dri zhim*, Skt. *sthālisugandha*, The name of Prince Kuśa disguised as a cook. ## sthūlātyaya offense *ltung ba sbom po*, Skt. *sthūlātyaya*, The third gravest type of offense for a monk or nun, which requires confession in the presence of another monk or nun. Attempting one of the two gravest offenses, pārājika and saṅghāvaśeṣa, constitutes this category. For instance, if a monk attempts to kill a person and does not succeed, his offense is categorised as sthūlātyaya. ## Sthāmaprāpta *mthu ni thob pa*, Skt. *sthāmaprāpta*, The 214th buddha in the first list, 213th in the second list, and 213th in the third list. ## Sthāmaśrī *mthu yi dpal*, Skt. *sthāmaśrī*, The 370th buddha in the first list, 369th in the second list, and 364th in the third list. ## Sthānanemin *gnas kyi mu khyud*, Skt. *sthānanemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Sthāvarā *brtan ma*, Skt. *sthāvarā*, The earth goddess who was present at the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Sthāṇvīśvara *gnas na dbang phyug*, Skt. *sthāṇvīśvara*, An ancient city corresponding to the modern Thaneswar in Haryana, India. ## Āstika *yod pa pa*, Skt. *āstika*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## stilling *zhi gnas*, Skt. *śamatha*, One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, which focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other technique being “higher insight.” ## stinginess *ser sna*, Skt. *matsara*, The mental state of stinginess, matsara is sometimes translated as “miserliness” or “avarice.” It is classified as one of the twenty subsidiary afflictions (upakleśa). ## stingy *ser sna*, Skt. *mātsarya*, One of twenty or twenty-four so-called secondary mental defilements or afflictions. ## stinkvine *ba dra li*, Skt. *bhadrālī*, Paederia foetida. ## Stirrer of the Ocean of Existence *srid pa’i rgya mtsho ’khrugs byed*, Skt. *srid pa’i rgya mtsho ’khrugs byed*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Sūtkhalin *mud ka li*, Skt. *sūtkhalin*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Stomach *gsus pa nyid*, Skt. *gsus pa nyid*, Stomach (the digestive organ of the abdomen), also the name of an area in Kuru. ## Stopper *te ma bu ka*, Skt. *te ma bu ka*, Stopper (something that plugs or blocks an opening), also the name of a ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Stopping the Loss of Adherence to the Realized Meaning *rtogs pa’i don la gnas pa ’dor ba ldog par byed pa*, Skt. *rtogs pa’i don la gnas pa ’dor ba ldog par byed pa*, Mother of the buddha Sthitagandha. ## Storehouse of the Domain of the Sacred Dharma *dam pa’i chos kyi dkyil ’khor gyi mdzod*, Skt. *dam pa’i chos kyi dkyil ’khor gyi mdzod*, A minister of the Dharma king Great Diligent Nāga. ## stores of merit and wisdom *bsod nams dang ye shes kyi tshogs*, Skt. *puṇya­jñāna­saṃbhāra*, The two great stores to be accumulated by bodhisattvas: the store of merit, arising from their practice of the first three transcendences, and the store of wisdom, arising from their practice of the last two transcendences. All deeds of bodhisattvas contribute to their accumulation of these two stores, which ultimately culminate in the two bodies of the Buddha, the body of form and the ultimate body. ## storied mansion *khang pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *kūṭāgāra*, A distinctive Indian assembly hall or temple with one ground-floor room and a high ornamental roof, sometimes a barrel shape with apses but more usually a tapering roof, tower, or spire. It contains at least one additional upper room within the structure. The term kūṭāgāra literally means “upper chamber” and is short for kūṭāgāraśālā (“hall with an upper chamber”). ## stories of former births *skyes pa’i rabs kyi sde*, Skt. *jātaka*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures. ## stotra *bstod pa*, Skt. *stotra*, Hymn of praise. ## Stūpa *mchod rten*, lit. support of offering, symbolic representation of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s mind. The most typical Buddhist monument, which often has a wide square base, a rounded mid-section, and a tall conical upper [section](#section) topped by a sun and moon. Stūpas frequently contain the relics of enlightened beings. They vary in size from tiny clay models to the vast stūpas at Borobodur in Indonesia and Bodha in Nepal. ## Stūpa Chariot *mchod rten shing rta*, Skt. *mchod rten shing rta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānasāgara. ## Stūpa Endowed with Gathering *tshogs ldan mchod rten*, Skt. *tshogs ldan mchod rten*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmaketu. ## Stūpa for Demigods *lha min mchod rten*, Skt. *lha min mchod rten*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhu. ## Stūpa for Humanity *skye bo’i mchod rten*, Skt. *skye bo’i mchod rten*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthitabuddhi (156 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Stūpa for Teaching *smra ba’i mchod rten*, Skt. *smra ba’i mchod rten*, Birthplace of the buddha Harivaktra. ## Stūpa for the World *’jig rten dag gi mchod rten*, Skt. *’jig rten dag gi mchod rten*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇya­pradīpa­rāja (837 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Stūpa for Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs mchod rten*, Skt. *brtul zhugs mchod rten*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhadharma. ## Stūpa of Fearlessness *’jigs pa med pa’i mchod rten*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i mchod rten*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## Stūpa of Joy *mchod rten dga’*, Skt. *mchod rten dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kṛtāntadarśin. ## Stūpa of Qualities *yon tan mchod rten*, Skt. *yon tan mchod rten*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpa­dama­sthita. ## Stūpa of the Directions *phyogs kyi mchod rten*, Skt. *phyogs kyi mchod rten*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśodatta. ## Stūpa of the Ground *sa yi mchod rten*, Skt. *sa yi mchod rten*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānaśūra. ## Stūpa of the Victorious Ones *rgyal ba’i mchod rten*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i mchod rten*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Rāhu­sūrya­garbha. ## Stūpa of Wisdom *ye shes mchod rten*, Skt. *ye shes mchod rten*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prāmodyarāja (69 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Stūpa Qualities *yon tan mchod rten*, Skt. *yon tan mchod rten*, Mother of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Stūpa That Overwhelms with Jewel Light *rin chen snang bas rnam par gnon pa’i mchod rten*, Skt. *rin chen snang bas rnam par gnon pa’i mchod rten*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Future Hearers. ## Stūpa Worship *mchod rten mchod*, Skt. *mchod rten mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmaruta. ## Stūpamahāśriyā *mchod rten dpal chen ma*, Skt. *stūpamahāśriyā*, “Great Splendor of Reliquaries,” one of the mantra deities. ## Sūtra *mdo*, a concise text spoken by the [Buddha](#buddha); one of the Three [Piṭakas](#piṭaka). See [Tripiṭaka](#tripiṭaka). See also: Wikipedia's [List of suttas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suttas), Access to Insight's [Index of Suttas](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/index-sutta.html), and 84,000's reading room with [The Kangyur and The Tengyur](https://read.84000.co/section/lobby.html). ## Śāstra *bstan bcos*, a commentary on the [Buddha's](#buddha) teachings. ## Sūtra of the Parable of Pole Climbing *shing ’dzeg gi shing lta bu’i mdo*, Skt. *shing ’dzeg gi shing lta bu’i mdo*, A sūtra in the section of the path in the Saṃyuktāgama, which corresponds to SĀc 619, SN 47.19, etc. ## Sūtra of the Parable of the Axe *ste’u lta bu’i mdo*, Skt. *ste’u lta bu’i mdo*, A sūtra in the section of the aggregates in the Saṃyuktāgama, which corresponds to SĀc 263, SN 22.101, etc. ## sūtra section *mdo sde*, Skt. *sūtra*, One of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures, usually referring to a discourse by the Buddha. When not referring to the words of the Buddha, the term refers to any concise doctrinal statement. ## Sūtracunaka A weaver in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Bhāṅgīrasi. ## strainer *tshags*, Skt. *parisrāvaṇa*, Part of the tradition monastic attire. Bamboo strainers were always carried in order to avoid killing insects when taking water. ## sūtras *mdo sde*, Skt. *sūtrānta*, The term sūtrānta (Pāli suttanta) is a synonym of the word sūtra; it can also designate the genre sūtra as a whole. ## stream enterer *rgyun du zhugs pa*, Skt. *srota āpanna*, There are four kinds of noble persons (Skt. āryapudgala) according to the Śrāvakayāna path, characterized by a gradual abandonment of ten kinds of fetters (Skt. saṃyojana) that bind one to saṃsāra. This is the first of the four (or eight) stages of the realization of the supermundane path (and fruit) leading to awakening or liberation. ## stream entrant *rgyun du zhugs pa*, Skt. *srotāpatti*, The first of the four levels of attainment on the śrāvaka path. The one who attains it continuously approaches liberation from then onward. ## stream entry *rgyun du zhugs pa*, Skt. *srotāpanna*, The state of one who has attained the … path of seeing (Rigzin 74), and will be carried to enlightenment as surely as a leaf floats downstream. ## Stream of Dark Foam *dbu ba rog rog ’bab pa*, Skt. *dbu ba rog rog ’bab pa*, A river in Enjoyment of Scents. ## Stream of Gold *gser ’bab*, Skt. *gser ’bab*, A river in Enjoyment of Scents. ## Stream of Jewel Pieces *rin po che’i dum bu ’bab*, Skt. *rin po che’i dum bu ’bab*, A river in Enjoyment of Scents. ## Stream of Jewels *rin chen ’bab*, Skt. *rin chen ’bab*, A river in Enjoyment of Scents. ## stream-enterer *rgyun du zhugs pa*, Skt. *srotāpanna*, A person who has entered the “stream” of practice that leads to nirvāṇa. The first of the four attainments of the path of the hearers. ## streamer A banner without a crest. ## strength *stobs*, Skt. *bala*, One of a list of five qualities cultivated on the higher part of the path of joining (faith, diligence, mindfulness, absorption, and knowledge). These are similar to the five powers but in a higher stage of development. ## Strength Gift *stobs byin*, Skt. *stobs byin*, Son of the buddha Nandeśvara. ## Strength of a Striding Lion *seng ge rnam bsgyings pa yi stobs*, Skt. *seng ge rnam bsgyings pa yi stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Oghajaha (620 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strength of Awakening *byang chub stobs*, Skt. *byang chub stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Avabhāsadarśin. ## Strength of Bliss *bde stobs*, Skt. *bde stobs*, Son of the buddha Kusumaparvata. ## Strength of Brightness *mdangs stobs*, Skt. *mdangs stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sucandra (922 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strength of Concentration *bsam gtan stobs*, Skt. *bsam gtan stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Velāmarāja. ## Strength of Dharma *chos kyi stobs*, Skt. *chos kyi stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Matimat (983 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strength of Discipline *tshul khrims stabs*, Skt. *tshul khrims stabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Atyuccagāmin (118 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strength of Divine Power *lha’i mthu rtsal stobs*, Skt. *lha’i mthu rtsal stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Strength of Excellent Qualities *yon tan stobs*, Skt. *yon tan stobs*, Attendant of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## Strength of Insight *shes rab stobs*, Skt. *shes rab stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhabala (772 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strength of Intelligence *blo gros stobs*, Skt. *blo gros stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## Strength of Love *byams pa’i stobs*, Skt. *byams pa’i stobs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gandhābha (859 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strength of Merit *bsod nams stobs*, Skt. *bsod nams stobs*, Son of the buddha Puṇyaraśmi. ## Strength of Nāga Joy *klu dga’ stobs*, Skt. *klu dga’ stobs*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Strength of Qualities *yon tan stobs*, Skt. *yon tan stobs*, Son of the buddha Aparājita­dhvaja. ## Strength of Reflection *bsam pa’i stobs*, Skt. *bsam pa’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagātra. ## Strength of Serenity *rab tu zhi ba’i stobs*, Skt. *rab tu zhi ba’i stobs*, Birthplace of the buddha Muniprasanna. ## Strength of the Capable *dbang po’i stobs*, Skt. *dbang po’i stobs*, Father of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Strength of the Conduct of Lion Strength *seng ge’i mthu rtsal spyod pa’i stobs*, Skt. *seng ge’i mthu rtsal spyod pa’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Strength of the Essence of Acumen *spobs pa’i snying stobs*, Skt. *spobs pa’i snying stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Pratibhāna­cakṣus. ## Strength of the Ocean *mtsho gyad*, Skt. *mtsho gyad*, A nāga king. ## Strength of the Truth *bden pa’i stobs*, Skt. *bden pa’i stobs*, Son of the buddha Supriya. ## Strength of the Water *chu’i shugs*, Skt. *chu’i shugs*, A nāga king. ## Strength of Virtue *dge ba’i stobs*, Skt. *dge ba’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kathendra. ## Strength of Wisdom *ye shes stobs*, Skt. *ye shes stobs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Marudadhipa. ## strengths *stobs*, Skt. *bala*, The strengths are enumerated as five or ten. As five, they are a stronger form of the five powers: faith, mindfulness, diligence, samādhi, and wisdom. As ten, they are the strenths of knowing what is proper and improper, knowing the maturation of karma, knowing the variety of beings’ aspirations, knowing the variety of their inclinations, knowing the variety of their capacities, knowing everywhere each path leads, knowing the dhyānas, liberations, samāpattis, samādhis and so forth, being able to recall previous states of being, and knowing the details of death and rebirth. ## stretching lion *seng ge rnam par rkyong ba*, A meditative stability. ## stretching-out lion *seng ge rnam par glal ba*, A meditative stability. ## Strewn Sand *bye ma ’drim pa*, Skt. *bye ma ’drim pa*, A river on Great Slope. ## Striding Departure *bsgyings ldan bzhud*, Skt. *bsgyings ldan bzhud*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇamālin (168 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Striding Elephant *glang po bsgyings*, Skt. *glang po bsgyings*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigatamala. ## Striding Lion *seng ge rnam bsgyings*, Skt. *seng ge rnam bsgyings*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Abhyudgata (489 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Strife *’thab pa*, Skt. *’thab pa*, Strife (angry or bitter conflict), also the name of a “ruler of the world” who belongs to the class of the māras. ## Strifeless Heaven *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, counted among the six heavens of the desire realm. ## Strong Hands and Language *lag shugs sgra skad*, Skt. *lag shugs sgra skad*, Father of the buddha Mayūra. ## Strong Love *legs byams*, Skt. *legs byams*, Attendant of the buddha Anihatavrata. ## Strong Moving *stobs kyi rgyu*, Skt. *stobs kyi rgyu*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Strong Support *rkang stobs*, Skt. *rkang stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vikrāntagāmin. ## Strong Throat *mgul ngar*, Skt. *mgul ngar*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## strongly attached to pleasure *bde ba la chags pa’i shugs*, Skt. *bde ba la chags pa’i shugs*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Strung-Frog Rings *sbal phreng sor rdub can*, Skt. *sbal phreng sor rdub can*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Strīvivarta *bud med ’gyur ba*, Skt. *strīvivarta*, A female bodhisattva. ## Studded *bkod pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *bkod pa dang ldan pa*, Studded (set with many small ornaments or gems), also the birthplace of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Studded with Flowers *me tog kun tu bkram*, Skt. *me tog kun tu bkram*, A buddha realm. ## Studded with Kadambas *ka dam+ba ’khod pa*, Skt. *ka dam+ba ’khod pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Studded with Kumudas *ku mu das rab tu khebs pa*, Skt. *ku mu das rab tu khebs pa*, A buddha realm. ## Studded with Lotuses *pad mas bkab par gyur pa*, Skt. *pad mas bkab par gyur pa*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Studded with Mansions *khang bzangs dkrigs pa*, Skt. *khang bzangs dkrigs pa*, A pleasure grove in Shaded by Garlands. ## Studded with Signs *mtshan gyis spras*, Skt. *mtshan gyis spras*, Birthplace of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Studded with Vidruma Trees *bi dru ma’i shing dang ldan pa*, Skt. *bi dru ma’i shing dang ldan pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Study *thos pa*, lit. listening. Traditionally, listening to the teachings was the main way of learning in Tibet. Before studying from a text, it is important to receive the aural transmission by actually hearing the teacher's words. The term "study" should therefore be understood as rather more than simply reading a text. ## study of seals *lag rtsis*, Skt. *mudrā*, The study of seals and insignia. ## Stupaśriyā *mchod dpal*, Skt. *stupaśriyā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sātyamugra One of the lineages within the Sāmaveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## subconscious instinct *bag la nyal ba*, Skt. *anuśaya*, This is equivalent to vāsanā, “instinctual predilection,” and refers in Buddhist psychology to the subconscious habit patterns that underlie emotional responses such as desire and hatred. ## subconsciousness *kun gzhi*, Skt. *ālaya*, Identifiable with ālayavijñāna. However, as reference to the elaborate Vijñānavādin psychology of the “store-consciousness” is out of place in this sūtra, it is here simply translated “subconsciousness.” ## Subdued *rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *vi­vṛta*, Subdued (brought under control; quieted), also the name of the forty-fifth meditative stability. ## Subduer of Doubt *yid gnyis mnan*, Skt. *yid gnyis mnan*, A buddha realm. ## Subduer of Māra’s Armies *bdud kyi sde ’joms*, Skt. *bdud kyi sde ’joms*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Subduer of the Enemy *dgra thul*, Skt. *dgra thul*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Madhuvaktra (480 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Subduer of Transcendence *’das pa rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *’das pa rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Subduer with Infinite Steps *gom pa mtha’ yas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *gom pa mtha’ yas rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## subduing and illuminating *mngon par gnon cing rnam par gsal ba*, Skt. *vispaṣṭa*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## Subhū Skt. *subhū*, An ancient king of Vaiśālī. ## Subhadrā *dge ba yod pa*, Skt. *subhadrā*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara (translated as dge ba yod pa). Also a daughter in Dhanyākara (translated as dge ba bzang mo). ## Subhadra *kun tu bzang*, Skt. *subhadra*, A brahmin mentioned in the context of what is likely a story of a past life of the Buddha. ## Subhadra (the charioteer) *rab bzang*, Skt. *subhadra*, A charioteer of King Śuddhodana. Not to be confused with the mendicant Subhadra. ## Subhadra (the mendicant) *rab bzang*, Skt. *subhadra*, A certain mendicant. Not to be confused with Subhadra the charioteer of King Śuddhodana. After his death, a series of miracles confirmed that he had been a practitioner of the Buddha’s monastic code. ## Subhagā *su bha ge*, Skt. *subhagā*, ‟Well-Gone One,” one of the six kinnara queens ## Subhaga *skal bzang po*, Skt. *subhaga*, The 643rd buddha in the first list, 642nd in the second list, and 634th in the third list. ## Subha­ratna­vicitra­kūṭa *rin po che sna tshogs bzang po las brtsegs pa*, Skt. *subha­ratna­vicitra­kūṭa*, A kūṭāgāra in another world in the distant past. ## Subhūbhāsa *sa ’od bzang*, Skt. *subhūbhāsa*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## Subhāṣita­gaveṣin *legs par smra ba tshol*, Skt. *subhāṣita­gaveṣin*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Subhūma An earth-dwelling deity whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Subhūmi Skt. *subhūmi*, A bodhisattva in one of the paintings of Śākyamuni. ## Subhrū *smin bzang ma*, Skt. *subhrū*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Subhūti One of the Buddha Śākyamuni’s principal pupils and a close relative of the Buddha’s famous patron Anāthapiṇḍada. According to the Pali tradition, Subhūti is considered foremost among the Buddha’s disciples for dwelling peacefully in isolated places (Pali: dakkhiṇeyyānaṃ) and being a worthy recipient of gifts (Pali: araṇa­vihārīnaṃ aggo). He is said to have become an arhat through meditative concentration on loving-kindness (Skt. maitrīdhyāna, Pali: mettajhāna). On his alms rounds, Subhūti would cultivate loving-kindness for every household he visited, and thereby he bestowed the conditions for the highest possible merit for his donors. In the Mahāyāna tradition, he is particularly known to be one of the primary interlocutors in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras and is sometimes referred to as the foremost among the Buddha’s disciples for understanding emptiness, although as we see by his verse given in The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist he still retains his association with gift giving and generosity. Pali: Subhūti ## Su­bhūti *rab ’byor*, Skt. *su­bhūti*, Name of an elder. ## Subhūtibhūti *’byor bzang ’byor pa*, Skt. *subhūtibhūti*, An ancient king of Aṅga. ## Subhūticandra *su b+hU ti tsan+d+ra*, Skt. *subhūticandra*, A translator of the sūtra. ## Subhūtiśrī Skt. *subhūtiśrī*, Subhūtiśrī(śānti) was a paṇḍita from Kaśmīr invited to Western Tibet during the reign of the king Lha Dé (Lha lde) who translated a number of Prajñāpāramitā texts, sūtras, and works of pramāṇa. ## Subāhu *lag bzangs*, Skt. *subāhu*, one of the first to join the [Buddha](#buddha)’s order of monks. He followed his friend [Yaśas](#yaśas) into the Buddhist order. ## subjugating *mngon spyod*, Skt. *abhicāruka*, A common class of ritual activity (Skt. karman; Tib. las). ## Subjugating Infinite Leader *khyu mchog mtha’ yas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *khyu mchog mtha’ yas rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Subjugating Jewel *rin chen rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *rin chen rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Subjugating Steps *gom pas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *gom pas rnam par gnon pa*, A buddha. ## Subjugating the Three Worlds under One’s Feet *rkang pas ’jig rten gsum rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rkang pas ’jig rten gsum rnam par gnon*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Subjugator *rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rnam par gnon*, Subjugator (one who conquers or brings under control), also the father of the buddha Bhavāntadarśin. ## Subjugator by Means of Stable Diligence *brtson ’grus brtan pos pha rol gnon pa can*, Skt. *brtson ’grus brtan pos pha rol gnon pa can*, Attendant of the buddha Vaiḍūryagarbha. ## Subjugator of Doubt *yid gnyis rnam gnon*, Skt. *yid gnyis rnam gnon*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahauṣadhi (527 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Subjugator of Resentment and Conceit *khon dang rgyags pa rnam par non oa*, A buddha in the western direction in the present. ## Subjugator of the Gathering *tshogs ni rnam gnon*, Skt. *tshogs ni rnam gnon*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Añjana (857 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Subjugator of the Māras *bdud zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *bdud zil gyis gnon pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahādatta. ## sublimation [of all phenomena] *yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *[sarva­dharma]samudgata*, The 16th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8, and a meditative stability mentioned on its own. ## Sublimation of [All] Phenomena *chos kyis gnas pa’i spyi gtsug*, Skt. *dharmaṅgata*, Name of the fifty-ninth meditative stability. ## sublimation of all phenomena *chos thams cad las mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmābhyudgato*, The fortieth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Sublimation [of All Things] *yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­sam­udgata*, Name of the fifteenth meditative stability. ## sublimation of phenomena *chos kyi ’phags pa*, Skt. *dharmodgata*, The 64th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## sublimation through the strength of the ten powers *stobs bcu’i stobs kyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *daśabalodgata*, A meditative stability. ## sublime *’phags pa*, Skt. *ārya*, — ## Sublime being *skyes bu dam pa*, "realized being who has the capacity to [act](#act) for the benefit of others on a vast scale." DICT. ## Sublime Compassionate One *'phags pa thugs rje chen po*, one of the names given to [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara) (Chenrezi), the [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) of compassion. ## sublime conduct *tshangs par spyod pa*, Skt. *brahmacarya*, To maintain chaste conduct. ## Sublime Elephant of Jewels *rin po che’i glang po dam pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i glang po dam pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with the Glory of Sublime Evenness. ## Sublime Elephant Out of Rut *ma rlan pa’i glang po dam pa*, Skt. *ma rlan pa’i glang po dam pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Victory Banner of Mount Sumeru. ## Sublime Golden Light *gser ’od dam pa*, Skt. *gser ’od dam pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Replete. ## Sublime Heaven *gya nom snang*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, The fifteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and the pure realms, it is listed as the third of the five pure realms. ## Sublime Intelligence *blo gros gya nom*, Skt. *blo gros gya nom*, Father of the buddha Jñānavara. ## Sublime Jewel A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Sublime levels see [Bodhisattva levels](#bodhisattva-levels). ## Sublime Light *dam pa’i ’od*, A buddha. ## Sublime Moon *zla bzang*, Skt. *zla bzang*, Name of a future buddha. ## Sublime Roar *gya nom nga ro*, Skt. *gya nom nga ro*, Attendant of the buddha Manojñavākya. ## Sublime Sounds *gya nom sgra*, Skt. *devendraghoṣa*, The royal capital of the cakravartin Susaṃbhava in the distant past. ## Sublime Splendor of Aggregated Qualities *yon tan gyi phung po ’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *yon tan gyi phung po ’phags pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmadatta. ## sublime states *tshangs pa’i gnas*, Skt. *brahmavihāra*, The four qualities of limitless love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. ## Sublime Vision *gya nom snang ba*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, One of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, third of the five so-called pure realms of the form realm. ## Sublime Voice *dam pa sna tshogs kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *dam pa sna tshogs kyi dbyangs*, (1) A queen of King Sarvārthasiddha. (dam pa sna tshogs kyi dbyangs; 眾妙音) (2) A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. (dam pa’i dbyangs; 妙音) ## Sublimely Long *ring bzang*, Skt. *ring bzang*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Sublimely Perfect *rdzogs bzang*, Skt. *rdzogs bzang*, The name of a yakṣa. ## subliminal *kun gzhi*, Skt. *ālaya*, See “subliminal cognition.” ## subliminal cognition *kun gzhi rnam par shes pa*, Skt. *ālayavijñāna*, See Schmithausen’s groundbreaking work on the topic (1987 and 2014). Schmithausen considers the ālayavijñāna to be “a continuous subliminal form of mind” (Schmithausen 2014, p. 27). ## Subrahmā *rab tshangs pa*, Skt. *subrahmā*, A Brahmā god. ## Subrahma *tshangs pa bzang po*, Skt. *subrahma*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Subrahman *rab tshangs pa*, Skt. *subrahman*, A divine king of the Brahma realm. ## subsequent knowledge *rjes su rtogs pa’i shes pa*, Skt. *anvaya­jñāna*, Second of the eleven aspects of knowledge. ## subsidiary affliction *nye ba’i nyon mongs*, Skt. *upakleśa*, The secondary afflictive emotions that arise in dependence upon the six root afflictions (attachment, hatred, pride, ignorance, doubt, and wrong view); they are (1) anger (krodha, khro ba), (2) resentment (upanāha, ’khon ’dzin), (3) concealment [of faults] (mrakṣa, ’chab pa), (4) irritation (pradāśa, ’tshig pa), (5) jealousy (īrśyā, phrag dog), (6) avarice (matsara, ser sna), (7) craftiness (māyā, sgyu), (8) fickleness (śāṭhya, g.yo), (9) pompousness (mada, rgyags pa), (10) harmfulness (vihiṃsā, rnam par ’tshe ba), (11) shamelessness (āhrīkya, ngo tsha med pa), (12) non-embarrassment (anapatrāpya, khrel med pa), (13) lack of faith (aśraddhya, ma dad pa), (14) laziness (kausīdya, le lo), (15) carelessness (pramāda, bag med pa), (16) forgetfulness (muṣitasmṛtitā, brjed ngas), (17) inattentiveness (asaṃprajanya, shes bzhin ma yin pa), (18) dullness (nimagna, bying ba), (19) agitation (auddhatya, rgod pa), and (20) distraction (vikṣepa, rnam g.yeng). ## subsidiary afflictions *nye ba’i nyon mongs*, Skt. *upakleśa*, These are various mental afflictions that negatively impact the mind, such as rage, resentment, envy, miserliness, laziness, distraction, etc. ## subsidiary afflictive emotions *nye ba’i nyon mongs*, Skt. *upakleśa*, The secondary afflictive emotions that arise in dependence upon the six root afflictive emotions (attachment, hatred, pride, ignorance, doubt, and wrong view); they are (1) anger (krodha, khro ba), (2) enmity/malice (upanāha, ’khon ’dzin), (3) concealment (mrakśa, ’chab pa), (4) outrage (pradāsa, ’tshig pa), (5) jealousy (īrśya, phrag dog), (6) miserliness (matsarya, ser sna), (7) deceit ( māyā , sgyu), (8) dishonesty (śāṭhya, g.yo), (9) haughtiness (mada, rgyags pa), (10) harmfulness (vihiṃsa, rnam par ’tshe ba), (11) shamelessness (āhrīkya, ngo tsha med pa), (12) non-consideration (anapatrāpya, khril med pa), (13) lack of faith (aśraddhya, ma dad pa), (14) laziness (kausīdya, le lo), (15) non-conscientiousness (pramāda, bag med pa), (16) forgetfulness (muśitasmṛtitā, brjed nges), (17) non-introspection (asaṃprajanya, shes bzhin ma yin pa), (18) dullness (nigmagṇa, bying ba), (19) agitation (auddhatya, rgod pa), and (20) distraction (vikṣepa, rnam g.yeng) (Rigzin 329, 129). ## subsist only on whatever alms they obtain *ci thob pa’i bsod snyoms pa*, Skt. *prasthapiṇḍika*, Sixth of the twelve ascetic practices. ## substances derived from a cow *ba byung*, Skt. *gavya*, Traditionally, five substances derived from a cow and used for ritual purposes: dung, urine, butter, yogurt, and milk. ## substratum *kun gzhi*, Skt. *ālaya*, The subtlemost form of deluded consciousness, which serves as the substratum for karmic seeds to be stored; likewise the substratum from which appearances manifest. ## subtle channel *rtsa*, Skt. *nāḍī*, A channel in the subtle body conducting prāṇa. ## Subtle Engagement *shib tu spyod pa*, Skt. *sūkṣmacarā*, A realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## subtle knowledge *shes pa phra ba*, Skt. *sūkṣmajñāna*, The various aspects of the knowledge that engages in subtlety of conduct, etc., include the knowledge that engages with subtle transmigration at the time of death, the knowledge that engages with subtle processes of rebirth, and the knowledge that engages with subtle buddha activities—emanation, renunciation, consummate enlightenment, turning the wheel of the Dharma, consecrating the lifespan, passing into final nirvāṇa, and so forth. See also . ## subtle wisdom *zhib pa shes pa*, Skt. *sūkṣmajñāna*, “Subtle wisdom” is the opposite of “coarse wisdom” (sthūlajñāna). The latter is the conventional wisdom or knowledge, and the former is the wisdom or gnosis that does not accept or reject. ## subtle words *phra ba’i gzhi*, Skt. *sūkṣmapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## Subuddhi *blo bzang*, Skt. *subuddhi*, One of Māra’s sons who developed faith in Prince Siddhārtha and tried to dissuade Māra from attacking him on the evening of his awakening. ## Subuddhinetra *mngon rtogs spyan*, Skt. *subuddhinetra*, The 576th buddha in the first list, 576th in the second list, and 569th in the third list. ## Sucalita­rati­prabhāsa­śrī *dga’ ba’i ’od kyi dpal shin tu sbyangs pa*, Skt. *sucalita­rati­prabhāsa­śrī*, The daughter of a courtesan in another world in the distant past, a previous life of Gopā. In verse she is called Saṃcālitā. ## Sucandrā *zla mdzes ma*, Skt. *sucandrā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sucandra *zla ba bzang*, Skt. *sucandra*, The 853rd buddha in the first list, 852nd in the second list, and 842nd in the third list. ## Sucarita A buddha in the past, formerly the bodhisatva Samvarasthita. ## Successful *don grub*, Skt. *don grub*, Successful (achieving a desired aim), also the name of one of the eight yakṣa generals. ## successive states of absorption See “nine successive states of absorption.” ## Suceṣṭa *spyod bzang*, Skt. *suceṣṭa*, The 922nd buddha in the first list, 921st in the second list, and 912th in the third list. ## suchness The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. This is the ultimate nature, as opposed to the way they appear to unawakened beings. ## suchness of all dharmas *chos thams cad kyi de bzhin nyid*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānāṃ tathatā*, Also rendered as the “state in which all dharmas are just so.” ## Sucihna *phyag mtshan bzang po*, Skt. *sucihna*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sucinti *bsam pa bzang po*, Skt. *sucinti*, A head merchant’s son in Dhanyākara. ## Sucintita *legs sems*, Skt. *sucintita*, The 76th buddha in the first list, 76th in the second list, and 77th in the third list. ## Sucintitacintin The name of a bodhisattva. ## Sucintitārtha *don legs par sems pa*, Skt. *sucintitārtha*, Lit. “Well-Intentioned.” A bodhisattva from the buddha field called Precious and Melodious far to the east of Jambudvīpa, who appears as a child in the household of King Ajātaśatru of Magadha. ## Sucitra Skt. *sucitra*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Sucitri *shin tu bkra*, Skt. *sucitri*, One of the kings of the asuras. ## Sucittayaśas *legs bsams grags pa*, Skt. *sucittayaśas*, The 415th buddha in the first list, 414th in the second list, and 408th in the third list. ## Suckler of the Earth Breast *sa las nu ma nu*, Skt. *sa las nu ma nu*, Another name for the prince Kunāla, Kustana, or Gostana, biological son of Aśoka and adopted prince of China. ## Sucīrṇa *brtul zhugs legs spyad*, Skt. *sucīrṇa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sucīrṇabuddhi *legs par sbyangs pa’i blo*, Skt. *sucīrṇabuddhi*, The 172nd buddha in the first list, 171st in the second list, and 171st in the third list. ## Sucīrṇavipāka *legs spyad rnam smin*, Skt. *sucīrṇavipāka*, The 888th buddha in the first list, 887th in the second list, and 878th in the third list. ## Sudṛśa *gya nom snang ba*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, Lit. “Good Looking.” The fifteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the third of the five Pure Abodes. ## Su­dṛśa *gya nom snang ba*, Skt. *su­dṛśa*, Third of the pure abodes, meaning “attractive.” ## Sudaha *legs byin*, Skt. *sudaha*, An ancient king of Kāmarūpa. See . ## Sudaṃṣṭra *mche ba bzang*, Skt. *sudaṃṣṭra*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Sudarśaka *shin tu ston pa*, Skt. *sudarśaka*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in Kashmir. ## Sudarśanā *lta na mdzes pa*, Skt. *sudarśanā*, A courtesan in another world in the distant past. ## Sudarśana *shin tu mthong ba*, Skt. *sudarśana*, Lit. “Those Who See Well.” The sixteenth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the fourth of the five Pure Abodes. ## Sudarśana (a future buddha) *legs mthong*, Skt. *sudarśana*, A future buddha. Also the name of the son of a householder, see “Sudarśana.” ## Sudarśana (son of Dhanika) *blta na sdug*, Skt. *sudarśana*, Son of the householder Dhanika in Rājagṛha during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. After he and his parents heard the Dharma from the Buddha, he went forth and manifested arhatship. Also the name of a future buddha, see “Sudarśana.” ## Sudatta *legs par byin*, Skt. *sudatta*, Sudatta was a great lay patron of the Buddha and philanthropist of Śrāvastī, and is more commonly called Anāthapiṇḍada (mgon med zas sbyin); he known as “the foremost of donors” (Pāli; aggo dāyakānaṃ). ## suddhamuṇiprācārya fruit An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Sudevatā *legs lha mo*, Skt. *sudevatā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sudṛḍha­jñāna­raśmi­jāla­bimba­skandha *ye shes rab tu brtan pa’i ’od gzer gyi dra ba’i gzugs kyi phung po*, Skt. *sudṛḍha­jñāna­raśmi­jāla­bimba­skandha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Sudhana *nor bzangs*, Skt. *sudhana*, The 972nd buddha in the first list, 971st in the second list, and 962nd in the third list. ## Sudharmā *chos bzang*, Skt. *sudharmā*, The name of the assembly hall of the gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, located on the southwest side of Mount Meru, where Śakra teaches the Dharma. ## Sudharma *chos bzang*, Skt. *sudharma*, The assembly hall in the center of Sudarśana, the city in the Trāyastriṃśa (“Thirty-three”) paradise, which has a central throne for Indra/Śakra and thirty-two thrones arranged to its right and left for the other thirty-two devas that make up the epnoymous thirty-three devas of Indra’s paradise. Indra’s own palace is to the north of this assembly hall. ## Sudharma­megha­prabhā *chos bzang sprin ’od*, Skt. *sudharma­megha­prabhā*, The bodhimaṇḍa of the Buddha Sūrya­gātra­pravara in another world in the distant past, as given in verse. In prose it is called Dharma­meghodgata­prabhā. ## Sudharmatīrtha *chos rab mu stegs*, Skt. *sudharmatīrtha*, A king in the distant past. ## Sudhūmā *du ba bzang ma*, Skt. *sudhūmā*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Sudhānta Skt. *sudhānta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sudinna *bzang byin*, Skt. *sudinna*, The monk and “first offender” (Tib. las dang po pa) whose act of sexual intercourse with his former wife led to the Buddha’s declaring sexual intercourse to be a defeat (Tib. phas pham pa; Skt. pārājika). ## Sudānta *dul rab*, Skt. *sudānta*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja, this name appears twice, perhaps in error. Translated the first time in Tibetan as dul rab, and the second time as shin tu dul. ## Sudāntacitta *shin tu dul ba’i sems*, Skt. *sudāntacitta*, In the list of buddhas from whom Śākyamuni received the Samādhirāja this name appears twice, perhaps in error. Translated the first time in Tibetan as shin tu dul ba’i sems, and the second time as dul bar sems. ## Sudīpta *snang ba bzang po*, Skt. *sudīpta*, One of the mahoraga kings. ## Sudruma *ljon pa bzang po*, Skt. *sudruma*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Sudūtī *pho nya mo bzang mo*, Skt. *sudūtī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Sudurjayā *shin tu sbyang dka’ ba*, Skt. *sudurjayā*, Lit. “Invincible.” The fifth level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Suṣeṇa *sde bzang*, Skt. *suṣeṇa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK; a vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## suffer hardship *nyon mongs nas sdug*, Skt. *nyon mongs nas sdug*, See also “distress.” ## suffering *sdug bsngal ba*, Skt. *duḥkha*, The first of the four truths of the noble ones. The term “suffering” includes all essentially unsatisfactory experiences of life in cyclic existence, whether physical or mental. These comprise (1) the suffering of suffering, i.e., the physical sensations and mental experiences that are self-evident as suffering and toward which spontaneous feelings of aversion arise; (2) the suffering of change, i.e., all experiences that are normally recognized as pleasant and desirable, but which are nonetheless suffering in that persistent indulgence in these always results in changing attitudes of dissatisfaction and boredom; and (3) the suffering of the pervasive conditioning underlying the round of birth, aging, and death. ## Suffering Dispelled *mya ngan sel*, Skt. *mya ngan sel*, Birthplace of the buddha Vaidyādhipa. ## suffering existence *srid pa*, Skt. *bhava*, See “existence.” ## Suffering Relinquished *mya ngan spong*, Skt. *mya ngan spong*, Mother of the buddha Aśoka. ## Suffused with Qualities *kun nas yon tan ldan*, A world system in the east. ## Sugaṇin *tshogs can bzang*, Skt. *sugaṇin*, The 460th buddha in the first list, 459th in the second list, and 453rd in the third list. ## Sugandha *dri zhim*, Skt. *sugandha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-third) when he becomes a buddha ## Sugandha­bīja­nairātma *dri zhim sa bon bdag med*, Skt. *sugandha­bīja­nairātma*, One of ten names of a thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha, with presumably a hundred buddhas having this name. ## Sugandharāyaṇa One of the sublineages connected with the Māṇḍavya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Sugata *bde [bar](#bar) gshegs pa*, lit. gone to happiness: a [Buddha](#buddha). "Someone who, using the happy [path](#path) of the [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) [vehicle](#vehicle), reaches the happy fruit: perfect Buddhahood." DICT. ## Sugatacetanā *bde gshegs sems pa*, Skt. *sugatacetanā*, Lay female pupil of the Buddha, who is only known from this sūtra. ## sugataputra *bde gshegs sras po*, Skt. *sugataputra*, “Son of the sugatas.” A synonym for bodhisattva. ## Sugati *legs ’gro*, Skt. *sugati*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## sugatramutramukhi The name of an unknown plant used in foot salve rites in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Sughoṣā *sgra mdzes ma*, Skt. *sughoṣā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. The Tib. has been emended to correct the non-sensical skra mdzas ma. ## Sughoṣa *dbyangs bzang*, Skt. *sughoṣa*, The 746th buddha in the first list, 745th in the second list, and 735th in the third list. ## Sughorā *shin tu mi bzad ma*, Skt. *sughorā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Sughora *shin tu mi bzad pa*, Skt. *sughora*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; one of the kings of rākṣasas. ## Sugrīva *mgrin bzang*, Skt. *sugrīva*, Name of a yakṣa general; in the Rāmāyaṇa, Sugrīva is the monkey king who lends his army to Rāma to defeat Rāvaṇa. ## Sugātrā *lus bzang mo*, Skt. *sugātrā*, An upāsikā in Dhanyākara. ## Suguhyakā Skt. *suguhyakā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Suharṣita­prabheśvarā *rab tu dga’ ba’i ’od la dbang ba*, Skt. *suharṣita­prabheśvarā*, A queen in the distant past. ## suit *dam pa*, a request for a favor or boon. ## Sujaya *legs par rgyal ba*, Skt. *sujaya*, A brahmin statesman. ## Sujeta Skt. *sujeta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sujñāna *ye shes bzang ldan*, Skt. *sujñāna*, The 760th buddha in the first list, 759th in the second list, and 749th in the third list. ## Sujātā *legs skyes ma*, Skt. *sujātā*, A certain lay vow holder in Śrāvastī. Though in the Lalitavistara Sūtra and elsewhere a young woman named Sujātā is among those said to have given food to Gautama prior to his enlightenment, in this text and in the Divyāvadāna that deed is credited to Nandā and Nandabalā. ## Sujāta *legs skyes*, Skt. *sujāta*, The 225th buddha in the first list, 224th in the second list, and 224th in the third list. ## Sujātapakṣa *’dab bzang skyes*, Skt. *sujātapakṣa*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## Sukūṭā *legs brtsegs ma*, Skt. *sukūṭā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukaniṣṭha *’od bzang*, Skt. *sukaniṣṭha*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Sukara *bzang byed*, Skt. *sukara*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukarṇa *One of the vidyārāja*, Skt. *sukarṇa*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sukeśā *skra bzang ma*, Skt. *sukeśā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Sukeśa *skra bzang*, Skt. *sukeśa*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sukeśin *skra bzang*, Skt. *sukeśin*, One of the ancient kings; also, another name for the king Vallabha. ## Suketu *tog bzang*, Skt. *suketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukha *bde ba*, Skt. *sukha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the rāśis. ## Sukhacittin *bde bar dgongs*, Skt. *sukhacittin*, The 824th buddha in the first list, 823rd in the second list, and 813th in the third list. ## sukhadāyī An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Sukhakarī *sim par byed ma*, Skt. *sukhakarī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Sukhana *su kha na*, Skt. *sukhana*, A mountain to the west of Jambudvīpa. ## Sukhanemi *bde ba’i mu khyud*, Skt. *sukhanemi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukhanetra *bde spyan*, Skt. *sukhanetra*, A buddha. ## Sukharāja *bde ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *sukharāja*, A buddha realm. ## Sukhasaṃvāsa *grogs na bde*, Skt. *sukhasaṃvāsa*, A bodhisattva. ## Sukhavihāra *bde bar gnas pa*, Skt. *sukhavihāra*, A bodhisattva. (Toh 555: Saṃtiṣṭha; rab gnas) ## Sukhābha *’od bzangs*, Skt. *sukhābha*, The 724th buddha in the first list, 723rd in the second list, and 713th in the third list. ## Sukhābhirati *bde zhing mngon dga’*, Skt. *sukhābhirati*, “Pleasure of Bliss.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Sukhendriyamati *bde dbang blo gros*, Skt. *sukhendriyamati*, The 1,001st of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## Sukhita *bde ldan*, Skt. *sukhita*, The 999th buddha in the first list, 998th in the second list, and 989th in the third list. ## Sukhākara *bde ’byung*, Skt. *sukhākara*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sukhāvaha *bde byed pa*, Skt. *sukhāvaha*, A yakṣa general. ## Sukhāvatī *bde ba can*, Skt. *sukhāvatī*, Sukhāvatī (Blissful) is the buddhafield to the west inhabited by the Buddha Amitāyus, more commonly known as Amitābha. It is classically described in The Display of the Pure Land of Sukhāvatī ( Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra ). ## Sukāla *dus bzang*, Skt. *sukāla*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukānta *sdug mdzes*, Skt. *sukānta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukūpa Skt. *sukūpa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukrama *legs gshegs*, Skt. *sukrama*, The 655th buddha in the first list, 654th in the second list, and 646th in the third list. ## Sukīrtī *rab grags*, Skt. *sukīrtī*, A great ṛṣi. ## Sukīrti *grags pa bzang po*, Skt. *sukīrti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sukuṇḍalin *thab sbyor bzang po can*, Skt. *sukuṇḍalin*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Sukusuma *yang dag me tog*, Skt. *sukusuma*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the sixty-seventh) when he becomes a buddha. ## Suśīla *tshul khrims bzang po*, Skt. *suśīla*, A head merchant’s son in Dhanyākara. ## Sulabha One of six wicked mendicants in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Vipaśyin. ## Sulakṣaṇa *lha’i bu mtshan bzang*, Skt. *sulakṣaṇa*, A god. ## Sulocanā *spyan mdzes ma*, Skt. *sulocanā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Beautiful Eyes,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Sulocana *spyan legs*, Skt. *sulocana*, The 647th buddha in the first list, 646th in the second list, and 638th in the third list. ## Suloka *’jig rten bzang po*, Skt. *suloka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sulokeśvara *legs gzigs dbang phyug*, Skt. *sulokeśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## sulphur *ghan dha ka*, Skt. *gandhaka*, Hyperanthera moringa. ## Sumadhu *sbrang rtsi bzang po*, Skt. *sumadhu*, A brahmin statesman. ## Sumaha *legs mchod*, Skt. *sumaha*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sumahat Skt. *sumahat*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sumanā *yid bzang ma*, Skt. *sumanā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sumana *sna ma’i me tog*, Skt. *sumana*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fourth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sumanas *yid bzangs*, Skt. *sumanas*, The 77th buddha in the first list, 77th in the second list, and 78th in the third list. ## Sumanaska “Pleasurable.” The name of a park to the northeast of the district town Utkaṭa. ## Sumanāmukha *yid bzang po’i sgo*, Skt. *sumanāmukha*, A town and region in South India in chapters 53 and 55. In chapter 53 it is translated as yid bzang po’i sgo, and in chapter 55 as yi bde ba mngon du ’gyur ba. ## Sumanojña *yid ’ong bzang po*, Skt. *sumanojña*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sumanojñaghoṣa *ri rab me tog*, Skt. *sumanojñaghoṣa*, A buddha in the past. ## Sumanojñasvaranir­ghoṣa *sgra dbyangs yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *sumanojñasvara­nirghoṣa*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Sumanoratha *thugs kyi re ba bzang*, Skt. *sumanoratha*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-eighth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sumanāpa *shin tu yid du ’ong ba*, Skt. *sumanāpa*, Literally “Extremely Attractive.” The lord of the gandharvas present at this discourse. ## Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha *sna ma’i me tog ’od*, Skt. *sumanā­puṣpa­prabha*, The 463rd buddha in the first list, 462nd in the second list, and 456th in the third list. ## Sumanyu *su ma n+yum*, Skt. *sumanyu*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Sumatī *blo bzang ma*, Skt. *sumatī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Sumati *blo gros bzang po*, Skt. *sumati*, Sumati was the Buddha’s name in a previous life when he first generated the intention to reach awakening and was prophesied to become the Buddha Śākyamuni. For his story see The Prophecy of Dīpaṃkara (Dīpaṃkara­vyākaraṇa, Toh 188). ## Sumati (a future buddha) *yid bzangs*, Skt. *sumati*, A future buddha. Not to be confused with the Buddha’s previous incarnation Sumati. ## Sumati (previous encarnation of the Buddha) *blo gros bzang po*, Skt. *sumati*, Previous incarnation of Buddha Śākyamuni, whose offering of five blue lotuses to Buddha Dīpaṃkara became a direct cause for his unexcelled, total, and complete enlightenment. Not to be confused with the Buddha Sumati. ## sumbhā fruit An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Sumbha *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *sumbha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Sumbha­kātyāyanī *ka ta ya na mdzes ma*, Skt. *sumbha­kātyāyanī*, ‟Radiantly Beautiful Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Sumedhas *thugs rab gzhungs*, Skt. *sumedhas*, The 352nd buddha in the first list, 351st in the second list, and 346th in the third list. ## Sumegha *su me gho*, Skt. *sumegha*, A mountain in the sea west of Jambudvīpa. ## Sumekhalā *’og pag bzang mo*, Skt. *sumekhalā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Sumeru *ri rab*, Skt. *sumeru*, According to ancient Buddhist cosmology, Sumeru is the great mountain forming the axis of the universe. At its summit lies Sudarśana, home of Śakra and his thirty-two gods, and on its flanks live the asuras. The mount has four sides facing the cardinal directions, each of which is made of a different precious stone. Surrounding it are several mountain ranges and the great ocean where the four great island continents lie: in the south, Jambudvīpa (our world); in the west, Godānīya; in the north, Uttarakuru; in the east, Pūrvavideha. Above it are the abodes of the gods of the realm of desire. Often also referred to as Mount Meru. ## Sumeru dweller *ri rab lhun po la gnas pa*, Skt. *ri rab lhun po la gnas pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Sumeru Rival *ri rab lhun po la ’gran pa*, Skt. *ri rab lhun po la ’gran pa*, A mountain to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Sumerudatta *ri rab byin*, Skt. *sumerudatta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Sumeru­dhvajāyatana­śānta­netra­śrī *ri rab rgyal mtshan spyan yangs shing zhi ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sumeru­dhvajāyatana­śānta­netra­śrī*, A buddha in the past. ## Sumerukalpa *ri rab lta bu*, Skt. *sumerukalpa*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Sumeruśrī *ri rab dpal*, Skt. *sumeruśrī*, The sixteenth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Sumeruśirī. ## Sumeruskandha *ri rab kyi phung po*, Skt. *sumeruskandha*, A buddha. ## Sumāgadhā *ma ga d+hA bzang mo*, Skt. *sumāgadhā*, A daughter of Anāthapiṇḍada and the heroine in The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā. After being married off to the non-Buddhist city of Puṇḍravardhana, she summons the Buddha and his disciples, who convert the nirgrantha inhabitants of the city. ## Sumāgandha *su ma ga da*, Skt. *sumāgandha*, Unidentified river. Possibly the Son River. ## Sumita *legs par ’jam pa*, Skt. *sumita*, A south Indian king contemporary with Mahendra. ## Sumitrā *rab mdza’ ma*, Skt. *sumitrā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Sumitra *bshes gnyen bzang po*, Skt. *sumitra*, The 880th buddha in the first list, 879th in the second list, and 870th in the third list. ## summaries *ched du brjod pa*, Skt. *udāna*, As one of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma, it means teachings that were not given in response to a request. ## summary *sdom*, Skt. *uddāna*, The content of The Chapters on Monastic Discipline is condensed into metered lists called “summaries” (Tib. sdom; Skt. uddāna) or “verse summaries” (Tib. sdom gyi tshigs su bcad pa; Skt. uddānagāthā). Each chapter has a “global summary,” composed of several topics, which form the basis of subsequent “summaries.” Very occasionally, specific elements of a chapter will be recapitulated in “intervening summaries” (Tib. bar sdom; Skt. antaroddāna). ## Summer Joy *dbyar dga’ ba*, Skt. *dbyar dga’ ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## summer rains retreat *dbyar gyi gnas pa*, Skt. *varśā*, A three-month period during the monsoon season during which monks remain in a single abode. ## Summit *rtse mo*, Skt. *rtse mo*, Summit (the highest point or peak), also the name of a buddha. ## Summit Encircler *rtse mo la ’khor ba*, Skt. *rtse mo la ’khor ba*, A river on Forest Garlands. ## Summit Net *rtse mo’i g.seb*, Skt. *rtse mo’i g.seb*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Summit of Insight *shes rab brtsegs*, Skt. *shes rab brtsegs*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñākūṭa. ## summon *’gugs*, Skt. *ākṛṣ*, To draw; to magically bring someone into one’s presence. ## summoning *’gugs pa*, Skt. *ākarṣaṇa*, A ritual activity for bringing a person or a being into one’s presence. It is related to the activity of enthralling. ## summoning rite A particular class of tantric ritual. ## Suśīmo *su shI mo*, Skt. *suśīmo*, A mountain in the sea west of Jambudvīpa. ## Sumpa *sum pa*, Skt. *sum pa*, Sumpa is the name of an ancient people living to the north-west of Tibet. They may be the same as the people known as Supiya in Gāndhāran Kharoṣṭhī texts, or may be Hephthalites (see Thomas 1935, pp. 42, 156-9). ## Sumūrti *sku mdzes*, Skt. *sumūrti*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sumukhā *sgo bzang po*, Skt. *sumukhā*, A capital city in the distant past. ## Sumukha *bzhin bzangs*, Skt. *sumukha*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## sumuri An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Sun *nyi ma*, Skt. *nyi ma*, Sun (the star at the center of our solar system), also the name of a god, a past life of the buddha Arthabuddhi (382 according to the third enumeration). ## Sun and Moon *nyi zla*, Skt. *nyi zla*, Father of the buddha Vajradhvaja. ## sun and moon caitya *zla ba dang nyi ma mchod rten*, Skt. *sūrya­candra­caitya*, The goddess Mārīcī is visualized dwelling inside this type of caitya in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. ## Sun Colored *nyi ma’i mdog*, Skt. *nyi ma’i mdog*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sun Continuum *nyi ma’i rgyud*, Skt. *nyi ma’i rgyud*, Mother of the buddha Bhadradatta. ## Sun Crest *nyi ma’i tog*, Skt. *nyi ma’i tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahātapas (329 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun Enjoyer *nyi ma sten pa*, Skt. *nyi ma sten pa*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## Sun Essence *nyi ma’i snying po*, Skt. *nyi ma’i snying po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vikrīḍitāvin (161 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun Eyes *nyi ma’i mig*, Skt. *nyi ma’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Sun Face *nyi ma’i zhal*, Skt. *nyi ma’i zhal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānakrama (262 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun Gift *nyi mas byin*, Skt. *nyi mas byin*, Attendant of the buddha Dhārmika. ## Sun God *nyi ma’i lha*, Skt. *nyi ma’i lha*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānaśrī. ## Sun Intelligence *nyi ma’i blo gros*, Skt. *nyi ma’i blo gros*, Birthplace of the buddha Vidyuddatta. ## Sun Lamp *nyi ma’i sgron*, Skt. *nyi ma’i sgron*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puruṣadatta (244 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun Mass *nyi ma’i phung po*, Skt. *nyi ma’i phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Padmahastin (826 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun of Insight *shes rab nyi ma*, Skt. *shes rab nyi ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Balatejojñāna. ## Sun of Intelligence *blo gros nyi ma*, Skt. *blo gros nyi ma*, Mother of the buddha Bhavapuṣpa. ## Sun of Liberation *thar pa’i nyi ma*, Skt. *thar pa’i nyi ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ketu (404 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun of Virtue *dge ba’i nyi ma*, Skt. *dge ba’i nyi ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Creator (458 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sun of Wisdom *ye shes nyi ma*, Skt. *ye shes nyi ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Sun Paralyzer *nyi ma rengs byed*, Skt. *nyi ma rengs byed*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sun Parasol *nyi ma’i gdugs*, Skt. *nyi ma’i gdugs*, Father of the buddha Anihata. ## Sun Possessor *nyi ma can*, Skt. *nyi ma can*, Mother of the buddha Creator. ## Sun Power *nyi ma’i mthu*, Skt. *nyi ma’i mthu*, Father of the buddha Suprabha. ## Sun Rays *nyi ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *nyi ma’i ’od zer*, Son of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Sun Splendor *nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Father of the buddha Sārathi. ## Sun Wish *nyi ma ’dod*, Skt. *nyi ma ’dod*, Birthplace of the buddha Dṛḍhavrata. ## Sunakṣatra *legs pa'i skar ma*, the [Buddha](#buddha)'s cousin, who, despite spending twenty-five years as the [Buddha](#buddha)'s attendant and knowing all his teachings by heart, was still unable to see any good qualities in him. He died shortly after leaving the [Buddha](#buddha) and was reborn as a [preta](#preta). ## Sunala Skt. *sunala*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sunandā *dga’ bzang mo*, Skt. *sunandā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sunanda *mdzes dga’ bo*, Skt. *sunanda*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sunandamāna *rab dga’*, Skt. *sunandamāna*, A lord of beings. ## Sunda *mdzes pa*, Skt. *sunda*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the thirty-fifth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sundarī *mdzes ma*, Skt. *sundarī*, This refers to the beautiful wandering female mendicant Sundarī, who in one of the stories of the life of the Buddha is enlisted by some heretics, jealous of the Buddha’s fame, to tempt the Buddha to have sex with her and thus destroy his reputation as a virtuous sage. She pretends to do so, and the heretics, believing her story, then hire some drunkards to murder her and bury her body under a pile of flowers near the Buddha’s monastery in order to make the public believe that the Buddha has ravished and killed her. As the rumour spreads, the citizenry is at first outraged but are then led to reconsider the story told by the Buddha’s monks, who pass on their master’s advice to avoid unsubstantiated hearsay and rumors. The truth eventually comes to light when King Prasenajit sends his secret service to investigate the matter, and the true perpetrators are brought to justice. This story is found in the Sundarīsutta, Udāna 4.8. ## Sundarī of pleasure Skt. *ratisundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Sundarī of the great spirit family Skt. *mahābhūta­kula­sundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Sundarī of victory Skt. *vijayasundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Sundarī that captivates the mind Skt. *manoharas­undarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Sundarī with the sweet look in her eyes Skt. *cakṣurmadhu­sundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Sundara *rab mdzes*, Skt. *sundara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sundarananda *mdzes dga'*, Skt. *sundarananda*, a half brother of Siddhārtha Gautama who asked Yaśodhara to marry him after Siddhārtha’s retirement. ## Sundarapārśva *ngos bzang*, Skt. *sundarapārśva*, The 425th buddha in the first list, 424th in the second list, and 418th in the third list. ## Sundaravarṇa *kha dog mdzes*, Skt. *sundaravarṇa*, A buddha in the past. ## Sundarikā *mdzes ma*, Skt. *sundarikā*, A female mendicant who falsely accuses the Buddha. ## Sundarānanda *mdzes dga’*, Skt. *sundarānanda*, A nāga king. ## Sunemi *mu khyud bzang po*, Skt. *sunemi*, One of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas. ## Sunetrā *mig mdzes*, Skt. *sunetrā*, A mother-in-law of Śākyamuni, the mother of Gopā, one of Śākyamuni’s wives. ## Sunetra *spyan bzang*, Skt. *sunetra*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of two of his eighty brothers (the thirty-third and the fifty-first) when he becomes a buddha. Note that this name appears twice in the Sanskrit version of this list of names, though it is translated differently in the Tibetan. ## Sunetra (the bodhisattva) *bzang po’i myig*, Skt. *sunetra*, A bodhisattva present with the Buddha at Śrāvastī in chapter 1. ## Sunetra (the buddha) *spyan bzang po*, Skt. *sunetra*, A buddha in the distant past listed in chapter 33; also the name of a future buddha of this kalpa listed in chapter 44. ## Sunetra (the head merchant’s son) *mig bzang po*, Skt. *sunetra*, A head merchant’s son in Dhanyākara mentioned in chapter 3. ## Sunetra (the rākṣasa) *myig bzang*, Skt. *sunetra*, A rākṣasa door guardian of the bodhisattva meeting hall in chapter 44. ## Sunetrābha *sbyan bzang ’od*, Skt. *sunetrābha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sunetreya Skt. *sunetreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## sunflower Helianthus annuus. ## Sung A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Suniścita­padma­phullitagātra *shin tu rnam par gdon mi za bar pad mo rab tu rgyas pa’i sku*, Skt. *suniścita­padma­phullitagātra*, Suniścita­padma­phullitagātra (Lotus Body Blooming with Utter Certainty) is a buddha who inhabits the buddhafield Avaivartika­cakra­nirghoṣā. ## Sunijasta *rab spong*, Skt. *sunijasta*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-sixth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Sunirmalā *dri med bzang mo*, Skt. *sunirmalā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Sunirmala *shin tu dri med*, Skt. *sunirmala*, One of the five celestial bodhisattvas associated with Mañjuśrī. ## Sunirmāṇarati *rab ’phrul*, Skt. *sunirmāṇarati*, The principal deity in the Nirmāṇarati paradise, the second highest paradise in the desire realm. Also called Sunirmita. ## Sunirmitā *sgrub byed bzang mo*, Skt. *sunirmitā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Sunirmita *rab ’phrul*, Skt. *sunirmita*, The principal deity in the Nirmāṇarati paradise, the second highest paradise in the desire realm. Also called Sunirmāṇarati. ## Su­nirmi­ta *rab ’phrul dga’*, Skt. *su­nirmi­ta*, The chief god of the Heaven of Delighting in Emanations. ## Sunirmita­dhvaja­pradīpa *sprul pa bzang po’i rgyal mtshan sgron ma*, Skt. *sunirmita­dhvaja­pradīpa*, A realm in the distant past. ## Sunirmānarati *rab ’phrul dga’*, Skt. *Sunirmānarati*, Name of a god. ## Sunīla *legs sngo*, Skt. *sunīla*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Sunlight *nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *nyi ma’i ’od*, Sunlight (light from the sun), also the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmacchattra (609 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sunlight of Sweet Fragrant Sandalwood *tsan dan dri bsung zhim po’i nyi ma’i ’od*, Skt. *tsan dan dri bsung zhim po’i nyi ma’i ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Gandhatejas. ## Sunāmrā *legs ’dud ma*, Skt. *sunāmrā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## sunn hemp *sa na*, Skt. *śana*, Crotalaria juncea. ## Sunny *nyi ldan*, Skt. *nyi ldan*, Sunny (bright with sunshine), also the name of a woman in Sunrise, sister of Beautiful. See also . ## Sunrise *’char ka*, Skt. *’char ka*, Sunrise (the daily first appearance of the sun), also the name of a village or town in Kosala. See also . ## Sunshine *nyi ma’i ’od zer*, Skt. *nyi ma’i ’od zer*, Sunshine (direct light and warmth from the sun), also the son of the buddha Balatejojñāna. ## sunstone *nyi ma’i snying po*, Skt. *ādityagarbha*, The name for this jewel, “essence of the sun” in both the Sanskrit and Tibetan, appears to be a synonym for sūryakānta (“sunstone”). In Tibetan, these orange gems are usually called me shel (“fire crystal”). They are oligoclase feldspar, exhibiting aventurescence in that they are filled with speckles that appear to emit light. ## sunstone gem *nor bu rin po che me shel*, Skt. *sūryakānta*, The sunstone is supposed to give out heat when exposed to the sun. ## Suśobhana *dge bzang*, Skt. *suśobhana*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Supakṣa *phyogs bzang*, Skt. *supakṣa*, The 410th buddha in the first list, 409th in the second list, and 403rd in the third list. ## supalana An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## suparṇa *’dab bzang*, Skt. *suparṇa*, A class of mythic birds, similar to and often including garuḍas. When used as a proper name, Suparṇa refers to the name of a garuḍa king. ## suparṇi *’dab bzangs*, Skt. *suparṇi*, A type of garuḍa: a divine creature with the body of a giant bird. ## Suparikīrtita­nāmadheya­śrī *mtshan dpal shin tu yongs bsgrags*, Skt. *suparikīrtita­nāmadheya­śrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Su­parikīrtita­nāmadheya­śrī *shin tu yongs su brjod pa mtshan gsol dpal*, Skt. *su­parikīrtita­nāmadheya­śrī*, A tathāgata. ## Suparikīrtita­nāma­dheyaśrī­rāja One of the Seven Thus-Gone Ones. ## Suparipūrṇa­jñāna­mukhaktra *ye shes kyi zhal shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *suparipūrṇa­jñāna­mukhaktra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Suparṇākṣa *gser mig*, Skt. *suparṇākṣa*, A garuḍa king. ## superficial *lpags shun*, Skt. *lpags shun*, Lit. “like the skin.” ## superficial mental activity Confused thought processes that lead to misunderstanding. ## superimposition *sgro btags pa*, Skt. *samāropa*, To superimpose inherent existence upon something that does not exist inherently. ## superintendent *lag gi bla*, Skt. *navakarmika*, Someone (usually a bhikṣu) responsible for the building of a new monastery or temple, or for the repair of an existing one (Mahāvyutpatti 8735). ## Superior Superior (higher in rank, quality, or degree), also the name of the Buddha Śākyamuni in a previous life as a brahmin boy at the time of the Buddha Kāśyapa. ## Superior Abiding *gnas pa khyad par ’phags pa*, Skt. *gnas pa khyad par ’phags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vratanidhi. ## superior ability Superior knowledge or higher perception particular to a Buddha; it is of six types: divine sight (divyacakṣu), divine hearing (divyaśrotra), knowing the minds of others (paracittajñāna), knowing their particular dispositions (cetaḥ­paryāya­jñāna), the ability to remember past lives (pūrva­nivāsānu­smṛti­jñāna), and possessing miraculous powers (ṛddhividhi­jñānaṃ). ## Superior Armor *mngon du ’phags pa’i go cha*, Skt. *mngon du ’phags pa’i go cha*, A buddha. ## Superior Array *bkod pa khyad par ’phags pa*, Skt. *bkod pa khyad par ’phags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cakradhara. ## Superior Aspects of Melody *dbyangs kyi yan lag khyad ’phags*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi yan lag khyad ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga. ## Superior Awakening *byang chub ’phags*, Skt. *byang chub ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇakūṭa. ## Superior Body *bla ma ’phags pa’i sku*, A buddha. ## Superior Brightness *mdangs ’phags*, Skt. *mdangs ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Aśoka. ## superior cognition *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, A type of cognition that is beyond the range of ordinary people, sometimes referring to a specific list of superknowledges. ## Superior Conqueror *’phags ’joms mdzad*, Skt. *’phags ’joms mdzad*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūrata (35 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## superior contemplation *lhag pa’i sems*, Skt. *adhicitta*, One of the three higher trainings, namely the trainings in superior discipline, superior contemplation (lit. “superior mind”), and superior wisdom. ## Superior Crest *tog ’phags*, Skt. *tog ’phags*, Attendant of the buddha Marutskandha. ## Superior Deity *’phags pa’i lha*, Skt. *’phags pa’i lha*, Father of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Superior Dharma *chos ’phags*, Skt. *chos ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Madhura­svara­rāja. ## superior discipline *lhag pa’i tshul khrims*, Skt. *adhiśīla*, One of the three higher trainings, namely the trainings in superior discipline, superior contemplation (lit. “superior mind”), and superior wisdom. ## Superior Excellence *’phags bzang ma*, Skt. *’phags bzang ma*, Mother of the buddha Subhadra. ## Superior Faith *’phags pa dad*, Skt. *’phags pa dad*, Father of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Superior Fame *grags pa’i mngon par ’phags*, Skt. *grags pa’i mngon par ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sarvārtha­darśin. ## Superior Flower *’phags pa’i me tog*, Skt. *’phags pa’i me tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sārathi (294 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Superior Glory of the Sun Lamp *nyi ma sgron ma mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *nyi ma sgron ma mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, A great bodhisattva. ## Superior God *mngon par ’phags pa’i lha*, Skt. *mngon par ’phags pa’i lha*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Superior Harm *gnod pa mtho ba*, Skt. *ūrdhvakāraṇa*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Superior Illumination *khyad ’phags snang bar byed*, Skt. *khyad ’phags snang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga. ## Superior Illumination of a Jeweled Canopy *rin chen gdugs ’phags snang*, A buddha in the southwestern direction in the present. ## Superior in All Regards *kun ’phags*, Skt. *kun ’phags*, Son of the buddha Sthita­vega­jñāna. ## Superior Infinite View *lta ba mtha’ yas ’phags*, Skt. *lta ba mtha’ yas ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## Superior Insight *shes rab ’phags*, Skt. *shes rab ’phags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maticintin. ## Superior Jewel *rin chen ’phags*, Skt. *rin chen ’phags*, Son of the buddha Dharmavikrāmin. ## Superior Jewel Parasol *gdugs mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *gdugs mngon par ’phags pa*, A buddha. ## Superior King *mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Superior King of Sumeru *lhun po’i rgyal po mngon par ’phags*, Skt. *lhun po’i rgyal po mngon par ’phags*, A buddha in the southern direction. ## Superior King of the Infinite Field *yul mtha’ yas par mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *yul mtha’ yas par mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, A buddha. ## Superior Knowledge *shes ’phags*, Skt. *shes ’phags*, A buddha realm. ## Superior Lamp *sgron ma khyad par ’phags*, Skt. *sgron ma khyad par ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Acala. ## Superior Light *’od ’phags*, Skt. *’od ’phags*, Father of the buddha Devasūrya. ## Superior Lotus *pad ma mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *pad ma mngon par ’phags pa*, A buddha realm. ## Superior Medicine *sman ’phags*, Skt. *sman ’phags*, A buddha realm. ## Superior Merit *bsod nams ’phags*, Skt. *bsod nams ’phags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇagarbha (367 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Superior Moon *zla ba ’phags*, Skt. *zla ba ’phags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇatejoraśmi. ## Superior Mountain *lhun po mngon ’phags*, Skt. *lhun po mngon ’phags*, A buddha. ## Superior Movement *mngon par ’phags pa’i ’gro ba*, Skt. *mngon par ’phags pa’i ’gro ba*, A buddha. ## Superior Ocean Mountain *rgya mtsho’i lhun po mngon du ’phags*, Skt. *rgya mtsho’i lhun po mngon du ’phags*, A buddha. ## superior organ of taste *ro bro ba’i mchog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rasa­rasāgra­jña­tā*, Twenty-fourth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Superior Qualities *yon tan lhag*, Skt. *yon tan lhag*, Attendant of the buddha Yaśottara. ## Superior Shooting Star *skar mda’ ’phag*, Skt. *skar mda’ ’phag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahātejas. ## Superior Skill *rtsal rab*, Skt. *rtsal rab*, The Licchavi youth who requests this discourse from the Buddha. His name is translated into Chinese as “Skilled in Action” (善作). ## Superior Splendor *gzi brjid ’phags*, Skt. *gzi brjid ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Superior Summit *rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *rtse mo mngon par ’phags pa*, A buddha. ## Superior Support *mngon ’phags stegs*, Skt. *mngon ’phags stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śuddhaprabha (799 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Superior Taming *’phags dul*, Skt. *’phags dul*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṇyahastin (530 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Superior Teacher *bla ma’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *bla ma’i bshes gnyen*, The name of a garuḍa in his past life as a monk-student of the Buddha Kanakamuni. ## Superior to All Cymbals *sil snyan thams cad kun nas mtho ba*, Skt. *sil snyan thams cad kun nas mtho ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Boundless Melody. ## Superior to the World *’jig rten bla ma*, Skt. *’jig rten bla ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Lokajyeṣṭha (699 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Superior Training *’phags ’dul*, Skt. *’phags ’dul*, Father of the buddha Durjaya. ## Superior True Wisdom *ye shes yang dag ’phags pa*, Skt. *ye shes yang dag ’phags pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Satyabhāṇin. ## superior wisdom *lhag pa’i shes rab*, Skt. *adhiprajñā*, One of the three higher trainings, namely the trainings in superior discipline, superior contemplation (lit. “superior mind”), and superior wisdom. ## Superior Wish *’phags pa ’dod*, Skt. *’phags pa ’dod*, Son of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Superior World *’jig rten ’phags*, Skt. *’jig rten ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Meruraśmi. ## super-knowledge *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, A type of extrasensory perception gained through spiritual practice, in the Buddhist presentation consisting of a list of five types: (1) miraculous abilities, (2) divine eye, (3) divine ear, (4) knowledge of others’ minds, and (5) recollection of past lives. ## superknowledge Supernormal knowledge or psychic abilities acquired as a byproduct of meditative concentration (dhyāna). These are typically classified in a set of five or six: (1) clairvoyance (divyacakṣus, “the divine eye”), (2) clairaudience (divyaśrotra, “the divine ear”), (3) knowledge of the minds of others (paracittājñāna), (4) remembrance of past lives (pūrvanivāsānu­smṛti), (5) the ability to perform magical display (ṛddhividhi), and (6) the knowledge of the destruction of all mental defilements (āsravakṣaya). The first five are considered mundane or worldly and can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis as well as Buddhist arhats and bodhisattvas. The sixth is considered to be supramundane and can be attained only by Buddhist yogis. ## Superknowledge Gift *mngon shes byin*, Skt. *mngon shes byin*, Father of the buddha Siṃhadhvaja. ## Superknowledge of All Jewels *rin chen thams cad mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *rin chen thams cad mngon par shes pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suvarṇottama. ## Superknowledge of Precious Qualities *yon tan rin chen mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *yon tan rin chen mngon par shes pa*, Son of the buddha Tiṣya. ## superknowledges *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, Special powers of which five, acquired through the meditative contemplations (dhyāna), are considered mundane (laukika) and can be attained to some extent by outsider yogis as well as Buddhist arhats and bodhisattvas; and a sixth—being acquired through a bodhisattva’s realization, or by buddhas alone according to some accounts—is supramundane (lokottara). The first five are: divine eye or vision (divyacakṣu), divine hearing (divyaśrotra), knowledge of others’ minds (paracittajñāna), knowledge of former (and future) lives (pūrva­[para]­nivāsānu­smṛti­jñāna), and knowledge of magical operations (ṛddhi­vidhi­jñāna). The sixth, supramundane one is knowledge of the exhaustion of defilements (āsravakṣaya­jñāna). ## Supernatural knowledge *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, There are five supernatural faculties resulting from meditative concentration: divine sight, divine hearing, knowing others’ minds, recollecting past lives, and the ability to perform miracles. ## supernatural power *rdzu ’phrul*, Skt. *ṛddhi*, The supernatural powers of a śrāvaka correspond to the first abhijnā: “Being one he becomes many, being many he becomes one; he becomes visible, invisible; goes through walls, ramparts and mountains without being impeded, just as through air; he immerses himself in the earth and emerges from it as if in water; he goes on water without breaking through it, as if on [solid] earth; he travels through the air crosslegged like a winged bird; he takes in his hands and touches the moon and the sun, those two wonderful, mighty beings, and with his body he extends his power as far as the Brahma world” (Lamotte 2003: 20). The great supernatural powers (mahāṛddhi) of bodhisattvas are: “causing trembling, blazing, illuminating, rendering invisible, transforming, coming and going across obstacles, reducing or enlarging worlds, inserting any matter into one’s own body, assuming the aspects of those one frequents, appearing and disappearing, submitting everyone to one’s will, dominating the supernormal power of others, giving intellectual clarity to those who lack it, giving mindfulness, bestowing happiness, and finally, emitting beneficial rays.” (Lamotte 2003: 30). ## supernormal faculties Derived from a verb that has the sense of direct knowing, this term refers to a number of types of extraordinary knowledge and powers, grouped as five or six. When stated to be five, they include the first five of the list that follows: (1) various superhuman powers (ṛddhi); (2) the ability to know others’ minds; (3) extraordinary powers of hearing, or the divine ear; (4) extraordinary powers of sight, or the divine eye; (5) the ability to remember one’s past lives, and (6) the knowledge that the defilements have been destroyed and it is one’s last lifetime. When the fifth is not specified, then oftentimes the sixth or all six types are implied. The last three of the list are the same as the three types of knowledge (vidyā), and are tantamount to the description of the awakening experience in some presentations. ## supernormal knowledge *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhi­jñā*, The six modes of supernormal cognition or ability, namely, clairvoyance, clairaudience, knowledge of the minds of others, remembrance of past lives, the ability to perform miracles, and the knowledge of the destruction of all mental defilements. The first five are considered mundane or worldly and can be attained to some extent by non-Buddhist yogis as well as Buddhist arhats and bodhisattvas. The sixth is considered to be supramundane and can be attained only by Buddhist yogis. ## supernormal powers *mngon shes*, Skt. *abhijñā*, Divine eye, divine ear, knowledge of others’ minds, recollection of past lives, and miracles. ## super-sensory cognition *mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *abhijñā*, A type of extrasensory perception gained through spiritual practice. In the Buddhist presentation, this consists of five types: (1) miraculous abilities, (2) divine eye, (3) divine ear, (4) knowledge of others’ minds, and (5) recollection of past lives. ## Supāṇi *mnyam pa’i phyag*, Skt. *supāṇi*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Supināntaloka *gnyid mthar phyin dang ’jig rten thub pa*, Skt. *supināntaloka*, One of the tathāgatas. The Tib. erroneously inserts dang into the translation of this sage’s name. ## Supīlu *pI lu bzang po*, Skt. *supīlu*, One of the kings of the piśācas. ## Supāna Skt. *supāna*, One of the kings of the piśācas. ## Supple *rab mnyen*, Skt. *pramṛdū*, Supple (bending or moving easily; flexible), also the name of one of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## supplements to the Vedas *rig byed kyi yan lag*, Skt. *vedāṅga*, The name of a group of auxiliary works that supplement the Vedas, usually numerated as six different works on the six subjects of 1. śikṣa (pronunciation and phonetics); 2. chandas (meter); 3. vyākaraṇa (grammar and linguistic analysis); 4. nirukta (explanation of difficult terms); 5. jyotiṣa (astronomy); and 6. kalpa (ceremony) (Monier-Williams 1016.3). ## supplies of merit and knowledge The two main kinds of supplies or provisions that a bodhisattva accumulates and stores, which then provide the fuel for the pursuit of the goal of the path. Sometimes translated as “accumulation” or “equipment” and also “provisions.” ## supply *tshogs*, Skt. *saṃbhāra*, Usually of two kinds, the supply of merit and the supply of knowledge, but also more generally the supplies or provisions that a bodhisattva accumulates and stores, which then provide the fuel for the pursuit of the goal of the path. This sūtra provides a long list of such supplies, which are mainly qualities or virtues the bodhisattva develops. ## support *gnas*, Skt. *niśraya*, A “support” is the preceptor (Tib. mkhan po; Skt. upādhyāya) of a new renunciant or ordained person, who is called the preceptor’s “ward” (Tib. lhan gcig gnas pa; Skt. sārdhaṃvihārin). For at least five years after ordination, monastics newly admitted to the saṅgha must live with or near a monastic mentor or “support.” If a new monk or nun wishes to travel while their mentor does not (or vice versa), the monk or nun must take a new support from among the saṅgha elders at their final destination. The new support is known as the “support instructor” (Tib. gnas kyi slob dpon; Skt. niśrayācārya) while the new monk or nun is known as their “apprentice” (Tib. nye gnas pa; Skt. antevāsika). See The Chapter on Going Forth (Toh 1, ch. 1, 1.628–1.678). ## Support for Excellent Abiding *legs gnas zhabs*, Skt. *legs gnas zhabs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmadhvaja (753 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Support for Masses of Merit *bsod nams kyi phung po’i stegs*, Skt. *bsod nams kyi phung po’i stegs*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇyabala. ## Support for Merit *bsod nams stegs*, Skt. *bsod nams stegs*, Father of the buddha Satyaketu. ## support for miraculous ability *rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *ṛddhipāda*, See “four supports for miraculous ability.” ## support for miraculous ability combining meditative stability of mind with the formative force of exertion *sems kyi ting nge ’dzin spang ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *citta­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanv­ā­gata­ṛddhi­pāda*, Third of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability combining meditative stability of perseverance with the formative force of exertion *brtson ’grus kyi ting nge ’dzin spang ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *vīrya­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgata­ṛddhi­pāda*, Second of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability combining meditative stability of resolution with the formative force of exertion *’dun pa’i ting nge ’dzin spang ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *chanda­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvā­gata­ṛddhi­pāda*, First of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability combining meditative stability of scrutiny with the formative force of exertion *dpyod pa’i ting nge ’dzin spang ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *mīmāṃsā­vīrya­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgata­ṛddhi­pāda*, Fourth of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability that combines meditative stability of mind with the formative force of exertion *sems kyi ting nge ’dzin spong ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *citta­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgata­ṛddhi­pāda*, Third of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability that combines meditative stability of perseverance with the formative force of exertion *brtson ’grus kyi ting nge ’dzin spong ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *vīrya­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgata­ṛddhi­pāda*, Second of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability that combines meditative stability of resolution with the formative force of exertion *mos pa’i ting nge ’dzin spong ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *chanda­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgata­ṛddhi­pāda*, First of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## support for miraculous ability that combines meditative stability of scrutiny with the formative force of exertion *dpyod pa’i ting nge ’dzin spong ba’i ’du byed dang ldan pa’i rdzu ’phrul gyi rkang pa*, Skt. *mīmāṃsā­vīrya­samādhi­prahāṇa­saṃskāra­samanvāgata­ṛddhi­pāda*, Fourth of the four supports for miraculous abilities. ## Support for Qualities *yon tan stegs*, Skt. *yon tan stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siddhi (844 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Support for the Worthy Ones *dgra bcom stegs*, Skt. *dgra bcom stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyotīrāma (746 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Support of Discipline *tshul khrims rten*, Skt. *tshul khrims rten*, Name of a demon. ## Support of the Teacher *ston pa’i stegs*, Skt. *ston pa’i stegs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śrī (827 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Support of Veneration *bkur ba’i gzhi pa*, Skt. *bkur ba’i gzhi pa*, The name of a monk in the lineage of the buddha Mahāvyūha and the name of the order founded by that monk after Mahāvyūha entered parinirvāṇa. ## Suppression of Suffering *mya ngan ’tshang*, Skt. *mya ngan ’tshang*, Birthplace of the buddha Aśoka. ## Supūrṇa *gang ba bzang po*, Skt. *supūrṇa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Supraṇaṣṭamoha *gti mug rab zad*, Skt. *supraṇaṣṭamoha*, The 930th buddha in the first list, 929th in the second list, and 920th in the third list. ## Suprabhā *’od bzang po*, Skt. *suprabhā*, Suprabhā (Beautiful Light) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Vairocana. ## Suprabha *’od bzang po*, Skt. *suprabha*, “Excellent Light.” In chapter 41 it is the name of a kalpa in the distant past. Also in chapter 41 it is the name of a future kalpa with five hundred buddhas. In chapter 45 it is the name of another kalpa in the distant past. ## Suprabhasa *’od bzangs*, Skt. *suprabhasa*, A ruler in South India. ## Suprabuddhā *shin tu legs par rtogs pa*, Skt. *suprabuddhā*, One of the eight goddesses in the south, called upon to grant protection. ## Suprabuddha *legs rtogs*, Skt. *suprabuddha*, Monarch of Videha during Siṃhahanu’s reign in Kapilavastu, at the time of the Buddha’s birth as Siddhārtha Gautama. His daughters were Mahā­māyā (the Buddha’s mother) and Māyā. See “Śākya Suprabuddha.” ## Supraṇihita *shin tu legs smon*, Skt. *supraṇihita*, A future self-awakened one. ## Suprajña A merchant in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Ratnāṅga. A past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## supramundane knowledge *mngon shes*, Skt. *abhijñā*, Nāropa gives the following five supramundane knowledges: divine eye (Tib. lha’i mig), divine ear (Tib. lha’i rna ba), knowing the minds of others (Tib. gzhan gyi sems shes pa), recollecting the past lives of oneself and others (Tib. rang dang gzhan gyi sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa), and the miraculous power of being able to walk in the sky (Tib. nam mkha’ la ’gro ba’i rdzu ’phrul). ## supramundane phenomena *’jig rten las ’das pa’i chos*, Skt. *lokottara­dharma*, Supramundane phenomena include the following: the four applications of mindfulness, the four correct exertions, the four supports for miraculous ability, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven branches of enlightenment, the noble eightfold path, the three gateways to liberation, faculties that will enable knowledge of all that is unknown,--> the faculty of coming to understand what one has not yet understood, faculties that acquire the knowledge of all phenomena,--> the faculty of fully understanding, faculties endowed with the knowledge of all phenomena,--> the faculty of knowing one has fully understood, the meditative stability with an initial mental application and with a sustained mental application, the meditative stability without an initial mental application but with just a sustained mental application, the meditative stability without an initial mental application and without a sustained mental application, the eighteen emptinesses (starting from the emptiness of internal phenomena and ending with the emptiness of an essential nature of nonentities), the ten powers of the tathāgatas, the four fearlessnesses, the four kinds of exact knowledge, great loving kindness, great compassion, and the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## Suprathamā *rab ’phrul*, Skt. *sunirmita*, One of the eight goddesses in the south, called upon to grant protection. ## Supratiṣṭhā *shin tu brtan pa*, Skt. *supratiṣṭhā*, The realm of the Buddha Siṃha. ## Supratiṣṭha *rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *supratiṣṭha*, Name of the bodhisattva Heroic Strength in a later life. ## Supratiṣṭhita *shin tu brtan pa*, Skt. *supratiṣṭhita*, A god living in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three, whose name means “Very Stable.” He is one of the primary characters in this text, where he is told that he has only a week to live before he will be born into the lower realms. ## Su­pratiṣṭhita­cāritra *spyod pa brtan pa*, Skt. *su­pratiṣṭhita­cāritra*, One of the four principal bodhisattvas who emerged from the ground at the time of the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra. ## Supra­tiṣṭhita­guṇa­maṇikūṭa­rāja *rab du brtan pa yon tan nor bu brtsegs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *supratiṣṭhita­guṇa­maṇikūṭa­rāja*, The name at buddhahood of the bodhisattva Mahāsthāmaprāpta when he becomes the buddha in Sukhāvatī. The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra describes how he became a bodhisattva while being Prince Nimi. ## Supra­tiṣṭhita­rāja *shin tu rab tu gnas pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *supra­tiṣṭhita­rāja*, A buddha. ## Supra­tiṣṭhitasthāma­vikrama *shin tu brtan pa mthus gnon pa*, Skt. *supra­tiṣṭhitasthāma­vikrama*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Suprayāṇa *legs par bzhud pa*, Skt. *suprayāṇa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## supremacy *chos mchog*, Skt. *agra­dharma*, Fourth of the four aspects of the path of preparation. ## Supreme *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭha*, Supreme (highest in rank, power, or degree), also the name of one of the heavens of Buddhist cosmology, fifth and highest of the five so-called pure realms of the form realm. Also rendered here as Akaniṣṭha. ## Supreme Abiding *legs gnas mchog*, Skt. *legs gnas mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Sthāmaprāpta. ## Supreme accomplishment *mchog gi dngos grub*, see [accomplishment](#accomplishment). ## Supreme Accumulation *shin tu brtsegs*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Supreme Accumulations *mchog gi tshogs can*, Skt. *mchog gi tshogs can*, The name of the bodhisattva Vigataśoka when he became a buddha. ## Supreme Adornment *rnam par brgyan pa’i mchog*, Skt. *rnam par brgyan pa’i mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Laḍita. ## Supreme Among All Qualities *yon tan kun gyi mchog ma*, Skt. *yon tan kun gyi mchog ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śāntārtha. ## supreme and excellent pair *mchog gi zung*, Skt. *agrayuga*, An epithet of the monks Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana. ## Supreme and Victorious Discipline *mchog rgyal brtul zhugs*, Skt. *mchog rgyal brtul zhugs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Maticintin. ## Supreme Array *mchog gi bkod pa*, Skt. *mchog gi bkod pa*, Two different bodhisattvas. ## Supreme Assembly *’khor mchog*, Skt. *’khor mchog*, A thus-gone one of the past. ## Supreme Auspicious Essence *bkra shis mchog gi snying po*, A Licchavī youth. ## Supreme Banner *rgyal mtshan mchog*, Skt. *rgyal mtshan mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Atula­pratibhāna­rāja. ## Supreme Beauty *mchog mdzes*, Skt. *mchog mdzes*, Birthplace of the buddha Sārthavāha. ## Supreme Being *skye mchog*, Skt. *skye mchog*, A demon leader. ## Supreme Bliss *bde mchog*, Skt. *bde mchog*, A king of the asuras. ## Supreme Body *lus mchog*, Skt. *lus mchog*, Mother of the buddha Aparājita­dhvaja. ## Supreme Boy *khye’u mchog*, Skt. *khye’u mchog*, Father of the buddha Ratnottama. ## Supreme Branches *yan lag mchog*, Skt. *yan lag mchog*, Mother of the buddha Mahāpradīpa. ## Supreme Campaka *tsam pa’i mchog*, Skt. *tsam pa’i mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhasmakrodha (644 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Circle *’khor mchog*, Skt. *’khor mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Vardhana. ## Supreme Cloud *mchog gi sprin*, Skt. *mchog gi sprin*, A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Supreme Club *dbyug mchog*, Skt. *dbyug mchog*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Supreme Companion *grogs mchog*, Skt. *grogs mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajra. ## Supreme Compassion The name of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in a former life. ## Supreme Courage *snying stobs mchog*, Skt. *snying stobs mchog*, Attendant of the buddha Arhaddeva. ## Supreme Crest *tog mchog*, Skt. *tog mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Ketu. ## Supreme Crest of Royal Splendor *tog mchog gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *tog mchog gzi brjid rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Ojastejas. ## Supreme Deity *lha mchog*, Skt. *lha mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthamati (412 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Desire *’dod mchog*, Skt. *’dod mchog*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Supreme Dharma *chos mchog*, Skt. *chos mchog*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Light of Non-conceptuality. ## Supreme Dharma Roar *chos kyi nga ro mchog ma*, Skt. *chos kyi nga ro mchog ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kathendra. ## Supreme Divinity *lha mchog ma*, Skt. *lha mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Adoṣa. ## Supreme Doctor *sman pa’i mchog*, Skt. *sman pa’i mchog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Supreme Endowment *mchog ldan*, Skt. *mchog ldan*, Mother of the buddha Yaśottara. ## Supreme Enjoyment *dga’ byed mchog*, Skt. *dga’ byed mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Priyaprasanna. ## Supreme Equality *mnyam nyid mchog ma*, Skt. *mnyam nyid mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Suvaktra. ## Supreme Essence *snying po mchog*, Skt. *snying po mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siddhārtha. ## Supreme Excellence *mchog tu bzang*, Skt. *mchog tu bzang*, Birthplace of the buddha Atyuccagāmin. ## Supreme Expert *mkhas pa mchog*, Skt. *mkhas pa mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mokṣadhvaja (792 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Eye *spyan mchog*, Skt. *spyan mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amohavihārin (810 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Faith *dad mchog*, Skt. *dad mchog*, Mother of the buddha Prabhākośa. ## Supreme Fame *mchog tu grags*, Skt. *mchog tu grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dānaprabha (334 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Fearlessness *’jigs pa med pa’i mchog*, Skt. *’jigs pa med pa’i mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Balanandin. ## Supreme Flower *me tog mchog ma*, Skt. *me tog mchog ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Madhura­svara­rāja (388 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Fragrance *dri mchog*, Skt. *dri mchog*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Moonlight. ## Supreme Friend *bshes gnyen mchog*, Skt. *bshes gnyen mchog*, Attendant of the buddha Satyaketu. ## Supreme Gaṅgā *gang gA’i mchog*, Skt. *gang gA’i mchog*, Mother of the buddha Vairocana. ## Supreme Gift *mchog sbyin*, Skt. *mchog sbyin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sārathi. ## Supreme Glorious Jewel *dpal gyi rin chen mchog*, Skt. *dpal gyi rin chen mchog*, Mother of the buddha Ratnayaśas. ## Supreme Glory *dpal gyi mchog*, Skt. *dpal gyi mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kṛtārthadarśin (187 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Gold *gser mchog*, Skt. *gser mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhasaṃdhi. ## Supreme Golden Peak *gser mchog brtsegs*, Skt. *gser mchog brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mokṣadhvaja. ## Supreme Goodness *bzang po’i mchog*, Skt. *bzang po’i mchog*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one King Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Goodness. Another name for the world system Delight in Goodness. ## Supreme Ground *sa mchog*, Skt. *sa mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Praśāntadoṣa (144) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Hand *lag mchog*, Skt. *lag mchog*, Father of the buddha Guṇottama. ## Supreme Heaven The seventeenth and highest heaven of the form realm. ## Supreme Heaven of Glorious Light *’od dpal mtho ris mchog*, Skt. *’od dpal mtho ris mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa. ## Supreme Holy Man *skyes mchog dam pa*, Skt. *skyes mchog dam pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jagatpūjita. ## Supreme Immeasurability *gzhal med mchog*, Skt. *gzhal med mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Abhaya. ## Supreme in All Regards *thams cad mchog tu phyin*, Skt. *thams cad mchog tu phyin*, Birthplace of the buddha Uttama. ## Supreme in the Entire World *’jig rten kun mchog*, Skt. *’jig rten kun mchog*, Son of the buddha Śaśin. ## Supreme in the World *’jig rten mchog ma*, Skt. *’jig rten mchog ma*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Supreme Incense *spos mchog*, Skt. *spos mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Añjana. ## Supreme Incense Heap *spos mchog brtsegs*, A buddha. (Toh 555 Degé: spobs brtsegs; Yongle, Peking, and Narthang: spos brtsegs; Lithang and Choné: stobs brtse) ## Supreme Incense in Hand *phyag na spos mchog*, Skt. *phyag na spos mchog*, A buddha. ## Supreme Incense Light *spos mchog ’od*, Skt. *spos mchog ’od*, A grove in Presence of Joy. ## Supreme Insight *shes rab mchog ma*, Skt. *shes rab mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Mahā­prajñā­tīrtha. ## Supreme Intellect A prince who is predicted to become the buddha Siṃha in the future. ## Supreme Intelligence *blo gros mchog*, Skt. *blo gros mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānakośa (660 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Jambu *’dzam bu’i mchog*, Skt. *’dzam bu’i mchog*, Mother of the buddha Vaidya. ## Supreme Jasmine Flower *sna ma’i me tog mchog*, Skt. *sna ma’i me tog mchog*, Mother of the buddha Mahādatta. ## Supreme Jewel *rin chen mchog*, Skt. *rin chen mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mañjughoṣa (575 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Jewel Crest *rin chen tog mchog*, Skt. *rin chen tog mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnadhara. ## supreme joy *mchog tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *paramānanda*, An experience of yogis and yoginis after they have dissolved the visualized maṇḍala and its deities into emptiness in the (formless) completion phase. ## supreme ketaka garland bearer *ke ta ka’i phreng ba mchog dang ldan pa*, Skt. *ke ta ka’i phreng ba mchog dang ldan pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Supreme King *mchog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *mchog gi rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rāhu­sūrya­garbha. ## Supreme King of Auspiciousness *bkra shis bla ma’i rgyal po*, Skt. *maṅgalottararāja*, A buddha. ## Supreme Knowledge *shes mchog*, Skt. *shes mchog*, Mother of the buddha Jñānavikrama. ## Supreme Lady *dbang mchog ma*, Skt. *dbang mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Supreme Lady of Glorious Excellence *dpal gyi bzang mchog ma*, Skt. *dpal gyi bzang mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Kalyāṇacūḍa. ## Supreme Lake *mtsho mchog*, Skt. *mtsho mchog*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Supreme Lamp *sgron ma mchog*, Skt. *sgron ma mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Yaśaḥkīrti (915 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Lamp of Qualities *yon tan sgron ma’i mchog*, Skt. *yon tan sgron ma’i mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇarāśi. ## Supreme Land *yul ’khor mchog*, Skt. *yul ’khor mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānapriya (438 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Leader *gtso mchog*, Skt. *gtso mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vararuci (228 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Learning *mdzangs mchog*, Skt. *mdzangs mchog*, A buddha. ## Supreme Liberation *rnam par grol ba mchog*, Skt. *rnam par grol ba mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Vigata­mohārtha­cintin. ## Supreme Light *’od mchog*, Skt. *’od mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Varabuddhi (729 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Light of Wisdom *ye shes ’od mchog*, Skt. *ye shes ’od mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Māradama. ## Supreme Lightning *glog mchog*, Skt. *glog mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kusumaparvata. ## Supreme Limbs *yan lag mchog*, Skt. *yan lag mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Uttamadeva. ## Supreme Lotus *pad ma’i mchog*, Skt. *pad ma’i mchog*, A buddha. ## Supreme Love *byams mchog*, Skt. *byams mchog*, Mother of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Supreme Luminosity *gsal mchog ma*, Skt. *gsal mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## Supreme master Great Wrath *’khro bo’i bdag po chen po*, Skt. *mahā­krodhādhipati*, One of the epithets of Bhūtaḍāmara. ## Supreme Master of Speech *smra ba’i dbang phyug mchog*, Skt. *smra ba’i dbang phyug mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Kathendra. ## Supreme Melody *dbyangs mchog*, Skt. *dbyangs mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sarva­vara­guṇa­prabha (694 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Merit *bsod nams mchog*, Skt. *bsod nams mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Cīrṇaprabha. ## Supreme Mind *blo mchog*, Skt. *blo mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jyotiṣprabha (700 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Miracle *rdzu ’phrul mchog*, Skt. *rdzu ’phrul mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Āśādatta (464 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Moon *zla mchog*, Skt. *zla mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ugratejas (474 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Moon of the Crest of Faith *zla mchog dad pa’i tog*, Skt. *zla mchog dad pa’i tog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Supreme Mountain *ri mchog*, Skt. *ri mchog*, Attendant of the buddha Bhadrapāla. ## Supreme Mountain Without Pride *spos med mchog gi lhun po*, Skt. *spos med mchog gi lhun po*, A buddha. ## Supreme Nāga *klu mchog*, Skt. *klu mchog*, Son of the buddha Varuṇa. ## Supreme Nonapprehension *dmigs med mchog*, Skt. *dmigs med mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vīryadatta. ## Supreme Peace *rab zhi mchog*, Skt. *rab zhi mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sugandha. ## supreme performance *spyod pa dam pa*, A meditative stability. ## Supreme Person *gang zag mchog*, Skt. *gang zag mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Surabhigandha. ## supreme physical marks *gzugs mchog mtshan*, See “thirty-two major marks of a great being.” ## Supreme Pleasure Grove *skyed mos tshal gyi mchog*, Skt. *skyed mos tshal gyi mchog*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Supreme Possessor of Gatherings *tshogs can rab mchog*, Skt. *tshogs can rab mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthavādin (990 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Power *mthu rtsal mchog*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Satyacara. ## Supreme Precious One *rin chen mchog*, Skt. *rin chen mchog*, A buddha in a past eon called Most Fragrant, in the world realm Fragrant. Formerly the god Trainable by Me. ## Supreme Purity *rdul bral mchog*, Skt. *rdul bral mchog*, A buddha. ## Supreme Qualities *yon tan mchog*, Skt. *yon tan mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Dṛḍhasvara. ## Supreme Radiance *’od zer mchog*, Skt. *’od zer mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Supriya. ## Supreme Realization *rtogs pa’i mchog*, Skt. *rtogs pa’i mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Oṣadhi (615 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Reed of the Earth *’dam bu sa mchog*, Skt. *’dam bu sa mchog*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Supreme Regarding All Qualities *yon tan thams cad mchog*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kuśalaprabha. ## Supreme Relinquishment *mchog tu spong ba*, Skt. *mchog tu spong ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Vimoharāja. ## Supreme River of Speech *smra ba’i chu mchog*, Skt. *smra ba’i chu mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Supreme Roar *nga ro mchog*, Skt. *nga ro mchog*, Father of the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga. ## Supreme Scent-Perfused Preacher *spos mchog smra ba*, A bodhisattva who seeks a prophecy from Śākyamuni. ## Supreme Seeing *mchog mthong ma*, Skt. *mchog mthong ma*, Mother of the buddha Ghoṣasvara. ## Supreme Seizer *mchog len*, Skt. *paramalabhā*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Supreme Sentient Being *sems can mchog*, Skt. *sems can mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyarāśi. ## Supreme Sight *spyan mchog*, Skt. *spyan mchog*, A buddha. ## Supreme Soldier *dmag ma’i mchog*, Skt. *dmag ma’i mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sūryapriya. ## Supreme Sound *sgra mchog*, Skt. *sgra mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Supraṇaṣṭamoha. ## Supreme Source *mchog gi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *kārākāra*, Name of the fiftieth meditative stability. ## Supreme Speech *mchog smra*, Skt. *mchog smra*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śūra. ## Supreme Splendor *gzi brjid mchog*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Supreme Steadfastness *mchog tu brtan*, Skt. *mchog tu brtan*, Mother of the buddha Kṣemaṃkara. ## Supreme Steps *stegs mchog*, Skt. *stegs mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Ūrṇa. ## Supreme Stūpa *mchod rten mchog*, Skt. *mchod rten mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sugandha. ## Supreme Strength *rab kyi shugs kyi bdag*, Skt. *rab kyi shugs kyi bdag*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Supreme Stride *stabs kyi mchog ma*, Skt. *stabs kyi mchog ma*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prajñāpuṣpa (987 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Supreme Sun of Bliss *nyi ma mchog gi bde ba*, Skt. *nyi ma mchog gi bde ba*, The bodhisattva Supreme Wisdom when he becomes a buddha. ## Supreme Support for Donning the Robes of Mindfulness *dran pa’i go bgos pa gnas kyi mchog*, Skt. *dran pa’i go bgos pa gnas kyi mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## Supreme Taste *ro mchog*, Skt. *ro mchog*, Son of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Supreme Teacher *smra ba’i mchog*, Skt. *smra ba’i mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vikrīḍitāvin. ## Supreme Teaching *smra ba’i mchog*, Skt. *smra ba’i mchog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇakūṭa. ## Supreme Time *dus mchog*, Skt. *dus mchog*, Father of the buddha Kusuma. ## Supreme Tone *gdangs mchog*, Skt. *gdangs mchog*, Attendant of the buddha Adīnaghoṣa. ## Supreme Tones *gdangs mchog ma*, Skt. *gdangs mchog ma*, Mother of the buddha Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga. ## Supreme Treasure *dbyig mchog*, Skt. *dbyig mchog*, Father of the buddha Sūrata. ## Supreme Treasury *mdzod mchog*, Skt. *mdzod mchog*, Mother of the buddha Dharmakośa. ## Supreme Tree *ljon mchog*, Skt. *ljon mchog*, Son of the buddha Tīrthakara. ## supreme truth *bden pa mchog*, Skt. *paramasatya*, An unusual feature of the Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra is that it presents a third “supreme truth” in contrast to the usual doctrinal presentation of the two truths (the relative truth and the ultimate truth). In doing so, the Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra does not propose a third ontological category but demonstrates in its final verse that both the relative and ultimate truths are conceptual categories and therefore provisional to understanding the ultimate nature of reality. The conception of ultimate truth should not be misunderstood, like a finger pointing to the moon, but to arrive at its actual understanding one must transcend any dualistic notion or designation altogether. See . ## Supreme Victor *rgyal mchog*, Skt. *rgyal mchog*, The name of a mātṛkā in Great Cool Grove. ## Supreme Victory *rgyal mchog*, Skt. *rgyal mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Asthita. ## Supreme Virtue *dge mchog*, Skt. *dge mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Supreme Voice *mchog gi dbyangs*, Skt. *mchog gi dbyangs*, A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Supreme Wealth *nor mchog*, Skt. *nor mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Supreme Wisdom *ye shes mchog*, Skt. *ye shes mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Lokasundara. ## Supreme Wish *mchog ’dod*, Skt. *mchog ’dod*, Son of the buddha Subāhu. ## Supreme World *’jig rten mchog*, Skt. *’jig rten mchog*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Oṣadhi. ## Supreme Worship *mchod mchog*, Skt. *mchod mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Acala (945 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## supremely delighted by the Dharma *chos la mchog tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *chos la mchog tu dga’ ba*, The name of an absorption. ## Supremely Distinguished *mchog tu khyad par ’phags*, Skt. *mchog tu khyad par ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pratibhāna­rāṣṭra. ## Supremely Joyous *mchog tu dga’*, Skt. *mchog tu dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñāna­vihāsa­svara. ## Supremely Terrifying *’jigs mchog*, Skt. *’jigs mchog*, Birthplace of the buddha Bhīṣaṇa. ## Supremely Victorious *mchog tu rgyal ba*, Skt. *mahāgrāsa*, A yakṣa king. ## Supremely Victorious King *mchog tu rnam par rgyal ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *pravararāja*, A buddha. ## Supriyā *shin tu sdug*, Skt. *supriyā*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## Supriya *legs dgyes*, Skt. *supriya*, The 889th buddha in the first list, 888th in the second list, and 879th in the third list. ## Supārśva *ngos bzangs*, Skt. *supārśva*, The 719th buddha in the first list, 718th in the second list, and 708th in the third list. ## Supīta *shin tu ser ba*, Skt. *supīta*, The name of a nāga king. ## Supuṣkara Skt. *supuṣkara*, The lord of the clouds. ## Supuṣpa *me tog bzang*, Skt. *supuṣpa*, The 385th buddha in the first list, 384th in the second list, and 378th in the third list. ## Supuṣpita­śālendra­rāja *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *supuṣpita­śālendra­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Supuṣpita­śālendrā­rāja *sA la’i dbang po’i rgyal po me tog kun tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *supuṣpita­śālendrā­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Supuṣya Skt. *supuṣya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Surabhi The mother of cattle (saurabheya). According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## Surabhigandha *spos dri zhim*, Skt. *surabhigandha*, The 139th buddha in the first list, 139th in the second list, and 139th in the third list. ## Surada *so bzang*, Skt. *surada*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Surahāriṇī *lha ’joms ma*, Skt. *surahāriṇī*, ‟One Who Captivates the Gods,” One of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Surakātyāyanī *ka ta ya na zhi ba ma*, Skt. *surakātyāyanī*, ‟Divine Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Suraśmi *’od zer bzang po*, Skt. *suraśmi*, A buddha who in the second enumeration appears between the buddhas Puṇyaraśmi and Śrotriya. ## Suraśmiketu *’od gzer bzang dpal*, Skt. *suraśmiketu*, A prince in another world in the distant past. Also known as Suraśmi. ## Surasā The mother of serpents (sarpa). According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## Surasavatī *ro bzang ldan ma*, Skt. *surasavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Surasundarī *sdu gu mdzes ma*, Skt. *surasundarī*, ‟Divinely Beautiful,” one of the eight goddesses of offerings in the Bhūtaḍāmara maṇḍala; also the name of one of the eight great yakṣiṇīs. ## Surasundara *lha mdzes*, Skt. *surasundara*, A nāga king. ## Surata *bzang dga’*, Skt. *surata*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Suratapriyā Skt. *suratapriyā*, ‟Fond of Sex,” one of the six kinnara queens ## Surathī *shing rta bzang*, Skt. *surathī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Suratna *rin chen bzang po*, Skt. *suratna*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Suravatī *chang ldan ma*, Skt. *suravatī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Surādevī *stong lha mo*, Skt. *surādevī*, One of the eight goddesses in the north, called upon to grant protection. ## Surendra *su ren+t+ra bo d+hi*, Skt. *surendrabodhi*, Surendrabodhi came to Tibet during reign of King Ralpachen (ral pa can, r. 815–38 ce). He is listed as the translator of forty-three texts and was one of the small group of paṇḍitas responsible for the Mahāvyutpatti Sanskrit–Tibetan dictionary. ## Surendrabodhi *su ren dra bo dhi*, Skt. *surendrabodhi*, One of the Indian teachers invited to Tibet at the time of the emperor Ralpachen (early ninth century). He was one of the great Indian pandits who assisted the Tibetan translators such as Yeshé Dé with the translation of Buddhist texts from Sanskrit. ## Surendrābhā *lha dbang ’od*, Skt. *surendrābhā*, The kalyāṇamitra of chapter 45, a goddess of the Trāyastriṃśa paradise. ## Sureśvaraprabha *lha’i dbang phyug ’od*, Skt. *sureśvaraprabha*, A king in the distant past. (Toh 555: lha’i dbang phyug gi ’od) ## Sureśvara­prabha *lha’i dbang phyug ’od*, Skt. *sureśvaraprabha*, A king in the distant past. (Toh 555: lha’i dbang phyug gi ’od) ## Surāntaka *lha mthar byed*, Skt. *surāntaka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Surūpā *gzugs bzang ba*, Skt. *surūpā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Surūpa *gzugs bzang*, Skt. *surūpa*, The 594th buddha in the first list, 593rd in the second list, and 587th in the third list. ## surpassing all phenomena *chos thams cad las shin du ’phags pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmodgata*, The 6th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Surūpavyūha *gzugs mdzes bkod pa*, Skt. *surūpavyūha*, “Beautiful Array.” One of the bodhisattvas in the entourage of the Buddha Śākyamuni when he taught the girl Vimalaśraddhā. ## Surāṣṭra *yul ’khor bzang*, Skt. *surāṣṭra*, The 841st buddha in the first list, 840th in the second list, and 830th in the third list. ## Surrounded by Nakra Crocodiles *chu srin na kras bskor ba*, Skt. *chu srin na kras bskor ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Surrounded by Nyaronya *nya ro hi ’khor ba*, Skt. *nya ro hi ’khor ba*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## surrounding wall A term that can refer to a fence, an enclosure, a rampart, or the wall surrounding a courtyard or building. ## Surārthā *lha don*, Skt. *surārthā*, One of the nakṣatras. ## Suruci *legs smon*, Skt. *suruci*, A self-awakened one. ## Suśruta Skt. *suśruta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Suśrutasaṃhitā Skt. *suśrutasaṃhitā*, An ancient Indian Āyurvedic work. ## surveying the crown pinnacle *spyi gtsug rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *avalokita­mūrdha*, The 8th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Suryagarbha *nyi ma’i snying po*, Skt. *suryagarbha*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Suryatejas *nyi ma’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *suryatejas*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Suriyatejā. ## Susaṃbhava *legs skyes*, Skt. *susaṃbhava*, The Buddha’s previous life as a cakravartin in the distant past. ## Susaṃbhava­vyūha *legs byung rnam brgyan*, Skt. *susaṃbhava­vyūha*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Susaṃbhava­viyūha . ## Susaṃgṛhita A buddha in the distant past, a future life of the weaver Sūtracunaka. ## Susaṃhata Skt. *susaṃhata*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Susambhavābha *’byung med ’od*, Skt. *susambhavābha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Susaṃprasthita *shin tu yang dag zhugs pa*, Skt. *susaṃprasthita*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Susaṃ­prasthita *legs par yang dag zhugs*, Skt. *susaṃ­prasthita*, A great bodhisattva. ## Su­saṃ­prasthita *shin tu yang dag zhugs*, Skt. *su­saṃ­prasthita*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Susaṃ­prasthita­rāja *shin tu yang dag zhugs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *susaṃ­prasthita­rāja*, A buddha. ## Susaṃ­vṛttas­kandha *dpung mgo shin tu zlum ba*, Skt. *susaṃ­vṛttas­kandha*, A buddha. ## Susena *sde bzangs*, Skt. *susena*, A minister, brother of Sena. ## Susiddha *grub pa bzang po*, Skt. *susiddha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Susīmā *mtshams bzang ma*, Skt. *susīmā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Susīma *mtshams bzangs*, Skt. *susīma*, The name of a god from the realm of Tuṣita and the main interlocutor of Mañjuśrī’s Teaching. In the Kangyur, Susīma appears as a minor interlocutor in several other sūtras; his other most notable appearance is as an interlocutor in conversation with Māra in The Chapter on Mañjuśrī’s Magical Display, Toh 97, 1.68–1.78. He also appears in some Pali sources; see Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Susīma (4–5). ## Susmita Skt. *susmita*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Susoma *zla bzang*, Skt. *susoma*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Susārthavaha *ded dpon bzang po*, Skt. *susārthavaha*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Susārthavāha *ded dpon dam pa*, Skt. *susārthavāha*, Name of a bodhisattva. His name is rendered “Sārthavāha” in the Twenty-Five Thousand. ## Sustained by Fruition *’bras bus nye bar ’tsho ba*, Skt. *’bras bus nye bar ’tsho ba*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Sustained by the Finest Tastes *ro brgya mchog gis bsten pa*, Skt. *ro brgya mchog gis bsten pa*, A grove in Unmixed. ## Sustained calm *zhi gnas*, Skt. *śamatha*, the basis of all [concentration](#concentration)s. "The distraction of the mind by other objects having been calmed (*zhi*), the mind stays (*gnas*) without wavering in [concentration](#concentration)." DICT. ## sustained mental application *rnam par dpyod pa*, Skt. *vicāra*, See ## Sustainer *gso byed*, Skt. *gso byed*, Sustainer (one who supports or maintains), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Sustaining the Saṅgha *dge ’dun skyong*, A Licchavī youth. (Toh 555: dge ’dun skyabs) ## Sustaining through Form and Adhering to the Nature of All People *gzugs kyis ’tsho ba skye bo thams cad ky ngo bo’i rjes su ’jug pa*, Skt. *gzugs kyis ’tsho ba skye bo thams cad ky ngo bo’i rjes su ’jug pa*, A former life of the Buddha, who was a very good-looking person. ## sustenances *zas*, Skt. *āhāra*, See “four kinds of sustenance.” ## Susthali *sus tha li*, Skt. *susthali*, A land to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Susthita *legs gnas*, Skt. *susthita*, The 546th buddha in the first list, 546th in the second list, and 539th in the third list. ## Susthitamati *blo gros rab gnas*, Skt. *susthitamati*, Lit. “Stable Intellect.” A god living in the buddhafield of the tathāgata Samantakusuma. ## Susudhī Skt. *susudhī*, The unfaithful wife of the king of Benares. ## Suṃsumāragiri The name of the capital of the country of the Bhaggas (Skt. Bhargas), a small tribal oligarchy belonging to the Vṛji confederacy and situated between Vaiśālī and Śrāvastī (cf. Witzel 2003, p. 55). The Pali word susumāra literally means “child killing.” See also in the translation. ## Susvarā *skad snyan ma*, Skt. *susvarā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Susvara *dbyangs snyan*, Skt. *susvara*, The 631st buddha in the first list, 630th in the second list, and 623rd in the third list. ## Suśītala *shin tu bsil ba*, Skt. *suśītala*, The 906th buddha in the first list, 905th in the second list, and 896th in the third list. ## Sutanu *lus mdzes*, Skt. *sutanu*, A lord of beings. ## Sutasoma *zla ba’i bu*, Skt. *sutasoma*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Suteja *gzi brjid bzang po*, Skt. *(not in the skt. source of the mmk)*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. This name, which occurs only in the Tibetan translation of the MMK, may represent a case of scribal dyslexia in which the last two syllables of the extant Skt. name Sujeta have been reversed. ## Sutejas *gzi brjid mdzes*, Skt. *sutejas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Sutejomaṇḍala­rati­śrī *gzi brjid kyi dkyil ’khor bzang pos dga’ ba’i dpal*, Skt. *sutejomaṇḍala­rati­śrī*, The forest goddess of Lumbinī and the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 42. ## Sutāpa *gdung ba bzang po*, Skt. *sutāpa*, One of the kings of the piśācas. ## Sutārā *sgrol ma bzang po*, Skt. *sutārā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Sutīrtha *stegs bzang po*, Skt. *sutīrtha*, The 735th buddha in the first list, 734th in the second list, and 724th in the third list. ## sutta The Pali equivalent of Sanskrit sūtra. ## Suśubha *rab tu bzang po*, Skt. *suśubha*, One of the disciples of the Buddha. ## Suśuddha *dag pa*, Skt. *suśuddha*, One of the five celestial bodhisattvas associated with Mañjuśrī. ## suṣumnā *yid bzang*, Skt. *suṣumnā*, The middle channel above the navel. ## Suutthitā *legs par langs*, Skt. *suutthitā*, One of the eight goddesses in the south, called upon to grant protection. ## Suvṛṣa *khyu mchog bzang po*, Skt. *suvṛṣa*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## Suvajra *rdo rje bzang po*, Skt. *suvajra*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Suvakṣa *mthon ka bzang po*, Skt. *suvakṣa*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Suvaktra *zhal bzangs*, Skt. *suvaktra*, The 791st buddha in the first list, 790th in the second list, and 780th in the third list. ## Suvarṇa *gser*, Skt. *suvarṇa*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Suvarṇa­bhadra­vimala­vasucitra­tejolalita­garbha *gser bzang zhing dri ma med pa’i dbyig gis spras pa’i gzi brjid mdzes pa’i snying po*, Skt. *suvarṇa­bhadra­vimala­vasucitra­tejolalita­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Suvarṇabhujendra *gser gyi lag pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *suvarṇabhujendra*, A king in the distant past. ## Suvarṇa­bhujendra *gser gyi lag pa’i dbang po*, Skt. *suvarṇa­bhujendra*, A king in the distant past. ## Suvarṇacūḍa *gtsug gi gser*, Skt. *suvarṇacūḍa*, The 609th buddha in the first list, 608th in the second list, and 602nd in the third list. ## Suvarṇadhvaja *dam pa gser gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *suvarṇadhvaja*, “Golden Banner.” The palace of the goddess Śrī, also known as Lakṣmī. ## Suvarṇadvīpa *gser gling*, Skt. *suvarṇadvīpa*, home of King [Suvarṇapati](#suvarṇapati) who figures in a prophecy made by [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana)’s teacher [Sañjayin](#sañjayin-the-teacher) that convinces them of their teacher’s prescience, which in turn gives them conviction to seek out the [Buddha](#buddha) as [Sañjayin](#sañjayin-the-teacher) advised they should. ## Suvarṇadvīpa (Lord of) *gser gling pa*, a Buddhist master, Dharmakīrti, who lived in Sumatra in the 10th century. [Atīśa](#atīśa) considered him as the most important of the teachers from whom he received the teachings on bodhicitta. ## Suvarṇaśṛṅga *gser gyi rtse mo*, Skt. *suvarṇaśṛṅga*, A mountain king. ## Su­varṇa­garbha *gser gyi snying po*, Skt. *su­varṇa­garbha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Suvarṇajaṭa *ral pa gser 'dra*, Skt. *suvarṇajaṭa*, a young [brahmin](#brahmin) from [Suvarṇadvīpa](#suvarṇadvīpa) who brings news to [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana) that confirms their teacher [Sañjayin](#sañjayin-the-teacher)’s prophecy and sparks their search for the [Buddha](#buddha). ## Suvarṇa­jambudhvajakāñca­nābha *’dzam bu’i gser gyi rgyal mtshan gyi ’od*, Skt. *suvarṇajambudhvajakāñcanābha*, A buddha in the distant future who is Rūpyaketu, the son of Ruciraketu, in the time of Śākyamuni. (Toh 555: gser dang rin po che’i ri bo’i rgyal po ) ## Suvarṇa­jambu­dhvaja­kāñcanābha *gser ’dzam bu’i gser gyi rgyal mtshan gyi ’od*, Skt. *suvarṇa­jambu­dhvaja­kāñcanābha*, A buddha in the distant future who is Rūpyaketu, the son of Ruciraketu, in the time of Śākyamuni. (Toh 555: Suvarṇa­ratnākaracchatra­kūṭa; gser dang rin po che’i ri bo’i rgyal po) ## Suvarṇakeśa Skt. *suvarṇakeśa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Suvarṇapati *gser bdag*, Skt. *suvarṇapati*, a king of [Suvarṇadvīpa](#suvarṇadvīpa) who figures in a prophecy made by the teacher [Sañjayin](#sañjayin-the-teacher) that convinces [Śāriputra](#śāriputra) and [Maudgalyāyana](#maudgalyāyana) of his prescience. This in turn gives them conviction to seek out the [Buddha](#buddha) as [Sañjayin](#sañjayin-the-teacher) advised they should. ## Suvarṇaprabhā *gser du snang ba*, Skt. *suvarṇaprabhā*, A world realm in the distant future. (Toh 555: gser ’od) ## Suvarṇa­prabhā *gser ’od*, Skt. *suvarṇa­prabhā*, A buddha realm. ## Suvarṇaprabha *gser ’od*, Skt. *suvarṇaprabha*, The name of the buddha who Rūpyaprabha is predicted to become. ## Suvarṇa­prabha *gser ’od*, Skt. *suvarṇaprabha*, A bodhisattva. ## Suvarṇa­prabhagarbha *gser du snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *suvarṇaprabhagarbha*, A tathāgata. ## Suvarṇa­prabhā­garbha *gser du snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *suvarṇa­prabhā­garbha*, A tathāgata. ## Suvarṇaprabhāsā A nāga queen of the nāga king Kālika, whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra as well as the Lalitavistara. ## Suvarṇa­prabhāsā *dam pa gser ’od*, Skt. *suvarṇa­prabhāsā*, The chief queen of Kālika, the nāga king. ## Suvarṇa­prabhāsottama *gser ’od dam pa*, Skt. *suvarṇa­prabhāsottama*, A bodhisattva with the same name as the title of the sūtra. (Toh 555: gser gyi ’od) ## Suvarṇaprastha *gser gyi bre*, Skt. *suvarṇaprastha*, A village or town. ## Suvarṇapārśva *gser logs*, Skt. *suvarṇapārśva*, A mountain king. ## Suvarṇapuṣpa *gser gyi me tog*, Skt. *suvarṇapuṣpa*, Lit. “The One Who Had the Golden Flowers.” Future name of the nun Gaṅgadevī when she becomes a bodhisattva in the buddhafield of Akṣobhya, and also when she becomes a buddha, during the eon called Tārakopama. ## Suvarṇa­puṣpa­jvalaraśmi­ketu *gser gyi me tog ’bar ba’i ’od zer gyi tog*, Skt. *suvarṇapuṣpajvalaraśmiketu*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: gser gyi me tog ’od zer rgyal mtshan) ## Suvarṇa­puṣpa­jvala­raśmi­ketu *gser gyi me tog ’bar ba’i ’od zer gyi tog*, Skt. *suvarṇa­puṣpa­jvala­raśmi­ketu*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: Suvarṇa­puṣpa­raśmi­dhvaja; gser gyi me tog ’od zer rgyal mtshan) ## Suvarṇa­puṣpābha­maṇḍala *’od kyi dkyil ’khor gser gyi me tog*, Skt. *suvarṇa­puṣpābha­maṇḍala*, A park in another world in the distant past. The name as given in the prose. In verse it is called Svarṇa­puṣpa­prabhava. ## Suvarṇa­ratnākaracchatra­kūṭa *gser rin chen ’byung gnas gdugs brtsegs*, Skt. *suvarṇa­ratnākaracchatra­kūṭa*, A buddha in the distant future who is the bodhisattva Ruciraketu in the time of Śākyamuni. (Suvarṇa­ratnākaracchatra­kūṭa; Toh Degé 556: gser ri rin chen ‘byung gnas gdugs brtegs, Suvarṇaparvataratnākarachattrakūṭa; Toh 555: gser gdugs rin po che brtsegs pa ) ## Suvarṇaskandhin *gser gyi phung po*, Skt. *suvarṇa­skandhin*, A buddha. ## Suvarṇottama *gser mchog*, Skt. *suvarṇottama*, The 664th buddha in the first list, 663rd in the second list, and 655th in the third list. ## Suvarṇottama­prabhā­śrī *gser mchog ’od dpal*, Skt. *suvarṇottama­prabhā­śrī*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Glorious Golden Light.” ## Suvarṇottamaprabhāsā *gser mchog snang ba*, Skt. *suvarṇottamaprabhāsā*, One of King Bimbisāra’s daughters. ## Suvarṇāvabhāsa *gser du snang ba*, Skt. *suvarṇāvabhāsa*, A peacock king who appears periodically in Buddhist literature. One of the past lives of Śākyamuni. ## Suvayas *na tshod bzang*, Skt. *suvayas*, The 305th buddha in the first list, 304th in the second list, and 299th in the third list. ## Suvādin *legs gsung*, Skt. *suvādin*, A buddha in the past. ## Suvelang Forest *su be lang gi nags*, Skt. *su be lang gi nags*, A forest on Great Slope. ## Suvāha A king. ## Suvibhakta *shin tu rnam par phye ba*, Skt. *suvibhakta*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Suvicaya A householder in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Abhyudgata. ## Suvicintitārtha *don legs par bsams pa*, Skt. *suvicinitārtha*, A buddha in the distant past who had previously been Prince Mahākaruṇācintī, a pupil of Buddha Abhāva­samudgata. In verse he is referred to as Sucintitārtha. ## Suvidita *shin tu rtog pa*, Skt. *suvidita*, A southern buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Suvidya *rig pa bzang po*, Skt. *suvidya*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Suvighuṣṭa­kīrti *legs pa snyan grags*, Skt. *suvighuṣṭa­kīrti*, A head merchant, the father of a previous life of Gopā. ## Suvijita­saṃgrāma *g.yul las shin tu rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *suvijita­saṃgrāma*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Suviśākha A wealthy brahmin in the city Gone to Bliss during the time of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara, father of the girl Receiver of Goodness. See note 25. ## Suvikrāmin *rnam par gnon pa bzang po*, Skt. *suvikrāmin*, A head merchant’s son in Dhanyākara. ## Suvikrānta *shin tu gnon pa*, Skt. *suvikrānta*, A great bodhisattva. ## Suvikrāntamati *lha’i bu shin tu rnam par gnon sems*, Skt. *suvikrāntamati*, A god. ## Suvi­krānta­mati *rab gnon blo gros*, Skt. *suvi­krānta­mati*, A bodhisattva present during the delivery of the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities. ## Suvikrānta­śrī *shin tu rnam par gnon pa’i dpal*, Skt. *suvikrānta­śrī*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Su­vikrānta­vikrāmiṇ *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *su­vikrānta­vikrāmiṇ*, One of “the sixteen excellent men.” ## Suvikrāntavikrāmin *mthu dam pas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *suvikrānta­vikrāmin*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Suvikrānta­vikrāmin *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *suvikrānta­vikrāmin*, Lit. “Pressing with Utmost Skill.” ## Suvi­krānta­vikrāmin *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *suvi­krānta­vikrāmin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Su­vikrānta­vikrāmin *rab kyi rtsal gyis rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *su­vikrānta­vikrāmin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Suviśālābha *’od shin tu yangs pa*, Skt. *suviśālābha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Suvilokita­jñāna­ketu *shin tu rnam par gzigs pa’i ye shes dpal*, Skt. *suvilokita­jñāna­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Suvilokita­netra *shin tu rnam par lta ba’i myig*, Skt. *suvilokita­netra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Suvimala­ghoṣeśvara­rāja *shin tu dri med dbyangs kyi dbang phyug*, Skt. *suvimala­ghoṣeśvara­rāja*, The name of one thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Suvimuktagātra A bodhisattva who is prince predicted to become the buddha Jñānākara and whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Suvinaya *tshul bzang nyid*, Skt. *suvinaya*, A brahmin devotee of Buddhism. ## Suviniścitārtha *don legs nges pa*, Skt. *suviniścitārtha*, The 467th buddha in the first list, 466th in the second list, and 460th in the third list. ## Suvinyāsakṣepa *legs par rnam par ’jog pa’i ’phen pa*, Skt. *suvinyāsakṣepa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Suviśuddhā *shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *suviśuddhā*, “Utterly, Completely Pure,” the name of this world when it will be the buddha realm of Pūrna Maitrāyaṇī­putra when he is Buddha Dharmaprabhāsa. ## Suviśuddha *shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *suviśuddha*, A buddha realm. ## Suviśuddha­candrābhā *zla ba shin tu rnam par dag pa’i ’od*, Skt. *suviśuddha­candrābhā*, A goddess of the night in the distant past. ## Suviśuddha­jñāna­kusumāvabhāsa *ye shes shin tu rnam par dag pa’i me tog snang ba*, Skt. *suviśuddha­jñāna­kusumāvabhāsa*, A buddha in the distant past ## Su­viśuddha­mati *blo gros shin tu rnam dag*, Skt. *su­viśuddha­mati*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Suviśuddhaviṣaya *yul shin tu rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *suviśuddha­viṣaya*, The name of King Ajātaśatru when he becomes a buddha in the future. ## Suvīrā *dpa’ bzang mo*, Skt. *suvīrā*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Suvīra *su bi ra*, Skt. *suvīra*, A country ruled by King Udaya during the Buddha’s time. ## Suvrata *brtul zhugs bzang po*, Skt. *suvrata*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the kings of the Nāgasena dynasty. ## Suvāstu *dngos bzang*, Skt. *suvāstu*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Suyajña *mchod sbyin bzang*, Skt. *suyajña*, The 773rd buddha in the first list, 772nd in the second list, and 762nd in the third list. ## Suyāma *mtshe ma*, Skt. *suyāma*, The principal deity in the Yāma paradise, the third of the six paradises in the desire realm. ## Su­yāma *rab ’thab bral*, Skt. *su­yāma*, The chief god of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Suyodhana *legs par ’thab pa*, Skt. *suyodhana*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Svaśarīra­prabha *rang gi lus kyi ’od*, Skt. *svaśarīra­prabha*, The forty-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Svabandhu­dūrāntaka *gnyen las thag ring byed*, Skt. *svabandhu­dūrāntaka*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Svabhāvabha *rang bzhin bsod nams ’od*, Skt. *svabhāvabha*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Svabhāva­samudgata­rāja *rang bzhin yang dag par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *svabhāva­samudgata­rāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Svagupta *legs sbas*, Skt. *svagupta*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Svajñānapuṇyabala *rang gi ye shes bsod nams stobs*, Skt. *svajñāna­puṇyabala*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Svakāśi *rang gsal ma*, Skt. *svakāśi*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Svaracodaka *dbyangs kyis bskul*, Skt. *svaracodaka*, The 849th buddha in the first list, 848th in the second list, and 838th in the third list. ## Svaraghoṣā *sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *svaraghoṣā*, A goddess. ## Svaraja *shin tu rdul med*, Skt. *svaraja*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Svarajñakośa *dbyangs mkhyen mdzod*, Skt. *svarajñakośa*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## Svarṇakeśin *gser ’dra’i skra*, Skt. *svarṇakeśin*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: su bar na dang ke śa (incorrectly dividing the name into two names)) ## Svarṇa­puṣpa­prabhava *gser mdog me tog*, Skt. *svarṇa­puṣpa­prabhava*, A park in another world in the distant past. The name as given in verse. In prose it is called Suvarṇa­puṣpābha­maṇḍala. ## Svarāṅgaghoṣa *dbyangs kyi yan lag*, Skt. *svarāṅgaghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Svarāṅgaśūra *dbyangs kyi yan lag dpa’ bo*, Skt. *svarāṅgaśūra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Svargavairocana *rnam par snang byed nyi ma*, Skt. *svargavairocana*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Vigata­bhaya­paryutthāna­ghoṣa to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Sāvaripa *sha ba ri pa* or *ri khrod dbang phyug*, one of the eighty-four [mahāsiddhas](#mahāsiddha) of India. He was a hunter from a hill tribe in Bengal, and along with his two wives became a [disciple](#disciple) of [Nāgārjuna](#nāgārjuna). ## Svarodaya A tantric text accepted by both Buddhists and Hindus that relates the breath to the cosmology of the universe. ## Svarūpiṇī *shin tu gzugs can*, Skt. *svarūpiṇī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Sāvarṇya One of the sublineages connected with the Vātsya lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## svastika *bkra shis*, Skt. *svastika*, In later Tibetan translations, it is translated as g.yung-drung. In the early translations, it is bra shis and in the Mahāvyutpatti dictionary it is bkra shis ldan, while g.yung-drung translates nandyāvarta. It is an auspicious sign in Indian culture, and it is one of the auspicious marks on the chest of the Buddha, as well as the śrīvatsa. ## Svastikaṭaka *dge ba’i pho brang*, Skt. *svastikaṭaka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Svaviṣaya­saṃkopita­viṣaya *rang gis rnam par ’byed pas yul yang dag par ’khrug pa*, Skt. *svaviṣaya­saṃkopita­viṣaya*, A bodhisattva who comes from the realm of the Buddha Prasphulitakusuma­vairocana to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Svayambhu *rang byung*, Skt. *svayambhu*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Svābhāvikakāya *ngo bo nyid kyi sku*, the Body of the Essential Nature; the fourth [kāya](#kāya), the aspect of inseparability of the first three, [Dharmakāya](#dharmakāya), [Saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya), and [Nirmāṇakāya](#nirmāṇakāya). ## Svācāra *ngang tshul bzang po*, Skt. *svācāra*, A head merchant’s son in Dhanyākara. ## Svāgata *legs ’ongs*, Skt. *svāgata*, Svāgata was a pupil of the Buddha, originally a destitute beggar, who, in particular, accidentally drank alcohol offered by villagers after he had tamed a nāga to end a drought. This resulted in the Buddha’s adding abstention from alcohol as part of the monastic rules. ## Sāvitrī A mantra from the Ṛgveda that is directed to Savitṛ, “the Vivifier,” the deity of the sun. Also known as the Gāyatrī mantra, the verse is bestowed together with the sacred thread during the upanayana ceremony, the initiation rite in which a brahmin boy becomes a “twice-born” and is thus entitled to learn the Vedas. ## Sāvitra “Belonging to the sun.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Svāmikā *bdag po ma*, Skt. *svāmikā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Svāstī *sa ri*, Skt. *svāstī*, A lunar mansion in the south. ## svāstika *bkra shis*, Skt. *svāstika*, An ancient Indian symbol of auspiciousness and eternity. ## Svātī “Good.” The asterism of the star Arcturus in the constellation Boötes. ## Svāti *sa ri*, Skt. *svāti*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Arcturus in the occidental tradition. ## Svātiś *sa ri*, Skt. *svātiś*, A constellation in the south, personified as a semidivine being. Here called upon for protection. ## Svātisucandra *rgyal po dkar zla mdzes*, Skt. *śvetasucandra*, The last emperor of the Sātavāhana dynasty. ## Swallower of Foods *zas kyi ril ming*, Skt. *annaharaṇa*, A yakṣa. ## swallowing A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Swamp of Filth *mi gtsang ba’i ’dam*, Skt. *amedhyamṛttikā*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## swan chariot *ngang pa’i shing rta*, Skt. *ngang pa’i shing rta*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Swan Charioteer *ngang pa’i shing rta*, Skt. *ngang pa’i shing rta*, An epithet of Brahmā, who rides a swan. ## Swan Forest *ngang pa’i nags*, Skt. *ngang pa’i nags*, (1) A forest in Endowed with Migration. (2) A lake to the north of Jambudvīpa. ## Swan Lotus Forest *ngang pa’i pad ma’i tshal*, Skt. *ngang pa’i pad ma’i tshal*, A lotus grove in Part of the Assembly. ## Swan Waters *ngang pa’i chu*, Skt. *ngang pa’i chu*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Swaying Limbs *yan lag g.yo*, Skt. *yan lag g.yo*, Son of the buddha Sahitaraśmi. ## sweet *mngar*, Skt. *madhura*, One of the eight supreme flavors. Also, one of the six tastes of the Āyurveda and Tibetan medical traditions. ## sweet flag *shu dag*, Skt. *vacā*, Acorus calamus. A plant found in marshes and wetlands, native to India. There are a number of variant Sanskrit names for this plant. Its leaves, stem, and roots are used in Āyurvedic medicine. ## Sweet Fragrance *dri zhim*, Skt. *dri zhim*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Oṣadhi (16) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Sweet Voice *mgrin dbyangs snyan pa*, Skt. *mgrin dbyangs snyan pa*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## swift arrow A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Swift Current *myur ba’i chu*, Skt. *myur ba’i chu*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Swift Eloquence *spobs myur*, Skt. *spobs myur*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## swift feet siddhi The name of a siddhi. ## Swift Intellect *blo gros myur ldan*, Skt. *blo gros myur ldan*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Swift Movement *’gro mgyogs pa*, Skt. *’gro mgyogs pa*, A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods. ## Swift Sharpness *so rings*, Skt. *so rings*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Viṣāṇin. ## swift-feet *rkang mgyogs*, One of the eight siddhis, once acquired one is able to travel on foot at very high speeds. ## Swimming Like Fish in Molten Copper *zangs bzhus bar nya ’khyug pa lta bu*, Skt. *tāmra­lohita­mīnāvarta*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## swollen liver *mchin skran*, Skt. *gulmakuṣṭha*, Listed as a type of leprosy in Monier-Williams, the literal translation of the term implies that it is a disease that is associated with the liver. ## sword initiation *ral gri*, Skt. *kaḍga*, In the Tantra of Back Yamāri, the second in a series of four initiations. ## sword lips A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Sword of Vajra Intelligence *rdo rje’i blo gros mtshon cha*, Skt. *rdo rje’i blo gros mtshon cha*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## sword siddhi The name of a siddhi. ## sword vidyādharī *ral gri bzang po’i rig pa ’dzin pa*, Skt. *khaḍga­vidyādharī*, A female sword vidyādhara. ## sword vidyādhara *ral gri rig sngags ’chang*, Skt. *khaḍga­vidyādhara*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Sword-Leaf Forest One of the abodes of hell beings. ## Syajala *sprin chung*, Skt. *syajala*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## syandana Dalbergia ougeinensis. The Ujjain Desmodium tree. ## syllable *tshig ’bru*, Skt. *akṣara*, Also translated here as “phoneme.” ## syllable for attaining siddhi *dngos grub bsgrub pa’i yi ge*, A phrase describing the mantra syllable hūṁ in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## syllable that grants siddhi like a wish fulfilling jewel *yid bzhin nor bu lta bu yi/ dngon grub ster byed yi ge*, A phrase describing the mantra syllable ha in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## syllable that is like the sun *nyi ma lta bu’i yi ge*, A phrase describing a mantra syllable in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## symbol *brda*, Skt. *saṃ­keta*, Also translated as “term.” ## Symbol lineage of the Vidyādharas *rig 'dzin brda yi brgyud*, lineage of transmission of the teachings by [means](#means) of gestures or symbols. ## symmetrical aureole of light, extending a full arm span *’od ’dom gang mnyam pa*, Skt. *vy­āma­prabha­tā*, Sixty-third of the eighty minor marks. ## system of channels A term for the subtle body, which is composed of clusters or groupings (cakra) of channels (nāḍī). ## Tṛṣṇā *sred*, Skt. *tṛṣṇā*, One of the daughters of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Śītā *rol*, Skt. *śītā*, One of the eight goddesses in the west, called upon to grant protection. ## Taṭī *dpa’ mo*, Skt. *taṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## tabasheer *smig bcud*, Skt. *sarocanā*, Concretio Silicea Bambusae (translated from the Chinese term). The corresponding term in Tibetan is unclear, seemingly translated from rocanā in the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra; see Gentry’s notes—https://read.84000.co/translation/UT22084-090-002.html#UT22084-090-002-511 and https://read.84000.co/translation/UT22084-090-002.html#node-420. ## tabor *rnga bran*, Skt. *muraja*, A small handheld drum, like a tambourin. ## Tacchaya *der gnas*, Skt. *tacchaya*, The 232nd buddha in the first list, 231st in the second list, and 231st in the third list. ## Śītadā *bsil sbyin ma*, Skt. *śītadā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Taḍāgapālinī *ldeng ka skyong*, Skt. *taḍāgapālinī*, A great rākṣasī. ## tagara *rgya spos*, Skt. *tagara*, Either Tabernaemontana coronaria, Ervatamia divaricata, Valeriana hardwickii, or Valeriana wallichi (McHugh 2008, p 129 n34). ## Tagaraśikhin *rgya spos gtsug lag*, Skt. *tagaraśikhin*, A thus-gone one to whom the Bodhisattva made offerings in a past life. ## Tai Situpa *ta’i si tu pa*, Skt. *ta’i si tu pa*, A Chinese title, meaning “Great Preceptor.” It was conferred by the Chinese emperor in 1407 on Chökyi Gyaltsen (chos kyi rgyal mtshan), a prominent Karma Kagyü lama. Following his death there have been recognitions of continuous rebirths up to the present time. ## tail whisk *rdul yab*, Skt. *cāmara*, A fly whisk made from a yak’s tail for fanning. ## tailed creature *lang ku di ka*, Skt. *lāṅgulika*, A monster in Unbearably Terrifying. ## Tainted (action) *zag bcas*, Skt. *sāsrava*, done with the [three concepts](#three-concepts) of subject, object and action. ## taintless lamp *dri ma med pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *vimalapradīpa*, The 35th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## taintless light *’od dri ma med pa*, Skt. *vimalaprabha*, The 105th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## taintless light of the full moon *zla ba dri ma med par rgyas pa’i ’od*, Skt. *paripūrṇa­vimala­candra­prabha*, The 107th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Taintless Modality Devoid of Impurities *rdul med cing rdul dang bral ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *arajī­virajonaya­yukta*, Name of the 105th meditative stability. ## taintless principle devoid of impurities *rdul med cing rdul dang bral ba’i tshul dang ldan pa*, Skt. *arajī­virajonaya­yukta*, The 112th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Taṭiskandha *’gram ldan phung po*, Skt. *taṭiskandha*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Tak A clan or tribe in Tibet. According to the Catalog, one of the eighteen tribes of Nguchen Gyalmo, belonging to the divine lineage of Go. ## Takṣaśilā Identified with modern-day Taxila, an ancient city and capital of Gandhāra. ## Takṣaka *’jog po*, Skt. *takṣaka*, A nāga king, who is well known from his role in the Indian epic the Mahābhārata. Said to dwell in the northwestern city of Taxila (Takṣaśilā), in present-day Pakistan. ## Takṣaśīla *tak+Sha shI la*, Skt. *takṣaśīla*, Identified with modern-day Taxila, an ancient city and capital of Gandhāra. ## take formal possession of *byin gyis rlob pa*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhā-*, The formal act of making something one’s own through pronouncement before another monastic. ## Taker of Oblations *gtor ma len*, Skt. *gtor ma len*, The name of a yakṣa. ## taking what is not given *ma byin par len pa*, Skt. *adattādāna*, Essentially meaning to steal. Refraining from stealing or taking what is not given is the second of the eight poṣadha vows. ## taking what was not given *ma byin par len pa*, Skt. *adattādāna*, The second among the three physical misdeeds. Also rendered here as “stealing.” ## Taktsé Palace A castle that was located in the Chingwa district of central Tibet, which was home to the kings of Tibet before they moved to Lhasa in the seventh century. It is also the birthplace of the Fifth Dalai Lama (1617–82). ## tales of past lives *skyes pa’i rabs*, Skt. *jātaka*, Eighth of the twelve branches of the scriptures. ## tally stick *tshul shing*, Skt. *śalākā*, a bamboo stick distributed to monks and used as a voting ballot or meal ticket. Also used by non-Buddhist orders as an identity certificate. ## Tama *mun pa*, Skt. *tama*, One of the rāśis. ## Tamala *ta ma la*, Skt. *tamala*, An unidentified city in ancient India. ## tamarind *bse yab*, Skt. *āmla*, Tamarindus indica. ## tamas *mun pa*, Skt. *tamas*, One of the three principles or forces of nature, as known in the Sāṃkhya philosophy, characterized by heaviness and inertia. ## Tamasā Forest *ta ma sa’i tshal*, Skt. *tamasāvana*, A forest in Mount Uśīra. ## Tamasundarī *mdzes ma mun pa*, Skt. *tamasundarī*, A yakṣiṇī invoked in magical rites. ## tambura A stringed instrument used for creating drone-like sonic textures as an accompaniment to vocal performances and other musical instruments. ## [tamed by] dispelling the misery of corporeality *lus kyi skyon yang dag par sel bas rab tu ’dul ba*, Skt. *kāya­kali­saṃpramathana*, The 116th meditative stability in chapter 6 and 117th in chapter 8. ## Tamer of Bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa’ ’dul ba*, A buddha in the northwestern direction in the present. ## Tamer of Companions *grogs thul*, Skt. *grogs thul*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kusumarāṣṭra. ## Tamer of Deer Enemies *ri dags kyi dgra dul ba*, Skt. *ri dags kyi dgra dul ba*, A mountain in Kuru. ## Tamer of Enemies *dgra dag ’dul ba*, Skt. *dgra dag ’dul ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharaṇīśvara (901 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Tamer of Madness *myos ’gro ’dul*, Skt. *myos ’gro ’dul*, A pleasure garden in Enraptured by and Attached to Song. ## tamer of māras *bdud ’dul ba*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## Tamer of Rebirths *yang srid thul*, Skt. *yang srid thul*, Attendant of the buddha Ketu. ## taming the four māras *bdud bzhi ’dul ba*, A meditative stability. ## tamāla 1. Cinnamomum tamala. The Indian bay leaf tree. 2. Xanthochymus pictorius. The false mangosteen. ## tamāla tree *shing ta ma la*, A specific kind of mangosteen. ## Tamāla­patra­candana­gandha *ta ma la’i lo ma dang tsan dan gyi dri*, Skt. *tamāla­patra­candana­gandha*, Mahā­maudgalyāyana’s name when he becomes a buddha in the distant future. ## Tamāla­patra­candana­gandhābhijña *ta ma la’i ’dab ma dang tsan dan gyi dri mngon par shes pa*, Skt. *tamāla­patra­candana­gandhābhijña*, A buddha in the northwestern direction. ## Tamālasārā *ta ma la’i snying po*, Skt. *tamālasārā*, The guardian deity of Rājagṛha. ## Tamodghātana *mun sel*, Skt. *tamodghātana*, One of the five celestial bodhisattvas associated with Mañjuśrī. ## Tamondha­kāra *mun pa mun nag*, Skt. *tamondha­kāra*, A region where the sun and moon do not shine. ## Tamondhakāra *mun pa mun nag*, Skt. *tamondhakāra*, A region where the sun and moon do not shine. ## Tamonuda *mun ’joms pa*, Skt. *tamonuda*, A buddha in the past. ## tamopagata *mun pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *tamopagata*, Lit. “separated from gloominess.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Tanū level *bsrabs pa’i sa*, Skt. *tanūbhūmi*, Lit. “Refinement level.” The fifth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. It is equivalent to the level of a once-returner. See “ten levels.” ## Tangka *thang ka*, a Tibetan scroll painting. ## Tangled Forest *ral pa can*, Skt. *ral pa can*, A forest on Deer Abode. ## Tangtong Gyalpo *thang stong rgyal po* (1385 - 1509), famous Tibetan [siddha](#siddha) who traveled extensively in China, Tibet and other eastern countries, built numerous [temple](#temple)s and metal bridges and founded monasteries at Derge and elsewhere. ## tantamount to stealing *rku ba'i grangs su gtogs pa*, the measure of an object’s value that makes taking it without permission an [act](#act) of stealing. ## Tantra *rgyud*, text based on the original purity of the nature of mind, whose fruit is the realization of that nature. The root texts of the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna) teachings. ## Tantra of Glorious Mahākāla *dpal nag po chen po’i rgyud*, Skt. *śrīmahākāla­tantra*, The name of a work in the various recensions of the Kangyur detailing a number of rites for the deity Mahākāla. ## Tantric related to the [tantras](#tantra), to the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna). ## Tapā *dka’ thub*, Skt. *tapā*, One of the eight goddesses dwelling in the Bodhi tree. ## Tapanī *gdung ma*, Skt. *tapanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Tapana *tsha ba*, Skt. *tapana*, Lit. “Hot.” ## tapering fingers and toes *sor mo rim gyis gzhol ba*, Skt. *anupūrvāṅguli*, Sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## Ātapāgni “Kindling Fire.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Tapodā *dka’ thub sbyin*, Skt. *tapodā*, A river queen. ## Taraṅgavatī *rlangs dang ldan*, Skt. *taraṅgavatī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Tararka *gnyi*, Skt. *tararka*, A yakṣa general. ## target *bsgrub bya*, Skt. *sādhya (m)*, Person or being who is the target of a particular sādhana or ritual. ## Tarjanī *sdigs mdzub ma*, Skt. *tarjanī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great piśācīs. ## Tarka *rtog pa*, Skt. *tarka*, One of the grahas. ## Tarkajvāla *rtog ge ’bar ba*, Skt. *tarkajvāla*, The “Blaze of Reason,” an important treatise of Bhāvaviveka’s, in which he critically discusses all the major philosophical views of his day. ## Tarukacchaka Skt. *tarukacchaka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Tashi Wangchuk No information could be located about this individual. ## Tatakaragupta Name of a scholar of uncertain dates, active in Bengal. ## tathatā *de bshin nyid*, Skt. *tathatā*, The state in which things are; “thusness.” ## Tathatāprabha *de bzhin nyid ’od*, Skt. *tathatāprabha*, The seventy-first buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## tathatā­sthiti­niścitta *de bzhin nyid la gnas shing sems med pa*, Skt. *tathatā­sthiti­niścitta*, Lit. “stability of nonthought in suchness.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Tathāgata *bde bzhin gshegs pa*, one who has reached the real nature, a [Buddha](#buddha). ## tathāgata assembly *de bzhin gshegs pa ’dus pa*, Skt. *tathāgata­saṃnipāta*, See “tathāgata” and also . ## Tathāgata Dharma *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Tathāgata family *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rigs*, Skt. *tathāgatakula*, In the Kriyā tantras this family has a dual definition: it is either the all-inclusive family that incorporates also the Vajra, the Lotus, the Jewel, and the other families, or it is the Tathāgata family proper, where belong the deified buddha Śakyamuni, the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī, and other deities. In the higher tantras, depending on the system, this family is presided over by either the tathāgata Vairocana or the tathāgata Akṣobhya. ## tathāgata power *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs*, See “ten powers.” ## tathāgata­darśana *de bzhin gshegs pa mthong ba*, Skt. *tathāgata­darśana*, Lit. “that gives sight of the tathāgatas.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## tathāgata­garbha *de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po*, Skt. *tathāgata­garbha*, The term tathāgata­garbha means “matrix of the tathāgata,” “pregnant with a Realized One,” “womb or seed of a Realized One,” “containing a buddha,” “having buddha nature,” and so on. It is commonly known as buddha-nature, the potential for buddhahood, present in every sentient being. ## Tathāgata­gotra­sambhavācāra­mati *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rigs las byung ba’i spyod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *tathāgata­gotra­sambhavācāra­mati*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. His name means, “Intelligence in Conduct born from the Tathāgata Lineage.” ## tathāgatahood *de bshin gshegs pa nyid*, Skt. *tathāgatatva*, See “tathāgata.” ## Tathāgatakula *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rigs*, Skt. *tathāgatakula*, In the CMT system, this is the family of the buddha Akṣobhya, one of the five buddhas. ## Tathāgata­kula­gotrodgata *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rgyud kyi gdung gis ’phags pa*, Skt. *tathāgata­kula­gotrodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## tathāgatakāya *de bzhin gshegs pa’i sku*, Skt. *tathāgatakāya*, “The body of the tathāgata,” which in this sūtra is a synonym for the dharmakāya. ## Tathāgata­locanā *de bzhin gshegs pa’i spyan*, Skt. *tathāgata­locanā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Mañjuśrī. Her name is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “Locanā.” ## Tathāgata­śrī­garbha *de bzhin gshegs pa’i snying po*, Skt. *tathāgata­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Tathāgata’s Banner *de bzhin gshegs pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *tathāgata­dhvaja*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s banner. ## Tathāgata’s Bowl *de bzhin gshegs pa’i snod*, Skt. *tathāgatapātra*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s bowl. ## Tathāgata’s Couch *de bzhin gshegs pa’i gzims mal*, Skt. *tathāgata­śayana*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s couch. ## Tathāgata’s Dharma Wheel *chos kyi ’khor lo*, Skt. *dharmacakra*, Deity personifying the Tathāgata’s Dharma wheel. ## Tathāgata’s Ensign *de bzhin gshegs pa’i tog*, Skt. *tathāgataketu*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s ensign. ## Tathāgata’s Lip *de bzhin gshegs pa’i zhal*, Skt. *tathāgatoṣṭha*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s lip. ## Tathāgata’s Purity *Deity personifying the tathāgata’s purity*, Skt. *tathāgatāmala*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s purity. ## Tathāgata’s Sign *de bzhin gshegs pa’i phyag mtshan*, Skt. *tathāgatacihna*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s sign. ## Tathāgata’s Speech *de bzhin gshegs pa’i gsung*, Skt. *tathāgata­vacana*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s speech. ## Tathāgata’s Splendor *de bzhin gshegs pa’i snang ba*, Skt. *tathāgatāva­bhāsa*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s splendor. ## Tathāgata’s Thigh *de bzhin gshegs pa’i brla*, Skt. *tathāgatoru*, Deity personifying the tathāgata’s thigh. ## Tathāgatayāna The vehicle of the tathāgatas. ## tatkṣaṇa A measure of time defined as being the duration of one spin on a spinning wheel. A hundred twenty tatkṣaṇas make one kṣaṇa, which means that the duration of one tatkṣaṇa is thirteen milliseconds. Vasubandhu defines the terms kṣaṇa and tatkṣaṇa inversely in his Abhidharmakośa (III 88): one hundred twenty kṣaṇas make one tatkṣaṇa. ## tatpuruṣa Skt. *tatpuruṣa*, Type of Sanskrit compound. ## Tat­svabhāvā­pratiṣṭhita *de’i rang bzhin du mi gnas pa*, Skt. *tat­svabhāvā­pratiṣṭhita*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Naturally Nonabiding.” ## tattva *de kho na nyid*, Skt. *tattva*, The nature of things; their actual state; “thatness.” ## Taudeya *to’u de ya*, Skt. *taudeya*, Śuka’s father. In Pāli the name his Todeyya (see DPPN, s.v. “Todeyya”). He was a rich brahmin from Tudigāma who was reborn as a dog in his son’s house. The narrative frame of the Sanskrit versions and the Pāli commentaries of this sūtra contain his story, which is missing from the Tibetan translation. ## Taurus *glang*, Skt. *vṛṣabha*, See “Vṛṣabha.” ## tāṇḍava *rol mo*, Skt. *tāṇḍava*, The wild dance of wrathful male deities associated with the charnel ground. ## Śītavana *bsil ba’i tshal*, Skt. *śītavana*, Name of a grove and a famous charnel ground. ## Tawny *ser skya*, Skt. *ser skya*, Tawny (a warm sandy or brownish-orange color), also the name of one of the eight great nāgas. ## Tṛdhatreya *dus gsum rgyun shes gyi bu*, Skt. *tṛdhatreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## teacher *slob dpon*, Skt. *ācārya*, A traditional Indian title denoting a person who has authority because of superior knowledge, spiritual training, or position. In the Buddhist context, it is most often used for a scholar of great renown. ## Teacher Mind *ston pa sems*, Skt. *ston pa sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siddhi. ## Teacher of All Objects of Perception *dmigs pa thams cad ston*, Skt. *dmigs pa thams cad ston*, A buddha. ## teacher of devas and humans An epithet of a buddha. Here it is the eighth epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected. ## Teacher of Dharma *chos rnam par ston pa*, Skt. *chos rnam par ston pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## teacher of gods and humans Skt. *devamanuṣya­śāstṛ*, An epithet of a buddha. Here it is the eighth epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected when experiencing fear, trepidation, or terror. ## Teacher of Ignorance *mi shes pa ston pa*, Skt. *mi shes pa ston pa*, A buddha. ## Teacher of Joy *ston dga’*, Skt. *ston dga’*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṣpaketu. ## Teacher of Qualities *yon tan smra ba*, Skt. *yon tan smra ba*, Mother of the buddha Ratnatejas. ## Teacher of the Chief among All Objects of Perception *dmigs pa kun gyi mchog ston*, Skt. *dmigs pa kun gyi mchog ston*, A buddha. ## Teacher of the Luminous Mount *ston pa gsal ba brtsegs*, Skt. *ston pa gsal ba brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānakośa. ## Teacher of the Peak *ston brtsegs*, Skt. *ston brtsegs*, Son of the buddha Sudhana. ## Teacher of the Power of Great Wisdom *ye shes chen po’i stobs kyi bsgrags pa*, Skt. *ye shes chen po’i stobs kyi bsgrags pa*, A buddha that resided in a previous world called Pure Light. ## Teacher of Wisdom and Merit *ye shes dge ba ’chad pa*, Skt. *ye shes dge ba ’chad pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pūjya. ## Teacher Worship *ston pa’i mchod*, Skt. *ston pa’i mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Praśasta. ## teaches the precious analytic knowledge *so so yang dag par rig pa rin po che bstan pa*, Skt. *so so yang dag par rig pa rin po che bstan pa*, An absorption. ## teaching *mdo sde*, Skt. *sūtra*, The term "teaching" renders here mdo sde, which usually refers to one of the collections of sūtras in the Kangyur. However, it can also mean the text of a particular sūtra or the teachings or doctrine contained in it—which is the case in this text. ## Teaching the Dharma to Many As the Pure Ripening of Merit *skye bo mang po la bsod nams kyi rnam par smin pa dag par sgra sgrogs pa*, Skt. *skye bo mang po la bsod nams kyi rnam par smin pa dag par sgra sgrogs pa*, A prince. ## Teaching with Hands Folded *khyor po ston pa*, Skt. *khyor po ston pa*, A dwelling place of bodhisattvas located in Jalandhar. ## Teaching with Unimpeded Mind *sems pa thogs med smra*, Skt. *sems pa thogs med smra*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Teeming with Snakes *sbrul ’khyil ba lta bu*, Skt. *nāgāvarta*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## teeth that are even *mche ba mnyam pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *samadaṃṣṭra*, Fifty-sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## teeth that are extremely round *tshems mche ba shin du zlum pa*, Skt. *vṛttadaṃṣṭra*, Fifty-third of the eighty minor signs. ## teeth that are extremely white *tshems mche ba shin du dkar ba*, Skt. *śukladaṃṣṭra*, Fifty-fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## teeth that are sharp *tshems mche ba rno ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *tīkṣṇadaṃṣṭra*, Fifty-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## teeth that are tapering *tshems mche ba rim gyis gzhol ba*, Skt. *anupūrva­daṃṣṭra*, Fifty-seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## teeth whose tips are long, sharp, and white *tshems rtse mo mtho zhing rno la dkar ba*, Skt. *agroccatva­tīkṣṇa­śukla­danta­tā*, Twenty-third of the thirty-two major marks. ## Tejā *gzi brjid ldan ma*, Skt. *tejā (tejovatī)*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Tejaguṇarāja *gzi brjid tshogs kyi rgyal po*, Skt. *tejaguṇarāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Tejaśrī *gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *tejaśrī*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Tejasprabha *gzi ’od*, Skt. *tejasprabha*, The 401st buddha in the first list, 400th in the second list, and 394th in the third list. ## Tejasvin *gzi brjid can*, Skt. *tejasvin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Tejeśvaraprabhāsa *gzi brjid dbang phyug ’od*, Skt. *tejeśvara­prabhāsa*, A buddha in a southern buddha realm. ## Tejobala *gzi brjid stobs*, Skt. *tejobala*, A bodhisattva. ## Tejodhipati *gzi brjid kyi dbang po*, Skt. *tejodhipati*, A prince in another world in the distant past. ## tejodhātvaparyanta *me’i khams mu med pa*, Skt. *tejodhātvaparyanta*, Lit. “limitless fire element.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Tejorāśi *gzi brjid phung po*, Skt. *tejorāśi*, The 573rd buddha in the first list, 573rd in the second list, and 566th in the third list. ## Tejorāja *gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *tejorāja*, The 645th buddha in the first list, 644th in the second list, and 636th in the third list. ## Tejovat *gzi brjid ldan*, Skt. *tejovat*, The ninety-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Tejavati. ## Tejovatī *gzi brjid ldan ma*, Skt. *tejovatī (tejā)*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## tejovatin *gzi brjid yod pa*, Skt. *tejovatin*, Lit. “possessing grandeur.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Tejās *pham byed*, Skt. *tejās*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## telling lies *rdzun du smra ba*, Abandoning telling lies, or speaking falsehood, is the fourth of the five basic precepts. ## telling of lies *brdzun du smra ba*, Skt. *mṛṣāvāda*, Fourth of the ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered here as “falsehood.” ## temperament *khams*, Skt. *dhātu*, Also rendered here as “element” and “constituent element.” ## temple *gtsug lag khang*, Skt. *vihāra*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## temporary vow *gso sbyong*, Skt. *upoṣada*, A prescriptive ritual fast and period of abstinence that precedes the performance of many rites. This typically lasts between one and three days, and is to be performed by any practitioner, lay or monastic. ## temporary vows *gso sbyong*, Skt. *upoṣada*, A prescriptive ritual fast and period of abstinence that precedes the performance of many rites. This typically lasts between one and three days, and is to be performed by any practitioner, lay or monastic. ## ten afflictions These are listed in the Bodhisatva­piṭaka as the afflictions of birth, old age, disease, death, sorrow, lamentation, suffering, depression, grief, and cyclic existence. ## Ten Aggregates *phung po bcu pa*, Skt. *phung po bcu pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amṛtādhipa (872 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## ten aspects of tolerance *bzod pa bcu*, Skt. *daśakṣānti*, These are listed, with commentary, in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā (Toh 3807, Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.37.a-b) as follows: (1) tolerance of natural disturbances (rang bzhin gyis bzod pa), (2) tolerance that does not consider any harm inflicted by others (gzhan gyis gnod pa byas pa la ji mi snyam pa’i bzod pa), (3) tolerance that accepts the experience of suffering (sdug bsngal nyams su len pa’i bzod pa), (4) tolerance that is intent on what is definitive in the Dharma (chos la nges par mos pa’i bzod pa), (5) tolerance that can endure hardships (bya dka’ ba la bzod pa), (6) tolerance that utilizes the approach of skillful means (thabs kyi sgo’i bzod pa), (7) tolerance of saintly persons (skyes bu dam pa’i bzod pa), (8) tolerance with respect to all aspects (rnam pa thams cad du bzod pa), (9) tolerance of the needs of the destitute (phongs pa ’dod pa la bzod pa), and (10) tolerance of this world of suffering for the sake of others (’di dang gzhan du sdug bsngal ba la bzod pa). ## ten bad actions *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśākuśalakarmapatha*, There are three physical unwholesome or nonvirtuous actions: killing, stealing, and illicit sex. There are four verbal nonvirtues: lying, backbiting, insulting, and babbling nonsense. And there are three mental nonvirtues: coveting, malice, and wrong view‍. ## ten bhūmis *sa bcu*, Skt. *daśabhūmi*, The ten stations of spiritual realization to be attained by those on the bodhisattva path, prior to their attainment of buddhahood. These are also presented as seven, thirteen, or fifty-two. ## ten bodhisattva levels *byang chub sems dpa’i sa bcu*, Skt. *daśa bodhisattvabhūmayaḥ*, In this text, two sets of ten levels are mentioned. One set pertains to the progress of an individual practitioner who, starting from the level of an ordinary person, sequentially follows the path of a śrāvaka, a pratyekabuddha, and then a bodhisattva on their way to complete buddhahood (see “ten levels” for a detailed explanation of this set). The other set is more common in Mahāyāna literature, although there are variations, and refers to the ten levels traversed by an individual practitioner who has already become a bodhisattva: (1) Pramuditā (Joyful), in which one rejoices at realizing a partial aspect of the truth; (2) Vimalā (Stainless), in which one is free from all defilement; (3) Prabhākarī (Light Maker), in which one radiates the light of wisdom; (4) Arciṣmatī (Radiant), in which the radiant flame of wisdom burns away earthly desires; (5) Sudurjayā (Invincible), in which one surmounts the illusions of darkness, or ignorance, as the Middle Way; (6) Abhimukhī (Directly Witnessed), in which supreme wisdom begins to manifest; (7) Dūraṃgamā (Far Reaching), in which one rises above the states of the lower vehicles of srāvakas and pratyekabuddhas; (8) Acalā (Immovable), in which one dwells firmly in the truth of the Middle Way and cannot be perturbed by anything; (9) Sādhumatī (Auspicious Intellect), in which one preaches the Dharma unimpededly; and (10) Dharmameghā (Cloud of Dharma), in which one benefits all sentient beings with Dharma, just as a cloud rains impartially upon everything. ## ten categories of the bodhisattva *byang chub sems dpa’ rnam par gzhag pa bcu*, Skt. *byang chub sems dpa’ rnam par gzhag pa bcu*, In the Tibetan translation of the Avataṃsaka, this same term is rendered byang chub sems dpa’ rnam par dgod pa bcu. ## ten controls *dbang bcu*, Skt. *daśavaśita*, Enumerated in . ## ten courses of virtuous action *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśakuśala­karmapatha*, See “ten virtues.” ## ten culminations According to The Ten Bhūmis, these ten terms ( or phrases express the culmination of the ten aspirations (praṇidhāna; smon lam). They are the factors (dhātu; khams) of (1) beings, (2) worlds, (3) space, (4) phenomena, (5) nirvāṇa, (6) the appearance of buddhas, (7) the wisdom of thus-gone ones, (8) mental referents, 9) the accomplishment of wisdom, and (10) the continuity of words, the Dharma, and wisdom. ## Ten directions *phyogs bcu*, the four cardinal points, the four intermediate ones, the zenith and the nadir. ## ten good actions *dge ba bcu’i las*, Skt. *daśa­kuśala­karma*, Not engaging in the ten bad actions: killing, taking what is not given, practicing sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, idle talk, covetousness, malice, and false view. ## ten good courses of action *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśakuśala­karma­patha*, These are the opposite of the ten nonvirtuous courses of action, i.e., refraining from engaging in activities related to the ten nonvirtuous courses of action and doing the opposite. There are three physical virtues: saving lives, giving, and sexual propriety. There are four verbal virtues: truthfulness, reconciling disharmony, gentle speech, and religious speech. There are three mental virtues: a loving attitude, a generous attitude, and right views. ## ten grounds *sa bcu*, Skt. *daśa­bhūmi*, The ten levels of a bodhisattva’s development into a fully enlightened buddha. ## ten kinds of error Ten kinds of error that cause one to be immersed in the world, doomed to error: wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, wrong concentration, wrong liberation, and wrong understanding. ## ten kinds of fear inherent in cyclic existence A set of ten metaphors for cyclic existence. See . ## ten levels *sa bcu*, Skt. *daśabhūmi*, In this text, two sets of ten levels are mentioned. One set refers to the standard list of ten levels most commonly found in the general Mahāyāna literature; for a detailed explanation of this set, see ten bodhisattva levels. The other set, common to Prajñāpāramitā literature, charts the progress of an individual practitioner who, starting from the level of an ordinary person, sequentially follows the path of a śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and then a bodhisattva on their way to complete buddhahood. The first three levels pertain to an ordinary person preparing themselves for the path; the next four (4-7) chart the path of a śrāvaka; level eight aligns with the practices of a pratyekabuddha; level nine refers to the path of bodhisattvas; and finally, level ten is the attainment of buddhahood. These ten levels comprise (1) the level of Śuklavipaśyanā, (2) the level of Gotra, (3) the level of Aṣṭamaka, (4) the level of Darśana, (5) the level of Tanū, (6) the level of Vītarāga, (7) the level of Kṛtāvin, (8) the Pratyekabuddha level, (9) the Bodhisattva level, and (10) the Buddha level of perfect awakening. ## Ten Light Rays *’od zer bcu*, Skt. *’od zer bcu*, Birthplace of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## ten mindfulnesses *rjes su dran pa bcu*, Skt. *daśānusmṛti*, The ten mindfulnesses are (1) mindfulness of the Buddha, (2) mindfulness of the Dharma, (3) mindfulness of the Saṅgha, (4) mindfulness of ethical discipline, (5) mindfulness of giving away, (6) mindfulness of the gods, (7) mindfulness of disillusionment, (8) mindfulness of the inhalation and exhalation of breath, (9) mindfulness of death, and (10) mindfulness of the body. ## ten modes of conduct *spyod pa bcu*, Skt. *daśacaryā*, These ten modes of conduct are enumerated in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā (Toh 3807, Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.37.a) as follows: (1) writing of the sacred scriptures (dam pa’i chos yi ger ’dri ba), (2) reading them (klog pa), (3) chanting them (kha ton byed pa), (4) bestowing them on others (gzhan la sbyin pa), (5) retaining them (i.e., their words and meaning) (’chang ba), (6) making offerings to them (mchod pa byed pa), (7) listening to others recite/expound them (nyan pa), (8) reflecting upon them (sems pa), (9) meditating on them (sgom pa), and (10) teaching them to others (gzhan dag la ston pa). An alternative listing is found in Ch. 43 of the Buddhāvataṃsaka , comprising (1) conduct that aims to bring all beings to maturation, (2) conduct that aims to investigate all phenomena, (3) conduct that aims to apply all trainings, (4) conduct that aims to accumulate all the roots of virtuous action, (5) conduct that aims to achieve one-pointed meditative stability, (6) conduct that aims to understand wisdom, (7) conduct that aims to cultivate meditation, (8) conduct that aims to adorn the buddhafields, (9) conduct that aims to venerate spiritual teachers, and (10) conduct that aims to make offerings to and serve the tathāgatas. See Nordrang Orgyan, pp. 2259–60. ## ten negative, nonvirtuous actions *sdig pa mi dge ba’i las rnam pa bcu*, Skt. *sdig pa mi dge ba’i las rnam pa bcu*, Killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## ten nonvirtues The ten nonvirtues are as follows. The three nonvirtuous actions of the body are killing, taking what is not given, and sexual misconduct; the four nonvirtuous actions of speech are telling lies, slander, harsh words, and idle talk; and the three nonvirtuous actions of the mind are covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. In this text, the eighth (“covetousness,” brnab sems), and tenth (“wrong views,” log lta), are not presented with the usual terms. ## ten nonvirtuous actions *mi dge ba bcu’i las*, Skt. *daśākuśalāni?*, The ten nonvirtuous or unwholesome actions as they occur in (note that only nine are listed): killing, stealing, leading an unchaste life (as an ordained person), lying, divisive speech, [abusive language], trivial talk, greed, hatred, and wrong view. (see also individual entries). ## ten nonvirtuous courses of action *mi dge ba’i las kyi lam bcu po*, Skt. *daśākuśalakarmapatha*, The ten nonvirtuous actions as they occur at (1) killing (prāṇātipāta; srog gcod pa), (2) stealing (adattādāna; mi byin par len pa), (3) sexual misconduct (kāmamithyācāra;’dod pa la log par g.yem pa), (4) lying (mṛṣāvāda; brdzun smra ba), (5) slander or malicious speech (piśunavacana; phra ma zer ba), (6) offensive or harsh speech (paruṣavacana; tshig rtsub po), (7) trivial or idle talk (saṃbhinnapralāpa; tshig kyal par smra ba), (8) covetousness (abhidhyā; chags sems), (9) malice or ill will (vyāpāda; gnod sems), and (10) wrong view (mithyādṛṣṭi; log par lta ba). ## ten nonvirtuous deeds *mi dge ba bcu*, Skt. *daśākuśala*, Killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, gossip, covetousness, ill will, and wrong views. ## ten perfections *pha rol tu phyin pa bcu*, Skt. *daśapāramitā*, A set of practices to be mastered by those on the bodhisattva path: (1) generosity, (2) discipline, (3) patience, (4) diligence, (5) meditative concentration, (6) wisdom, (7) skillful means, (8) strength, (9) aspirations, and (10) knowledge. ## ten powers *stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśabala*, May refer to either i.) the ten powers of a buddha (daśatathāgatabala, de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs bcu): (1) the power of knowing right from wrong (gnas dang gnas min mkhyen pa’i stobs), (2) the power of knowing the fruition of actions (las kyi rnam par smin pa mkhyen pa’i stobs), (3) the power of knowing various mental inclinations (mos pa sna tshogs mkhyen pa’i stobs), (4) the power of knowing various mental faculties (khams sna tshogs mkhyen pa’i stobs), (5) the power of knowing various degrees of intelligence (dbang po sna tshogs mkhyen pa’i stobs), (6) the power of knowing the paths to all rebirths (sarvatragāminpratipādajñānabala, thams cad du ’gro ba’i lam mkhyen pa’i stobs), (7) the power of knowing the ever-afflicted and purified phenomena (kun nas nyon mongs pa dang rnam par byang ba mkhyen pa’i stobs), (8) the power of knowing past lives (sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa mkhyen pa’i stobs), (9) the power of knowing deaths and births (’chi ’pho ba dang skye va mkhyen pa’i stobs), and (10) the power of knowing the exhaustion of the contaminations (zag pa zad pa mkhyen pa’i stobs); or ii.) the ten powers of a bodhisattva (daśabodhisattvabala, byang chub sems pa’i stobs bcu): (1) the power of intention (āśayabala, bsam pa’i stobs), (2) the power of resolute intention (adhyāsabala, lhag pa’i bsa pa’i stobs), (3) the power of application (pratipattibala, sbyor ba’i stobs), (4) the power of wisdom (prajñābala, shes rab kyi stobs), (5) the power of prayers (praṇidhānabala, smon lam gyi stobs), (6) the power of vehicle (yānabala, thig pa’i stobs), (7) the power of conduct (cāryabala, spyod pa’i stobs), (8) the power of emancipation (vikurbānbala, sprul pa’i stobs), (9) the power of enlightenment (bodhisattvabala, byang chub kyi stobs), and (10) the power of turning the wheel of the doctrine (dharmacakrapravartanabala, chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba’i stobs) (Rigzin 163, 194–5, 280). ## ten powers of a thus-gone one *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśa­tathāgata­bala*, One set among the different qualities of a thus-gone one. The ten strengths are (1) the knowledge of what is possible and not possible, (2) the knowledge of the ripening of karma, (3) the knowledge of the variety of aspirations, (4) the knowledge of the variety of natures, (5) the knowledge of the different levels of capabilities, (6) the knowledge of the destinations of all paths, (7) the knowledge of various states of meditation, (8) the knowledge of remembering previous lives, (9) the knowledge of deaths and rebirths, and (10) the knowledge of the cessation of defilements. ## ten powers of the tathāgatas *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśa­tathāgata­bala*, The ten powers of the tathāgatas, as presented in , are (1) definitive knowledge that phenomena that are possible are indeed possible, and definitive knowledge that phenomena that are impossible are indeed impossible; (2) definitive knowledge, through possibilities and causes, of the maturation of the past, future, and present actions, and of those who undertake such actions; (3) definitive knowledge of various realms and their multiple constituents; (4) definitive knowledge of the diversity of inclinations and the multiplicity of inclinations that other beings, other individuals, have; (5) definitive knowledge of whether the acumen of other beings, other individuals, is superior or inferior; (6) definitive knowledge of the paths that lead anywhere; (7) definitive knowledge of all the afflicted and purified mental states and their emergence, with respect to the faculties, powers, branches of enlightenment, meditative concentrations, aspects of liberation, meditative stabilities, and formless absorptions; (8) definitive knowledge of the recollection of multiple past abodes, ranging from the recollection of individual lifetimes to their circumstances, situations, and causes; (9) definitive knowledge through pure clairvoyance, transcending the vision of human beings, of the death, transmigration, and rebirth of beings; and (10) definitive knowledge that through one’s own extrasensory powers one has actualized, achieved, and maintained the liberation of mind and the liberation of wisdom in the state that is free from contaminants because all contaminants have ceased. ## ten powers of the thus-gone ones *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśa­tathāgata­bala*, A category of qualities that are distinctive of a thus-gone one. They are as follows: knowing what is possible and what is impossible; knowing the results of actions or the ripening of karma; knowing the various inclinations of sentient beings; knowing the various elements; knowing the supreme and lesser faculties of sentient beings; knowing the paths that lead to all destinations of rebirth; knowing the concentrations, liberations, absorptions, equilibriums, afflictions, purifications, and abidings; knowing previous lives; knowing the death and rebirth of sentient beings; and knowing the cessation of the defilements. ## ten practices *spyod pa bcu*, Skt. *spyod pa bcu*, According to the list in Madhyānta­vibhāga 5.9, the ten practices are writing out, worshiping, making a gift of, listening to, reading, taking up in the mind, explicating, reciting to oneself what one has memorized of, contemplating, and meditating on the perfection of wisdom. ## ten precepts *bslab pa’i gzhi bcu po*, Skt. *daśaśikṣāpada*, In addition to the five precepts of abstaining from (1) killing, (2) stealing, (3) sexual misconduct, (4) lying, and (5) intoxication, the ten precepts often include (the list varies) abstaining from (6) eating after the midday meal, (7) dancing, singing, or engaging in other forms of entertainments, (8) wearing jewelry or adorning oneself with cosmetics, (9) using high or luxurious beds or seats, and (10) handling money. ## ten precious jewels *rin po che bcu*, Skt. *rin po che bcu*, Ten precious substances. According to one list, in a Chinese commentary to the Buddhāvataṃsaka, these are: gold, silver, beryl, cat’s eye, emerald, coral, amber, pearl, carnelian, and sodalite. ## ten recollections *rjes su dran pa bcu*, Skt. *daśānusmṛti*, The ten recollections, listed in and presented as a group in , are (1) recollection of the Buddha, (2) recollection of the Dharma, (3) recollection of the Saṅgha, (4) recollection of ethical discipline, (5) recollection of giving away, (6) recollection of the god realms, (7) recollection of disillusionment, (8) recollection of breathing, (9) recollection of death, and (10) recollection of the body. The first five are also included in the six recollections (q.v.). ## ten royal sūtras *rgyal po mdo bcu*, Skt. *rgyal po mdo bcu*, Ten sūtras said to have been recommended to the Tibetan king Tri Songdetsen by the Indian master Padmasambhava. Their mention in the Padma Kathang takes the form only of a brief list of their abbreviated titles and functions, and in some cases does not allow their certain identification with the canonical texts that have survived in the Kangyur. (1) as aspiration, Bhadracaryā­praṇidhāna (bzang spyod smon lam, the concluding verses in Chapter 56 in Toh 44-45, The Stem Array) and also Toh 1095; (2) as ablution, Vajravidāraṇā­dhāraṇī (rdo rje rnam ’joms pa, Toh 750, Vajra Conqueror ); (3) as view, Prajñā­pāramitāhṛdaya (shes rab snying po, Toh 21 and Toh 531, The Heart of the Perfection of Wisdom, the Blessed Mother ); (4) as cultivation, Atyayajñāna (’da’ ka ye shes, Toh 122, The Sūtra on Wisdom at the Hour of Death ); (5) as purification of karmic obscuration, bya ba ltung bshags from the Vinayaviniścayopāli­paripṛcchā (Toh 68, Determining the Vinaya: Upāli’s Questions, 1.43–1.52); (6) for longevity, Aparimitāyurjñāna (tshe dang ye shes dpag tu med pa’i mdo, most likely Toh 675, The Aparimitāyurjñāna Sūtra [2] ); (7) for protection, gos sngon can gyi gzungs, one of the several texts on this form of Vajrapāṇi but possibly the Nīlāmbaradhara­vajrapāṇi­kalpa (Toh 748, The Dhāraṇī of Blue-Clad Vajrapāṇi ); (8) for averting, Sitātapatrāparājitā (gdugs dkar gzhan gyis mi thub pa, most probably Toh 592, The Invincible Sitātapatrā [1] ); (9) for increasing resources, Vasudhārā­dhāraṇī (nor rgyun ma’i gzungs, Toh 662, 663, or 664, The Dhāraṇī of Vasudhārā ); and (10) as the essence, Ekākṣarīmātā­prajñāpāramitā (sher phyin yi ge gcig ma, Toh 23, The Perfection of Wisdom Mother in One Syllable ). ## Ten Rulers of the Tent A set of ten deities who cause disease and inflict harm. They possibly overlap with the thirteen Ladies of the Tent. ## ten sense fields of complete suffusion *mtha’ dag gi skye mched bcu*, Skt. *daśa­kṛtsnāyatana*, The ten sense fields of complete suffusion, as found enumerated in , comprise (1) complete suffusion of the earth element, (2) complete suffusion of the water element, (3) complete suffusion of the fire element, (4) complete suffusion of the wind element, (5) complete suffusion of blueness, (6) complete suffusion of yellowness, (7) complete suffusion of redness, (8) complete suffusion of whiteness, (9) complete suffusion of consciousness, and (10) complete suffusion of the space element. In the Ten Thousand and Eighteen Thousand, the Tibetan term is zad par gyi skye mched, and in ka F.28.b in this text it is chub pa’i skye mched. ## ten sense fields of total consummation *zad par gyi skye mched bcu*, Skt. *daśa­kṛtsnāyatana*, The ten sense fields of total consummation, as found enumerated in , comprise (1) the total consummation of the earth element, (2) the total consummation of the water element, (3) the total consummation of the fire element, (4) the total consummation of the wind element, (5) the total consummation of the space element, (6) the total consummation of blueness, (7) the total consummation of yellowness, (8) the total consummation of redness, (9) the total consummation of whiteness, and (10) the total consummation of consciousness. ## ten sins *mi dge ba bcu*, Skt. *daśākuśala*, These are the opposite of the ten virtues, and consist of killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, harsh speech, backbiting, frivolous speech, covetousness, malice, and false views. ## ten situations See “ten situations that lead to malice.” ## ten situations that lead to malice Ten situations that give rise to malicious thoughts. These are listed in the Bodhisatva­piṭaka (F.258.b and F.263.b. ## ten spiritual levels *sa bcu*, Skt. *daśa­bhūmi*, Different versions of these exist in the Buddhist doctrines of different periods. In the context of the bodhisattva path, a standard list is (1) Joyful (pramuditā), in which one rejoices at realizing a partial aspect of the truth; (2) Stainless (vimalā), in which one is free from all defilement; (3) Illuminator (prabhākarī), in which one radiates the light of wisdom; (4) Radiant Intellect (arciṣmatī), in which the radiant flame of wisdom burns away earthly desires; (5) Difficult to Master (sudurjayā), in which one surmounts the illusions of darkness, or ignorance, as the Middle Way; (6) Manifest (abhimukhī) in which supreme wisdom begins to manifest; (7) Far-Reaching (dūraṅgamā), in which one rises above the states of the lower vehicles of hearers and solitary buddhas; (8) Immovable (acalā), in which one dwells firmly in the truth of the Middle Way and cannot be perturbed by anything; (9) Good Intelligence (sādhumatī), in which one preaches the Dharma unimpededly; and (10) Cloud of Dharma (dharmameghā), in which one benefits all sentient beings with Dharma, just as a cloud releases rain impartially on all things. ## ten stages of the bodhisatva path The ten levels of a bodhisatva’s development into a fully enlightened buddha. ## ten stations of complete immersion *zad par gyi skye mched bcu*, Skt. *kṛtsna*, These are the ten meditations on immersion into earth, water, fire, and wind; immersion into blue, yellow, red, and white; and immersion into space and consciousness, where nothing but the earth constituent and so on appear to the practitioner’s mind. ## ten stations of complete suffusion *mtha’ dag gi skye mched bcu*, Skt. *daśa­kṛtsnāyatana*, The ten stations of complete suffusion comprise (1) complete suffusion of the earth element, (2) complete suffusion of the water element, (3) complete suffusion of the fire element, (4) complete suffusion of the wind element, (5) complete suffusion of blueness, (6) complete suffusion of yellowness, (7) complete suffusion of redness, (8) complete suffusion of whiteness, (9) complete suffusion of consciousness, and (10) complete suffusion of the space element. In the Ten Thousand and Eighteen Thousand, the Tibetan term is zad par gyi skye mched, and in the Twenty-Five Thousand, ka F.28.b, it is chub pa’i skye mched. ## Ten Stūpas *mchod rten bcu pa*, Skt. *mchod rten bcu pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Samudradatta. ## ten strengths *stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśabala*, Kalyāṇamitra gives a list of nine strengths: the strengths of knowing right from wrong; knowing one’s [karma](#karma) is one’s own doing; absorption in [concentration](#concentration), [liberation](#liberation), and samādhi; knowing supreme faculties from those that are not; knowing the range of dispositions; knowing the [path](#path)s on which all tread; knowing and recollecting past rebirths; knowing birth and death; and knowing the exhaustion of [defilements](#defilements) (Kalyāṇamitra, folios 218.b.2–218.b.6). To these, one can add the tenth from a list given by Kawa [Paltsek](#paltsek) in his A Mnemonic for [Dharma](#dharma) Lists, which follows Kalyāṇamitra’s in most other regards: The strength of knowing the range of different inclinations (nor brang 2008, pp. 2180–81). ## ten strengths of a tathāgata *de bzhin gshegs pa'i stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśa­tathā­gata­bala*, The ten powers of the tathāgatas are: (1) definitive knowledge that things which are possible are indeed possible; (2) definitive knowledge that things which are impossible are indeed impossible; (3) definitive knowledge, through possibilities and causes, of the maturation of past, future, and present actions, and of those who undertake such actions; (4) definitive knowledge of multiple world systems and diverse dispositions; (5) definitive knowledge of the diversity of inclinations and the multiplicity of inclinations that other sentient beings and other individuals have; (6) definitive knowledge of whether the acumen of other sentient beings and other individuals is supreme or not; (7) definitive knowledge of the paths that lead anywhere; (8) definitive knowledge of all the afflicted and purified mental states and their emergence, with respect to the faculties, powers, branches of enlightenment, aspects of liberation, meditative concentrations, meditative stabilities, and formless absorptions; (9) definitive knowledge of the recollection of multiple past abodes, and of the transference of consciousness at the death and birth of all sentient beings; and (10) definitive knowledge that through one’s own extrasensory powers one has actualized, achieved, and maintained in this very lifetime the liberation of mind and the liberation of wisdom in the state that is free from contaminants because all contaminants have ceased. ## ten strengths of the Tathāgata *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśa­tathāgata­bala*, Distinctive qualities of a tathāgata: (1) cognizing what is and is not the case, (2) cognizing the maturation of karma, (3) cognizing the various inclinations of sentient beings, (4) cognizing various natures of the world, (5) cognizing the higher and lower faculties of beings, (6) cognizing the paths that reach everywhere, (7) cognizing the condition of either defilement or purification in other sentient beings’ faculties, strengths, parts of awakening, meditations, liberations, samādhis, and attainments, (8) cognizing previous lives, (9) cognizing the birth and death of all beings, and (10) cognizing the mind’s liberation without fluxes. ## ten targets for liberation A term for ten types of wicked beings (sdig spyod bcu) or adversaries (dgra bo) suitable to be killed. ## ten tathāgata powers *de bzhin gshegs pa’i stobs bcu*, Skt. *daśatathāgatabala*, See “ten powers.” ## ten tolerances *bzod pa bcu*, Skt. *daśakṣānti*, These are listed, with commentary, in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā (Toh 3807, Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.37.a-b) as follows: (1) tolerance of natural disturbances (rang bzhin gyis bzod pa), (2) tolerance that does not consider any harm inflicted by others (gzhan gyis gnod pa byas pa la ji mi snyam pa’i bzod pa), (3) tolerance that accepts the experience of suffering (sdug bsngal nyams su len pa’i bzod pa), (4) tolerance that is intent on what is definitive in the Dharma (chos la nges par mos pa’i bzod pa), (5) tolerance that can endure hardships (bya dka’ ba la bzod pa), (6) tolerance that utilizes the approach of skillful means (thabs kyi sgo’i bzod pa), (7) tolerance of saintly persons (skyes bu dam pa’i bzod pa), (8) tolerance with respect to all aspects (rnam pa thams cad du bzod pa), (9) tolerance of the needs of the destitute (phongs pa ’dod pa la bzod pa), and (10) tolerance of this world of suffering for the sake of others (’di dang gzhan du sdug bsngal ba la bzod pa). ## ten truths According to this text, the ten truths are: conventional truth, ultimate truth, the truth of characteristics, the truth of classification, the truth of discernment, the truth of entities, the truth of capacity, the truth of knowing exhaustion and nonarising, the truth of knowing the entry point to the path, and the truth of the source of all of the wisdom of the thus-gone-ones. See . ## ten unwholesome actions *mi dge ba’i las kyi lam bcu*, Skt. *daśākuśala­karma­patha*, There are three physical unwholesome or nonvirtuous actions: killing, stealing, and illicit sex. There are four verbal nonvirtues: lying, backbiting, insulting, and babbling nonsense. And three mental nonvirtues: coveting, malice, and wrong view‍. ## ten unwholesome acts See “ten unwholesome forms of conduct.” ## ten unwholesome courses of action *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśākuśalāḥ karmapathāḥ*, The three unwholesome actions of the body (killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct), the four of speech (lying, divisive speech, harsh speech, and senseless speech), and the three of the mind (covetousness, ill will, and wrong views). ## ten unwholesome courses of karma *mi dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśākuśalāḥ karma­pathāḥ*, Killing, taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, speaking what is false, divisive speech, harsh speech, scattered speech, covetousness, wish to harm, and wrong view (three of the body, four of speech, and three of the mind). ## ten unwholesome forms of conduct Taking life, taking what is not given, sexual misconduct, lying, slander, uttering harsh words, inane chatter, covetousness, maliciousness, and holding wrong views ## ten unwholesome wrong paths See “ten unwholesome forms of conduct.” ## ten virtues *dge ba bcu*, Skt. *kuśala*, These are the opposite of the ten sins, i.e., refraining from engaging in activities related to the ten sins and doing the opposite. There are three physical virtues: saving lives, giving, and sexual propriety. There are four verbal virtues: truthfulness, reconciling discussions, gentle speech, and religious speech. There are three mental virtues: loving attitude, generous attitude, and right views. The whole doctrine is collectively called the “tenfold path of good action” (daśa­kuśala­karma­patha). ## ten virtuous actions *dge ba bcu’i las*, Skt. *daśakuśala*, (1) Not killing (prāṇātighātād virati, srog gcod spong ba), (2) not stealing (adattādānād virati, ma byin par len pa spong ba), (3) not indulging in sexual misconduct (kāmamithyācārād virati, log g.yem spong ba), (4) not lying (mṛṣāvādāt prativirati, brdzun spong ba), (5) not slandering (pāiśunyāt prativirati, khra ma spong ba), (6) not using harsh words (pāruṣyāt prativirati, tshig rtsub spong ba), (7) not indulging in idle gossip (sambhinna pralāpāt prativirati, ngag ’khyal spong ba), (8) not being covetous (abhidhyāyāḥ prativirati, brnab sems spong ba), (9) not wishing harm on others (vyāpādāt prativirati, gnod sems spong ba), (10) not holding wrong view (mithyādṛṣṭeḥ prativirati, log lta spong ba) (Rigzin 45). ## ten virtuous courses of action *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśakuśala­karma­patha*, These are the opposite of the ten nonvirtuous courses of action, i.e., refraining from engaging in activities related to the ten nonvirtuous courses of action and doing the opposite. There are three physical virtues: saving lives, giving, and sexual propriety. There are four verbal virtues: truthfulness, reconciling disharmony, gentle speech, and religious speech. There are three mental virtues: a loving attitude, a generous attitude, and right views. ## ten virtuous factors *dge ba bcu’i chos*, Skt. *dge ba bcu’i chos*, See “ten virtuous courses of action.” ## ten wholesome actions *dge ba bcu’i las*, Skt. *daśa­kuśala­karma*, These are the opposite of the ten unwholesome actions. There are three physical virtues: saving lives, giving, and sexual propriety. There are four verbal virtues: truthfulness, reconciling discussions, gentle speech, and religious speech. There are three mental virtues: a loving attitude, a generous attitude, and right views. ## ten wholesome courses of action *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśakuśalāḥ karmapathāḥ*, Usually expressed as the opposites of the ten unwholesome courses of action, i.e., not killing living beings, etc. ## ten wholesome courses of karma *dge ba bcu’i las kyi lam*, Skt. *daśakuśalāḥ karma­pathāḥ*, The opposite of the ten unwholesome courses of karma. ## ten wholesome forms of conduct These are the opposite of the ten unwholesome forms of conduct, i.e., refraining from engaging in the ten unwholesome form of conduct and (in some contexts) doing the opposite. ## tenable *gnas*, Skt. *sthāna*, This terms refers to all that is reasonable and can be expected to occur. Among the ten powers of a buddha, the first is knowing what is tenable and untenable (Skt. sthānāsthāna, Tib. gnas dang gnas ma yin), i.e. the natural laws that govern the world in which we live. ## tenaha An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Tendencies see [habitual tendencies](#habitual-tendencies). ## tenfold path of action See “ten wholesome forms of conduct.” ## tenfold path of the good Dharma The phrase used in this text to describe what are more commonly known as the “ten virtues” (Skt. daśakuśala, Tib. dge ba bcu). See for definition of “good Dharma.” ## Tengyur Tengyur literally means “translated treatises,” and refers to the canonical collection of treatises by mostly Indian masters in Tibetan translation. Along with the Kangyur, it forms a central part of the Tibetan Buddhist canon. ## Tenma *rten ma bcu gnyis*, twelve female local deities who took the vow, in the presence of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna), to protect the [Dharma](#dharma). ## Tenpa Tsering Tenpa Tsering (1678–1738) was both the king of Degé and the hereditary throne holder at Lhundrup Teng Monastery. He initiated and sponsored the production of the Degé Kangyur and the founding of the Degé printing house. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## terang A type of Tibetan spirit. ## Terrace Holder *bang rim ’dzin*, Skt. *bang rim ’dzin*, A bodhisattva. ## Terrible *drag mo*, Skt. *drag mo*, Terrible (causing terror or dread), also the name of one of the eight great yakṣīs. ## Terrible Dangling of Battered Bodies *lus zhum mi bzad ’phyang*, Skt. *vilīna­gātrāvakaṭu­lamba*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Terrifier of Existence *srid pa skrag par byed pa*, Skt. *srid pa skrag par byed pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arciṣmati. ## Terrifying *shin tu ’jigs byed*, Skt. *shin tu ’jigs byed*, Terrifying (causing great fear), also the father of the buddha Jagadīśvara. ## Terrifying Forest *’jigs byed ma’i tshal*, Skt. *bhairavāvana*, The location of a deer park, alternately indentified in the Karmaśātaka as located on Mount Sabkang and on Mount Śiśumāri. ## Terrifying Inferno with Swarms of Crocodiles *srin bu na kra dang ’khor lo dang me ’jigs ’jigs ltar skyes pa*, Skt. *nakra­cakra­bhairavāgni­jāla*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Terrifying Lady *’jigs byed ma*, Skt. *bhairavā*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Terrifying Nightmares *rmi lam ’jigs byed ston*, Skt. *svapna­bhairava­darśana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## Terrifying Sight *’jigs par lta ba*, Skt. *bhairava­darśana*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Terrifying Slope *mtha’ drag*, Skt. *ghorataṭa*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## Terrifying Sundarī Skt. *bhīṣaṇasundarī*, One of the eight “queens of spirits.” ## Terror of Being Eaten by Birds *bya ’jigs ’jigs ltar ’dug pa*, Skt. *pakṣi­bhairava­bhakṣa*, A place in Ultimate Torment. ## Terror of Enormous Screaming Bodies *lus chen po shin tu sgra ’byin ’jigs ’jigs ltar ’dug pa*, Skt. *mahā­kāya­sunāda­bhairava*, A realm that neighbors the Hell of Intense Heat. ## tertian fevers *nyin gsum pa*, Skt. *traitīyaka*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Thanglha A famous mountain range near the region of Nakchu in the northern part of the Tibetan plateau. ## Thangpoché Also known as Solnak Thangpoché (sol nag thang po che), a monastery in central Tibet that was founded in 1017. ## Thangtong Gyalpo Thangtong Gyalpo (1361–1485) was a highly realized master and renaissance man. He is remembered not only for spiritual prowess as a “madman” yogi, but also as an architect who built many bridges, a blacksmith who developed new technologies for smelting iron, an artist and writer who initiated the tradition of opera in Tibet, a dispeller of epidemics, and more. ## Tharpa Ling A monastery southwest of Lhasa founded in 1350. ## Tharpaling A monastery in the Nyang Valley in Tsang, Central Tibet, not far south of Zhalu. The monastery was founded by Tharpa Lotsāwa Nyima Gyaltsen Palsangpo in the fourteenth century ce and belonged to the Chel (dpyal) family until it was converted to a Gelukpa monastery in the mid-seventeenth century. ## that which leads to immovable states *mi g.yo bar nye bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *āneñjyopaga*, Of formations and modes of consciousness that lead to rebirth in the form and formless realms. ## that which leads to meritorious states *bsod nams su nye bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *puṇyopaga*, Of formations and modes of consciousness that lead to rebirth in pleasant states within the desire realm. ## that which leads to unmeritorious states *bsod nams ma yin par nye bar ’gro ba*, Skt. *apuṇyopaga*, Of formations and modes of consciousness that lead to rebirth in the three lower realms of animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings. ## the accumulation of wisdom *ye shes kyi tshogs*, Skt. *jñānasambhāra*, The progressive deeping of spritual understanding. One of the two factors that come together in creating momentum toward a practitioner’s spiritual awakening, the other being the accumulation of merit. ## The Application of Gender Signs *rtags kyi ’jug pa*, One of two foundational texts of Tibetan grammar, which are the only two remaining of Thönmi Sambhoṭa’s original eight, The Application of Gender Signs deals with how Tibetan words are formed based on their gender signs. The other is The Thirty Verses. ## The Array That Brings Joy *dga’ ba skyed pa’i bkod pa*, Skt. *dga’ ba skyed pa’i bkod pa*, The world of the Dharma king Banner of the Lord. ## The Ascertainment of the Conduct of a Bodhisattva *byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *bodhisattva­caryā­viniścaya*, Another name of the Rāṣṭrapāla­paripṛcchā­sūtra. ## the Awakened One’s previous lives *skyes pa’i rabs*, Skt. *jātaka*, The canonical narratives of the Buddha’s previous births. ## The Blazing Joy Collection A sūtra collection housed in Chumik Ringmo monastery. ## The Blue Manuscript and the Red Manuscript Two early manuscript translations of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines that were said to have been written in blue and red ink respectively; the red ink (the earliest) is said to have been made using the king’s blood, and the blue using his singed hair. ## The Bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi’s Vow *byang chub sems dpa’ lag na rdo rjes dam bcas pa*, Skt. *byang chub sems dpa’ lag na rdo rjes dam bcas pa*, An alternate title for The Detailed Account of the Previous Aspirations of the Thus-Gone Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha. ## The Confession of the Three Heaps *phung po gsum pa’i bshags pa*, Skt. *tri­skandha­deśana*, “The three heaps” are the three sections of a confession practice of which the best known liturgy, probably the one referred to in the present text, is found in the Mahāyāna sūtra Determining the Vinaya: Upāli’s Questions (Toh 68, Vinaya­viniścayopāli­paripṛcchā), –. ## The Conqueror of the Threefold World *khams gsum rnam par rgyal ba*, The name of an important Yogatantra deity whose practices are outlined in the Sarvatathāgatatattvasaṅgraha (Toh 479). ## the constantly infatuated *rtag tu rgyags pa*, Skt. *rtag tu rgyags pa*, Gandharvas who live on the island of Jambudvīpa Garland. ## The Determined One *rus pa can*, Skt. *rus pa can*, The name, mentioned in the Questions of Pūrṇa sūtra, that Devadatta will receive upon reaching the fruition of a solitary buddha. ## The Drang Tsamphuk Chungma Collection A sūtra collection housed in Chumik Ringmo monastery. ## The Essence of All *thams cad kyi snying po*, Skt. *thams cad kyi snying po*, A mountain in Endowed with Increasing Bliss. ## The Essential Sūtra Collection A sūtra collection housed in Shalu monastery. ## The Exalted One A shorter form of The One Exalted above All the Worlds, the name of the buddha whom the boy Brahmaśrī will become in a future lifetime, as predicted by the Buddha in this sūtra. ## the final five-hundred-year period According to prophecy, the Buddha’s teachings will only remain for a certain amount of time in our world system before conditions deteriorate to such a degree that practicing the Dharma becomes impossible. The different phases of the predicted gradual decline and loss of the Dharma are usually given in 500-year increments. ## The Finer Points of Discipline A text from the Vinaya section of the Kangyur (Toh 6). ## the first list of one thousand buddhas of the Good Eon The first list of the of the one thousand buddhas which is found in The Good Eon beginning at and in fact lists one thousand and four buddhas in total. ## the five great rivers *chu bo chen po lnga po*, Skt. *pañcamahānadī*, The five great rivers of ancient India. ## The Flower Adorning the Collection of Tantras A catalog of tantric texts written by Chomden Rikpai Raldri. ## The Follow-Up Tantra to the Cakrasaṃvara Traditionally, the Cakrasaṃvara Tantra as we have it today is regarded as the “follow-up tantra” (uttaratantra) to a much larger original Cakrasaṃvara Tantra. The Follow-Up Tantra to the Cakrasaṃvara thus refers to the extant tantra itself. ## The Gateway to Unobstructed Deliverance through the Bodhisattva Way of Life *byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa la ’jug pas nges par ’byung ba sgrib pa med pa’i sgo*, Skt. *byang chub sems dpa’i spyod pa la ’jug pas nges par ’byung ba sgrib pa med pa’i sgo*, The name of a discourse. ## The Golden Scripture Sūtra Collection A sūtra collection housed in Narthang monastery. ## The Great Elucidation *nges par bstan pa chen po*, Skt. *mahānirdeśa*, The name of an extensive teaching that the Buddha is said to have taught directly preceding the Lotus Sūtra. ## The Hour of Death *gnod skyes*, Skt. *kālavelā*, An acid river in the hell Forest of Continuous Flames ## The Huge One An asura in the audience of this sūtra. ## The Illumination of the Field of Causes *rgyu’i dkyil ’khor rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *hetu­maṇḍala­prabhāsa*, A sūtra taught in another world in the distant past. ## The Jewel and the Lotus Skt. *maṇipadma*, One of the lokeśvara emanations of Avalokiteśvara. ## The Long Imperial Hundred Thousand The longest of the early manuscript translations of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines, created for King Tri Desongtsen. ## The Mantra Wheel: A Jewel That Fulfills Every Wish *thams cad yid bzhin nor bu’i ’khor lo*, This appears as the name of a chapter or section of the text Blessed Mārīcī’s Supreme Secret in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. ## The Mantra Wheel of Mārīcī, the Noble Queen of the Vidyās: A Jewel That Fulfills Every Wish *’phags ma ’od zer ma rig pa’i rgyal mo yid bzhin gyi nor bu’i ’khor lo*, The name of a work or perhaps the title of a chapter mentioned in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. ## The Meaning of Pure Intelligence *blo gros dag pa’i don*, Skt. *blo gros dag pa’i don*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sukhacittin. ## The Mixed One *’dres pa*, Skt. *’dres pa*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## The Mönda Dho Collection A sūtra collection housed in Shalu monastery. ## The Mother of the Grahas *gza’ rnams kyi yum*, Skt. *grahamātṛkā*, The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## The New Monastery Collection A sūtra collection housed in Narthang monastery. ## the nāga of Campā *yul tsam pa’i klu*, Skt. *cāmpeyo nāgaḥ*, A nāga. ## The One Exalted above All the Worlds The name of the buddha whom the boy Brahmaśrī will become in a future lifetime, as predicted by the Buddha in this sūtra. ## The One with Lotus Eyes *pad+ma yi spyan can*, Skt. *pad+ma yi spyan can*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## the part between the collarbones is filled in *thal gong rgyas pa*, Skt. *citāntarāṃsa*, Mvy. ## The People’s Offering *skye bo’i mchod*, Skt. *skye bo’i mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Puṇya. ## The Perfect Fulfillment of Meaning *don yongs su rdzogs pa*, Skt. *arthapāripūrī*, Another name of the Rāṣṭrapāla­paripṛcchā­sūtra. ## The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines (Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā, Toh 8) comprises twelve volumes, three hundred and one fascicles, and seventy-two chapters. ## The Play in Full The Lalitavistara­sūtra found in the Kangyur (Toh 95). ## The Praise Surpassing Even That of the Gods The Devātiśayastotra (Toh 1112) by Śaṃkarasvāmin (ca. sixth century) is a eulogy to the Buddha that describes him as superior to all other gods of the Hindu pantheon in an almost polemical manner. Translated into Tibetan around the end of the eighth or beginning of the ninth century. The commentary to this work was composed by Prajñāvarman. ## The Precious Oral Instructions of the Path and Result “The Precious Oral Instructions of the Path and Result” is a more elaborate way of referring to the Path and Result. ## The Preeminent Account of Discipline A text from the Vinaya section of the Kangyur (Toh 7). ## The Pure, Meaningful Promise *dam bcas pa don yod pa rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *amogha­pratijñā­viśuddha*, Another name of the Rāṣṭrapāla­paripṛcchā­sūtra. ## the real *yang dag pa*, Skt. *bhūtatā*, Lit. “genuineness” or “authenticity.” The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Akin to other terms rendered here as “as it really is,” “suchness,” and “natural state.” ## The Riches of the Victor Collection A sūtra collection housed in Narthang monastery. ## the second list of one thousand buddhas of the Good Eon The second list of the of the one thousand buddhas which is found in The Good Eon beginning at . ## The Son of Enveloped in the Darkness of Logic *rigs pa’i mun ’dzin gyi bu*, Skt. *rigs pa’i mun ’dzin gyi bu*, One of King Udayin of Vatsa’s royal ministers. ## The Sport of Noble Men *skyes bu dam pa rnam par rol pa*, Skt. *satpuruṣa­vikrīḍita*, Another name of the Rāṣṭrapāla­paripṛcchā­sūtra. ## The Staff of Wisdom: A Treatise on Ethics The Nītiśāstra­prajñā­daṇḍa (Toh 4329) by Nāgārjuna (ca. 150–250 ce). ## the state of infinite consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatana*, The third highest of the four formless realms. See also “state.” ## The Sūtra Collection in Sixty-Two Parts A sūtra collection housed in Shokchung temple. ## The Sūtra Collection of Darchar A sūtra collection produced by Geshé Darchar and housed at Chumik Ringmo monastery. ## The Sūtra Collection to Adorn the World A sūtra collection that was the personal practice support for Lama Drupang Tsawa. ## the sublime perfection, the supreme indivisible gnosis of the Tathāgata’s liberation *de bzhin gshegs pa ma ’dres pa’i rnam par thar par mdzad pa’i ye shes kyi mthar phyin pa*, Skt. *asaṃbhinnatathāgatavimokṣajñānaniṣṭhāgataḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 368. ## The Supreme Ornament of Gods and Men The Supreme Ornament of Gods and Men appears to have been an early collection of sūtras that was important to the thirteenth-century Sakya Patriarch Chögyal Phakpa, but no record of this collection apart from descriptions of the history of the Kangyur could be found. ## The Tantra of Mārīcī’s Arising *’od zer can ’byung ba’i rgyud*, Skt. *mārīcyudbhava­tantra*, The name of a work mentioned in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī. ## The Tantra of the Arising of Śaṃvara Toh 373. ## The Tantra of Vajrapāṇi’s Initiation *phyag na rdo rje dbang dbang bskur ba’i rgyud*, Skt. *vajra­pāṇyabhiṣekatantra*, Toh 496. An important tantra of the Kriyā class. ## the third list of one thousand buddhas of the Good Eon The third list of the of the one thousand buddhas which is found in The Good Eon beginning at . ## The Thirty Verses *sum cu pa*, One of two foundational texts of Tibetan grammar, which are the only two remaining of Thönmi Sambhoṭa’s original eight, The Thirty Verses deals with the system of how letters, vowels, and consonants combine and the ways that words are put together. The other is The Application of Gender Signs. ## The Treatise of Ethical Advice of Masurakṣa The Nītiśāstra (Toh 4335) by Masūrākṣa (d.u.). ## the two traditions Refers to the conjoining of religious and secular authority, as exemplified here by the religious kings of Degé. ## The Two-Volume Lexicon The Tibetan imperial era lexicon known as the Mahāvyutpatti (Toh 4346) was accompanied by a commentary often referred to by scholars with its Tibetan name as the Drajor Bampo Nyipa or the Two-Volume Lexicon (sgra sbyor bam po gnyis pa, Toh 4347). ## The Vows of the Twelve Great Yakṣa Generals *gnod sbyin gyi sde dpon chen po bcu gnyis kyis dam bcas pa*, Skt. *gnod sbyin gyi sde dpon chen po bcu gnyis kyis dam bcas pa*, An alternate title for The Detailed Account of the Previous Aspirations of the Thus-Gone Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha. ## the way that an elephant gazes *glang po chen po’i lta stangs*, Skt. *nāgāvalokita*, A simile that describes an undistracted, unmoving, but all-encompassing gaze. ## the way things are An expression that conveys a sense of the true nature of things, formed from the word for “thus” or “in that way” (tathā) conjoined with the abstract suffix “-ness” or “state of” (-tā). The word is connected with tathāgata, “realized one,” and with the knowledge of things as they truly are (yathābhūta­jñāna), which is tantamount to awakening. ## The Weapon-Like Gateway to Speech This is an introduction to Sanskrit grammar written in Tibetan by Smṛtijñānakīrti (eleventh century). The full Tibetan title is smra ba’i sgo mtshon cha la bu rtsa ’grel. ## The White Lotus Instructions An important astrological text by Phukpa Lhundrup Gyatso (phug pa lhun grub rgya mtsho, fifteenth century) from which originated the calendar that is most commonly used in Tibet to this day. ## The Wish-Fulfilling Vine: A Collection of Jātaka Tales The Bodhisattvāvadāna­kalpalatā (Toh 4155) by Kṣemendra (ca. 990–ca. 1070). ## The World’s Superior *’jig rten bla ma*, Skt. *’jig rten bla ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Subāhu. ## The youth Candraprabha *zla ’od gzhon nu*, Skt. *candraprabha kumāra*, The young man of Rājagrha who is the principal interlocutor for the Samādhirājasūtra. He is frequently addressed as “youth” or “young man,” (Skt. kumāra; Tib. gzhon nu). ## theft *ma byin par len pa*, Skt. *adatādāna*, Second of ten nonvirtuous actions. Literally, “taking what is not given.” Also translated as “stealing.” ## Thempangma *them spangs ma*, One of two main lineages through which different Kangyurs can be traced, although the Degé Kangyur and those stemming from it are derived from both. This lineage started with a manuscript Kangyur called the Thempangma that was produced at Gyantsé (rgyal rtse) in 1431. ## Thempangma Kangyur One of the two textual lineages of the Kangyur, starting from a manuscript so named that was produced at Gyantsé (rgyal rtse) in 1431. ## Themphangma Kangyur *them spangs ma bka’ ’gyur*, One of the two textual lineages of Kangyurs, starting from a manuscript so named that was produced at Gyantsé (rgyal rtse) in 1431. All the Themphangma Kangyurs are manuscript versions. ## Theravāda Literally “Way of the Elders,” today the term designates the form of Buddhism dominant in Sri Lanka and large parts of Southeast Asia. However, the term only started to be widely used as a self-designation in the twentieth century. The school on which today’s Theravāda is likely based is a remnant of the Sthaviranikāya, which was one of the many early mainstream Buddhist schools in India that formed in the first centuries after the Buddha’s death. According to the tradition Sthaviranikāya came to Sri Lanka in the third century bce. The Theravāda tradition takes the Pali canon as its foundational scripture and maintains that it is the authoritative record of the historical Buddha’s teachings. ## Theurang *the'u rang*, a kind of spirit appearing like a small dwarf with only one leg. ## they are intent on pleasant states *sdug par mos par gyur pa*, Skt. *śubhādhimukti*, Third of the eight liberations. ## they do not degenerate in their wisdom *shes rab nyams pa med pa*, Skt. *nāsti prajñā­hāniḥ*, Eleventh of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## Thick Clouds *stug pa’i sprin*, Skt. *stug pa’i sprin*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## thick hair *dbu skra stug pa*, Skt. *citakeśa*, Seventy-fifth of the eighty minor signs. ## thick head A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Thick Smoke *du bas ’khrigs pa*, Skt. *du bas ’khrigs pa*, A forest in Passionate Conduct. ## Thief of Afflictions *nyon mongs pa rku ba*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa rku ba*, A kinnara king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Thief of All Beings’ Complexion *sems can kun gyi mdangs ’phrog ma*, Skt. *sarva­sattva­ujahāriṇī*, A fierce goddess. ## Thief of All Beings’ Splendor *sems can kun gyi gzi ’phrog ma*, A fierce goddess. (Toh 555 and Toh 557: sems can kun gyi mdangs ’phrog ma) ## thing *dngos po*, Skt. *bhāva*, Also translated here as “object.” ## things *chos*, Skt. *dharma*, See “dharma.” ## Thinker of Good Thoughts *bsam pa legs par sems*, Skt. *bsam pa legs par sems*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## thinking there is a self where there is only the absence of a self *bdag med pa kho na la ni bdag tu bsams*, One of the “four misconceptions” (Skt. caturviparyāya; Tib. phyin ci log bzhi). ## thinking there is happiness where there is only suffering *sdug bsngal ba kho na la ni bde bar bsams*, One of the “four misconceptions” (Skt. caturviparyāya; Tib. phyin ci log bzhi). ## thinking there is permanence when there is only impermanence *mi rtag pa kho na la rtag par bsams*, One of the “four misconceptions” (Skt. caturviparyāya; Tib. phyin ci log bzhi). ## thinking there is purity where there is only impurity *mi gtsang ba kho na la ni gtsang bar bsams*, One of the “four misconceptions” (Skt. caturviparyāya; Tib. phyin ci log bzhi). ## thinking, ‘This is the truth,’ and clinging to it as real *di bden no snyam du mngon par zhen cing mchog tu ’dzin pa*, Fourth of the four bonds that bind the psychophysical body to cyclic existence. ## thinking-mind consciousness constituent *yid kyi rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *manovijñānadhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents. ## third concentration *bsam gtan gsum pa*, Skt. *tṛtīyadhyāna*, See “four meditative states.” ## third-week embryo *rdol pa*, Skt. *peśi*, The Gaṇḍa­vyūha uses the same terminology as the Jain text Tandulaveyāliyua and differs from other sūtras. Other texts have nar nar. In the Nanda­garbhāvakranti­nirdeśa­sūtra peśi is translated as ltar ltar. ## Thirteen Ladies of the Tent A group of thirteen ladies who rule tents and are identified as subsidiary great heart emanations of the goddess described in this text. ## thirteen stages *sa bcu gsum*, Skt. *trayodaśabhūmi*, Thirteen bodhisattva levels. ## thirty designated arts *bzo la sogs par gtogs pa sum cu*, Skt. *śilpavidyākalā*, The thirty designated arts, contained in the sixty-four crafts, are (1) writing (lipi, yi ge); (2) gestures (mudrā, lag rtsis); (3) arithmetic (gaṇana, grangs); (4) astrology (saṃkhya, rtsis chen); (5) hairbinding (śikhābandha, thor tshugs); (6) deportment (padabandha, gom stabs); (7) elephant goading (aṅkuśagraha, lcags kyus bsgyur thabs); (8) swordsmanship (khaḍgika/ sarau, ral gri’i thabs); (9) lassoing or snaring (pāśagraha, zhags pa gdab pa); (10) javelin throwing (tomaragraha, mda’ bo che ’phen pa), (11) advancing (upayāṇa, mdun du bsnur ba), (12) retreating (apayāna, phyir bsnur ba); (13) cutting (chedya, bcad pa); (14) breaking (bhedya, dral ba); (15) poisoning (dālana, dbug pa); (16) striking from afar (dūra­vedha, rgyang nas ’phog pa); (17) verbal assault (śabdavedha, sgra grags par ’phog pa); (18) vital assault (marmavedha, gnad du ’phog pa) or stealthy assault (avedanīyavedha, mi tshor bar ’phog pa); (19) hard assault (dṛḍha­prahāri­tā, tshabs che bar ’phog pa); (20) jumping (laṅghita, mchongs pa); (21) wrestling (sālambha, gyad kyi ’dzin stangs); (23) running (javita, bang); (24) swimming (plavita, rkyal brgal ba); (25) elephant riding (hastigrīvā, glang po che’i gnyar zhon pa); (26) horse riding (aśvapṛṣṭha, rta la zhon pa); (27) charioteering (ratha, shing rta’i thabs); (28) archery (bāṇa, mda’ ); (29) bows (dhanuḥ, gzhu); and (30) trials of strength (vikrama­bala, gyad stobs). On all these and related matters, see Jamgon Kongtrul TOK Book 6, Pt.1: 311–315. ## Thirty-five Buddhas *sangs rgyas so lnga* or *bde gshegs so lnga*, the Thirty-five Buddhas of Confession, representing the omnipresence of the [Buddhas](#buddha), ready to purify beings from their faults in all thirty-five [directions](#directions) of space (the four main [directions](#directions), the four intermediate [directions](#directions), then the eight and sixteen sub-directions, the center, the nadir, and the zenith). ## thirty-seven aids to enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs sum cu rtsa bdun gyi chos*, Skt. *bodhi­pakṣika­dharma*, These consist of the four foci of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four bases of magical powers, the five spiritual faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the eightfold noble path. ## thirty-seven aspects of awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs sum bcu rtsa bdun gyi chos*, Skt. *sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharmāḥ*, Thirty-seven kinds of practices to be accomplished by those who seek awakening. ## thirty-seven aspects of enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun*, Skt. *sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, The thirty-seven aspects of enlightenment comprise the four applications of mindfulness, the four correct exertions, the four supports for miraculous ability, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven branches of enlightenment, and the noble eightfold path. See –. For a summary of the relevant Pāli and Sanskrit sources on all see the extensive discussion in Dayal (1932): 80–164. ## thirty-seven dharmas on the side of awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun*, Skt. *sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, The thirty-seven dharmas on the side of awakening describe the oldest common path of Buddhism, the path of the śrāvakas: the four applications of mindfulness, the four right efforts, the four legs of miraculous power, the five faculties, the five powers, the eightfold noble path, and the seven limbs of awakening. ## thirty-seven elements that are conducive to awakening Thirty-seven practices that lead the practitioner to the awakened state: the four foundations of mindfulness, the four kinds of perfect exertion, the four foundations of magical abilities, the five faculties, the five powers, the noble eightfold path, and the seven factors of awakening. ## thirty-seven factors conducive to enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun*, Skt. *sapta­triṃśa­bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, The thirty-seven factors conducive to enlightenment comprise the four applications of mindfulness, the four correct exertions, the four supports for miraculous ability, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven branches of enlightenment, and the noble eightfold path. See . For a summary of the relevant Pāli and Sanskrit sources on all see the extensive discussion in Dayal (1932): pp. 80–164. ## thirty-seven factors for awakening Thirty-seven practices through which a practitioner achieves awakening, namely the four applications of mindfulness, the four correct exertions, the four bases of magical power, the five faculties, the five powers, the noble eightfold path, and the seven branches of awakening. ## thirty-seven factors of awakening *byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos sum cu rtsa bdun*, Skt. *sapta­triṃśad­bodhi­pakṣa­dharma*, Thirty-seven practices or qualities that lead the practitioner to the awakened state: the four applications of mindfulness, the four authentic exertions, the four bases of miraculous power, the five faculties, the five powers, the eight branches of the path of the noble ones, and the seven branches of awakening. ## thirty-seven wings of enlightenment *byang chub kyi phyogs dang ’thun pa’i chos sum cu rtsa bdun*, Skt. *saptatriṃśadbodhipakśyadharma*, These are comprised, first of all, of the following: the four mindfulnesses, which are (1) mindfulness of the body, (2) mindfulness of sensations, (3) mindfulness of mind, and (4) mindfulness of phenomena; the four thorough efforts (also known as the four abandonments), which are (5) not undertaking new non-virtuous actions, (6) abandoning one’s old non-virtuous actions, (7) undertaking new virtuous actions, and (8) increasing the virtuous actions one has already undertaken; and the four miraculous legs, which are (9) the miraculous leg of interest, (10) the miraculous leg of effort, (11) the miraculous leg of mind, and (12) the miraculous leg of discernment (or “analysis”). These first twelve belong to the first path, the path of accumulation. Then come the five faculties (on the five paths, these correspond to heat and peak on the second path, the path of application/application), which are (13) the faculty of faith, (14) the faculty of effort, (15) the faculty of mindfulness, (16) the faculty of meditation, and (17) the faculty of wisdom, and then the five strengths (on the five paths, these correspond to patience in accord with the truth and highest worldly dharma on the second path, the path of application/application), which are (18) the strength of faith, (19) the strength of effort, (20) the strength of mindfulness, (21) the strength of meditation, and (22) the strength of wisdom. Upon completion of the five strengths, you enter the third path, the path of seeing. The seven limbs of enlightenment belonging to this path are (23) the limb of right mindfulness, (24) the limb of right analysis, (25) the limb of right effort, (26) the limb of right joy, (27) the limb of right purification, (28) the limb of right meditation, and (29) the limb of right equanimity. Here begins the fourth path, the path of meditation, consisting of the noble eightfold path: (30) right view, (31) right understanding, (32) right speech, (33) right action, (34) right livelihood, (35) right effort, (36) right mindfulness, and (37) right meditation. Upon mastery of these thirty-seven comes the fifth path, the path of no more learning (Gampopa 169, 260, 439; Jamspal 2012). ## Thirty-three *gsum cu rtsa gsum*, Skt. *Trāyastriṃśa*, a god [realm](#realm) in the World of Desire, the abode of [Indra](#indra) and his thirty-two ministers. See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## Thirty-Three Gods The gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-three (trayastriṃśa), the second of the six heavens of the desire realm. The thirty-three are Indra (also known as Śakra) and thirty-two other deities. ## thirty-two characteristics See “thirty-two characteristics of a great being.” ## thirty-two characteristics of a great being The main identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and kings of the entire world (cakravartins), to which are added the “eighty minor marks.” ## thirty-two excellent marks *skyes bu chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvātriṃśanmahā­puruṣalakṣaṇāni*, Thirty-two of the 112 identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and universal monarchs, in addition to the so-called “eighty minor marks.” For a detailed list see Berzin (2012). ## thirty-two major marks *mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, These are the major physical marks that identify the buddha body of emanation and which also, in some sources and traditions, portend the advent of a universal monarch. ## thirty-two major marks of a great being *skyes bu chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvātriṃ­śanmahāpuruṣa­lakṣaṇa*, The thirty-two marks manifested by a “great being” (mahāpuruṣa), these are the main identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and universal monarchs, to which are added the eighty sublime characteristics. ## thirty-two major marks of a great person *mi chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvātriṃśanmahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa*, These are the major physical marks that identify the buddha form body and which also portend the advent of a wheel-turning emperor. As well as being listed in this and other Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see chapter 63 here in the One Hundred Thousand; the Twenty-Five Thousand, ; the Eighteen Thousand, ; and the Ten Thousand, ), they are also found detailed in the Play in Full (Lalitavistara), – and –; Mahāyānopadeśa ; Rāṣṭra­pāla­paripṛcchā,--> Ratna­gotra­vibhāgottara­tantra­śāstra, 3.17–25; Mahāvastu; and in the Pali Lakkhaṇasutta. ## thirty-two major marks of a superior man that the tathāgatas possess *de bzhin gshegs pa’i skyes bu chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *tathā­gata­dvātriṃśan­mahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa*, These are the major physical marks that identify the buddha body of emanation, and which, in some sources and traditions, portend the advent of a universal monarch. As well as being listed in this and other Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see ), they are to be found detailed in the Lalita­vistara (7.98–103 and 26.145–173), Mahā­yānopadeśa, Rāṣṭra­pāla­paripṛcchā, Ratna­gotra­vibhāgottara­tantra­śāstra (3.17–25), Mahā­vastu, and in the Pali Lakkhaṇa­sutta. See and . ## thirty-two marks *mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, These are the major physical marks that identify the buddha body of emanation and which, in some sources and traditions, portend the advent of a universal monarch. As well as being listed in this and other Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see The Transcendent Perfection of Wisdom in Ten Thousand Lines [Toh 11], 2.16 and 29.24), they are to be found detailed in the Lalita­vistara (see The Play in Full (Toh 95), 7.99 and 26.145–73), Mahā­yānopadeśa (Toh 169), The Questions of Rāṣṭrapāla , Toh 62), --> Ratna­gotra­vibhāgottara­tantra­śāstra (Toh 4024, 3.17–25), Mahā­vastu, and in the Pali Lakkhaṇa­sutta. ## thirty-two marks of a great being *skyes bu chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvātriṃśanmahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa*, Thirty-two of the hundred and twelve identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and universal monarchs, in addition to the so-called “eighty minor marks.” These can be found listed in . ## thirty-two marks of a great person *skyes bu chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvātriṃśanmahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa*, The set of thirty-two physical marks that identify both a buddha and a universal monarch (cakravartin); in the case of the former they indicate the perfection of the awakened state of buddhahood. ## thirty-two signs *sum cu rtsa gnyis mtshan*, Skt. *dvā­triṃśadvara­lakṣaṇa*, These are the thirty-two major physical of marks of a great being, namely a buddha or a universal monarch. These are complemented by eighty minor features. These can be found listed, for example, in Prajñā­pāramitā sūtras (see Toh 9, Toh 10 and Toh 11) or in the The Play in Full (Toh 95) and many other sūtras. ## thirty-two signs of a great being *skyes bu chen po’i mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvā­triṃśanmahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa*, Thirty-two of the 112 identifying physical characteristics of both buddhas and cakravartins, in addition to the “eighty excellent signs.” There are significant variations found in this list depending on the source. ## thirty-two signs of a superior being *mtshan sum cu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvātriṃśa­mahā­puruṣa­lakṣaṇa*, The thirty-two major signs of a buddha that manifest as specific physical attributes to indicate the perfection of the awakened state of buddhahood. ## thirty-two supreme characteristics of excellent merit See “thirty-two characteristics of a great being.” ## thirty-two supreme marks *mtshan mchog sum cu gnyis*, These are the major physical marks that identify the buddha body of emanation and which also, in some sources and traditions, portend the advent of a universal monarch. They are listed in The Play in Full (Toh 95), . ## this life Literally “the seen dharmas,” an idiomatic expression in Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist texts meaning the visible world and the experience of this present life. ## Thönmi Sambhoṭa A Tibetan scholar (seventh century ce) who is said to have been sent by the Tibetan emperor Songtsen Gampo to India in order to develop a writing system for the Tibetan language. ## Thönmi Sambhota *thon mi sam bho ta*, Skt. *thönmi sambhota*, First recorded in medieval Tibetan literature as a seventh-century minister of the Tibetan King Songtsen Gampo, he is credited with the invention of the Tibetan alphabet and the composition of two much-studied grammar texts. ## Tholing *tho ling*, Skt. *tho ling*, The important West Tibetan monastery founded in 996 ce by King Yeshé Ö (ye shes ’od) and the translator Rinchen Zangpo (rin chen bzang po). ## Tholing Serkang A monastery in Western Tibet that was one of a number of important institutions during the early decades of the later dissemination of the Dharma in Tibet. ## Thorough Abidance *rab gnas*, Skt. *rab gnas*, A buddha realm. ## Thorough Ascertainment *shin tu rnam par nges pa*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par nges pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Thorough Guide *shin tu khrid byed*, Skt. *shin tu khrid byed*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Thorough Illumination *rab snang*, Skt. *rab snang*, A buddha realm. ## thorough investigation *kun tu rtog pa*, A meditative stability. ## Thorough Joy upon Hearing *thos na mi dga’ ba med pa*, Skt. *thos na mi dga’ ba med pa*, A location in the Heaven of Joy. ## Thorough Obscurer *rab tu rmugs byed*, Skt. *rab tu rmugs byed*, The court priest of King Brahmadatta of Pañcāla. ## Thorough Peace *nyer zhi*, Skt. *nyer zhi*, Attendant of the buddha Sutīrtha. ## thorough relinquishment *yang dag par spang ba*, Skt. *prahāṇa*, Four types of relinquishment of abandoning existing negative mind states, abandoning the production of such states, giving rise to virtuous mind states that are not yet produced, and letting those states continue. ## thorough relinquishments *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, Relinquishing negative acts in the present and the future, and enhancing positive acts in the present and the future. ## thoroughbred *cang shes*, Skt. *ājāneya*, When used to describe the mind, the thoroughbred horse is used as metaphor for the nobility, speed, strength, and refinement of intelligence. ## thoroughbred stallion *rta cang shes*, Skt. *ājāneyāśva*, The Sanskrit word ājāneya was primarily used for thoroughbred horses. The compound joins the term with aśva (“horse”). An etymology as “all-knowing” is the basis for the Tibetan translation. In other contexts it was also used as a term of respect, often paired with “great elephant” in a description of realized beings. ## Thoroughly Abiding *shin tu gnas*, Skt. *shin tu gnas*, Birthplace of the buddha Anilavegagāmin. ## Thoroughly Adorned *rab tu brgyan*, Skt. *rab tu brgyan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Tiṣya. ## Thoroughly at Peace *rab tu zhi bar ’jug*, Skt. *praśānta­vihārin*, A bodhisattva from the buddha field Ratnavyūha, far to the south of Jambudvīpa, who appears as a child in the household of a prominent merchant in Śrāvastī. ## Thoroughly Awakened *shin tu rab tu sangs rgyas*, Skt. *shin tu rab tu sangs rgyas*, A great bodhisattva. ## Thoroughly Clear *kun nas gsal*, Skt. *kun nas gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Puṣpaketu (184 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Thoroughly Concealed Qualities *yon tan kun sbed*, Skt. *yon tan kun sbed*, Son of the buddha Vigataśoka. ## Thoroughly Enjoyable *kun nas bde ba*, Skt. *kun nas bde ba*, A park in Sustained by Fruition. ## thoroughly established *yongs su grub pa*, Skt. *pariniṣpanna*, One of the three natures. Also rendered as “final outcome.” ## Thoroughly Hidden *kun tu sbed*, Skt. *kun tu sbed*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sthitārtha­jñānin (190 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Thoroughly Illumined Glorious Array of Excellences *yon tan bkod pa’i dpal kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *yon tan bkod pa’i dpal kun tu snang ba*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Tiers of Purification. ## Thoroughly Joyous *kun nas mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *kun nas mngon par dga’ ba*, Alternative name for Thoroughly Joyous Form. ## Thoroughly Joyous Form *gzugs kun nas mngon par dga’ ba*, Skt. *gzugs kun nas mngon par dga’ ba*, A ruler of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Thoroughly Peaceful *rab zhi*, Skt. *rab zhi*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇavīrya. ## Thoroughly Trained *shin tu rnam dul*, Skt. *shin tu rnam dul*, Attendant of the buddha Vidyutketu. ## those belonging to the sphere of neither perception nor nonperception *’du shes med ’du shes med min skye mched*, Skt. *naiva­saṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatanopaga*, A formless state, either a meditative state or its resultant realm of existence, i.e., a class of deities of the formless realm. (No equivalent of upaga in Tib.) ## those belonging to the sphere of nothingness *ci yang med pa’i skye mched*, Skt. *ākiñcanyāyatanopaga*, A formless state, either a meditative state or its resultant realm of existence, i.e., a class of deities of the formless realm. (No equivalent of upaga in Tib.) ## those belonging to the sphere of the infinity of consciousness *rnam shes mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *vijñānānantyāyatanaopaga*, A formless state, either a meditative state or its resultant realm of existence, i.e., a class of deities of the formless realm. (No equivalent of upaga in Tib.) ## those fond of causing disease *nad gtong ba la dga’ ba*, Skt. *nad gtong ba la dga’ ba*, A class of asuras. ## those gods belonging to the sphere of the infinity of space *nam mkha’ mtha’ yas skye mched*, Skt. *ākāśānantyāyatanopaga*, A formless state, either a meditative state or its resultant realm of existence, i.e., a class of deities of the formless realm. (No equivalent of upaga in Tib.) ## those in the assembly of Brahmā Skt. *brahmapārṣadya*, The third (or sometimes second) of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the first dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those of complete splendor *dge rgyas pa*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, The third of the three classes of gods of the form realm in the third dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those of excellent appearance *gya nom snang*, Skt. *sudṛśa*, The third of the five classes of gods dwelling in the Pure Abodes (śuddhāvāsa). ## those of excellent observation *shin tu mthong ba*, Skt. *sudarśana*, The fourth of the five classes of gods dwelling in the Pure Abodes (śuddhāvāsa). See . ## those of immeasurable radiance *tshad med ’od*, Skt. *apramānābha*, The second of the three classes of gods of the form realm in the second dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those of immeasurable splendor *tshad med dge*, Skt. *apramāṇaśubha*, The second of the three classes of gods of the form realm in the third dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those of limited radiance *’od chung*, Skt. *parīttābha*, The first of the three classes of gods of the form realm in the second dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those of limited splendor *dge chung*, Skt. *parīttaśubha*, The first of the three classes of gods of the form realm in the third dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those stationed before Brahmā *tshangs pa mdun na ’don*, Skt. *brahmapurohita*, The second (or sometimes third) of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the first dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those undergoing training *slob pa*, Skt. *śaikṣa*, Those who belong to any of the first to seventh of the eight stages of spiritual achievement, the eighth being that of an arhat, who needs no further training. ## those who are highest *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭha*, The highest, fifth, and final class of gods dwelling in the Pure Abodes (śuddhāvāsa). ## those who are radiant *’od gsal ba*, Skt. *ābhāsvara*, The third of the three classes of gods of the form realm in the second dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those who are relatively not great *mi che ba*, Skt. *abṛha*, The first of five classes of gods dwelling in the Pure Abodes (śuddhāvāsa). ## those who are unclouded *sprin med*, Skt. *anabhraka*, The first of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the fourth dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those who attend Brahmā *tshangs ris*, Skt. *brahmakāyika*, The first of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the first dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those who circumambulate a shrine *mchod rten bskor ba byas pas ni*, Skt. *stūpaṃ kṛtvā pradakṣiṇaṃ*, This phrase recurs throughout the first forty-two verses of the text; the Sanskrit literally says, “Having done pradakṣiṇa at a stūpa…” The Sanskrit term pradakṣiṇa (Tib. bskor ba) is the devotional practice of circumambulating or walking around a holy site, object, or person, while keeping the sacred object on one’s right-hand side as a gesture of respect. ## those who have a nature that is free from perception *’du shes med pa’i sems can*, Skt. *asaṃjñisattva*, The fourth of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the fourth dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those who have entered the path of liberation *thar par zhugs pa*, Skt. *pravrajita*, Perhaps a gloss or paraphrase for noble persons or noble ones, i.e., those who, through having reached the path of seeing, belong to one of four types: stream enterer (Skt. srota-āpanna), once-returner (Skt. sakṛdāgāmin), non-returner (Skt. anāgāmin), or worthy one (Skt. arhat). These stages are characterized by the gradual elimination of the fetters (Skt./Pāli saṃyojana) that bind one to saṃsāra and to being an ordinary person (Skt. pṛthagjana; Pāli puthujjana). ## those who have obtained the first dhyāna *bsam gtan dang po thob pa*, Skt. *prathama­dhyānalābhin*, The gods who dwell in the abode of the first dhyāna. ## those who have obtained the fourth dhyāna *bsam gtan bzhi pa thob pa*, Skt. *caturthadhyānalābhin*, The gods who dwell in the abode of the fourth dhyāna. ## those who have obtained the second dhyāna *bsam gtan gnyis pa thob pa’i lha rnams*, Skt. *dvitīyadhyānalābhin*, The gods who dwell in the abode of the second dhyāna. ## those who have obtained the third dhyāna *bsam gtan gsum pa thob ba*, Skt. *tṛtīyadhyānalābhin*, The gods who dwell in the abode of the third dhyāna. ## those who have reached their final existence *srid pa tha ma pa*, Skt. *caramabhavika*, In this text, it refers to monks who had reached the state of a worthy one. In other contexts, it can denote a bodhisattva in the last life before awaking to the state of a buddha. ## those who live in crowds *tshogs na spyod pa*, Skt. *vargacārin*, One of the two classes of pratyekabuddha, the opposite class being the solitary khaḍgavisāṇakalpa. (not in Skt. witnesses) ## those who swarm like bees *bung ba ltar ’khyil pa*, Skt. *bung ba ltar ’khyil pa*, A class of asuras. ## those who uphold the Vinaya *’dul ba ’dzin pa*, Skt. *vinayadhāra*, Those who are expert in monastic discipline. ## those with abundant merit *bsod nams ’phel*, Skt. *puṇyaprasava*, The second of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the fourth dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. Often also referred to as bsod nams skyes in other works. ## those with great fruition *’bras bu che ba*, Skt. *bṛhatphala*, The third of the four classes of gods of the form realm in the fourth dhyāna. The name is the same for both the location and the inhabitant deities. ## those with secret incantations *sngags gsang ba pa*, Skt. *sngags gsang ba pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## those without trouble *mi gdung ba*, Skt. *atapa*, The second of the five classes of gods dwelling in the Pure Abodes (śuddhāvāsa). ## Thought *rnam rtog*, Skt. *vikalpanā*, in general, whatever arises in the mind in a [dualistic](#dualistic) mode. ## thought construction *spros pa*, Skt. *prapañca*, This term denotes the presence of discursive or conceptual thought processes. Their absence or deconstruction is characteristic of the realization of emptiness or actual reality. ## thought of awakening *byang chub tu sems*, Skt. *bodhicitta*, In Mahāyāna Buddhism, this refers to the altruistic resolve to achieve complete and perfect buddhahood for the sake of oneself and all sentient beings. ## Thought of by Gods *lhas bsams ma*, Skt. *lhas bsams ma*, Mother of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Thought-Free Nonconceptual Melody *mi rtog rnam par mi rtog dbyangs*, Skt. *mi rtog rnam par mi rtog dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## thousand world systems *stong gi ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, In Buddhist cosmology, a universe that itself contains a thousand world systems, each made up of its own Sumeru, four continents, sun, moon, and god realms. ## Thousand-Eyed One *mig stong*, Skt. *mig stong*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Thousandfold Adornment *stong gis brgyan pa*, Skt. *stong gis brgyan pa*, The buddha realm of the buddha King Maheśvara. ## Thousandfold Light *stong snang*, Skt. *stong snang*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## thousandfold world system *stong gi ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *sāhasra­loka­dhātu*, A universe comprising one thousand world systems, each with its four continents, Mount Sumeru etc., according to traditional Indian cosmology. ## thread mouth The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its fourteenth week. ## thread opening *skud pa’i sgo*, Skt. *skud pa’i sgo*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its fourteenth week. ## threat to the king *rgyal po la sdigs pa*, one of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order. ## threatening gesture *sdigs mdzub*, Skt. *sdigs mdzub*, A ritual hand gesture (mudrā) of pointing the forefinger of the right hand menacingly. ## Threatening mudrā *sdigs mdzubs*, Skt. *tarjanī mudrā*, threatening gesture, pointing with the forefinger and little finger. ## three abodes *’jig rten gsum po*, Skt. *bhuvanatraya*, The three realms of existence, namely the desire, the form, and the formless. ## three aggregates *phung po gsum*, Skt. *triskandha*, In this text, they are described as morality, meditative stabilization, and wisdom. ## three aggregates of merit *phung po gsum pa*, Skt. *triskandhaka*, According to the bod rgya tshig mdzod chen mo, it is (merit made from) confession, rejoicing, and dedication, or confession, rejoicing, and requesting the turning of the wheel of Dharma. ## three approaches to discipline *dul ba'i gnas gsum*, [Buddha](#buddha)s discipline in ways that are unequivocally gentle, unequivocally harsh, and both gentle and harsh. ## three aspects of the action *’khor gsum*, Skt. *trimaṇḍala*, These three aspects, literally “circles” or “provinces,” are the doer, the action, and the object of the action. Their purity is variously described as being free of self-interest or free of conceptualization. ## three bases *gnas gsum*, Skt. *trīṇi sthānāni*, Body, speech, and mind. ## three bloods *khrag gsum*, The exact identity of these three is unclear and may in fact change from one ritual to the next. ## three bodies *sku gsum*, Skt. *trikāya*, The three kāyas, or bodies, are the Dharma body, enjoyment body, emanation body. See respective glossary entries and, for an explanation in this text, see . ## Three Brothers *sku mched gsum*, the three principal [disciple](#disciple)s of [Drom Tönpa](#drom-tönpa): [Potowa](#potowa-geshe), [Chengawa](#chengawa-geshe), and [Puchungwa](#puchungwa-geshe). ## three categories *phung po gsum*, Skt. *trirāśi*, This refers to three categories of beings distinguished by a buddha as he appears in the world: (1) noble beings who are defined as “the category of those sure to be correct” (yang dag par nges pa’i phung po), (2) those who have cut the roots of virtue or committed the five deeds with immediate retribution and are defined as “the category of those sure to be wrong” (log par nges pa’i phung po), or (3) others who belong to the “category of those who are undetermined” (ma nges pa’i phung po). They are explained—though not with this collective terminology—in –. See also . ## Three Collections *sde snod gsum*, Skt. *tripiṭaka*, The three collections of the Buddhist teachings: Sūtra, Vinaya, and Abhidharma. ## Three concepts *'khor gsum*, 1. subject, 2. object and 3. action, perceived as having a real and independent existence. ## three constituents *khams gsum*, Skt. *tridhātu*, Usually translated as the “three realms” that make up saṃsāra: the desire realm (Tib. ’dod khams, Skt. kāmadhātu), the form realm (gzugs khams, rūpadhātu), and the formless realm (gzugs med khams, ārūpyadhātu). ## three defilements *dri ma gsum*, Skt. *trimala*, Anger, desire, and delusion. ## three degrees of awareness *rig pa gsum*, Skt. *tri­vidyā*, As indicated in the Dharma­saṃ­gīti­sūtra (Toh. 238, mdo sde, dza, 42a), these comprise the awareness of clairvoyance (lha’i mig gi rig pa), the awareness that recollects past abodes (sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa’i rig pa), and the awareness of the cessation of contaminants (zag pa zad pa’i rig pa). See Nordrang Orgyan (2008): 428. ## three Dharma robes *chos gos gsum*, Skt. *tricīvara*, These include the outer robe (bla gos), the lower robe (mthang gos), and the monk’s shawl (snam sbyar). ## three doors *sgo gsum*, Skt. *trimukha*, See “gateways to liberation.” ## three doors of liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum*, Skt. *trivimokṣamukha*, Emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness. ## three essenceless natures *ngo bo nyid med pa gsum*, Skt. *tri­vidhā niḥ­sva­bhāva­tā*, These comprise the imaginary, dependent, and consummate essenceless natures, which are elaborated particularly in the discourses associated with the third turning of the doctrinal wheel. (See also ). ## three excellent types of conduct *legs par spyod pa gsum*, Virtuous actions of body, speech, and mind. ## three existences *srid pa gsum*, Skt. *tribhava*, Usually synonymous with the three realms of desire, form, and formlessness. Sometimes it means the realm of gods above, humans on the ground, and nāgas below the ground. ## three factors *chos gsum*, Skt. *tridharma*, Object, sense faculty, and consciousness. ## three faculties *dbang po gsum*, Skt. *trīndriya*, They are (1) the faculty of coming to understand what one has not yet understood (anājñātamā­jñāsyāmīndriya, yongs su ma shes pa yongs su shes par bya ba’i dbang po), (2) the faculty of understanding all (ājñendriya, yongs su shes pa’i dbang po), and (3) the faculty of knowing one has fully understood (ājñātāvīndriya, yongs su shes pas rtogs pa’i dbang po). In chapter 2 these three are rendered as the “faculty of coming to fully understand what has not been fully understood,” the “faculty of fully understanding,” and the “faculty of knowing that one has fully understood.” ## three families Three families‍—tathāgata, vajra, and lotus‍—into which esoteric Buddhist deities are classified. ## three faults *tri do Sha*, Skt. *tridoṣa*, The three are ignorance, desire, and hatred. ## three fetters *kun du sbyor ba gsum*, Skt. *trisaṃyojana*, The three fetters, as found in , comprise false views about the perishable composite (i.e., views of the self), doubt, and a sense of moral and ascetic supremacy. ## three flaws *nyes pa gsum*, Skt. *doṣa-traya*, Desire, anger, and delusion. ## three formations *’du byed gsum*, Skt. *trisaṃskāra*, These are the formations of the body, the speech, and the mind. ## three forms of awakening *byang chub gsum*, Skt. *tribodhi*, The three levels of awakening that are respectively achieved by hearers, solitary buddhas, and perfect buddhas. ## three forms of existence The three realms (desire realm, form realm, and formless realm), or the three levels of existence (subterranean [nāgas], surface [humans], and heavenly [gods]). ## three forms of knowing *rig pa gsum*, Skt. *trividyā*, The three kinds of knowledge obtained by the Buddha on the night of his awakening. These comprise the knowledge of the death and rebirth of sentient beings, the knowledge of remembering previous lives, and the knowledge of the cessation of defilements. ## three forms of knowledge *rigs pa gsum*, Skt. *trividyā*, The three knowledges are the superior knowledge that is the realization of the recollection of former states (pūrvanivāsanānusmṛtisākṣātkārābhijñā ), the superior knowledge that is the realization of death and rebirth (cyutyupapādasākṣātkārābhijñā), and the superior knowledge that is the realization of the cessation of outflows (āsravakṣayasākṣātkārābhijñā). See Powers 1995, p. 316, n. 17. ## three fruits *’bras bu gsum*, Skt. *triphalā*, The various configurations of the three fruits are 1) the three myrobalan fruits (Terminalia Chebula, Terminalia Bellerica, and Phyllanthus Emblica); 2) grape, pomegranate, and date; 3) nutmeg, areca-nut, and cloves. ## three gates of liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum*, Skt. *trivimokṣa­mukha*, See “three liberations.” ## three gates to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum po*, Skt. *trivi­mokṣamukha*, Emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness. ## three gateways of liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum*, Skt. *trivimokṣamukha*, Absence of marks, absence of wishes, and emptiness. Also known as the “three liberations.” ## three gateways to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo gsum*, Skt. *vimokṣamukha*, These are (1) emptiness as a gateway to liberation, (2) signlessness as a gateway to liberation, and (3) wishlessness as a gateway to liberation. Among them, emptiness is characterized as the absence of inherent existence, signlessness as the absence of distinguishing marks, and aspirationlessness as the absence of hopes and fears. ## three groups of beings *phung po gsum*, Skt. *triskandha*, A division of all beings into three groups: noble beings, evil beings, and those in between. ## Three Horns *rwa gsum pa*, Skt. *rwa gsum pa*, A mountain in Godānīya. ## three hot spices An ingredient frequently used in tantric rituals; the three hot spices are black pepper, long pepper, and dried ginger. ## three hot substances *tsha ba gsum*, Skt. *trikaṭuka*, Three spicy substances of traditional South Asian medicine: black pepper, long pepper, and dry ginger. ## Three Implements *rgyud chags gsum pa*, Skt. *tridaṇḍaka*, The practice of paying homage to the Three Jewels, reciting a sūtra, and dedicating merit. According to Kalyāṇamitra, the Three Implements (tridaṇḍaka) are referred to as “implements” because reciting the sublime Dharma is as fundamental or essential to Buddhists as the three implements (a ladle and two funnels) used in fire pūjas are to wandering mendicants (Kalyāṇamitra, F.312.a.3–4). ## three impure realms, subject to rebirth *sa gsum*, Skt. *tri­bhava*, That is to say, the animal realm, the realm of anguished spirits and the denizens of the hells. ## three insights *gsum rig*, Skt. *traividya*, Qualities of an arhat who has the three knowledges (rig pa gsum): knowledge of divine sight, knowledge of previous lifetimes, and knowledge of the cessation of outflows. ## Three Jewels *dkon mchog gsum*, Skt. *triratna*, 1. the [Buddha](#buddha), 2. the [Dharma](#dharma), and 3. the [Saṅgha](#saṅgha). ## three junctures *dus gsum*, Skt. *trisandhya*, Dawn, midday, and dusk. ## three junctures of the day *dus gsum*, Skt. *triṣkāla*, Morning, noon, and evening. ## three kinds of awakening *byang chub gsum*, Skt. *tribodhi*, The three levels of awakening that are respectively achieved by hearers, solitary buddhas, and perfect buddhas. ## three kinds of good conduct *legs par spyod pa rnam gsum*, Virtuous actions of body, speech, and mind. ## three kinds of reasoning Reasoning based on direct perception, inference, and authoritative testimony. ## three kinds of sterling equanimity *ma ’dres pa’i dran pa nye bar gzhag pa gsum*, Skt. *trīṇyāvenikāni smṛtyupasthāni*, The Mahā­vyupatti enumerates these as (1) equanimity toward those who listen respectfully (śuśrūṣamāṇeṣu samacittatā, gus par nyan pa rnams la sems snyoms pa); (2) equanimity toward those who do not listen respectfully (aśuśrūṣamāṇeṣu samacittatā, gus par mi nyan pa rnams la sems syoms pa); and (3) equanimity toward both those who listen respectfully and those who do not listen respectfully (śuśrūṣamāṇāśuśrūṣamāṇeṣu samacittatā, gus par nyan pa dang gus par mi nyan pa rnams la sems snyoms pa) (Mahā­vyupatti 16). ## three knowledges *rig pa gsum*, Skt. *trividyā*, These comprise (1) knowledge through recollecting past lives (sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa’i rig pa); (2) knowledge of beings’ death and rebirth (tshe ’pho ba dang skye ba shes pa’i rig pa), in some definitions expressed as knowledge through clairvoyance (lha’i mig gi shes pa); and (3) knowledge of the extinction of contaminants (zag pa zad pa shes pa’i rig pa). See Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā (Toh 3807, Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.39.b.) ## Three kāyas *sku gsum*, Skt. *trikāya*, lit. the Three Bodies: the three aspects of Buddhahood: 1. [dharmakāya](#dharmakāya), 2. [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya), and 3. [nirmāṇakāya](#nirmāṇakāya). ## three liberations *rnam par thar pa gsum*, Skt. *trivimokṣa*, Emptiness, being without attributes, and being without aspiration. Also known as the “three doors of liberation.” ## three lower existences *ngan song gsum*, Skt. *apāyatraya*, The animal, preta, and hell realms. ## three lower realms *ngan song gsum*, Skt. *tryapāya*, A collective name for the three lower realms in which migratory beings can be reborn: the hell, preta, and animal realms. ## Three maṇḍalas *dkyil 'khor gsum*, the [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala)s of 1. body, 2. speech and 3. mind as manifestations of the primordial nature: 1. forms as [deity](#deity), 2. sounds as [mantra](#mantra) and 3. [thought](#thought)s as [wisdom](#wisdom). ## three meditative stabilities *ting nge ’dzin gsum*, Skt. *trayaḥ samādhyaḥ*, These are listed as (1) the meditative stability with an initial mental application and with a sustained mental application, (2) the meditative stability without an initial mental application but with just a sustained mental application, and (3) the meditative stability without an initial mental application and without a sustained mental application. For an explanation according to this text, see –. Note that this term is also used in this text to refer to the usual set of three meditative stabilities: emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness. ## three metals Commonly understood as copper, silver, and gold. ## three miracles *cho ’phrul gsum*, Skt. *tri­prāti­hārya*, The three miracles are enumerated in Kimura VI–VIII: 49 as the miracle of possessing magical abilities (ṛddhi­prāti­hārya, rdzu ’phrul gyi cho ’phrul), the miracle of revelation (ā­deśanā­prāti­hārya, yongs su bstan pa’i cho ’phrul), and the miracle of instruction (anu­śāsana­prāti­hārya, rjes su bstan pa’i cho ’phrul). See also Conze (1975): 476, who interprets revelation as the knowledge of others’ thoughts. Nordrang Orgyan (2008): 231 additionally lists three alternative enumerations. ## three miraculous powers *cho ’phrul rnam pa gsum*, Skt. *triprātihārya*, The three miraculous powers are enumerated in chapter 63 as miraculous magical abilities (ṛddhi­prātihārya, rdzu ’phrul gyi cho ’phrul), miraculous power of knowing the minds of others (ādeśanā­prātihārya, yongs su bstan pa’i cho ’phrul), and miraculous instructing (anuśāsana­prātihārya, rjes su bstan pa’i cho ’phrul). See also Conze (1975): p. 476, who interprets instruction as the knowledge of others’ thoughts. Nordrang Orgyan (2008): p. 231 additionally lists three alternative enumerations. ## three miserable realms *ngan song gsum*, Skt. *tryapāya*, The animal, preta, and hell realms. ## three modes of engagement *sbyor ba rnam gsum*, Skt. *sbyor ba rnam gsum*, Likely refers to the activities of body, speech, and mind. ## three modes of perfect conduct *legs par spyod pa rnam pa gsum*, Skt. *legs par spyod pa rnam pa gsum*, Refers to perfect conduct by way of body, speech, and mind. ## three myrobalan fruits *’bras bu gsum*, Skt. *triphalā*, The combination of Phyllanthus emblica, Terminala chebula, and Terminalia bellerica. ## three myrobalans *’bras bu gsum gyi shing*, Skt. *triphalaka*, The three myrobalan plants: chebulic myrobalan (Skt. harītakī), beleric myrobalan (Skt. vibhītaka), and emblic myrobalan (Skt. āmalakī). ## three natures *rang bzhin gsum*, Skt. *trisvabhāva*, The three natures provide a full description of a phenomenon, namely: the imaginary (Skt. parikalpita, Tib. kun brtags), the dependent or other-powered (Skt. paratantra, Tib. gzhan dbang), and the thoroughly established or final outcome (Skt. pariniṣpanna, Tib. yongs su grub pa); alternatively, they are imaginary, conceptualized (Skt. vikalpita, Tib. rnam par brtags pa), and true dharmic nature (Skt. dharmatā, Tib. chos nyid). This terminology is characteristic of Yogācāra discourse. ## three objects of refuge *skyabs gsum*, Skt. *triśaraṇa*, The Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha. ## three planes of existence *srid pa gsum*, Skt. *tribhava*, The abodes of beings living below, above, and upon the surface of the earth. ## Three poisons *dug gsum*, the three [negative emotions](#negative-emotions) of 1. bewilderment (ignorance), 2. attachment and 3. aversion. See [five poisons](#five-poisons). ## three precious jewels *dkon mchog gsum*, Skt. *tri­ratna*, A collective term for the Buddha, his sacred doctrine (Dharma), and the Saṅgha, which are listed separately in this glossary. ## three principal characteristics of existence *bkar btags gsum*, Skt. *bkar btags gsum*, Impermanence, suffering, and no-self. They are called in Pāli tilakkhaṇa, the “three characteristics,” a term that has no direct equivalent in the Sanskrit or Tibetan literature; in Tibetan, these three factors are usually called the “three seals of the Buddha’s teaching” in parallel to the “four seals of the Buddha’s teaching,” q.v. ## three provisions *tshogs gsum*, Skt. *tri­rāśi*, The three provisions are the provisions that are definitely authentic, provisions that are definitely erroneous, and provisions that are of indefinite provenance. See . ## three rare and precious ones *dkon mchog gsum*, Skt. *triratna*, The three objects of Buddhists’ refuge, also known as the Three Jewels: the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha. ## three realms *khams gsum*, Skt. *tridhātu*, The three realms are the desire realm (kāmadhātu, ’dod khams), form realm (rūpadhātu, gzugs khams) and the formless realm (ārūpyadhātu, gzugs med khams), i.e., the three worlds that make up saṃsāra. The first is composed of the six sorts of beings (gods, asuras, humans, animals, hungry ghosts, and hell beings), whereas the latter two are only realms of gods and are thus higher, more ethereal states of saṃsāra. See also three realms of existence. ## three realms of existence *srid pa gsum*, Skt. *tribhava*, This alternatively refers to the underworlds, earth, and heavens, or can be synonymous with the three realms of desire, form, and formlessness (see three realms). ## three recipients of generosity *sbyin gnas gsum*, Skt. *sbyin gnas gsum*, The awakened ones, one’s parents, and the sick. ## Three Refuges *skyabs gsum*, Skt. *triśaraṇa*, The three refuges of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Saṅgha. ## three robes *chos gos gsum*, Skt. *tricīvara*, the [upper robe](#upper-robe), [under robe](#under-robe), and [mantle](#mantle) of a monk. ## Three Roots *rtsa gsum*, 1. the [lama](#lama), root or source of blessings; 2. the [yidam](#yidam), source of [accomplishment](#accomplishment)s; and 3. the [ḍākinī](#ḍākinī) (or [protectors](#protectors)), source of activities. ## three saline substances Rock salt, viḍlavaṇa (a medicinal salt), and black salt. ## three seats *stan gsum*, Skt. *trīṇy āsanāni*, It is not clear precisely what the three seats are. See . ## Three Sections *phung po gsum*, Skt. *triskandha*, A well-known confessional rite practiced in order to purify transgressions of the precepts by those who have undertaken the bodhisattva’s discipline. ## three sensations *tshor ba gsum*, Skt. *trivedanā*, The three types of sensation are the pleasant, the unpleasant, and neutral. ## three soils *sa gsum*, The exact identity of these three is unclear and may in fact change from one ritual to the next. ## three sorts of miracles *cho ’phrul rnam pa gsum*, Skt. *cho ’phrul rnam pa gsum*, The three sorts of miraculous powers, as found in Bṭ3 : “(1) the miracles of meditative stabilization, (2) wonder-working miracles, and (3) dharma-illuminating miracles. Among them, the miracles of meditative stabilization are twofold based on two meditative stabilizations: the miracles of the meditative stabilization called the samādhirāja meditative stabilization, and the miracles of the meditative stabilization called siṃhavikrīḍita. There are also two wonder-working miracles: wonder-working by magically creating [a great tower out of flowers], and wonder-working by sustaining [it up in the air and so on]. And there are two dharma-illuminating miracles as well: the miracle of teaching in [many] world systems, and the miracle of assembling a retinue.” ## three spheres The triad of a subject, the doer; an object (direct or indirect) to which something is done; and the action of doing it. When a bodhisatva acts, none of these three aspects of the action are to be apprehended or conceptualized. ## three spices *tsha ba gsum*, Skt. *trikaṭuka*, The three spices are traditionally ginger, pepper, and long pepper. ## three stains *dri ma gsum*, Skt. *trimala*, The three root emotional defilements (kleśa): desire, hatred, and delusion. Also known as the three poisons. ## three sufferings *sdug bsngal gsum*, Skt. *triduḥkha*, These are (1) actual suffering, (2) apparently pleasurable states that end up in a suffering state, and (3) in general, states activated and sustained by the force of earlier actions motivated by self-centeredness. ## Three supreme methods *dam pa gsum*. See [preparation, main part and conclusion](#preparation-main-part-and-conclusion). ## Three sweet foods *mngar gsum*, 1. sugar, 2. [molasses](#molasses) and 3. [honey](#honey). ## three sweet substances Honey, molasses, and ghee. ## three sweets *mngar gsum*, Skt. *trimadhura*, The three sweets are sugar, honey, and ghee. ## three syllables *yi ge gsum*, Skt. *tryakṣara*, It is not clear which syllables are meant. ## three time periods *dus gsum*, Skt. *tri­kāla*, The past, present, and future. ## Three times *dus gsum*, Skt. *trikāla*, 1. past, 2. present and 3. future. ## three trainings *bslab pa gsum*, Skt. *triśikṣā, śikṣātraya*, ethics, attention, and [wisdom](#wisdom). ## three types of actions *las rnam gsum*, Actions of body, speech, and mind. ## three types of defilements *dri ma gsum*, Skt. *trimala*, The three root emotional defilements (kleśa): desire, hatred, and delusion. Also known as the three poisons (triviṣa). ## three types of fetters *kun tu sbyor ba gsum*, Skt. *trisaṃyojana*, Three fetters to be abandoned on the path of seeing: the view of the transitory collection, viewing discipline as supreme, and harboring doubt. ## three types of knowledge *rig pa gsum*, Skt. *trividyā*, recollecting past lives, presaging death, and knowing the exhaustion of [defilements](#defilements). ## three types of mental misconduct *yid kyi nyes par spyod pa rnam pa gsum*, Greed, ill will, and wrong view. ## three types of metal *lcags gsum*, Skt. *triloha*, In this context, the three types of metal most likely refer to gold, silver, and copper. ## three types of nonvirtuous physical action *lus kyi las mi dge ba rnam pa gsum*, Killing, stealing, and sexual misconduct. ## three types of omniscience *thams cad mkhyen pa nyid gsum po*, Skt. *trisarvajñatva*, The three types of omniscience, as described in this text, are the all-knowledge of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas; the knowledge of path aspects of bodhisattva great beings; and the knowledge of all aspects which pertain to the tathāgatas. These are explained in detail in . ## three types of poison *dug gsum*, The exact identity of these three is unclear and may in fact change from one ritual to the next. ## three types of sentient beings A division of beings into three according to their potential for receiving the Dharma. These categories are altered by the appearance of a buddha. The three are (1) those whose receptivity is certain (nges pa’i phung po, samyaktva­niyata­rāśi), (2) those whose receptivity is unpredictable (ma nges pa’i phung po, aniyatarāśi), and (3) those whose nonreceptivity is certain (log par nges pa’i phung po, mithyātvaniyata­rāśi). ## three unpleasant rebirths *ngan song gsum*, Skt. *tryapāya*, The animal, preta, and hell realms. ## three unshared applications of mindfulness *ma ’dres pa gsum dang dran pa nye bar gzhag pa*, Skt. *trīṇi āveṇikāni smṛtyupasthānāni*, Mental attitudes peculiar to the Buddha, which are being neither pleased nor displeased whether an audience is responsive, unresponsive, or a mixture of both. ## three unwholesome roots Also known as the three poisons, they are passion (lobha, chags pa), aggression (dveṣa, zhe sdang), and ignorance (moha, gti mug). ## Three vehicles See [external](https://kagyuoffice.org/buddhism/buddhism-in-india/the-three-vehicles-of-the-teachings-of-the-buddha/). ## Three vows *sdom pa gsum*, Skt. *trisaṃvara*, 1. the vows of [Prātimokṣa](#prātimokṣa), 2. the precepts of the [Bodhisattvas](#bodhisattva) and 3. the [samayas](#samaya) of the [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna). ## Three white foods *dkar gsum*, 1. milk, 2. butter and 3. curd, which are traditionally considered as very pure foods. ## three ‘white’ foods *dkar gsum*, Skt. *triśukla*, Punning on the double meaning of śukla as “white” and “pure,” these are three food items considered acceptable for use in preparation for or during ritual practices. The three vary across different sources but tend to include milk, rice, and a milk product such as cream, curds, cheese, or butter. ## three white offerings *dkar gsum*, The three white offerings are traditionally curd, milk, and butter. ## three world spheres *khams gsum*, Skt. *traidhātuka*, The realm of desire, the realm of form, and the formless realm (under which the whole universe is subsumed). ## Three worlds **I.** 1. *khams gsum*, the world of desire, 2. the world of form and 3. the world of formlessness. The first contains the beings of the [hell](#hell), [preta](#preta), animal, human, and [demigod](#demigod) [realm](#realm)s, and some of the god [realm](#realm)s. The second two are god [realm](#realm)s with a rarified experience which is the result of certain types of intense [concentration](#concentration) (see [worldly concentration](#worldly-concentrations)). **II.** Occasionally used to translate *sa gsum*, Skt. *tribhuvana*, lit. the three [levels](#levels): 1. above the earth (*sa bla*), 2. on the earth (*sa steng*), 3. below the earth (*sa 'og*); they are called respectively the [realm](#realm)s of 1. [gods](#gods), of 2. humans, and of 3. [nāgas](#nāga). ## three yānas *theg pa gsum*, Skt. *triyāna*, In the context of the sūtras, the three yānas, or vehicles, are the Śrāvaka, the Pratyekabuddha, and the Bodhisattva yānas. ## threefold awareness *rig pa gsum*, Skt. *trividyā*, Knowledge through divine sight (lha’i mig gi shes pa), knowledge through remembering past lives (sngon gyi gnas rjes su dran pa’i rig pa), and the knowledge that defilements have ceased (zag pa zad pa’i rig pa). ## threefold existence *srid pa gsum*, Skt. *tribhava*, Existence in any of the three realms. ## threefold knowledge The three kinds of knowledge obtained by the Buddha on the night of his enlightenment. These consist of the knowledge of the death and rebirth of sentient beings, the knowledge of past lives, and the knowledge of the cessation of defilements. These are the last three of the ten powers of the tathāgatas. ## threefold liberation *rnam par thar pa gsum*, Skt. *trivimokṣa*, The threefold liberation refers to emptiness (Tib. stong pa nyid), signlessness (Tib. mtshan ma med pa), and wishlessness (Tib. smon pa med pa). Note that 三昧 usually corresponds to the Sanskrit samādhi rather than trivimokṣa. ## threefold restraint *sdom pa gsum*, Skt. *trisaṃvara*, The restraint of the body, speech, and mind. ## Threefold training *bslab pa gsum*, Skt. *triśikṣā*, 1. discipline (*tshul khrims*, *śīla*), 2. [concentration](#concentration) (*ting nges 'dzin*, *citta*) and 3. [wisdom](#wisdom) (*shes rab*, *prajñā*). ## threefold universe *’jig rten gsum*, Skt. *traidhātuka*, The threefold universe is comprised of the realms of desire, form, and formlessness. ## threefold world *’jig rten gsum po*, Skt. *’jig rten gsum po*, The desire, form, and formless realms, which together comprise the cycle of existence. ## three-leaved caper Crateva roxburghii, Crateva nurvala, or Crateva magna. ## three-thousandfold universe The largest universe spoken of in Buddhist cosmology, which consists of one thousand to the power of three, or one billion, smaller world systems. ## threshold beam *dbang po’i sdong po*, Skt. *indrakīla*, The foundation beam or stone of a door or gateway. ## throbbing *sad pa*, Skt. *sphurat (adjective)*, Refers to the throbbing sensation in the vagina before and during orgasm; also to the throbbing of an erect penis. ## throne of Indra *ar mo nig lta bu’i rdo leb*, Skt. *pāṇḍu­kambala­śilātalam*, A huge flat rock, Indra’s throne in the Realm of the Thirty-Three Gods; it is called Pāṇḍukambala, “like a blanket,” because it is made of a pale stone reminiscent of thick wollen cloth. Sakaki 7127 in the Mahāvyutpatti. ## throwing *’phen pa*, Skt. *’phen pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## throwing everywhere *kun tu ’phen pa*, Skt. *kun tu ’phen pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Thunder *brug sgra*, Skt. *brug sgra*, Thunder (the loud sound following lightning), also the name of a bodhisattva. ## thunderbolt *rdo rje*, Skt. *vajra*, The word vajra refers to the “thunderbolt,” the indestructible and irresistible weapon that first appears in Indian literature in the hand of the Vedic deity Indra. The word vajra is also used for “diamond.” ## Thundering Power *’brug sgra mthu rtsal*, Skt. *’brug sgra mthu rtsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mārakṣayaṃkara. ## Thunders throughout Space *nam mkha’ la bsgrags pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ la bsgrags pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## “thus it was said” story A genre of Buddhist literature, included in the list of nine or twelve types. There is a specific text in the Pali canon, the Itivuttaka, that compiles a number of such stories. ## thus-gone *de bzhin gshegs pa*, Skt. *tathāgata*, See “tathāgata.” ## Thus-Gone King, Guru of Immeasurably Many *tshad med pa’i bla ma bde bar gshegs pa rgyal po*, Skt. *tshad med pa’i bla ma bde bar gshegs pa rgyal po*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Endowed with Teachers. ## thus-gone one *de bzhin gshegs pa*, Skt. *tathāgata*, A frequently used synonym for buddha. According to different explanations, it can be read as tathā-gata, literally meaning “one who has thus gone,” or as tathā-āgata, “one who has thus come.” Gata, though literally meaning “gone,” is a past passive participle used to describe a state or condition of existence. Tatha­(tā), often rendered as “suchness” or “thusness,” is the quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Therefore, this epithet is interpreted in different ways, but in general it implies one who has gone in the same way that the buddhas of the past have gone, or one who has manifested the supreme awakening dependent on the reality that does not abide in the two extremes of existence and quiescence. Here also used as a specific epithet of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Thusness *de bzhin nyid*, Skt. *tathatā*, "tha nature of things, [emptiness](#emptiness)." DKR. ## tiered parasol spire *gdugs brtsegs*, Skt. *chattrāvalī*, The tiered parasol, spire, or shaft atop a stūpa. ## Tiers of Liberation *thar pa brtsegs*, Skt. *thar pa brtsegs*, Son of the buddha Meruprabha. ## Tiers of Purification *dag brtsegs pa*, Skt. *dag brtsegs pa*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Thoroughly Illumined Glorious Array of Excellences resides. ## Tiger Ear Star *stag rna’i rgyu skar*, Skt. *stag rna’i rgyu skar*, Unidentified figure connected to a prophetic discourse. ## Tiger Gift *stag sbyin*, Skt. *stag sbyin*, Son of the buddha Bhadrapāla. ## tiger path *stag lam*, Skt. *stag lam*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Tiger-Like Haughtiness *stag ltar dregs pa*, Skt. *stag ltar dregs pa*, A kumbhāṇḍa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## tilak *thig le*, Skt. *tilaka*, A mark between the eyebrows, usually made with vermillion. ## Tilakā *thig le*, Skt. *tilakā*, A particular form of Nairātmyā. ## tilaka *thig le*, Skt. *tilaka*, A mark between the eyebrows, usually made with auspicious substances. ## Tilopa *ti lo pa*, one of the eighty four [mahāsiddhas](#mahāsiddha) of India. Teacher of [Nāropa](#nāropa). ## Tilottamā *thig le mchog*, Skt. *tilottamā*, The name of an apsaras; in the Bhūtaḍāmara maṇḍala she is one of the eight goddesses of offerings. ## Time Knower *dus rig*, Skt. *dus rig*, Son of the buddha Pradyota. ## Time-Given Melody *dus byin dbyang*, Skt. *dus byin dbyang*, Son of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Timely Flow *dus su ’bab pa*, Skt. *dus su ’bab pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Timely Moving Lotuses *pad ma dus su rgyu ba*, Skt. *pad ma dus su rgyu ba*, A lotus pond on the fifth minor mountain on Lofty Summit. ## Timely Water *dus kyi chu*, Skt. *dus kyi chu*, A town in Videha. ## timi *nya*, Skt. *timi*, Lit. “fish.” Described as a sea creature measuring 700 yojanas in length in The Hundred Deeds. ## timiṅgila *nya mid*, Skt. *timiṅgila*, Lit. “swallowing fish.” Described as a sea creature measuring 1400 yojanas in length in The Hundred Deeds. ## timiṅgilagila *nya mid mid*, Skt. *timiṅgilagila*, Lit. “swallowing and swallowing fish.” Described as a sea creature measuing 2,100 yojanas in length in The Hundred Deeds. ## timira *rab rib pa*, Skt. *timira*, The timira disease includes a variety of eye disorders including myopia, cataract, etc. In the context of Buddhist texts, this term is used to refer to eye floaters (i.e., spots, specks, or strings appearing in one’s visual field). This eye disorder is called myodesopsia or muscae volitantes (Latin for “flying flies”). ## Timisikā *’gran zla ma*, Skt. *timisikā*, A yakṣiṇī. ## Tingdzin Zangpo (Nyang) *myang ting 'dzin bzang po* (9th century), Tibetan [mahāsiddha](#mahāsiddha), [disciple](#disciple) of [Vimalamitra](#vimalamitra) (from whom he received the entire teachings of the *Heart-essence*) and of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). He is said to have been the first Tibetan to attain the rainbow body of the great [transference](#transference) (*'ja' lus 'pho ba chen po*), the greatest [accomplishment](#accomplishment) of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). ## tiniśa Dalbergia ougeinensis. The Ujjain Desmodium tree. ## Tip of Brilliant, Precious, Pure Fire *dri ma med par ’bar ba rin chen ’od zer snang ba’i tog*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: Vimala­raśmi­ratna­ketu; dri ma med pa’i ’od zer rin po che’i tog. Toh 557: Vimala­jvālā­ratna­suvarṇa­raśmi­prabhā­śikhin; dri ma med par ’bar ba rin chen gser gyi ’od zer snang ba’i rtog. Sanskrit ms.: Ratnaśikhin) ## Tiraka *ti ra ka*, Skt. *tiraka*, Name of a yakṣa. ## Tiryaga *thad kar ’gro*, Skt. *tiryaga*, One of the rāśis. ## Tiryak *dud ’gro*, Skt. *tiryak*, One of the rāśis. ## Tittarī *sreg pa ma*, Skt. *tittarī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Tiṣya *skar rgyal*, Skt. *tiṣya*, Lokāyata philosopher from Dakṣiṇa who bested [Māṭhara](#māṭhara) in debate and was offered the hand of [Māṭhara](#māṭhara)’s daughter, [Śārikā](#śārikā). Father of [Upatiṣya](#upatiṣya) (aka [Śāriputra](#śāriputra)). ## Tṛṣṇājaha *sred spong*, Skt. *tṛṣṇājaha*, One of the māras; also one of the five yakṣa generals. ## Tīkṣṇadatta *rnon pos byin*, Skt. *tīkṣṇadatta*, A nāga king. ## Tīkṣṇaka *rnon po*, Skt. *tīkṣṇaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Tīkṣṇa­prati­bhāna *spobs pa rnon po*, Skt. *tīkṣṇa­prati­bhāna*, A great bodhisattva. ## Tāla An asura in the audience of this sūtra, whose name seems to be connected to the Asian palmyra palm tree (tāla) ## Tāladhvaja *ta la’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *tāladhvaja*, A town in South India. ## Tāmalipta *ta ma li ba ti*, Skt. *tāmalipta*, The capital of a people called tāmalipta. Tāmalipta, present-day Tamluk, was an ancient Indian port city connected to the Bay of Bengal by the Hugli River. ## Tāmarā Skt. *tāmarā*, A river queen. ## Tāmraparṇī *zangs kyi ’dab ma can*, Skt. *tāmraparṇī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Tönmi Sambhoṭa *thon mi sam+b+ho Ta*, Skt. *thon mi sam+b+ho Ta*, The seventh century scholar and minister credited with developing the Tibetan alphabet. ## Tönpa (Geshe) (1005 - 1064), another name of [Drom Tönpa](#drom-tönpa). ## To Be Seen *lta bar bya*, Skt. *lta bar bya*, Birthplace of the buddha Amitatejas. ## to ford the floodwaters *chu bo rnams las brgal bar bya ba*, Skt. *chu bo rnams las brgal bar bya ba*, A Buddhist idiom meaning “to overcome the afflictive emotions.” ## Toṣaṇa *dga’ mdzad*, Skt. *toṣaṇa*, The 459th buddha in the first list, 458th in the second list, and 452nd in the third list. ## Toad *sbal pa*, Skt. *sbal pa*, Toad (a tailless amphibian similar to a frog), also the name of a nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śītodaka *chu grang ba*, Skt. *śītodaka*, This name for a hell, “cold water,” only appears in the Kāraṇḍavyūha. ## toddy palm *ta la*, Skt. *tāla*, Borassus flabelifer. ## Toṣitatejas *gzi brjid tshim mdzad*, Skt. *toṣitatejas*, The 580th buddha in the first list, 580th in the second list, and 573rd in the third list. ## token *rtags*, Skt. *liṅga*, See . ## tolaka *srang*, Skt. *tolaka*, A unit of weight equal to 12 māṣas. ## tolerance *bzod pa*, Skt. *kṣānti*, The capacity to accept or tolerate experiences that ordinary beings cannot tolerate. This is the preparatory step to profound insight into reality. It also refers to the third stage of the path of joining (sbyor lam; prayogamārga). Also rendered here as “acceptance.” ## tolerance of suffering *dang du len pa’i bzod pa*, Skt. *adhi­vāsana­kṣānti*, Literally, “tolerance of remaining infused [by suffering].” ## tolerance of the birthlessness of things *mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti*, Here we are concerned with the “intuitive tolerance of the birthlessness (or incomprehensibility) of all things” (anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti or anupalabdhi­dharma­kṣānti). To translate kṣānti as “knowledge” or “conviction” defeats entirely the Skt. usage and its intended sense: In the face of birthlessness or incomprehensibility (i.e., the ultimate reality), ordinary knowledge and especially convictions are utterly lost; this is because the mind loses objectifiability of anything and has nothing to grasp, and its process of coming to terms may be described only as a conscious cancellation through absolute negations of any false sense of certainty about anything. Through this tolerance, the mind reaches a stage where it can bear its lack of bearings, as it were, can endure this kind of extreme openness, this lack of any conviction, etc. There are three degrees of this tolerance—verbal (ghoṣānugā), conforming (anulomikī), and complete. See Introduction, , and Lamotte, Appendice, Note III. ## tolerance of ultimate birthlessness *mi skye ba’i chos la bzod pa*, Skt. *anutpattika­dharma­kṣānti*, See “tolerance of the birthlessness of things.” ## tolerance that understands the profound nature of phenomena *chos rtogs pa’i bzod pa*, Skt. *dharma­jñāna­kṣānti*, Literally, “tolerance that understands phenomena.” This denotes receptivity to the non-arising nature of all things, identified with emptiness. ## Tomara *mda’ bo che*, Skt. *tomara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## tongpön Lit. “ruler of one thousand,” a Tibetan administrative rank dating back to Tibetan imperial times, also used during the Mongol Yuan period. ## Tongpön Dawa Sangpo The son of Ngu Guru and father of Ngu Gyalwa Sangpo. ## Tongthang Denkar A palace located in Lhoka, southern Tibet. ## tongue consciousness constituent *lce’i rnam par shes pa’i khams*, Skt. *jihvāvijñānadhātu*, One of the eighteen constituents. ## tongue is red *ljags dmar ba*, Skt. *rakta­jihva­tā*, Forty-ninth of the eighty minor marks. ## Tongue of Fire *me lce*, Skt. *me lce*, Son of Agnidatta (of Vārāṇasī), the magistrate of King Brahmadatta (past). He and his brother Son of Fire went forth and became sages, attaining the four meditations and the five superknowledges. ## tongue that covers the entire circle of his face *lces gdong gi dkyil ’khor thams cad khebs*, Skt. *jihvayā sarva­mukha­maṇḍalam ācchādyati*, This description is in reference to one of the thirty-two signs of a great being. In some lists of the signs, this one is simply described as having a long and slender tongue, but in others it is explained that the tongue is capable of reaching anywhere on the face up to the hairline. ## tongue that is extremely red *ljags shin du dmar ba*, Skt. *raktajihva*, Fiftieth of the eighty minor signs. ## tongue that is extremely slender *ljags shin du srab pa*, Skt. *tanujihva*, Forty-ninth of the eighty minor signs. ## tongue that is extremely soft *ljags shin du ’jam pa*, Skt. *mṛdujihva*, Forty-eighth of the eighty minor signs. ## tongue that is slender and large *ljags srab cing che ba*, Skt. *tanu­jihva­tā*, Fiftieth of the eighty minor marks. ## Tongue Wide as the Leaves of Palm and Plantain Trees and Resembling a Copper Plate *lce chu shing gi lo ma dang ta la’i ’dab ma ltar yangs shing zangs kyi glegs ma lta bu*, Skt. *lce chu shing gi lo ma dang ta la’i ’dab ma ltar yangs shing zangs kyi glegs ma lta bu*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## Tongues of Fire Clouds *me rtse sprin*, Skt. *me rtse sprin*, A buddha. ## tonics kept for seven days *zhag bdun par bcang ba*, Skt. *sāptāhika*, these medicinal tonics were called “seven-day tonics” because monks were only permitted to keep them for seven days after receiving them. They were primarily used to treat imbalances of prāṇa and include butter, [ghee](#ghee), oil, [molasses](#molasses), lotus root and the oil gained from melting the fat of fish, crocodile, rabbit, bear and pig. ## toothbrush tree *sha kho Ta*, Skt. *śākhoṭaka*, Streblus asper. ## Top Banner *tog gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *tog gyi rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Top Ornament of Precious Qualities with Magnificent Sapphire-Like Eyes *rin po che mthon ka ltar mig shin tu mdzes pa yon tan rin po che’i tog*, Skt. *rin po che mthon ka ltar mig shin tu mdzes pa yon tan rin po che’i tog*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## topknot *thor tshugs*, Skt. *thor tshugs*, A tuft or protuberance on the head. It may refer to the uṣṇīṣa, a coif of flesh or hair atop a buddha’s head. This Tibetan expression can also translate śikhābandha, a topknot of hair. ## Topknot-Bearing Brahmā *tshangs pa thor tshugs ’chang*, Skt. *tshangs pa thor tshugs ’chang*, A Brahmā youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Top-Knotted Brahmā *tshangs pa gtsug phud can*, Skt. *śikhī brahmā*, The god of the Brahmā realm, also called Brahmā Sahāṃpati, who encouraged the Buddha Śākyamuni to turn the wheel of Dharma for the first time after his awakening. ## Topmost Intelligence *tog gi blo gros*, Skt. *tog gi blo gros*, A king. ## toraṇa *rta babs*, Skt. *toraṇa*, A distinctive feature of ancient stūpa architecture, a famous example being those of the Sanchi Stūpa, it is a stone gateway in the surrounding railing or vedika, and usually positioned in the four directions. They evolved into the well-known freestanding torii of Japanese religious architecture. ## Torch *sgron ma*, Skt. *sgron ma*, Torch (a portable light or flame), also the name of a distant world. ## Torchlight of Dharma *chos kyi sgron ma’i mar me*, Skt. *chos kyi sgron ma’i mar me*, A bodhisattva. ## Torma *gtor ma*, a ritual object, often modeled from flour and butter, which can be the symbol of a [deity](#deity), a [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala), an offering, or occasionally a weapon to fight negative forces. ## Tormented by All Suffering *sdug bsngal kun gyis nyen*, Skt. *sarva­duḥkhāvarta*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. This hell is the same as Wrapped in Every Possible Pain. ## Tormenting Armor of Vajra-Like Flies *bung ba rdo rje lta bus gnod pa’i go cha*, Skt. *vajra­bhramara­pīḍā­saṃnāha*, One of the sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Heat. ## torso resembles that of a lion *seng ge’i ro stod lta bu*, Skt. *siṃha­pūrvārdha­kāyatā*, Eighteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## Tosala *dga’ ba ’dzin pa*, Skt. *tosala*, A town in South India. ## Tossed Flowers *me tog rab gtor*, Skt. *me tog rab gtor*, A buddha realm. ## Total Darkness *thams cad mun pa*, Skt. *sarvāndhakāra*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Great Howling Hell. ## Total enlightenment *rdzogs pa'i byang chub*, Skt. *saṃbodhi*, complete Buddhahood. ## total illumination *kun tu snang ba*, Skt. *samantāvabhāsa*, The 38th meditative stability in chapters 6, and 8. ## Total Isolation *rab tu dben pa*, Skt. *rab tu dben pa*, Name of a great city in the world, countless eons ago. ## Total Pleasure *gcig tu dga’ ba*, Skt. *gcig tu dga’ ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Total Protection *kun nas bsrungs pa*, Skt. *kun nas bsrungs pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Total Relinquishment *yul med spong ba*, Skt. *yul med spong ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sūryapriya (902 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Totality of Activities *spyod pa thams cad ’gyur ba*, Skt. *spyod pa thams cad ’gyur ba*, A great bodhisattva. ## Totality of Infinite Qualities *yon tan mtha’ yas yongs rdzogs*, Skt. *yon tan mtha’ yas yongs rdzogs*, A buddha realm. ## totally and completely awakened buddha *yang dag par rdzogs pa’i sangs rgyas*, Skt. *saṃyaksaṃbuddha*, An epithet of the buddhas, used both as an honorific and to distinguish them from beings of lesser realization such as arhats, solitary buddhas, and the like. ## Totally Fragrant *kun nas spos*, Skt. *kun nas spos*, The bodhisattva Supreme Scent-Perfused Preacher when he becomes a buddha. ## Totally Haughty *thams cad rgyags pa*, Skt. *thams cad rgyags pa*, Name of a nāga king. ## Totally Illuminated *rab tu snang ba*, Skt. *rab tu snang ba*, The buddha field of the Buddha Light of Sandalwood Incense. ## Totally Pure and Stable *yongs su dag cing brten pa*, Skt. *yongs su dag cing brten pa*, The realm of the Buddha Amoghadarśin. ## touch *reg pa*, Skt. *sparśa*, The contact of the sense organs with the sense objects. Also translated here as “sensory contact.” ## touch-me-not Mimosa pudica. ## Tough Man *rtsub po*, Skt. *rtsub po*, A king of the Trigarta Jālandhara region. ## Towering Mountain *ri bo brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ri bo brtsegs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vidyuddatta (482 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Towering Sight *mthong ba brtsegs*, Skt. *mthong ba brtsegs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## Toya The name of a deity. ## Toyikā *chu mangs*, Skt. *toyikā*, The place where the Buddha showed the skeleton of the Buddha Kāśyapa to monks. ## Tāpana *gdung ba*, Skt. *tāpana*, The sixth of the hot hells. In later Tibetan translations it is “hot” (tsha ba). ## Tārā *sgrol ma*, female [Bodhisattva](#bodhisattva) born from a tear of [Avalokiteśvara](#avalokiteśvara); female manifestation of great compassion. ## Tāra *skar ma*, Skt. *tāra*, One of the grahas. ## Tīrabhukti *ngogs la spyod*, Skt. *tīrabhukti*, A country in India corresponding to modern Tirhut. ## tradition of the noble ones *’phags pa’i rigs*, Skt. *āryavaṃśa*, This refers to four rigors that typify noble ones: contentment with the robes, food, and bed that one receives, and devotion to the path of liberation. ## Trailokya *’jig rten gsum*, Skt. *trailokya*, One of the emanations of Amoghapāśa. ## Trailokyapūjya *khams gsum dag gi mchod gnas*, Skt. *trailokyapūjya*, The 800th buddha in the first list, 799th in the second list, and 789th in the third list. ## Trailokya­vaśaṅkarī *srid gsum dbang byed ma*, Skt. *trailokya­vaśaṅkarī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Trailokya­vikrāmiṇ *’jig rten gsum gnon*, Skt. *trailokya­vikrāmiṇ*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching. ## Trailokyavikrāmin A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name seems to be attested in a couple of sources, including Upholding the Roots of Virtue (Toh 101). ## Trailo­kyavi­krāmin *’jig rten gsum rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *trailo­kyavi­krāmin*, A great bodhisattva. ## trailokyānabhiviniṣṭa *’jig rten gsum la mngon par ma zhen pa*, Skt. *trailokyānabhiviniṣṭa*, Lit. “that does not settle down on the three worlds.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## train in the doctrine *chos ’dul ba*, Skt. *dharmavinaya*, — ## Trainable by Me *ngas gdul bar bya*, Skt. *ngas gdul bar bya*, A god from the Sphere of neither Perception nor Nonperception who later becomes the Buddha Supreme Precious One. ## Trained *dul ba*, Skt. *dul ba*, Trained (taught a skill or discipline), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Sthāmaprāpta. ## Trained Being *bdag nyid thul*, Skt. *bdag nyid thul*, Father of the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa. ## Trained Mind *blo sbyong ba*, Skt. *blo sbyong ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## Training *dul ba*, Skt. *dul ba*, Training (instruction and practice to develop a skill), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## training of superior attention *lhag pa’i sems kyi bslab pa*, Skt. *adhicittaśikṣā*, One of the three trainings. ## training of superior discipline *lhag pa’i tshul khrims kyi bslab pa*, Skt. *adhiśīlaśikṣā*, One of the three trainings. ## training of superior insight *lhag pa’i shes rab kyi bslab pa*, Skt. *adhi­prajñāśikṣā*, One of the three trainings. ## Tāraka *skar ma*, Skt. *tāraka*, The name of various mythical beings. ## Tārakopama *dpe skar ma lta bu*, Skt. *tārakopama*, A future eon (the name means “Starlike”) in which Gaṅgadevī will become the Buddha Suvarṇapuṣpa. ## Trakpa Gyaltsen *grags pa rgyal mtshan* (1147 - 1216), one of the five great scholars of the [Śākya](#sakyapa) school, who are known as the Śākya Gongma. ## Trampling with Unmoving Feet *mi g.yo rkang pas rnam par gnon*, Skt. *mi g.yo rkang pas rnam par gnon*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Trampling with Vajra Feet *rdo rje’i rkang pas rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rdo rje’i rkang pas rnam par gnon*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Trāṇamukta *skyabs grol*, Skt. *trāṇamukta*, A bodhisattva. ## tranquility *zhi gnas*, Skt. *śamatha*, One of the basic forms of Buddhist meditation, which focuses on calming the mind. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other technique being “special insight.” (Note that the term “tranquility” has also been used in this translation to render other terms related to zhi ba.) ## transcended the five rebirths *'gro ba lnga las yang dag par 'das pa*, Skt. *pañcagatisamatikrānta*, [Buddha](#buddha)s have transcended rebirth as a god, human, [hell](#hell) being, animal, and spirit. ## Transcendence Attained *pha rol phyin thob*, Skt. *pha rol phyin thob*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vimalaprabha. ## transcendence of suffering *mya ngan las ’das pa*, Skt. *nirvāṇa*, The ultimate cessation of suffering. Also rendered here as “nirvāṇa.” ## transcendence of the range *yul las rgal ba*, Skt. *viṣamaśānti*, The 77th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## transcendent Literally “above the world,” and mainly refers to nirvāṇa and awakening, the path and practices that lead to them, and the factors that constitute those states. ## transcendent insight *shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *prajñāpāramitā*, The sixth of the six perfections, it refers to the profound understanding of the emptiness of all phenomena, the realization of ultimate reality. ## Transcendent Over All Misery *mya ngan thams cad las yang dag par ’das pa*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Transcendent perfection *pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *pāramitā*. The six methods of training in the bodhicitta of application. They are transcendent because they are accompanied by the [wisdom](#wisdom) of [emptiness](#emptiness). See also [six transcendent perfections](#six-transcendent-perfections). ## transcendent perfection of ethical discipline *tshul khrims kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *śīla­pāramitā*, Second of the six transcendent perfections. ## transcendent perfection of generosity *sbyin pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dāna­pāramitā*, First of the six transcendent perfections. ## transcendent perfection of meditative concentration *bsam gtan gyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *dhyāna­pāramitā*, Fifth of the six transcendent perfections. ## transcendent perfection of perseverance *brtson ’grus kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *vīrya­pāramitā*, Fourth of the six transcendent perfections. ## transcendent perfection of tolerance *bzod pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *kṣānti­pāramitā*, Third of the six transcendent perfections. ## transcendent perfection of wisdom *shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *prajñā­pāramitā*, Sixth of the six transcendent perfections. ## transcendental analysis *lhag mthong*, Skt. *vipaśyana*, This is paired with “mental quiescence” (see entry). In general “meditation” is too often understood as only the types of practices categorized as “quietistic”—which eschew objects, learning, analysis, discrimination, etc., and lead only to the attainment of temporary peace and one-pointedness. However, in order to reach any high realization, such as the absence of a personal self, the absence of a self in phenomena, or voidness, “transcendental analysis,” with its analytical penetration to the nature of ultimate reality, is indispensable. The analysis is called “transcendental” because it does not accept anything it sees as it appears. Instead, through analytic examination, it penetrates to its deeper reality, going ever deeper in infinite penetration until tolerance is reached. All apparently self-sufficient objects are seen through and their truth-status is rejected—first conceptually and finally perceptually, at buddhahood. Thus “meditation,” to be efficacious, must include both mental quiescence (śamatha), and transcendental analysis (vipaśyana) in integrated combination. ## Transcendental knowledge *ye shes*, Skt. *jñāna*, Although the Sanskrit term jñāna can refer to knowledge in a general sense, it is often used in Buddhist texts to refer to the mode of awareness of a realized being. In contrast to ordinary knowledge, which mistakenly perceives phenomena as real entities having real properties, transcendental knowledge perceives the emptiness of phenomena, their lack of intrinsic essence. It is often translated as “pristine awareness,” “primordial wisdom,” “primordial awareness,” “gnosis,” or the like. Also rendered here simply as “knowledge.” ## transcendental practice *ye shes sgrub pa*, Skt. *jñāna­pratipatti*, Transcendental practice, as opposed to practice at an earlier stage. ## transcending all phenomena *chos thams cad las ’da’ ba*, Skt. *praticcheda­kara*, The 84th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Transcending All Things *thams cad las ’da’ ba*, Skt. *praticcheda­kara*, Name of the seventy-eighth meditative stability. ## Transcending Virtue *dge ba’i pha rol ’gro*, Skt. *śubhapāraṃgama*, The city where the temple mentioned in this text is being built. Possibly to be identified with the southern city Śubhapāraṃgama in the Gaṇḍavyūha (see note ). ## Transference *'pho ba*, 1. passing from one place to another, transmigrating (after death). 2. practice for directing the transference of consciousness at the time of death. ## transformative power *byin gyis brlabs*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhāna*, The term is also translated as “blessing.” It literally denotes the circumstance of something being affected (brlabs) by a force that has the capacity to change the way of thinking or the appearance of others (byin). ## Transformer of All Essences *snying po thams cad ’gyur mdzad*, Skt. *snying po thams cad ’gyur mdzad*, A buddha. ## Transformer of Everything Inopportune *mi khom thams cad ’gyur byed*, Skt. *mi khom thams cad ’gyur byed*, A great bodhisattva. ## transgression *ltung byed*, Skt. *pāyantika*, the third most severe of the [five types of offenses](#five-types-of-offenses) a monk can incur. There are 120 different types of transgression, thirty requiring forfeiture and ninety [simple transgression](#simple-transgression)s. ## transgression requiring forfeiture *spang ba'i ltung byed*, Skt. *naiḥsargikāpatti*, a sub-type of offense of which there are thirty varieties. These are expunged through communal confession and the forfeiting of the object that caused the [transgression](#transgression). ## transient collection *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, The transitory collection of the five aggregates, the basis for the view of a self or that which belongs to a self. ## transitory assemblage *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, The transitory collection of the five aggregates, the basis for the view of a self or that which belongs to a self. ## transitory collection *’jig tshogs*, Skt. *satkāya*, The transitory collection of the five aggregates, the basis for the view of a self or that which belongs to a self. ## transmigration *’pho ba*, Skt. *saṅkrānti*, The causal process of the transference of a mindstream from one life to the next. The Bhava­saṅkrānti­sūtra asserts that there is no phenomenon that actually transmigrates from one life to the next, but rebirth occurs through the causal power of actions (karma). See introduction at . The term may also refer to the yogic or tantric practice of deliberately ejecting consciousness from the body, but this practice is not related to the context of this sūtra. ## Tāranātha *tA ra nA tha*, Skt. *tāranātha*, The great Jonang master, 26th throneholder of the tradition (1575–1634). ## Trapuṣa *pag gon*, Skt. *trapuṣa*, One of the two brother merchants, the other being Bhallika, who met and made offerings to the Buddha near the Bodhi tree, seven weeks after his awakening. ## Trapukarṇin *zha nye’i rna rgyan can*, Skt. *trapukarṇin*, Another name of Bhavanandin, a half brother of Pūrṇa from Sūrpāraka. ## Tārarāja *rgyu skar gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *tārarāja*, A great bodhisattva. ## travel the countryside *ljongs rgyur ’dong ba*, Skt. *janapadacāra*, The “countryside” refers to the hamlets and villages where the nonurban populace lived. This phrase reflects the saṅgha’s original practice of wandering the countryside for most of the year before settling in parks for duration of the monsoon. ## Traveler on the Path of Goodness *lam dkar po la gnas pa*, Skt. *lam dkar po la gnas pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Traveler’s Pond *’gro ba po’i rdzing bu*, The setting in Campā mentioned in this sūtra, which might refer to Gargā Pond, also known from many Pali suttas as Gaggarā (“Gurgling”) Pond. ## Traveling Fragrance *dri rgyu ba*, Skt. *dri rgyu ba*, A forest on the lower level of Living on the Peak. ## Traveling on Great Mounts *bzhon pa rgya che ba la rnam par rgyu ba*, Skt. *bzhon pa rgya che ba la rnam par rgyu ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms of the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Traversal *mngon par bgrod pa*, Skt. *mngon par bgrod pa*, Traversal (the act of traveling across or through), also the name of a buddha realm. ## traversed hex *sgom nyes*, Skt. *durlaṅghita*, In Dhāraṇī literature, the term is frequently used to denote a type of hostile magic. Given the use of verb for “stepping over” or “passing over” (Skt. √laṅgh; Tib. sgom), it would appear that the negative effect is triggered when the object in question is traversed in some way. ## Traverser *rgal gyur*, Skt. *rgal gyur*, Attendant of the buddha Ratna­svara­ghoṣa. ## Traverser of the Swamp *’dam las rgal ba*, Skt. *’dam las rgal ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Devasūrya (649 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Trayastriṃśa *sum cu rtsa gsum*, Skt. *trayastriṃśa*, Second god realm of desire, abode of the thirty-three gods. ## Trayas­triṃśa *sum cu rtsa gsum pa*, Skt. *trayas­triṃśa*, Second god realm of desire, abode of the thirty-three gods. ## Treading with Tremendous Power *shin tu rtsal kyis rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *shin tu rtsal kyis rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Treasure see [spiritual treasure](#spiritual-treasure). ## Treasure discoverer *gter ston*, see [spiritual treasure](#spiritual-treasure). ## treasure for those with a deluded temperament *gti mug spyod pa’i gter*, One of the five treasures that enable a bodhisattva to teach the Dharma without being attached to the world. ## treasure for those with a lustful temperament *’dod chags spyod pa’i gter*, One of the five treasures that enable a bodhisattva to teach the Dharma without being attached to the world. ## treasure for those with an angry temperament *zhe sdang spyod pa’i gter*, One of the five treasures that enable a bodhisattva to teach the Dharma without being attached to the world. ## treasure for those with an equally proportioned temperament *cha mnyam pa spyod pa’i gter*, One of the five treasures that enable a bodhisattva to teach the Dharma without being attached to the world. ## Treasure Guardian Revatī’s brother, according to this text. ## Treasure Melody *mdzod dbyangs*, Skt. *mdzod dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vipulabuddhi. ## Treasure of Qualities *yon tan dbyig*, Skt. *yon tan dbyig*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vikrīḍita (275 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## treasure of the Dharma *chos kyi gter*, One of the five treasures that enable a bodhisattva to teach the Dharma without being attached to the world. ## Treasury Adorned with Jewel Nets *rin po che’i dra bas rnam par brgyan pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *rin po che’i dra bas rnam par brgyan pa’i mdzod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## treasury door *mdzod sgo*, Skt. *mdzod sgo*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Treasury Hair *mdzod spu*, Skt. *mdzod spu*, Son of the buddha Ugrasena. ## Treasury of Certainty *rnam par nges pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *rnam par nges pa’i mdzod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arthabuddhi. ## Treasury of Engagement with the Infinite Jewel Body of Renown *rin po che’i lus mtha’ yas par grags pa spyod pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *rin po che’i lus mtha’ yas par grags pa spyod pa’i mdzod*, A Dharma teacher. ## Treasury of Infinite Light *’od dpag med mdzod*, Skt. *’od dpag med mdzod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arthadarśin (31 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Treasury of Liberation *thar pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *thar pa’i mdzod*, Attendant of the buddha Sukhacittin. ## Treasury of Limitless Jewels *rin chen mtha’ yas mdzod*, Skt. *rin chen mtha’ yas mdzod*, Attendant of the buddha Caraṇaprasanna. ## Treasury of Riches *’byor pa’i mdzod*, Skt. *’byor pa’i mdzod*, Birthplace of the buddha Jagattoṣaṇa. ## Treasury of Space *nam mkha’i mdzod*, Skt. *nam mkha’i mdzod*, A bodhisattva. ## Treasury of Strength *stobs kyi mdzod*, Skt. *stobs kyi mdzod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prahāṇakhila. ## Treasury of the Gathering of Jewels *rin po che’i tshogs kyi mdzod*, Skt. *rin po che’i tshogs kyi mdzod*, Son of the buddha Smṛtiprabha. ## Treasury of the Invincible Gathering *mi thub pa’i tshogs kyi mdzod*, Skt. *mi thub pa’i tshogs kyi mdzod*, Attendant of the buddha Yaśas. ## treasury opening *mdzod kha*, Skt. *mdzod kha*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its third week. ## Treasury-Possessing Kaurava *mdzod ldan sgra mi snyan*, Skt. *mdzod ldan sgra mi snyan*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## treatise May refer to a specific genre or style of scholastic Sanskritic literature, or simply to scholastic literature in general. In Buddhist traditions the term śāstra usually signifies a text that was composed by an ordinary human author, as opposed to a text first spoken, composed, or revealed by an awakened being. While the term is often used in reference to the Buddhist commentarial canon, or the Tengyur, the heretical treatises known by Bhadra in The Prophecy for Bhadra the Illusionist would certainly not be Buddhist ones. ## treatises May refer to a specific genre or style of scholastic literature, or simply to scholastic literature in general. In contrast to scriptural genres like the sūtras, tantras, and so forth, this term is generally applied to works composed by human authors, and can be on either spiritual or secular topics. ## Tree *ljon pa*, Skt. *ljon pa*, Tree (a tall woody perennial plant), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Gaṇimukha. ## Tree at the Seat of Enlightenment *snying po byang chub kyi shing*, Skt. *bodhi­maṇḍa­vṛkṣa*, The tree at Vajrāsana under which all the buddhas attain enlightenment. ## Tree Bark *shing shun can*, Skt. *shing shun can*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## tree cotton *shing bal*, Skt. *tūla*, One of several kinds of cotton, probably from a tree of Gossypium species, among which are the diploid, Asian G. arboreum and G. herbaceum (cf. Monier Williams); Negi’s Tibetan-Sanskrit dictionary also mentions five kinds of tūla, at least some of which are trees. ## tree deity *shing gi lha*, Skt. *vṛkṣadevatā*, A class of spirit being. ## Tree Made of Anthers *ze’u ’bru’i lus kyi shing*, Skt. *ze’u ’bru’i lus kyi shing*, A town in Videha. ## Tree of Enlightenment *byang chub kyi shing*, Skt. *bodhi­vṛkṣa*, Tree of Enlightenment at Vajrāsana. ## tree of liberation *shing sgrol rgyu*, Skt. *tārāyaṇa*, See “Bodhi tree.” ## Tree of Pride *nga rgyal ljon shing ma*, Skt. *nga rgyal ljon shing ma*, Mother of the buddha Puṃgava. ## Tree Trunk *sdong bu*, Skt. *sdong bu*, Father of the buddha Saṃpannakīrti. ## Tree Trunk Gift *sdong bu byin*, Skt. *sdong bu byin*, Mother of the buddha Dṛḍhakrama. ## Tremendous Beauty *shin tu mdzes pa*, Skt. *shin tu mdzes pa*, Attendant of the buddha Suvrata. ## Tremendous Delight *shin tu dgyes*, Skt. *shin tu dgyes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kāñcanaprabha (607 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Tremendous Detail *shin tu rnam par ’byes pa*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par ’byes pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Vibhaktatejas. ## Tremendous Power *shin tu mthu rtsal stobs*, Skt. *shin tu mthu rtsal stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Devaraśmi. ## Tremendous Wealth *shin tu ’byor*, Skt. *shin tu ’byor*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Tāreśvararāja *skar ma’i dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *tāreśvararāja*, A buddha in an eastern realm. ## Ātreya *rgyun shes kyi bu*, Skt. *ātreya*, (1) The physician of King Prasenajit. (2) The name of Prince Kuśa disguised as a physician. ## Tri Desongtsen See “Senalek Jingyön.” ## Tri Detsuk The thirty-seventh king of Tibet, Tri Detsuktsen (khri lde gtsug brtsan, 705–55). ## Tri Detsuk’s Monochrome Imperial Hundred Thousand A manuscript translation of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines created for King Tri Detsuk. ## Tri Songdetsen *khri srong lde’u btsan*, Thirty-eighth emperor of Tibet and second of the three Dharma Kings. Reigned ca. 755–798/804. ## Triśaṅku *phur bu gsum*, Skt. *triśaṅku*, According to Notes on the Meaning, this is another name for Mātaṅgarāja (Tib. gdol pa’i rgyal po), who is often described in Indic literature as a king of a tribe outside the caste system. He also appears in the Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna (Toh 358: stag rna’i rtogs pa brjod pa). ## Triśakuni *tri sha ku ni*, Skt. *triśakuni*, One of the two auxiliary kṣetras. ## triangular-faced people A race of people. ## Triśaraṇātreya *rgyun shes kyi bu skyabs gsum*, Skt. *triśaraṇātreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Triśatikā *sum brgya pa*, Skt. *triśatikā*, This is a name for the Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā, toh 16). ## tribal person *mon pa*, Skt. *kirāta*, The Sanskrit kirāta can refer to a specific tribe, but it can also signify any “tribal” people. ## Tribhava *srid pa gsum*, Skt. *tribhava*, A great bodhisattva. ## Tribhavāntā *srid gsum mthar byed ma*, Skt. *tribhavāntā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## trichiliocosm *stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i rjig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *trisāhasra­mahāsāhasra­lokadhātu*, The Buddhist tradition Please replace with standard def, as in 555.has some different interpretations of what "a world of a great thousand of three thousand" means, but primarily it refers to a universe comprising a thousand groups, each with a thousand groups, each having a thousand worlds, each with its own sun, moon, and Sumeru. In other words, a universe with a billion (a thousand million) such worlds. The paradise of Brahmā is sometimes described as extending over all the thousand worlds in such a universe. ## Tridé Tsuktsen *khri lde gtsug btsan*, Eighth-century Tibetan king, 704–755, the father of Tri Songdetsen. Also known by the moniker Mé Aktsom (mes ag tshoms). ## Tridaśeśvarī *sum cu rtsa gsum dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *tridaśeśvarī*, One of the goddesses invited to partake in the oblation offering. ## Tride Tsuktsen *khri lde gtsug brtsan*, Skt. *khri lde gtsug brtsan*, King of Tibet (704–754 ce). ## trident An implement held by Mahākāla and a number of forms of the goddesses in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Trident Holder *mdung rtse gsum pa ’chang*, Skt. *mdung rtse gsum pa ’chang*, An asura king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## trigalactic megagalactic world system *stong gsum gyi stong chen po’i ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *trisāhasramahāsāhasralokadhātu*, In this translation of the term trisāha­sramahā­sāha­sraloka­dhātu, Paul Harrison (2006, p. 145, n. 45) uses the word “galaxy” to “represent a group of a thousand systems,” and understands a “trigalactic system (trisāhasra)” as a “system which consists not of three galaxies but of a galaxy of galaxies of galaxies of worlds, that is to say, as a galaxy cubed (1,0003 worlds),” which, he says “is also known as a megagalaxy (mahāsāhasra).” ## Trigarta *ngam grog gsum po*, Skt. *trigarta*, The name of a country once located in the Punjab region, frequently mentioned in epic and purāṇic literature. ## Trigupta *gsum sbas*, Skt. *trigupta*, A yakṣa general. ## Triśirṣaka *stong gsum*, Skt. *triśirṣaka*, Name of a nāga king. ## Triśiras *mgo gsum pa*, Skt. *triśiras*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Trikaṇṭhaka *mgul gsum pa*, Skt. *trikaṇṭhaka*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Trikarṇa *rna gsum*, Skt. *trikarṇa*, Name of a yakṣa general. ## Trikāmadevī The name of a city. ## Trikātyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Triśūla *mdung rtse gsum pa*, Skt. *triśūla*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Triśūlapāṇī *lag na rtse gsum ma*, Skt. *triśūlapāṇī*, A rākṣasī. ## Triśūlapāṇi *rtse gsum lag*, Skt. *triśūlapāṇi*, A yakṣa general. ## trillion *bye ba brgya stong*, Skt. *koṭi­śata­sahasra*, Literally “a hundred thousand ten-millions,” which adds up to a million million, which is a trillion. ## tri­maṇḍala­pariśuddha *’khor gsum yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *tri­maṇḍala­pariśuddha*, Lit. “purified of the three spheres.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Trimaṇḍala­viśuddhi *’khor gsum yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *trimaṇḍala­viśuddhi*, A bodhisattva. ## Trimalāntā *dri ma gsum mthar byed ma*, Skt. *trimalāntā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Trinayana *myig gsum pa*, Skt. *trinayana*, A land in the south of India. ## Tripāṭana The name of a temple. ## Triparṇā *’dab gsum ma*, Skt. *triparṇā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Triparivartā *le’u gsum ma*, Skt. *triparivartā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Triphālin *’bras bu gsum pa*, Skt. *triphālin*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Tripiṭaka *sde snod gsum*, The three collections of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s teachings, [Vinaya](#vinaya), [Sūtra](#sūtra), and [Abhidharma](#abhidharma). The [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna) teachings are sometimes considered as a fourth [piṭaka](#piṭaka). Tripiṭaka [means](#means) "the three baskets," so called because the palm-leaf folios on which the scriptures were originally written were collected and stored in baskets. ## Tripiṭaka master *sde snod gsum pa*, Skt. *tripiṭa*, A scholar steeped in study of the Tripiṭaka. ## Triple Beauty *gsum mdzes*, Skt. *gsum mdzes*, A forest in Dwelling in One Direction. ## Triple Circle *thig le gsum pa*, Skt. *thig le gsum pa*, A forest on Upward Ocean. ## triple city An aspect of Śaiva mythology that was assimilated into the Buddhist tradition, the “triple city” was a city of asuras built by the asura architect Maya. It consisted of three levels that extended from the underworld, through the earth, and up to the heavens. Brahmā blessed Tripura so that it could only be destroyed by a single arrow, making it essentially indestructible. However, when the asuras displeased Śiva by resuming their war with the devas, he fired a divine arrow that pierced all three levels of the city, reducing them to ash. ## Triple Horns *rwa gsum pa*, Skt. *rwa gsum pa*, (1) A mountain in the sea south of Jambudvīpa. (2) A river on Upward Ocean. ## Triple Knowledge *gsum rig*, Skt. *gsum rig*, Father of the buddha Vimalakīrti. ## triple refuge *skyabs su ’gro ba gsum*, Skt. *triśaraṇa*, Refuge taken in the Buddha, his teaching, and the assembly of followers. ## triple sphere *’khor gsum*, Skt. *trimaṇḍala*, A shorthand term for the triad of act, object, and agent that characterizes dualistic mind. ## Triple Summits *rwa gsum pa*, Skt. *rwa gsum pa*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## triple universe *khams gsum*, Skt. *tribhuvana*, The desire, form, and formless realms, which together comprise the cycle of existence. ## triple world *’jig rten gsum*, Skt. *trailokya*, The three levels of existence: subterranean (nāgas), surface (humans), and heavenly (gods). Also used synonymously with “three worlds” (tribhava; srid gsum). ## triple-lute-bearer gods *pi bang can gsum pa lha*, Skt. *vīṇātṛtīyaka*, A class of gods associated with the Four Great Kings. ## Tripurī Skt. *tripurī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Tripura *grong khyer sum brtsegs*, Skt. *tripura*, “Triple City” was a city of asuras built by the asura architect Maya. It consisted of three levels that extended from the underworld, through the earth, and up to the heavens. Brahmā blessed Tripura so that it could only be destroyed by a single arrow, making it essentially indestructible. However, when the asuras displeased Śiva by resuming their war with the devas, he fired a divine arrow that pierced all three levels of the city, reducing them to ash. ## Triśīrṣa *mgo gsum*, Skt. *triśīrṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Triratnātreya *rgyun shes kyi bu dkon mchog gsum*, Skt. *triratnātreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Trisher Sangshi Tibetan minister in the eighth century from the Ba clan. ## Trisong Detsen *khri srong sde'u btsan (790 - 844), 38th king of Tibet, second of the three great religious kings. It was due to his efforts that the great masters came from India and established Buddhism firmly in Tibet. ## Trita *khron pa*, Skt. *trita*, A river. ## Triumphant *rnam par rgyal ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *rnam par rgyal ba dang ldan pa*, Triumphant (victorious; celebrating a victory), also the name of the world system of the thus-gone one He Who Acts as Supreme. ## Triumphant on the Seat of Awakening with His Brilliance *snying po zil gyis gnon pa*, Skt. *snying po zil gyis gnon pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Well-Settled Ocean. ## Trivarṇā *kha dog gsum ma*, Skt. *trivarṇā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## trivial talk *kha khyal pa*, Skt. *saṃbhinna­pralāpa*, The seventh of the ten nonvirtuous actions. ## Trivṛttā *sum skor ma*, Skt. *trivṛttā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Triyāṇātreya *rgyun shes kyi bu theg pa gsum*, Skt. *triyāṇātreya*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## tīrtha *mu stegs*, Skt. *tīrtha*, Literally meaning a “ford,” “crossing place,” or “confluence,” the term is used to refer to the geographical holy places and pilgrimage sites (whether associated with rivers or not) of both Hinduism and Jainism, and by extension to the spiritual practices of pilgrimage in general. ## Tīrthaka *mu stegs can*, Skt. *tīrthaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Tīrthakara *stegs mdzad*, Skt. *tīrthakara*, The 318th buddha in the first list, 317th in the second list, and 312th in the third list. ## Tīrthika *mu stegs pa*, a proponent of extreme philosophical [view](#view)s such as [nihilism](#nihilism) and [eternalism](#eternalism). Often used for the schools of philosophical and religious [thought](#thought) in India that were opposed to Buddhism. ## Tīrthikas *mu stegs can* - term used in Buddhist literature to describe adherents of non-Buddhist philosophical or religious traditions. Literally translating to "forder" or "one who makes a ford," it refers to those attempting to cross the river of [saṃsāra](#saṃsāra) (the cycle of rebirth) but utilizing [path](#path)s other than the [Buddha](#buddha)'s teachings. ## Tīrthya See [Tīrthikas](#tīrthika). ## True Abiding *yang dag gnas*, Skt. *yang dag gnas*, Son of the buddha Sthāmaśrī. ## True Awakening *byang chub dam pa*, Skt. *byang chub dam pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇatejas (710 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## True Dharma *dam chos*, Skt. *saddharma*, The buddhadharma, or the Buddha’s teachings. ## true dharmic nature *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, See “true nature of dharmas.” ## True Eminence *mchog dam pa*, Skt. *mchog dam pa*, The realm of the Buddha Immaculate Hand. ## true exertions *yang dag par spong ba*, Skt. *samyakprahāṇa*, Relinquishing negative acts in the present and future and enhancing positive acts in the present and future. These are among the thirty-seven factors of awakening. The term is often translated “true relinquishments,” which is the literal meaning of both the Sanskrit and Tibetan, but does not fit the third and fourth; Dayal, p. 102 ff. suggests the use of “effort” (samyak­pradhāna) instead of lit. “abandonment” (samyak­prahāna). ## true expanse Things as they truly are, with nothing imputed upon them through dualistic thinking. ## True Fragrance of Mucilinda *btang bzung bden pa’i dri*, Skt. *btang bzung bden pa’i dri*, A holy site blessed by the presence of sages. ## True Friend *bshes gnyen bden*, Skt. *bshes gnyen bden*, Son of the buddha Nala. ## True Intellect *don gyi blo gros*, Skt. *don gyi blo gros*, A bodhisattva disciple of the Buddha. ## True Intelligence *blo gros bden pa*, Skt. *blo gros bden pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Udadhi. ## True Jewel *rin chen dam pa*, Skt. *rin chen dam pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Duṣpradharṣa. ## True Joy *mngon par dga’*, Skt. *mngon par dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇagupta. ## True Mind *don sems*, Skt. *don sems*, Son of the buddha Samṛddha. ## true nature *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. Throughout Buddhist discourse this term is used both in regard to the specialized relative characteristics of phenomena, such as the heat of fire and the moisture of water, and in terms of their common ultimate characteristic, emptiness. ## true nature of dharmas *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, “True nature of dharmas” renders dharmatā (chos nyid). In dharmatā the -tā ending is the English “-ness.” The dharma is an attribute of a dharmin (an “attribute possessor”). The attribute is the ultimate, emptiness. The attribute possessors are all phenomena. So, it means “the true nature [= -ness] of the attribute [emptiness].” The issue is further complicated by the widespread use of the word dharma as phenomenon (as in “all dharmas”) and so on. In such contexts it is not a word for the ultimate attribute, but for any phenomenon. Also rendered here as “true dharmic nature” and simply as dharmatā. ## true nature of things *chos nyid*, Skt. *dharmatā*, Standard. [Copied from glossaries of Toh 152/160:] Lit. the “nature of things” or “things themselves.” The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. ## True Qualities *yon tan bden*, Skt. *yon tan bden*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Yaśomitra. ## true reality *de bzhin nyid*, Skt. *tathatā*, The true state or nature of things. See also . ## True Speech *bden smra*, Skt. *bden smra*, Son of the buddha Siṃhabala. ## True Wisdom *ye shes dam pa*, Skt. *ye shes dam pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānavara. ## True Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs bden*, Skt. *brtul zhugs bden*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jaya. ## Trulnang *ra sa ’phrul snang*, The original name of the temple in Lhasa, first built in the reign of Songtsen Gampo, on the site now known as the Jokhang. ## truly complete buddha A fully awakened and perfect buddha who has reached the ultimate and unlimited liberation to which followers of the Mahāyāna aspire. ## Truly Discerned Concept *rtog pa nges par dpyod pa*, Skt. *rtog pa nges par dpyod pa*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Truly Gone *nges par song ba*, Skt. *nges par song ba*, A world system. ## Truly Noble *yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *yang dag ’phags*, A great bodhisattva. ## Truly Noble Radiance *’od yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *’od yang dag ’phags*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Truly Stable *nges brtan*, Skt. *nges brtan*, Mother of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Truly Superior *yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *yang dag ’phags*, Attendant of the buddha Tacchaya. ## Truly Superior Fame *grags pa mngon ’phags*, Skt. *grags pa mngon ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Lokāntara. ## Truly Superior Glory *mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *mngon par ’phags pa’i dpal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kusuma (10) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Truly Superior Instiller of Faith and Renown among Others *gzhan grags dad byed yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *gzhan grags dad byed yang dag ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pradānakīrti. ## Truly Superior Merit *bsod nams yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *bsod nams yang dag ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Lokottara. ## Truly Superior Qualities *yon tan yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *yon tan yang dag ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Akṣobhya. ## Truly Superior Thought *bsam pa yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *bsam pa yang dag ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Āśādatta. ## Truly Superior Totality of Wisdom *ye shes thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa*, Skt. *ye shes thams cad yang dag par ’phags pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## Truly Superior Wisdom *ye shes yang dag ’phags*, Skt. *ye shes yang dag ’phags*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Laḍitakrama. ## Truly Superior Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs yang dag par ’phags*, Skt. *brtul zhugs yang dag par ’phags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Śrīgupta. ## Truly Supreme *mchog gi dam pa*, Skt. *mchog gi dam pa*, Attendant of the buddha Muni. ## trumpet flower *ug chos*, Skt. *ug chos*, Incarvillea compacta maxim, an herb with pink trumpet-shaped flowers used in Tibetan medicine. ## trumpet flower tree *pa ti li*, Skt. *pāṭala*, Stereospermum colais according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. This appears to be the best option for what the Tibetan reads; however, the readings pa ti li and pa ti’i shing both appear corrupt. ## Truth *bden pa*, Skt. *bden pa*, Truth (conformity with fact or reality), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kuśalapradīpa. ## Truth Appreciator *bden dga’*, Skt. *bden dga’*, Son of the buddha Jaya. ## Truth Crest *bden pa’i tog*, Skt. *bden pa’i tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnacandra (291 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Truth Friend *bden grogs*, Skt. *bden grogs*, Attendant of the buddha Ojobala. ## Truth Gift *bden byin*, Skt. *bden byin*, Son of the buddha Ananta­pratibhāna­ketu. ## Truth Mind *bden pa’i blo*, Skt. *bden pa’i blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Akṣobhyavarṇa (635 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Truth Speaker *bden smra*, Skt. *bden smra*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitabuddhi (91 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Truth Wish *bden pa ’dod*, Skt. *bden pa ’dod*, Birthplace of the buddha Satyacara. ## Truthful *bden pa po*, Skt. *bden pa po*, Truthful (telling or expressing the truth), also the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jīvaka (337 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## truthful resolution Similar in meaning to “words of truth” (bden pa’i tshig, satyavacana); the term refers to a true statement of intention that has wondrous consequences. ## Truthful Speech *bden par gsung ba*, Skt. *bden par gsung ba*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sudarśana (147) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## truths of the noble ones The four truths that the Buddha realized: suffering, origin, cessation, and path. They are named “truths of noble beings” since only “noble beings” with knowledge of reality can understand them. ## truths of the āryas *’phags pa’i bden pa*, Skt. *āryasatya*, The four truths of āryas are the truths of suffering, the origin of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the eightfold path to that cessation. They are called the truths of the āryas, as it is the āryas who have perceived them perfectly and without error. ## Tārāvacara The name of a muhūrta. ## Tārāvatī *phug ron*, Skt. *tārāvatī*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Tryadhva­jñāna­vidyut­pradīpā *dus gsum gyi ye shes kyi glog gi sgron ma*, Skt. *tryadhva­jñāna­vidyut­pradīpā*, “The Lamp of the Lightning of the Wisdom of the Three Times.” The name of a ray of light. ## Tryadhva­lakṣaṇa­pratibhāsa­tejas *dus gsum gyi mtshan rab tu snang ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *tryadhva­lakṣaṇa­pratibhāsa­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Tryadhva­prabha­ghoṣa *dus gsum ’od dbyangs*, Skt. *tryadhva­prabha­ghoṣa*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS: Triyadhva­prabha­ghoṣa. ## Tryadhva­pratibhāsa­maṇi­rāja­saṃbhavā *dus gsum rab tu snang ba’i rin po che’i rgyal po yongs su ’byung ba’i dbyings*, Skt. *tryadhva­pratibhāsa­maṇi­rāja­saṃbhavā*, A group of world realms in the eastern direction. ## Tryadhva­pratibhāsa­prabha *dus gsum snang ba’i ’od*, Skt. *tryadhva­pratibhāsa­prabha*, The eightieth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS: Triyadhva­pratibhāsa­prabha. ## Tryadhvāvabhāsa­buddhi *dus gsum snang ba’i blo*, Skt. *tryadhvāvabhāsa­buddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Trāyastriṃśa *sum cu rtsa gsum*, Skt. *trāyastriṃśa*, Lit. “Thirty-Three.” It is the second of the six heavens in the desire realm; also the name of the gods living there. The paradise of Śatakratu on the summit of Sumeru where there are thirty-three leading deities, hence the name. ## Trāya­striṃśa *sum cu rtsa gsum pa*, Skt. *trāya­striṃśa*, The paradise on the summit of Sumeru. ## Tsal Gungthang A monastery in central Tibet where the Tshalpa Kangyur was created. ## Tsampa *tsam pa*, flour made from roasted barley or other grains. A staple food in Tibet. ## Tsang The western part of central Tibet, with its modern capital at Shigatse. ## Ütsang Central Tibet. ## Tsang Devendrarakṣita *gtsang de wen+d+ra rak+Shita*, Skt. *devendra­rakṣita*, A Tibetan translator active in the early ninth century who translated The Dhāraṇī for Secret Relics. ## Tsangma’s Demarcated Hundred Thousand A manuscript translation of The Perfection of Wisdom in One Hundred Thousand Lines that appears to have been named after Prince Tsangma, the eldest son of King Senalek, who took monastic ordination. The Tibetan bye in this name, tentatively rendered “demarcated,” could also be understood to mean “sand” or “million.” ## Tsari Tsagong One of Tibet’s three famous mountains. Located in present-day Lhokha prefecture. ## Tsarma Temple *gtsug lag khang tshar ma*, Skt. *gtsug lag khang tshar ma*, A temple in Khotan. ## Tsa-tsa *tsa tsa*, a small clay [stūpa](#stūpa), [Buddha](#buddha), or other figure, made with a mold. ## tsen An indigenous Tibetan class of violent primarily mountain-dwelling spirits who can cause diseases when disturbed. ## Tsering Phel A member of King Tenpa Tsering’s court. ## Tshalpa *tshal pa*, One of the two main lineages through which different Kangyurs can be traced, although the Degé Kangyur and those derived from it are based on both. This lineage started with an edited version of the Kangyur produced at the monastery of Tshal Gungthang (tshal gung thang) from 1347–51. ## Tshalpa Kangyur *tshal pa bka’ ’gyur*, The name of one of the main textual lineages of Kangyurs. It comes from an early version of the Kangyur produced at Tshal Gungthang (tshal gung thang) monastery in central Tibet from 1347–51 under the sponsorship of the local ruler, Tshalpa Künga Dorje (tshal pa kun dga’ rdo rje, 1309–64). Later Kangyurs derived wholly, mainly, or to a significant degree from this original Tshalpa Kangyur manuscript are identified as belonging to the Tshalpa lineage of Kangyurs. They are almost all printed Kangyurs. ## Tshalpa Situ Gewé Lodrö Also known as Tshalpa Situ Künga Dorjé (tshal pa si tu kun dga’ rdo rje, 1309–64). ## Tsültrim Gyalwa *tshul khrims rgyal ba*, Lived c. 1011–64. An important early translator and lineage holder of the Tibetan Renaissance (phyi dar). He was one of the monks in the delegation that was sent to Vikramaśīla monastery to invite Atīśa Dīpaṅkaraśrījñāna to Tibet. He is identified as initial translator of The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Tsültrim Yönten The Tibetan translator of The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā and other works. He lived sometime during the late tenth century to the middle of the eleventh century. ## Tsokala *tso ka la*, Skt. *tsokala*, A land in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Tsong Khapa *tsong kha pa*, (1357-1419). One of the greatest of all Tibetan Lamas, his saintliness was evidenced in his altruistic deeds that caused a renaissance in Tibet, his enlightenment in the extraordinary subtlety and profundity of his thought, and his scholarship in the breadth and clarity of his voluminous writings. ## Tsongkhapa *tsong kha pa*, Skt. *tsong kha pa*, Tsongkhapa Losang Drakpa (tsong kha pa blo bzang grags pa, 1357–1419) was an important Buddhist master and the founder of the Geluk (dge lugs) school. ## Tsongkhapa Losang Drakpa *tsong kha pa blo bzang grags pa*, Skt. *tsong kha pa blo bzang grags pa*, The founder of the Gelukpa school of Tibetan Buddhism. ## Tsontva *tson twa*, Skt. *tsontva*, A land in the south of Jambudvīpa. ## Tuṇḍā *tuN+DA*, Skt. *tuṇḍā*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## tubeflower *brah+ma daN+Da*, Skt. *brahmayaṣṭī*, Clerodendrum indicum (Clerodendron siphonanthus). ## tuft of hair One of the thirty-two marks of a great person. It consists of a tuft of hair between the eyebrows. ## Tuṣita *dga’ ldan*, Skt. *tuṣita*, The heaven of “the contented.” This is the fourth heaven in the realm of sense pleasure (kāmadhātu), above the Yāma heaven. While not the highest heaven, it is considered the best heaven to be reborn in, since bodhisattvas reside and teach there before their final birth when they become buddhas. It is presently the abode of the bodhisattva Maitreya, who received the crown for this heaven from the bodhisattva Śvetaketu when the latter decided to take birth in the Śākya family in order to become the Buddha Śākyamuni, as described in The Play in Full (Toh 95). ## Tuṣita heaven *dga' ldan*, (fourth level) [realm](#realm) of the [gods](#gods) of the World of Desire, in which [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) took a final rebirth before appearing in this world. At present [Maitreya](#maitreya), the future [Buddha](#buddha), is in the Tuṣita heaven teaching the [Mahāyāna](#mahāyāna). See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## Tukhāra *tho gar*, Skt. *tukhāra*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## tulā *srang*, Skt. *tulā*, A unit of weight equal to 100 palas. ## Tula *srang*, Skt. *tula*, Libra (zodiac sign and constellation). ## Tulku *sprul sku*, the Tibetan translation of the Skt. [nirmāṇakāya](#nirmāṇakāya), also used as an honorific title and general term for recognized incarnations of [lamas](#lama), who are found, usually in childhood, and brought up to inherit the lineage and often the monastic foundations of their predecessors. ## Tumburu *tam bu ru*, Skt. *tumburu*, The second of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmins. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Kanakamuni, the second buddha in the Bhadraka eon. ## Tumor *myu gu*, Skt. *myu gu*, Tumor (an abnormal growth of tissue), also the name of a bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## tumors *skran*, Skt. *gulma*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. According to Monier-Williams, this is a chronic enlargement of the spleen or any glandular enlargement. ## Tumult *sgra chen*, Skt. *ghoṣā*, Tumult (a loud, confused noise or commotion), also the name of one of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Turaṅgamā *rim gro ma*, Skt. *turaṅgamā*, “Swift-moving,” a yoginī in Paramāśva’s maṇḍala. ## turmeric *yung ba*, Skt. *haridrā*, A plant of the Ginger family. Its rhizomes are used in cooking and for dyeing for its bright orange-yellow color. ## turn over their begging bowl *lhung bzed khas dbub pa*, Skt. *pātranikubjana*, “Turning over the begging bowl” is a formal act of the saṅgha in which the saṅgha agrees to reject the support of a lay vow holder for one of ten reasons, including disparaging a monk, saying unpleasant things about monks, speaking badly about monks, not assisting monks, or opposing their aims, etc. (for these ten, see Preeminent Account of Discipline, Toh 7a, vol. 13, F.45.b). This act may be reversed if relations between the lay vow holder and saṅgha improve. ## turn the doctrinal wheel *chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­pra­vartana*, This metaphor refers to the promulgation of the Buddhist teachings by the Buddha who is recognized to have promulgated three sequential “turnings of the wheel.” The association with the concept of a wheel derives from a comparison with the “wheel of sharp weapons” said to be held in the hand of a universal monarch. Within the context‌ of this comparison the sacred teachings are composed of ethical discipline (the central axis), analytic wisdom or discriminative awareness (the sharp spokes), and meditative concentration (the stabilising perimeter). ## turn the wheel of the Dharma *chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­pravartana*, This metaphor refers to the promulgation of the Buddhist teachings by the Buddha. ## Turning Away from Pride *nga rgyal ldog pa*, Skt. *nga rgyal ldog pa*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## turning of the lotus *’dod pa’i bskor ba*, Skt. *kamalāvarta*, A mudrā gesture formed with both hands, representing male and female sexual organs in the state of arousal. ## Turning Wheel of Unobscured Dharma *bsgribs pa med pa’i chos kyi ’khor lo bskor*, Skt. *anāvarana­dharma­cakra­pravarta*, A bodhisattva. ## Turuṣka *tu ru ska*, Skt. *turuṣka*, Although turuṣka means Turk, here it refers to the Kushana emperor Kanishka. ## Tushun *thu thu zhun*, Skt. *thu thu zhun*, Also written Dushun (557–640). The first patriarch of the Huayan School, which is based on the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. ## tusker An animal with tusks, fangs, or sharp teeth. ## tutelage *lhag par gnas pa*, Skt. *adhiṣṭhāna*, It is marked by the moment when the wisdom deity (jñānasattva) descends into the maṇḍala. ## Tvaṣṭṛ The name of a deity. ## Tīvrakaluṣa­saṃkṣobhana *rtsod rnyog mi bzad yang dag ’khrug*, Skt. *tīvrakaluṣa­saṃkṣobhana*, The name of a future eon in which the bodhisattva Saṃrocana will become the Buddha Acintyarocana. ## twelve ascetic practices *sbyangs pa’i yon tan gnyis bcu*, Skt. *dvādaśa­dhūta­guṇa*, The twelve ascetic practices as set out in this text comprise (1) staying in isolation (āraṇyaka, dgon pa ba), (2) begging for alms (paiṇḍapātika, bsod snyoms pa), (3) wearing cast-off clothes (pāṃśukūlika, phyag dar khrod pa), (4) restricting eating after midday (khalu paścād bhaktika, zas phyis mi len pa), (5) eating the daily meal in a single sitting (ekāsanika, stan gcig pa), (6) accepting just whatever alms have been obtained (prasthapiṇḍika, ci thob pa’i bsod snyoms len pa), (7) frequenting charnel grounds (śmāśānika, dur khrod pa), (8) sitting in exposed places (ābhyavakāśika, bla gab med pa), (9) sitting under trees (vṛkṣamūlika, shing drung pa), (10) sitting upright even during sleep (naiṣadyika, cog pu pa), (11) staying wherever one happens to be (yathā­saṃstarika, gzhi ji bzhin pa), and (12) owning only three robes (traicīvarika, chos gos gsum pa). They are listed in the text at . The list varies slightly between texts in both order and content, and the set of twelve in the Mahāvyutpatti (127–39) is close but not identical; lists in some texts comprise thirteen items. ## twelve ascetic virtues *sbyangs pa’i yon tan bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśa­dhūta­guṇa*, The twelve ascetic virtues comprise wearing clothing from a dust heap, owning only three robes, wearing felt or woolen clothes, begging for food, eating one’s meal at a single sitting, restricting the quantity of food, staying in solitude, sitting under trees, sitting in exposed places, sitting in charnel grounds, sitting even during sleep, and staying wherever one happens to be. For the Sanskrit and Tibetan terms, see Mahā­vyutpatti 127–39; also Dudjom Rinpoche (1991), vol. 2: 169. ## twelve aspects of the excellent wheel of the Dharma *chos kyi ’khor lo shin tu gya nom pa rnam pa bcu gnyis*, See “twelve forms of the teaching.” ## twelve austerities *sbyangs pa’i yon tan bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśadhūta­guṇa*, Twelve ascetic practices that renunciants may choose to engage in, they are wearing clothing from a dust heap, owning only three robes, wearing felt or woolen clothes, begging for food, eating one’s meal in a single sitting, restricting the quantity of food, staying in solitude, sitting under trees, sitting in exposed places, sitting in charnel grounds, sitting even during sleep, and staying wherever one happens to be. ## twelve Brahmā realms *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśa­brahma­loka*, See notes and . ## twelve branches of excellent speech *gsung rab yan lag bcu nyis*, Skt. *dvādaśāṅga­pravacana*, The “twelve branches of excellent speech” or the “twelve categories of the Buddha’s teachings” are discourses (Tib. mdo’i sde, Skt. sūtra), verse narrations (Tib. dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa’i sde, Skt. geya), prophecies (Tib. lung du bstan pa’i sde, Skt. vyākaraṇa), poetic verses (Tib. tshigs su bcad pa’i sde, Skt. gāthā), aphorisms (Tib. ched du brjod pa’i sde, Skt. udāna), ethical narrations (Tib. gleng gzhi brjod pa’i sde, Skt. nidāna), narrative discourses (Tib. rtogs pa brjod pa’i sde, Skt. avadāna), parables (Tib. de lta bu byung ba’i sde, Skt. itivṛttaka), past-life stories (Tib. skye pa’i rabs kyi sde, Skt. jātaka), extensive sayings (Tib. shin tu rgyas pa’i sde, Skt. vaipulya), marvels (Tib. rmad du byung ba’i chos kyi sde, Skt. abidhutadharma), and resolutions (Tib. gtan la bab par bstan pa’i sde, Skt. upadeśa). ## twelve branches of the scriptures *gsung rab yan lag bcu nyis*, Skt. *dvādaśāṅga-pravacana*, The twelve branches of the scriptures or “twelve branches of excellent speech” are discourses (Tib. mdo’i sde, Skt. sūtra), sayings in prose and verse (Tib. dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa, Skt. geya), prophetic declarations (Tib. lung du bstan pa, Skt. vyākaraṇa), verses (Tib. tshigs su bcad pa, Skt. gāthā), statements made for a purpose (Tib. ched du brjod pa, Skt. udāna), introductions (Tib. gleng gzhi brjod pa, Skt. nidāna), narratives (Tib. rtogs pa brjod pa, Skt. avadāna), accounts (Tib. de lta bu byung ba, Skt. itivṛttaka), tales of past lives (Tib. skyes pa’i rabs kyi sde, Skt. jātaka), marvelous events (Tib. rmad du byung ba’i chos kyi sde, Skt. adbhūtadharma), and established instructions (Tib. gtan la bab par bstan pa, Skt. upadeśa), and most extensive teachings (Tib. shin tu rgyas pa, Skt. vaipulya). ## Twelve categories of teaching in the piṭakas *sde snod bcu gnyis*, lit. twelve [piṭaka](#piṭaka)s, also called the Twelve Branches of Excellent Speech (*gsung rab yan lag bcu gnyis*). The twelve types of teaching given by the [Buddha](#buddha) correspond to twelve types of text: condensed (*mdo sde*, Skt. *sūtra*), melodious (*dbyangs bsnyan*, *geya*), prophetic (*lung bstan*, *vyākaraṇa*), verse (*tshigs bcad*, *gāthā*), spoken with a purpose (*ched brjod*, *udāna*), conversatory (*gleng gzhi*, *nidāna* - questions, talks, etc.), concerning his past lives (*skyes rab*, *jātaka*), marvelous (*rmad byung*, *adbhutadharma*), establishing a truth (*gtan babs*, *upadeśa*), biographical or "expressing realization" (*rtogs brjod*, *avadāna*), historical (*de ltar byung*, *itivrittaka*), and very detailed (*shin tu rgyas pa*, *vaipulya*). ## twelve entrances *skye mched bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśāyatana*, Twelve collections of similar dharmas under which all compounded and uncompounded dharmas may be included: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, mind, and their objects—visible forms, sounds, smells, flavors, tangibles, and dharmas. ## twelve essential qualities *yon tan gyi snying po bcu gnyis*, Skt. *yon tan gyi snying po bcu gnyis*, Twelve qualities of the perfect buddha realm in which a thus-gone one attains awakening. ## twelve forms of the teaching *gsung rab yan lag bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśāṅgapravacana*, The “twelve branches of excellent speech” or the “twelve categories of the Buddha’s teachings” are discourses (Tib. mdo’i sde, Skt. sūtra), verse narrations (Tib. dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa’i sde, Skt. geya), prophecies (Tib. lung du bstan pa’i sde, Skt. vyākaraṇa), poetic verses (Tib. tshigs su bcad pa’i sde, Skt. gāthā), aphorisms (Tib. ched du brjod pa’i sde, Skt. udāna), ethical narrations (Tib. gleng gzhi brjod pa’i sde, Skt. nidāna), narrative discourses (Tib. rtogs pa brjod pa’i sde, Skt. avadāna), parables (Tib. de lta bu byung ba’i sde, Skt. itivṛttaka), past-life stories (Tib. skye pa’i rabs kyi sde, Skt. jātaka), extensive sayings (Tib. shin tu rgyas pa’i sde, Skt. vaipulya), marvels (Tib. rmad du byung ba’i chos kyi sde, Skt. abidhutadharma), and resolutions (Tib. gtan la bab par bstan pa’i sde, Skt. upadeśa). ## twelve great yakṣa generals This group of yakṣas mentioned in The Dhāraṇī of Vaiḍūryaprabha. This most likely refers to the unique group of twelve yakṣa generals who pledge themselves in service of the Thus-Gone One Bhaiṣajya­guru in The Detailed Account of the Previous Aspirations of the Blessed Bhaṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabha (Toh 504). ## twelve limbs of existence *srid pa’i yan lag bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśa bhavāṅgāni*, Twelve successive parts in which to subdivide the longest possible process of dependent arising for one sentient being: ignorance, formations, consciousness, name and form, six entrances, contact, feeling, craving, clinging, becoming, birth, old age, and death. ## twelve links of becoming *srid pa’i yan lag bcu gnyis*, Skt. *srid pa’i yan lag bcu gnyis*, See “twelve links of dependent arising.” ## twelve links of conditioned existence *srid pa’i yan lag bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśabhavāṅga*, The twelve links of dependent arising: ignorance, formations, consciousness, name and form, six entrances, contact, feeling, craving, clinging, becoming, birth, old age, and death. ## twelve links of dependent arising *rten cing ’brel bar ’byung ba yan lag bcu gnyis pa*, Skt. *dvādaśāṅga­pratītya­samutpāda*, The twelve causal links that perpetuate life in saṃsāra, starting with ignorance and ending with death. ## twelve links of dependent origination *rten ’brel gyi yan lag bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvā­daśāṅga­pratītya­samutpāda*, The principle of dependent origination asserts that nothing exists independently of other factors, the reason for this being that things and events come into existence only by dependence on the aggregation of multiple causes and conditions. In general, the processes of cyclic existence, through which the external world and the sentient beings within it revolve in a continuous cycle of suffering, propelled by the propensities of past actions and their interaction with afflicted mental states, originate dependent on the sequential unfolding of twelve links, commencing from fundamental ignorance and ending with birth, aging, and death (see –). It is only through deliberate reversal of these twelve links that one can succeed in bringing the whole cycle to an end. See . ## Twelve Mountains *ri bcu gnyis la nges par gnas pa*, Skt. *ri bcu gnyis la nges par gnas pa*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Twelve qualities of full training *sbyangs pa'i yon tan bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśadhūtaguṇa*, twelve [ascetic](#ascetic) practices of [śrāvakas](#śrāvaka) and [pratyekabuddhas](#pratyekabuddha), such as eating only once a day, living in solitude, possessing only the three monastic garments, etc. ## twelve sense fields *skye mched bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dvādaśāyatana*, The twelve fields or sense sources consist of (a) the six sense organs or inner sense fields (Tib. nang gi skye mched drug, Skt. ṣaḍādhyātmikāyatana)—the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, and mind—and (b) their respective six objects or outer sense fields (Tib. phyi’i skye mched drug, Skt. ṣaḍbāhyāyatana): sights, sounds, odors, tastes, tangible objects, and mental phenomena. They are sometimes collectively called “the six sense sources,” meaning the six pairs of inner and outer sense fields. ## Twelve Vajra Laughs *rdo rje gad mo bcu gnyis*, a teaching of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). ## twelve wheels of the Dharma *chos kyi ’khor lo rnam pa bcu gnyis*, Skt. *dharmacakra*, The classification of all aspects of Buddha’s teachings into twelve types: sūtra, geya, vyākaraṇa, gāthā, udāna, nidāna, avadāna, itivṛttaka, jātaka, vaipulya, adbhutadharma, and upadeśa (see individual terms). Respectively, the sūtras, literally “threads,” does not mean entire texts as in the general meaning of sūtra but the prose passages within texts; the geyas are the verse versions of preceding prose passages; the vyākaraṇas are prophecies; the gāthās are stand-alone verses; the udānas are teachings not given in response to a request; the nidānas are the introductory sections; the avadānas are accounts of the previous lives of individuals who were alive at the time of the Buddha; the itivṛttakas are biographies of buddhas and bodhisattvas in the past; the jātakas are the Buddha’s accounts of his own previous lifetimes; the vaipulyas are teachings that expand upon a certain subject; the adbhutadharmas are descriptions of miracles; and the upadeśas are explanations of terms and categories. ## twenty high peaks of the mountain of views concerning the transitory collection *’jig tshogs la lta ba’i ri’i rtse mo mthon po nyi shu*, Skt. *’jig tshogs la lta ba’i ri’i rtse mo mthon po nyi shu*, “The body is not the self nor does the self have a body; / The self is not based on the body [n]or body on self. / Know that these four relations apply to all skandhas; / So these are considered the twenty views of self.” (Goldfield 387). ## twenty higher aspirations *lhag pa’i bsam pa nyi shu*, Skt. *vimśatyadhi­citta*, These twenty higher aspirations (vimśatyadhi­citta, lhag pa’i bsam pa nyi shu) are enumerated and explained in the Śata­sāhasrikā­prajñā­pāramitā­bṛhaṭṭīkā (Toh 3807, Degé Tengyur vol. 91, F.39.a et seq.). They comprise (1) the supreme aspiration of higher faith in the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha (sangs rgyas dang chos dang dge ’dun la lhag par dad cing sems pa mchog gi bsam pa); (2) the aspiration of the higher attitude to ethical discipline that adopts the vows of the bodhisattvas’ ethical discipline (byang chub sems dpa’i tshul khrims kyi sdom pa yang dag par blang ba la lhag par sems pa’i tshul khrims kyi bsam pa); (3) the aspiration of the higher attitude to perfection in order to achieve the perfections of generosity, tolerance, perseverance, meditative concentration, and wisdom (sbyin pa dang bzod pa dang brtson ’grus dang bsam gtan dang shes rab yang dag par grub par bya ba’i phyir lhag par sems pa’i pha rol tu phyin pa’i bsam pa); (4) the aspiration of the genuine higher attitude concerning the nonself of phenomena and individual persons, ultimate reality, and the profound real nature of phenomena (chos dang gang zag la bdag med pa dang don dam pa dang chos kyi de bzhin nyid zab mo la lhag par sems pa yang dag pa’i don gyi bsam pa); (5) the unchanging and steadfast aspiration that one-pointedly establishes the certainty of complete enlightenment (yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub tu sems rtse gcig tu nges par gyur cing mi ’gyur ba brtan pa’i bsam pa); (6) the impure aspiration of the higher attitude to the level of engagement through belief (mos pas spyod pa’i sa la lhag pa’i bsam pa ma dag pa’i bsam pa); (7) the pure higher aspiration concerning the levels from the first to the eighth (sa dang po nas sa brgyad pa’i bar gyi lhag pa’i bsam pa dag pa); (8) the utterly pure higher aspiration concerning the ninth and concluding [tenth] levels (mthar phyin pa’i sa ste sa dgu pa dang bcu pa’i lhag pa’i bsam pa shin tu dag pa); (9) the higher aspiration concerning the inconceivable might of the extrasensory powers of the buddhas and bodhisattvas (sangs rgyas dang byang chub sems dpa’ rnams kyi mngon par shes pa bsam gyis mi khyab pa’i mthu la lhag par bsam pa); (10) the beneficial aspiration that introduces beings to the practice of virtuous action (sems can rnams dge ba byed du ’jug pa phan pa’i bsam pa); (11) the aspiration that is undeceiving concerning the teacher and the object of generosity (bla ma dang sbyin gnas la mi slu ba’i bsam pa); (12) the aspiration to bring about happiness when bodhisattvas associate with conduct in conformity with the Dharma (byang chub sems dpa’ chos mthun par spyod pa dang / ’grogs na bde bar bya ba’i bsam pa); (13) the aspiration to overpower the minds of those overwhelmed by the afflicted mental states, the subsidiary afflicted mental states, and all the deeds of Māra (nyon mongs pa dang / nye ba’i nyon mongs pa dang bdud kyi las thams cad zil gyis mnan pa dag gi sems kyi dbang du gyur par bya ba’i bsam pa); (14) the aspiration of the view concerning the defects in all formative predispositions (’du byed thams cad la skyon du lta ba’i bsam pa); (15) the aspiration of the view concerning the advantages in the attainment of nirvāṇa (mya ngan las ’das pa la phan yon du lta ba’i bsam pa); (16) the aspiration to constantly cultivate the factors conducive to enlightenment (byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos rnams rtag tu bsgom pa bya ba’i bsam pa); (17) the aspiration to stay in isolation until one attains conformity with cultivation of those very factors conducive to enlightenment (byang chub kyi phyogs kyi chos de dag nyid bsgom pa dang mthun pa’i bar du dben pa la gnas pa’i bsam pa); (18) the aspiration that disregards mundane materialism, acquisition, and fame (’jig rten gyi zang zing dang / rnyed pa dang bkur sti la mi lta ba’i bsam pa); (19) the aspiration to realize the Great Vehicle, abandoning the Lesser Vehicle (theg pa chung ngu spangs te theg pa chen po rtogs par bya ba’i bsam pa); and (20) the aspiration to accomplish all the aims of all beings (sems can thams cad kyi don thams cad bya ba’i bsam pa). ## Twenty One Genyen *dge bsnyen nyer gcip*, a group of spirits who were subdued by [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) and became the [protectors](#protectors) of the [Dharma](#dharma). ## twenty surpassing aspirations *lhag pa’i bsam pa nyi shu*, Skt. *viṃśati adhyāśaya*, Bṭ1 na, 39a3–b3 lists the following: (1–3) faith in the Buddha, Dharma, and Saṅgha (the finest aspiration); (4) for morality (moral aspiration); (5–9) aspiration for the perfections (surpassing aspiration for the other five perfections); (10–13) aspiration for the profound selflessness of persons and dharmas, the ultimate, and the reality of dharmas (aspiration for the real dharmas); (14–15) a single-pointed mind and clairvoyance (inconceivable aspiration); (16) aspiration to establish beings in the wholesome; (17–18) the pure aspiration of the ninth and tenth levels; and (19–20) aspiration for the inconceivable force of a buddha’s clairvoyance, etc. ## twenty-eight great yakṣa generals *gnod sbyin gyi sde dpon chen po nyi shu rtsa brgyad*, Skt. *gnod sbyin gyi sde dpon chen po nyi shu rtsa brgyad*, Seven sets of four yakṣa generals dwelling in the four cardinal directions, the sky, the earth, and the intermediate directions. ## Twenty-five disciples *rje 'bang nyer lnga*, the greatest Tibetan [disciple](#disciple)s of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna). All of them attained the [supreme accomplishment](#supreme-accomplishment). The most famous were [King Trisong Detsen](#trisong-detsen), [Yeshe Tsogyal](#yeshe-tsogyal), and [Vairotṣana](#vairotṣana). Many of the great masters of Tibetan Buddhism are [emanation](#emanation)s of the twenty-five disciples. ## twenty-four sacred places *yul nyi shu rtsa bzhi*, A common list of sites important for Tantric Buddhism that are typically mentioned only by name. For a more detailed description see the Cakrasaṃvara History (bde mchog chos ’byung) of Butön Rinchen Drup (1290–1364). ## twenty-two faculties *dbang po gnyis shu rtsa gnyis*, Skt. *dvāviṃśatīndriya*, Listed here as the eye faculty, the ear faculty, the nose faculty, the tongue faculty, the body faculty, the thought faculty, the male faculty, the female faculty, the life faculty, the suffering faculty, the pleasure faculty, the mental well-being faculty, the mental anguish faculty, the neutrality faculty, the faith faculty, the heroism faculty, the mindfulness faculty, the samādhi faculty, the wisdom faculty, the “I will completely know what I don’t yet know” faculty, the complete-knowledge faculty, and the “I have completely known” faculty. ## twice-born A term used to refer to brahmins (sometimes also kṣatriyas and vaiśyas) on account of having undergone upanayana, the initiation rite in which one receives the sacred thread and is “born” a second time as a fully initiated member of the brahmin caste. ## Twice-Marked Crest Bearer *mtshan gnyis gtsug gtor can*, Skt. *mtshan gnyis gtsug gtor can*, A buddha. ## Twice-Marked Light *mtshan gnyis ’od*, Skt. *mtshan gnyis ’od*, A great bodhisattva. ## twister *’khyil bar byed pa*, Skt. *’khyil bar byed pa*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its seventh week. ## Two accumulations *tshogs gnyis*, Skt. *saṃbhāradvaya*, the accumulation of [merit](#merit) (*bsod nams*, Skt. *puṇya*) and that of [wisdom](#wisdom) (*ye shes*, *jñāna*). ## two day fevers *nyin gnyis pa*, Skt. *dvaitīyaka*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## two extremes *mtha’ gnyis*, Skt. *antadvaya*, The two views of (1) eternalism (śāśvatānta), the belief in a permanent, causeless creator and/or the belief in an independent, permanent, singular self; and (2) nihilism (ucchedānta), the belief that things ultimately do not exist and/or the denial of the law of cause and effect or of past and future lives. ## two extremes of eternalism and nihilism *rtag pa dang chad pa’i mtha’ gnyis*, Skt. *śāśvatānta ucchedānta*, The two extreme views to be avoided when seeking an insight into emptiness. ## two factors The obscurations of afflictive emotions (nyon mongs pa’i sgrib pa) and the obscurations of meditative attainment (snyoms par ’jug pa’i sgrib pa). ## two gates *sgo gnyis*, Skt. *dvayamukhatā*, The gates of samādhi and dhāraṇī. ## two modes of awareness *rig pa gnyis*, Skt. *dvi­vidyā*, The two modes of awareness are intrinsic and extraneous. In this context‌, the former may indicate the awareness of one’s own mind and the latter the awareness of the minds of others. ## Two obscurations *sgrib gnyis*, the [obscurations of negative emotions](#obscurations-of-negative-emotions) and [conceptual obscurations](#concept-obscurations). See also [obscurations](#obscurations) and [four obscurations](#four-obscurations). ## two pacification seed syllables *zhi ba’i yig ’bru gnyis pa*, A phrase describing a mantra syllable in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## Two Supreme Ones *mchog gnyis*, Guṇaprabha (*yon tan 'od*) and Śākyaprabha (sha kya 'od). ## Two truths *bden pa gnyis*, the [absolute](#absolute-truth) and [relative truths](#relative-truth). ## twofold act and motion *gsol ba dang gnyis las*, Skt. *jñāptidvitīyakarman*, A formal act of the saṅgha that requires an initial motion followed by the statement of the proposed act. Such an act is needed to grant the vows of full ordination to a nun, among other occasions. ## Twofold goal *don gnyis*, one's own goal, benefit or welfare (*rang don*) and that of others (*gzhan don*). Often understood in the ultimate sense of the goal for oneself being achieved by the realization of [emptiness](#emptiness), the [dharmakāya](#dharmakāya), and the goal for others by compassion manifesting as the [rūpakāya](#rūpakāya). ## twofold liberation Being liberated by means of wisdom, (prajñā, shes rab) and the meditative concentration (dhyāna, bsam gtan). ## Twofold purity *dag pa gnyis*, original purity (*rang bzhin ye dag*), which is the [Buddha nature](#buddha-nature) in all beings, and purity from all adventitious stains (*blo bur phral dag*). Only a [Buddha](#buddha) has this second purity as well. ## Two-Minded Wish *yid gnyis ’dod*, Skt. *yid gnyis ’dod*, Mother of the buddha Maticintin. ## Tāṇḍyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## uṣṇīṣa *gtsug tor*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa*, One of the thirty-two signs of a great being. In its simplest form it is a pointed shape to the head (like a turban), or more elaborately it is a dome-shaped extension on the crown of the head, or even an invisible extension of infinite height. The term may can be used to refer to a class of deities such as the uṣṇiṣarājas or uṣṇīṣa­tathāgatas. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from a Breeze *ser bu ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *ser bu ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from Beginningless and Endless Emptiness *thog ma dang tha ma med pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *thog ma dang tha ma med pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from Inner Emptiness *nang stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *nang stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from Nutritious Food *ro bcud kyi snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *ro bcud kyi snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from Outer and Inner Emptiness *phyi nang stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *phyi nang stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from Outer Emptiness *phyi stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *phyi stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Boundless Essence *snying po dpag med ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *snying po dpag med ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of All Phenomena *chos thams cad stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *chos thams cad stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Compounded Phenomena *’dus byas stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *’dus byas stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Emptiness *stong pa nyid stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *stong pa nyid stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Nonentities *dngos po med pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *dngos po med pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Nonrejection *dor ba med pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *dor ba med pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Own-Characteristics *rang gi mtshan nyid stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *rang gi mtshan nyid stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Own-Essence *rang gi ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *rang gi ngo bo nyid stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Own-Essence of Nonentities *dngos po med pa’i rang gi ngo bo stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *dngos po med pa’i rang gi ngo bo stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of the Unobserved *mi dmigs pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *mi dmigs pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Emptiness of Uncompounded Phenomena *’dus ma byas stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *’dus ma byas stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Essence of Jewels *nor bu’i snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *nor bu’i snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Essence of Splendor *gzi brjid snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *gzi brjid snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Essence of the Earth *sa’i snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *sa’i snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Natural Emptiness *rang bzhin stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *rang bzhin stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Natural Essence *rang bzhin gyi snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *rang bzhin gyi snying po ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, The central figure of the maṇḍala surrounded by a group of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Sky-Like Feast Gathering *nam mkha’ ltar ’dus pa’i bza’ ston ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *nam mkha’ ltar ’dus pa’i bza’ ston ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from the Sound of a Drum *rnga’i sgra dbyangs ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *rnga’i sgra dbyangs ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of eight uṣṇīṣa buddhas mentioned in this text that do not appear elsewhere in the canon. ## Uṣṇīṣa Arisen from Ultimate Emptiness *don dam pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *don dam pa stong pa nyid ’byung ba’i gtsug tor*, One among a list of sixteen uṣṇīṣa buddhas named after the sixteen emptinesses. ## uṣṇīṣa king *gtsug tor rgyal po*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣarāja*, A class of fully awakened nonhuman beings, especially the chief eight among them. ## uṣṇīṣa on the crown of the head *dbu spyi gtsug*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa­śiraskatā*, In this text, it is the twenty-third of the major marks. ## Uṣṇīṣa­kośa­sarva­dharma­prabhā­maṇḍala­megha *gtsug tor gyi mdzod chos thams cad kyi ’od kyi dkyil ’khor gyi sprin*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa­kośa­sarva­dharma­prabhā­maṇḍala­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Uṣṇīṣa­śrī *gtsug tor dpal*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣa­śrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Uṣṇīṣarājñī *gtsug tor gyi rgyal mo*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣarājā*, One of the goddesses (possibly a male deity) in the maṇḍala of Mañjuśrī. See . ## uṣṇīṣarāja *gtsug tor rgyal po*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣarāja*, A set of eight esoteric deities. According to The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī, they are Cakravartyuṣṇīṣa, Abhyudgatoṣṇīṣa, Sitātapatra, Jayoṣṇīṣa, Kamaloṣṇīṣa, Vijayoṣṇīṣa, Tejorāśi, and Unnatoṣṇīṣa. There are, however, different sets with other names included. ## Uṣṇīṣavijayā *gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ma*, Skt. *uṣṇīṣavijayā*, A goddess. See Introduction. ## Uṣṇīṣavijayā Who Conquers Afflictive Emotions *nyon mongs pa rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *nyon mongs pa rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, A goddess. ## Uṣṇīṣavijayā Who Conquers All Obstacles *bgegs rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *bgegs rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, A goddess. ## Uṣṇīṣavijayā Who Conquers Death *’chi ba rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *’chi ba rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, A goddess. ## Uṣṇīṣavijayā Who Conquers Illnesses of the Aggregates *phung po’i nad rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *phung po’i nad rab tu ’joms pa’i gtsug tor rnam par rgyal ba*, A goddess. ## Ube *u be*, Skt. *u be*, Mother of the buddha Śrīgarbha. ## Śubhā *dge ba*, Skt. *śubhā*, Name of the universe where the Buddha Ratnaskandha appeared in the past. ## Śubha *dge ba*, Skt. *śubha*, Ninth of the sixteen god realms of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, meaning “Virtue.” ## Śubhacandra *dge ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *śubhacandra*, A buddha. ## Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi *blo dbyangs dge ba*, Skt. *śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi*, The 731st buddha in the first list, 730th in the second list, and 720th in the third list. ## Śubha­garbha *dge ba’i snying po*, Skt. *śubha­garbha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Śubha­kanaka­nicita­prabhā­tejoraśmi *gser bzang po rnam par bsags pa’i ’od kyi gzi brjid kyi ’od zer*, Skt. *śubha­kanaka­nicita­prabhā­tejoraśmi*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. His name means, “Brilliant Light Rays of the Collection of Fine Gold.” ## Śubhakartrī *dge byed ma*, Skt. *śubhakartrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## ubhaktaci An unidentified ritual ingredient. ## Śubhakṛtsna *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, Lit. “Those Whose Virtue Is Complete.” The ninth of the seventeen heavens of the form realm; also the name of the gods living there. In the form realm, which is structured according to the four concentrations and pure abodes‍, or Śuddhāvāsa‍, it is listed as the third of the three heavens that correspond to the third of the four concentrations. ## Śubha­kṛtsna *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubha­kṛtsna*, Ninth god realm of form, meaning “most extensive virtue.” ## Śubhakātyāyanī *ka ta ya na mdzes ma*, Skt. *śubhakātyāyanī*, ‟Beautiful Kātyāyanī,” one of the eight kātyāyanī spirits. ## Śubhamata *dge ba*, Skt. *śubhamata*, A brahmin statesman. ## Śubhaprabha *dge ba’i ’od*, Skt. *śubhaprabha*, A kalpa in the distant past. The name means “Good Light.” ## Śubhapāraṃgama *dge ba’i pha rol tu phyin pa*, Skt. *śubhapāraṃgama*, A town in South India. ## śubha­puṣpita­śuddhi *dge ba’i me tog rgyas shing dag pa*, Skt. *śubha­puṣpita­śuddhi*, Lit. “pure blooming good flowers.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Śubharatna *rin po che bzang po*, Skt. *śubharatna*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Śubha­vi­mala­garbha *dge ba dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *śubha­vi­mala­garbha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Śubhavyūha A bodhisattva who is a prince predicted to become the buddha Jyotīrasa, and whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. The addition of rgyal po or rāja on the end of the translation suggests the manuscript used for the translation read Śubhavyūharāja. ## Śubhāśaya *dge ba bsags*, Skt. *śubhāśaya*, A world system. ## Śubhāṅga *yan lag bzang po*, Skt. *śubhāṅga*, A god who spoke verses in honor of Prince Siddhārtha when he was in school. ## Ucca *mtho ba*, Skt. *ucca*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## uccaṭā *u ts+tsha Ta*, Skt. *uccaṭā*, This plant could not be identified. ## Uccadhvaja *rgyal mtshan mthon po*, Skt. *uccadhvaja*, A palace in the Heaven of Joy, where the Bodhisattva taught the Dharma to gods of that heaven. ## Uccaratna *mtho*, Skt. *uccaratna*, The 948th buddha in the first list, 947th in the second list, and 938th in the third list. ## Uccatama *shin tu mtho ba*, Skt. *uccatama*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Ucchuṣma *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *ucchuṣma*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Ucchuṣmakrodha *khro bo chol pa*, Skt. *ucchuṣmakrodha*, A wrathful deity. ## Śuci­garbha *gtsang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *śuci­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Udadhi *rgya mtsho*, Skt. *udadhi*, The 900th buddha in the first list, 899th in the second list, and 890th in the third list. ## Udadhitaṭa *rgya mtsho’i ’gram*, Skt. *udadhitaṭa*, One of the charnel grounds. ## Udaya *’char gyal*, Skt. *udaya*, One of the kings of Nepal, possibly Udayadeva of the seventh century; a legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Udayana *shar ba*, Skt. *udayana*, son of King [Śatānīka](#śatānīka) of [Kauśāmbī](#kauśāmbī). ## Udayin *’char ka*, Skt. *udayin*, King of Vatsa during the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. Also rendered here as “Udayana.” ## Śuddhā *gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhā*, One of eight children, a daughter, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## Śuddha *dag pa*, Skt. *śuddha*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Śuddhaprabha *’od gtsang*, Skt. *śuddhaprabha*, The 657th buddha in the first list, 656th in the second list, and 648th in the third list. ## śuddha­pratibhāsa *snang ba dag pa*, Skt. *śuddha­pratibhāsa*, Lit. “pure and radiant.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Śuddha­raśmi­prabha *’od zer dag pa*, Skt. *śuddha­raśmi­prabha*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Śuddhasāgara *dag pa’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *śuddhasāgara*, The 827th buddha in the first list, 826th in the second list, and 816th in the third list. ## Śuddhasiṃha *shud dha sing ha*, Skt. *śuddhasiṃha*, Indian editor of the sūtra. ## śuddhasāra *dag pa dam pa*, Skt. *śuddhasāra*, Lit. “pure holy.” Name of a meditative stabilization. (Skt. mss. have śuddhāvāsa, “pure abode,” or śuddhābhāsa, “pure illumination”; however, Kimura give śuddhasāra in a later list.) ## Śuddhavajra *dag pa’i rdo rje*, Skt. *śuddhavajra*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Śuddha­virajaḥ­sannicaya *dag pa rdul bral yang dag bsags*, Skt. *śuddha­virajaḥ­sannicaya*, The southern realm in which the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī will become a buddha. ## Śuddhābha *dag pa’i ’od*, Skt. *śuddhābha*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Śuddhodana *zas gtsang*, Skt. *śuddhodana*, the [Buddha](#buddha)’s father and king of the Śākyas. ## Śuddhodhana *zas gtsang*, Skt. *śuddhodhana*, King of Kapilavastu and father of the Buddha. ## Uddhura *mchog tu brtson*, Skt. *uddhura*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śuddhāvāsa *gnas gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, Lit. “Those in the Pure Abodes.” The five Pure Abodes are the highest heavens of the form realm and result from mastery of the fourth meditative absorption. They comprise the heavens of Avṛha, Atapa, Sudṛśa, Sudarśana, and Akaniṣṭha. The Pure Abodes, or Śuddhāvāsa, are never destroyed during the cycles of the destruction and creation of the universe. Rebirth there is the karmic result of accomplishing the fourth concentration. ## Śuddhāvāsa gods *gnas gtsang ma’i ris kyi lha*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa­kāyika*, The gods who live in Śuddhāvāsa heavens, the five “pure abodes” that form the highest realms that constitute the realm of subtle form (rūpadhātu) and which comprise the fourth of the meditative concentrations (dhyāna). ## Śuddhāvāsa realm *gnas gtsang ma’i ris*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, Pure abode, said of a heaven, or five heavens, in which dwell the gods so called. The pure abodes among the form realms, where only non-returners are reborn. ## Śuddhāvāsa realms *gnas gtsang ma*, Skt. *śuddhāvāsa*, A form-realm paradise that is never destroyed during the cycles of the destruction and creation of the universe. ## Udgata *gyen du ’phags pa*, Skt. *udgata*, The 815th buddha in the first list, 814th in the second list, and 804th in the third list. ## Udgatoṣṇīṣa *’phags pa’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *udgatoṣṇīṣa*, Another name of Abhyudgatoṣṇīṣa. ## udāna *ched du brjod pa*, Skt. *udāna*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means teachings that were not given in response to a request. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Udāradeva *rlabs chen lha*, Skt. *udāradeva*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Udāragarbha *rgya chen snying po*, Skt. *udāragarbha*, The 601st buddha in the first list, 600th in the second list, and 594th in the third list. ## Udraka Rāma­putra *rangs byed kyi bu lhag spyod*, Skt. *udraka rāma­putra*, A teacher with whom Siddhārtha studied meditation. ## Udumbara *u dum+bA ra*, Skt. *udumbara*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## udumbara flower In Buddhist texts, the udumbara flower is a symbol for extremely rare occurrences, since it is said to bloom once every three thousand years. It is often identified as the cluster fig (Ficus glomerata). ## Udumbarapuṣpa *u dum bA ra’i me tog*, Skt. *udumbarapuṣpa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Udāyī *’char ka*, Skt. *udāyī*, Name of an ascetic in a story the Buddha tells. ## Udyataka *gnod pa dang bral ba*, Skt. *udyataka*, An ocean mentioned here as the source of coconuts. ## Udāyin *'char ka*, Skt. *udāyin*, one of the notorious "group of six" monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s injunctions on conduct. ## Udyāna *skyed mos tshal*, Skt. *udyāna*, One of the auxiliary charnel grounds. ## Udyogapāla *brtson skyong*, Skt. *udyogapāla*, A yakṣa general in the north. ## Āśugandhadāna­kusumita *spos dri myur sbyin me tog kun tu rgyas*, Skt. *āśugandhadāna­kusumita*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Instantly Fragrant Blooming Flower.” ## Ugra A bodhisattva who in this sūtra is one of the sons of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra and predicted to be the buddha Ratnākara. His name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Ugradatta *drag shul byin*, Skt. *ugradatta*, The 399th buddha in the first list, 398th in the second list, and 392nd in the third list. ## Ugrakrodha *drag shul can*, Skt. *ugrakrodha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Ugraprabha *drag shul ’od zer*, Skt. *ugraprabha*, The 354th buddha in the first list, 353rd in the second list, and 348th in the third list. ## Ugrasena *drag shul sde*, Skt. *ugrasena*, The 524th buddha in the first list, 524th in the second list, and 517th in the third list. ## Ugratejā *gzi brjid dam pa*, Skt. *ugratejā*, A god who recommended that the Bodhisattva take the form of a great elephant when entering the womb of his mother. ## Ugratejas *gzi brjid drag shul can*, Skt. *ugratejas*, The 324th buddha in the first list, 323rd in the second list, and 318th in the third list. ## Uḍḍiyāṇa *o Ti ya*, Skt. *uḍḍiyāṇa*, An ancient country most likely located in the Swat Valley of present-day Pakistan. ## Uḍḍiyāna *o D+yAna*, Skt. *oḍḍiyāna*, One of the four pīṭhas. ## Uḍḍiyānaka *u T+yana*, Skt. *uḍḍiyānaka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ujayadatta *ud dza+ya dad ta*, Skt. *ud dza+ya dad ta*, A sage; former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Ujjahānyā *gyen du ’gro*, Skt. *ujjahānyā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ujjain *’phags rgyal*, Skt. *ujjayinī*, See “Ujjayinī.” ## Ujjayanī *’phags rgyal*, Skt. *ujjayanī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Ujjayani *’phags rgyal*, Skt. *ujjayani*, A city in the land of King Brahmadatta. ## Ujjayinī *'phags rgyal*, Skt. *ujjayinī*, the kingdom of King [Anantanemi](#anantanemi). ## Ujjvalaprabha *’bar ba’i ’od*, Skt. *ujjvalaprabha*, A buddha. ## Śuka The brahmin paṇḍita who is said to have received the Vedas from Śvetaketu and who subsequently divided the Vedas into the four branches of the Ṛgveda, the Sāmaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. ## Śukati Pearls *mu tig gi shu ka ti*, Skt. *śukati*, An island between Kuru and Godānīya. ## Āśuketu *phyogs kyi tog*, Skt. *āśuketu*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Śuklā *dkar mo*, Skt. *śuklā*, One of eight children, a daughter, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## Śukladaṃṣṭra *mche ba dkar po*, Skt. *śukladaṃṣṭra*, A yakṣa general. ## Śuklavipaśyanā level *dkar po rnam par mthong ba’i sa*, Skt. *śuklavipaśyanābhūmi*, Lit. “Bright Insight level.” The first of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. See “ten levels.” ## Śuklodana *zas dkar*, Skt. *śuklodana*, One of eight children, a son, of King Siṃhahanu of Kapilavastu. ## Śukāmukha *ne tso’i bzhin*, Skt. *śukāmukha*, A yakṣa general. ## Śukra *pa bsangs*, Skt. *śukra*, Śukra is both the planet Venus and the guru of the asuras. In the Vaiśnavite literature, he loses an eye from his encounter with the dwarf incarnation of Viṣṇu. The Sanskrit also means “bright.” ## Śukti Realm *shuk+ti’i gnas*, Skt. *śukti*, An island in the vicinity of Jambudvīpa. ## Śula *shu la*, Skt. *śula*, Reincarnation of Damaśrī, prince living in the past at the time of the buddha Merugandha. ## Ulkā *skar mda’*, Skt. *ulkā*, A buddha realm. ## Ulūkā *’ug pa ma*, Skt. *ulūkā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Ulka *me sgron*, Skt. *ulkā*, A non-Buddhist seer, the main interlocutor in The Victory of the Ultimate Dharma (Toh 246). ## Ulūka *’ug pa pa*, Skt. *ulūka*, This is a name for the Vaiśeṣikas, the “Particularists,” a non-Buddhist philosophical school. ## Ulkādhāriṇ *sgron ma ’dzin pa*, Skt. *ulkādhāriṇ*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Ulkāmukhī *sgron ma kha*, Skt. *ulkāmukhī*, A great rākṣasī. ## ulkāmukha *skar mda’ gdong*, Skt. *ulkāmukha*, A being or type of being named “meteor face.” ## Ulkāpiśācī *sha za mo skar mda’ ma*, Skt. *ulkāpiśācī*, One of the great piśācīs. ## Ulkāpradīpa *skar mda’ sgron ma*, Skt. *ulkāpradīpa*, A great bodhisattva. ## ultimate *don dam pa*, Skt. *paramārtha*, “Ultimate” is preferable to the usual “absolute” because it carries fewer connotations than “absolute”—which, however, when understood logically, is also correct. It is contrasted with “superficial” (vyavahāra) or “relative” (samvṛtti) to give the two types, or “levels.,” of truth. It is synonymous with ultimate reality, the uncompounded, voidness, reality, limit of reality, absolute, nirvāṇa, ultimate liberation, infinity, permanence, eternity, independence, etc. It also has the soteriological sense of “sacred” as opposed to “profane” as is conveyed by its literal rendering “supreme” (parama) “object” (artha). ## Ultimate Crest *don gyi tog*, Skt. *don gyi tog*, Attendant of the buddha Adīna. ## ultimate goal See “summit of existence.” ## Ultimate Intelligence *don gyi blo gros*, Skt. *don gyi blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kusumaraśmi. ## Ultimate King *don gyi rgyal po*, Skt. *don gyi rgyal po*, Father of the buddha Sthitārtha­buddhi. ## Ultimate Mode *don gyi ’gros*, Skt. *don gyi ’gros*, Mother of the buddha Uttīrṇaśoka. ## ultimate nature The ultimate reality that is the domain of awakened beings. ## Ultimate Qualities *don gyi yon tan*, Skt. *don gyi yon tan*, Father of the buddha Suviniścitārtha. ## ultimate reality The quality or condition of things as they really are, which cannot be conveyed in conceptual, dualistic terms. ## ultimate realm *chos kyi dbyings*, Skt. *dharmadhātu*, This compound is actually metaphorical in sense, with (at least) two interpretations possible because of ambiguities in the word dhātu. Dhātu as in the expression kāmadhātu (desire-realm), may mean “realm”; or it may mean “element,” as in the eighteen elements (see entry), where it is explained as analogous to a mineral such as copper. Thus the realm of the Dharma is the dharmakāyā, the pure source and sphere of the Dharma. And the element of the Dharma is like a mine from which the verbal Dharma, the buddha-qualities, and the wisdoms of the arhats and bodhisattvas are culled. This is metaphorical, as Vimalakīrti would remind us, because the Dharma, the ultimate, is ultimately not a particular place; it is immanent in all places, being the actuality and ultimate condition of all things and being relatively no one thing except, like voidness, the supremely beneficent of concepts. ## ultimate state of existence See “summit of existence.” ## ultimate truth *don dam*, Skt. *paramārtha*, Paramārtha­satya literally means “the highest-object truth,” because it is what is realized by wisdom (prajñā) as the highest form of mind. It refers to the absolute understanding of phenomena and reality as it is perceived by a mind that is purified of all delusion, in contrast to the relative truth that is perceived by ordinary unenlightened beings. ## ultimate within the domain of truth *chos kyi dbyings kyis klas pa*, Skt. *dharmadhātuparamaḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 6429. ## ultimately real *yongs su grub pa*, Skt. *pariniṣpanna*, The direct perception of the nature of the mind and its objects. An alternative translation is “the absolute.” One of the three natures that are central to the philosophy of the Yogācāra tradition. ## Uluvillikā *skra lcang lo rgyas*, Skt. *uluvillikā*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## Umā *dka’ zlog*, Skt. *umā*, A goddess who is the wife of Mahādeva (Śiva). The name Umā is often synonymous with the two goddesses Durgā and Pārvatī. The Tibetan rendering of her name is also at times used as a translation of the name Durgā, a fact that highlights the close relationship between these two goddesses. ## Uṣmā *tsha ba ma*, Skt. *uṣmā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Umadevī *lha mo u ma de ba*, Skt. *lha mo u ma de ba*, To help the devas win a battle against the asuras, Vajrapāṇi manifested the goddess Umadevī. Together with the god Mahādeva, she has two children: the girl Red Cāmuṇḍī and the boy Yāma Mahākāla. ## Śumbhavajra *gnod mdzes rdo rje*, Skt. *śumbhavajraka*, Another name of Vajrapāṭāla. ## umbrella tree *ke ta ka*, Skt. *ketaka*, Pandanus odoratissimus. ## Umādevī *lha mo u ma*, Skt. *umādevī*, Umādevī is also known as Pārvatī. The name is of obscure origin, but can mean “splendor,” “tranquility,” or “light.” She is the consort of Śiva, also known as Maheśvara, and believed to be the rebirth of Sīta, his previous consort. ## Umeśvara *u ma’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *umeśvara*, The name that Avalokiteśvara prophecies the goddess Umādevī will have on attainment of Buddhahood. ## Umāpati *dka’ thub zlog pa’i bdag po*, Skt. *umāpati*, A form of Śiva, so-named for being the spouse of Umā. ## Umāriṣṭa Skt. *umāriṣṭa*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. Not clear in the Tibetan. ## Umā’s husband *dka’ zlog gi bdag po*, Skt. *umāpati*, Śiva. ## unable to be turned back A description of a bodhisattva who has reached a particular stage along the path to becoming a buddha at which the bodhisattva is certain of doing so. Different Buddhist works place this stage at different points along the path. According to some works, it is a highly advanced stage that is connected with having received a prediction of future buddhahood. Modern scholars have also sometimes connected it to the acceptance of the fact that things do not arise, but it is also connected with other attainments. ## Unaffected *tshugs pa med*, Skt. *tshugs pa med*, Unaffected (not changed or influenced), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇākara. ## Unaltered *ma bcos pa*, Skt. *naisargika*, left in its original state, without manipulations or fabrications. ## unappraisable *gzhal du med pa*, Skt. *amāpya*, This term in some contexts may refer to a large number equivalent to ten to the power of 57. ## Unassailable Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs mi tshugs*, Skt. *brtul zhugs mi tshugs*, Attendant of the buddha Sūryānana. ## unatonable *lhag ma med pa*, Skt. *nirvaśeṣa*, Defeats (Tib. phas pham pa; Skt. pārājika) are unatonable offenses and result in “being denied the common living” (Tib. gnas pa ma yin pa; Skt. asaṃvāsa) with the saṅgha, meaning that one can no longer participate in the saṅgha’s official acts or partake of its resources and offerings. The other four types of offense, such as saṅgha remnant (Tib. dge ’dun lhag ma; Skt. saṃghāvaśeṣa) are atonable, meaning that one may be reinstated to full status in the community once one has properly made amends and served any penance or probation required. Note that Yijing translates 他勝 as “defeat” (Skt. pārājika) rather than “unatonable” (Taishō 1446, 1047b18). ## unattached, liberated, and uncovered like space *nam mkha’ ltar chags pa med pas rnam par grol zhing gos pa med pa*, Skt. *ākāśāsaṅgha­vimukti­nirupalepa*, The 118th meditative stability in chapter 6 and 119th in chapter 8; also mentioned in other chapters. ## unattached to any phenomena *chos thams cad la chags pa myed pa*, A meditative stability. ## Unattractive *mi sdug pa*, Skt. *mi sdug pa*, Unattractive (not pleasing in appearance), also the mother of the buddha Guṇagaṇa. ## Unbearable Harm *gnod pa mi bzod pa*, Skt. *kāraṇāprasaha*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. ## Unbearably Terrifying *rab tu mi bzad cing mchog tu ’jigs pa*, Skt. *rab tu mi bzad cing mchog tu ’jigs pa*, A river in the Reviving Hell. ## Unblemished Fame *snyan pa ma smad pa*, Skt. *snyan pa ma smad pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## Unblemished Insight *shes rab rnyog pa med pa*, Skt. *shes rab rnyog pa med pa*, A sage; former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Unblinking Eye *mig mi ’dzums pa*, Skt. *mig mi ’dzums pa*, The realm of the Buddha Fine Eyes. ## unblinking gaze *mig mi ’dzums pa*, Skt. *mig mi ’dzums pa*, The name of an absorption. ## uncaptivated *mi ’phrogs pa*, Skt. *asaṃhāryo*, The forty-seventh of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## unchaste conduct The opposite of “pure conduct,” which, in the context of Buddhist monasticism, normally indicates celibacy. Here the context indicates that “unchaste conduct” stands in for the more common formulation of the third basic precept as “sexual misconduct.” ## Unclothed *gos med*, Skt. *gos med*, Unclothed (wearing no clothes), also the name of a nāga lady. ## Unclothed Forest *gos med kyi nags*, Skt. *gos med kyi nags*, A forest on the northern border of the Middle Country in a past eon. ## Uncluttered Mind *lus pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *lus pa med pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vṛṣabha. ## uncommon phenomena *thun mong ma lags pa’i chos*, Skt. *asādhāraṇa­dharma*, Uncommon phenomena from the perspective of ordinary persons include the thirty-seven factors conducive to enlightenment, the ten powers of the tathāgatas, the four fearlessnesses, the four kinds of exact knowledge, the three gateways to liberation, and all the other attributes up to and including the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. The uncommon phenomena from the perspective of ordinary persons are listed at . ## unconditioned *’dus ma byas*, Skt. *asaṃskṛta*, When referring to phenomena or constituents of experience, asaṃskṛta usually means “unconditioned.” But it can also mean “unrefined,” “unadorned,” “unpolished.” It seems that the text is here playing on the multivalence of the term in combination with the multivalence of the term “dharma.” ## unconditioned phenomena *’dus ma byas*, Skt. *asaṃskṛta*, Unconditioned phenomena are defined in as those which are nonarising, nondwelling, and nonperishing, while the Ten Thousand () adds nontransformation with respect to all things, the cessation of desire, the cessation of hatred, the cessation of delusion, the abiding of phenomena in the real nature, reality, the realm of phenomena, maturity with respect to all things, the real nature, the unmistaken real nature, the one and only real nature, and the finality of existence. Although the Prajñā­pāramitā analysis ultimately places all phenomena in this category, that analysis derives its force by contrasting with the way in which the various Abhidharma traditions classify the unconditioned, principally including nirvāṇa and in some cases space and certain kinds of cessation. See also . ## Unconquerable *zad mi shes pa*, Skt. *a­jaya*, Unconquerable (not able to be defeated), also the name of the forty-first meditative stability. ## Unconquerable Banner *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Abhaya. ## Unconquered Banner *mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Name of a buddha. ## Unconquered Vajra The name of a dhāraṇī goddess. ## uncontaminated *zag pa med pa*, Skt. *anāsrava*, Literally, “to flow” or “to ooze.” Mental defilements or contaminations that “flow out” toward the objects of cyclic existence, binding us to them. ## uncontaminated phenomena *zag pa ma mchis pa’i chos*, Skt. *anāsrava­dharma*, Uncontaminated phenomena, as described in , include the four applications of mindfulness, the four correct exertions, the four supports for miraculous ability, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven branches of enlightenment, the noble eightfold path, the four truths of the noble ones, the eight aspects of liberation, the nine serial steps of meditative absorption, emptiness, signlessness, wishlessness, all the gateways of the meditative stabilities and the dhāraṇīs, the ten powers of the tathāgatas, the four fearlessnesses, the four kinds of exact knowledge, great loving kindness, great compassion, and the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. See also . ## Uncontrived Conduct *spyod pa ma bcos pa*, Skt. *spyod pa ma bcos pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa. ## uncooked offering *gtor ma*, Skt. *bali*, An offering, originating in the vedic tradition, traditionally made out of uncooked food and performed at the home prior to cooking a meal by arranging portions of the ingredients and then casting them outside or into the sacred fire. Also translated here as “cast offering.” ## Uncreated Array *bkod pa bcos pa med pa*, Skt. *bkod pa bcos pa med pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa. ## Undaunted *bag mi tsha ba*, Skt. *bag mi tsha ba*, Undaunted (not discouraged by difficulty or fear), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amitadhara. ## Undaunted Melody *zhum med dbyangs*, Skt. *zhum med dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vikrāntagamin (561 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Undaunted Mind *zhum med sems*, Skt. *zhum med sems*, Attendant of the buddha Prabhūta. ## Undaunted Power *mthu rtsal bag mi tsha*, Skt. *mthu rtsal bag mi tsha*, Father of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Undaunted Roar *bag tsha ba med pa’i nga ro*, Skt. *bag tsha ba med pa’i nga ro*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Mahābāhu. ## Undaunted Visage *bzhin ma zhum*, Skt. *bzhin ma zhum*, Son of the buddha Vratatapas. ## undefeatable *zil gyis mi non pa*, Skt. *zil gyis mi non pa*, The name of an absorption. ## Undefeatable Banner *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## Undefeatable Splendor *tshugs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *tshugs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Daśaraśmi. ## Undefeated Army *sde mi pham pa*, Skt. *sde mi pham pa*, A king. ## Undefeated Victory *thub med rgyal*, Skt. *thub med rgyal*, A city ruled by King Jaya before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## undefiled *zag pa med pa*, Skt. *anāsrava*, Having an association with a state of purity (particularly mental purity) and therefore not leading to further negativity and/or pain. ## Undefiled Mind *zag pa med pa’i sems*, Skt. *zag pa med pa’i sems*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ketu. ## under robe *mthang gos, sham thabs*, Skt. *antarvāsa, nivāsana*, one of a Buddhist monk's [three robes](#three-robes). The term sham thabs (nivāsana) is the most widespread and is the one used throughout this text, except in 1.485 and 1.496 where the alternative term mthang gos (antarvāsa) is used. ## underlying condition *gnas pa*, Skt. *sthāna*, See Edgerton 1953, p. 579. ## Understanding and Acceptance *shes bzod*, Skt. *shes bzod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthita­vega­jñāna. ## understanding is perfectly pure *mkhyen pa yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *pari­śuddha­jña­tā*, Seventeenth of the eighty minor marks. ## understanding of all phenomena *rnam mkhyen*, Skt. *sarvākāra­jñāna*, First of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## understanding of omniscience *thams cad shes pa nyid*, Skt. *sarva­jña­tā*, Third of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## understanding of the aspects of the path *lam gyi rnam pa shes pa nyid*, Skt. *mārgākāra­jña­tā*, Second of the eight progressive sections of clear realization. ## Understands the Renunciation of Negativity *ngan spong shes ldan*, Skt. *ngan spong shes ldan*, A ṛṣi present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## understood all practices *spyod pa thams cad dang ldan pa’i blo*, Skt. *sarvacaryāsamanvāgatabuddhiḥ*, Mahāvyutpatti 363. ## Undeterrable Courage *snying stobs zhum pa med*, Skt. *snying stobs zhum pa med*, A prince. ## undimmed and pure sense perception *snang ba rab rib med cing rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *vitimira­śuddhā­loka*, Thirty-second of the eighty minor signs. ## Undisturbed Rest *’khrug pa med par gnas pa*, Skt. *’khrug pa med par gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Cīrṇaprabha. ## Undivided Activities *spyod pa tha dad med*, Skt. *spyod pa tha dad med*, A great bodhisattva. ## Undivided Armor *tha mi dad pa’i go cha*, Skt. *tha mi dad pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Undulating *rlabs rab tu ’jug pa*, Skt. *rlabs rab tu ’jug pa*, Undulating (moving with a smooth wavelike motion), also the name of a river on Saṅkāśa. ## unelaborateness *spros pa med pa*, Skt. *niṣprapañca*, A term used and translated variously in Indian and Buddhist literature. Closely related to being free of conceptualization, it refers here to the simple nature of phenomena, their emptiness without the conceptualization of the mind that is imposed upon them. ## Unequaled *’dra med*, Skt. *’dra med*, Unequaled (having no equal), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Anuddhata. ## Unequaled Jewel Splendor *rin po che’i dpal kun las ’phags pa*, Skt. *rin po che’i dpal kun las ’phags pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Unerring Supremacy *gdon mi za ba’i mchog*, Skt. *gdon mi za ba’i mchog*, A son of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## Unexcelled *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭha*, Unexcelled (not surpassed by any other), also the name of one of the five pure abodes within the realm of form. ## Unexcelled Heaven *’og min*, Skt. *akaniṣṭha*, The eighth and highest level of the realm of form (rūpadhātu); it is only accessible as the result of specific states of concentration. According to some texts this is where non-returners (anāgāmin) dwell in their last lives. In other texts it is the realm of the enjoyment body (saṃbhogakāya) and is a buddhafield associated with the buddha Vairocana that is accessible only to bodhisattvas on the tenth level. ## Unexcelled, the *'og min*, Skt. *Akaniṣṭha*, see [Akaniṣṭha](#akaniṣṭha). ## unexcelled, total, and complete enlightenment *bla na med pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *anuttarasaṃyaksaṃbodhi*, The enlightenment of the buddhas, so-named to distinguish it from the realizations of lesser beings such as arhats, solitary buddhas, and the like. ## Unexcelled Yoga tantra *bla na med pa’i rnal ’byor gyi rgyud*, Skt. *yoga­niruttara­tantra*, A category of tantra that includes the so-called Father tantras like the Guhya­samāja Tantra and the “Mother,” or Yoginī, tantras into a single genre of tantra. ## Unfailing and as Pure as a Lotus *don yod pa pad+ma dri ma med pa*, Skt. *amogha­padma­vimala*, This seems to be another short version of the name Unfailing Lotus Noose-Goad as Pure as a Lotus. ## Unfailing Lotus Noose-Goad as Pure as a Lotus *don yod pa pad+ma dri ma med pa chu skyes kyi zhags pa’i lcags kyu*, Skt. *amogha­padma­vimalāmbuja­pāśāṅkuśā*, One of the mantra deities, a female emanation of Amoghapāśa; also the name of the corresponding mantra. ## Unfailing Lotus-Noose Pure as a Lotus *don yod pa pad+ma dri ma med pa’i chu skyes kyi zhags pa*, Skt. *amogha­padma­vimalāmbuja­pāśa*, This seems to be a shorter version of the name Unfailing Lotus Noose-Goad as Pure as a Lotus. ## Unfailing Might The name of a bodhisattva. ## Unfathomable Array *bkod pa dpag med*, Skt. *bkod pa dpag med*, A buddha. ## Unfathomable Banner *dpag med rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dpag med rgyal mtshan*, Name of a past king, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Unfathomable Deity *dpag med pa’i lha*, Skt. *dpag med pa’i lha*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pradyotarāja (293 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unfathomable Excellent Splendor *gzhal med gzi brjid bzang po*, Skt. *gzhal med gzi brjid bzang po*, Son of the buddha Padmagarbha. ## Unfathomable Eye *dpag med spyan*, Skt. *dpag med spyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ojodhārin (906 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unfathomable Leader *dpag med khyu mchog*, Skt. *dpag med khyu mchog*, A great bodhisattva. ## Unfathomable Light Rays *’od zer dpag med*, Skt. *’od zer dpag med*, A buddha. ## Unfathomable Melodious Roar *dbyangs kyi nga ro dpag med*, Skt. *dbyangs kyi nga ro dpag med*, A buddha. ## Unfathomable Mind *dpag med blo*, Skt. *dpag med blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇacūḍa (801 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unfathomable Roar *nga ro dpag tu med*, Skt. *nga ro dpag tu med*, A great bodhisattva. ## Unfathomable Space *mkha’ dpag med*, Skt. *mkha’ dpag med*, A tathāgata. ## Unfathomable Subduer *dpag yas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *dpag yas rnam par gnon pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## unfavorable rebirth destiny *ngan par ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, The so-called lower realms of rebirth (see “unfortunate rebirth destinies”). ## Unflagging Force *shugs ma nyams pa*, Skt. *shugs ma nyams pa*, A great wind king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## unfluctuating *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *acala*, Also means unmoving, immovable. ## unforgivable offenses *pham pa’i ’gal ba*, Skt. *pārājikā*, Disciplinary transgressions that must result in the offender’s disrobing and expulsion from the community of renunciants. ## unfortunate *mi khom pa*, Skt. *akṣaṇa*, The Sanskrit has its origins in the vocabulary of dice gambling, but in Buddhism refers to rebirths, human or otherwise, in which one will be unable to practice the Dharma. The Tibetan (also found as mi khoms pa) is based on the opposite of khom, khoms meaning leisure, opportunity, freedom. There is a list of eight unfortunate rebirths: as hell beings, pretas, animals, or long-living deities; in lands without the Dharma; with defective faculties; holding wrong views; and in a world where a buddha has not appeared. ## unfortunate rebirth destinies *ngan song*, Skt. *apāya*, Usually Tibetan ngan song [gsum] is an expression for the three lower realms of rebirth according to Buddhist cosmology: animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Here, however, the asuras are counted among lower rebirths too. ## unfortunate rebirth-destiny Literally “misery” or “misfortune,” a collective name for the three lower realms of existence, i.e., the realms of animals, ghosts, and hell beings. Occurs often in a formula together with its synonym apāya and its near synonyms “the lower worlds” and “hell” (Pali niraya/naraka; Tib. sems can dmyal ba). ## unfortunate state *ngan ’gro*, Skt. *durgati*, Rebirth in one of the three lower states of existence, namely, the hell realm, the realm of hungry ghosts, or the animal realm. ## unfortunate states *mi khom*, Skt. *akṣaṇa*, See “eight unfortunate states.” ## unfounded pride *mngon pa’i nga rgyal*, Skt. *abhimāna*, A conceited, false sense of attainment. On a more subtle level, it can also refer to dualistic concepts about emptiness or ultimate reality. One of seven types of pride related to the spiritual path. ## unfree states *mi khom pa*, Skt. *akṣaṇa*, Literally, “without leisure.” This refers to being born in a state in which one will not have the opportunity to meet with a buddha or their teachings. Eight situations are typically listed: (1) being born in a hell realm, (2) as an animal, (3) as a hungry ghost, (4) as a long-life god, (5) in a borderland or non-Buddhist country, (6) having wrong views, (7) as someone with impaired faculties who is unable to understand the teachings, or (8) in a time or place where no buddha has come. ## unfree states of existence *mi khom pa*, Skt. *akṣaṇa*, See “eight unfree states.” ## Ungraspable *gzung bar dka’ ba*, Skt. *gzung bar dka’ ba*, Ungraspable (not able to be grasped or comprehended), also the name of a nāga king. ## Ungrasping *ma ’dzin*, Skt. *ma ’dzin*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Unhindered *thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa*, Unhindered (not obstructed or impeded), also the name of a bodhisattva from the world known as Illusory. ## Unhindered Antidote *thogs pa med pa’i spos kyi glang po*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i spos kyi glang po*, A buddha. ## Unhindered Eye *thogs med spyan*, Skt. *thogs med spyan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Apagatakleśa (263 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unhindered Eyes *thogs pa med pa’i spyan*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i spyan*, A buddha. ## Unhindered Glory *thogs med dpal*, Skt. *thogs med dpal*, Name of a sage, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Unhindered Knowledge *shes pa thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *shes pa thogs pa med pa*, A sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Unhindered Melody *thogs pa med pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i dbyangs*, A buddha. ## Unhindered Teacher *thogs med ston*, Skt. *thogs med ston*, Name of a buddha. ## Unhindered Vision *thogs pa med pa’i spyan*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i spyan*, Name of a buddha. ## Unhindered Wheel *thogs pa med pa’i ’khor lo*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i ’khor lo*, A buddha. ## Unimpaired *gnod pa med pa*, Skt. *gnod pa med pa*, Unimpaired (not weakened or damaged), also the one foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## unimpaired by all phenomena *chos thams cad nyams pa med pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharmāsaṃpramoṣa*, A meditative stability. ## unimpaired extrasensory power *mngon par shes pa mi nyams pa*, Skt. *acyutānāgāminyabhijñā*, A meditative stability. ## Unimpeded *thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa*, Unimpeded (not obstructed or slowed), also the buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Indradhvaja (454 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unimpeded Armor *thogs pa med pa’i go cha*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i go cha*, A great bodhisattva. ## Unimpeded Armor of Past, Future, and Present *’das pa dang ma ’ongs pa dang da ltar byung ba’i go cha thogs pa med*, Skt. *’das pa dang ma ’ongs pa dang da ltar byung ba’i go cha thogs pa med*, A buddha. ## unimpeded dhāraṇī *chags pa med pa’i gzungs*, Skt. *asaṅgadhāraṇī*, Higher kind of dhāraṇī that involves remembering every syllable of teachings heard. This kind of dhāraṇī can only be possessed by advanced bodhisattvas. ## unimpeded eloquence The ability to speak about and teach the Dharma with complete fluency and without hesitation. ## Unimpeded Light *’od zer thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *’od zer thogs pa med pa*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Unimpeded Melodious Roar *thogs pa med pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro*, A buddha. ## Unimpeded Melody *thogs med dbyangs*, Skt. *thogs med dbyangs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmeśvara (867 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unimpeded Mind *thogs med blo*, Skt. *thogs med blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratibhāna­varṇa (723 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unimpeded Remover of Obscurations *sgrib pa bsal cing chags pa med*, Skt. *sgrib pa bsal cing chags pa med*, A buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Unobscured Lamp attains buddhahood as Supreme Wisdom. ## Unimpeded Seeing *thogs med blta*, Skt. *thogs med blta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vikrīḍita. ## Unimpeded Splendor *thogs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i gzi brjid*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śāntatejas. ## Unimpeded Teacher *thogs pa med par ston*, Skt. *thogs pa med par ston*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Suvrata. ## Unimpeded Vision *thogs ma mi mnga’ ba’i spyan*, Skt. *asaṅganetra*, A thus-gone one of the past. ## Unimpeded Wheel *thogs med ’khor lo*, Skt. *thogs med ’khor lo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jaya (67 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Uninterrupted Eloquence *spobs pa mi chod*, Skt. *spobs pa mi chod*, A great bodhisattva. ## Uninvadable *sdes mi thub*, Skt. *sdes mi thub*, Mother of the buddha Prabhāsthita­kalpa. ## union *rnal ’byor*, Skt. *yoga*, Although the term could be rendered “practice,” “yogic practice,” or simply “yoga,” in these passages the underlying meaning of the term is emphasized. Note that the Sanskrit term translated in this text as “engaged” (yukta) is closely related, even though the Tibetan (brtson) is less so. ## unique attributes *ma ’dres pa’i chos*, Skt. *āveṇikadharmā*, Special qualities unique to buddhas and thus unshared by any others, they are often presented in a list of eighteen. ## unique attributes of a buddha Special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and knowledge that are not shared by other beings. They are generally listed as eighteen: (1) he never makes a mistake, (2) he is never boisterous, (3) he never forgets, (4) his concentration never falters, (5) he has no notion of distinctness, (6) his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration, (7) his motivation never falters, (8) his endeavor never fails, (9) his mindfulness never falters, (10) he never abandons his concentration, (11) his wisdom (prajñā) never decreases, (12) his liberation never fails, (13) all his physical actions are preceded and followed by knowledge (jñāna), (14) all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by knowledge, (15) all his mental actions are preceded and followed by knowledge, (16) his knowledge and vision perceive the past without attachment or hindrance, (17) his knowledge and vision perceive the future without attachment or hindrance, and (18) his knowledge and vision perceive the present without attachment or hindrance. ## unique buddha qualities *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *āveṇikā­buddha­dharma*, Eighteen qualities that are exclusively possessed by a buddha. These are listed in the as follows: The tathāgata does not possess (1) confusion, (2) noisiness, (3) forgetfulness, (4) loss of meditative equipoise, (5) cognition of distinctness, or (6) nonanalytical equanimity. A buddha totally lacks (7) degeneration of zeal, (8) degeneration of vigor, (9) degeneration of mindfulness, (10) degeneration of absorption, (11) degeneration of insight, (12) degeneration of complete liberation, and (13) degeneration of seeing the wisdom of complete liberation. (14) A tathāgata’s every action of body is preceded by wisdom and followed through with wisdom; (15) every action of speech is preceded by wisdom and followed through with wisdom; (16) a buddha’s every action of mind is preceded by wisdom and followed through with wisdom; and (17) a tathāgata engages in seeing the past through wisdom that is unattached and unobstructed and (18) engages in seeing the present through wisdom that is unattached and unobstructed. ## unique qualities *ma ’dres pa’i chos*, Skt. *āveṇikadharma*, Eighteen special features of a buddha’s behavior, realization, activity, and wisdom that are not shared by other beings. They are as follows: (1) he never makes a mistake, (2) he is never boisterous, (3) he never forgets, (4) his concentration never falters, (5) he has no notion of distinctness, (6) his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration, (7) his motivation never falters, (8) his endeavor never fails, (9) his mindfulness never falters, (10) he never abandons his concentration, (11) his insight never decreases, (12) his liberation never fails, (13) all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom (jñāna), (14) all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, (15) all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom, (16) his wisdom and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance, (17) his wisdom and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance, and (18) his wisdom and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance. ## unique qualities of a buddha *sangs rgyas kyi chos ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *āveṇika­buddha­dharma*, They are as follows: (1) he never makes a mistake; (2) he is never boisterous; (3) he never forgets; (4) his concentration never falters; (5) he has no notion of distinctness; (6) his equanimity is not due to lack of consideration; (7) his motivation never falters; (8) his endeavor never fails; (9) his mindfulness never falters; (10) he never abandons his concentration; (11) his wisdom (prajñā) never decreases; (12) his liberation never fails; (13) all his physical actions are preceded and followed by wisdom (ye shes); (14) all his verbal actions are preceded and followed by wisdom (ye shes); (15) all his mental actions are preceded and followed by wisdom (ye shes); (16) his wisdom (ye shes) and vision perceive the past without any attachment or hindrance; (17) his wisdom (ye shes) and vision perceive the future without any attachment or hindrance; and (18) his wisdom and vision perceive the present without any attachment or hindrance. ## unique qualities of buddhahood *sangs rgyas rnams kyi ma ’dras chos*, Skt. *āveṇikabuddhadharma*, Eighteen qualities that are exclusively possessed by a buddha. These are listed in the Dharma­saṃgraha as follows: The tathāgata does not possess (1) confusion; (2) noisiness; (3) forgetfulness; (4) loss of meditative equipoise; (5) cognition of distinctness; or (6) nonanalytical equanimity. A buddha totally lacks (7) degeneration of motivation; (8) degeneration of perseverance; (9) degeneration of mindfulness; (10) degeneration of samādhi; (11) degeneration of prajñā; (12) degeneration of complete liberation; and (13) degeneration of seeing the wisdom of complete liberation. (14) A tathāgata’s every action of body is preceded by wisdom and followed through with wisdom; (15) every action of speech is preceded by wisdom and followed through with wisdom; (16) a buddha’s every action of mind is preceded by wisdom and followed through with wisdom. (17) A tathāgata engages in seeing the past through wisdom that is unattached and unobstructed and (18) engages in seeing the present through wisdom that is unattached and unobstructed. ## unity *rnam pa gcig tu ’gyur ba*, Skt. *ekākāra*, The 90th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Unity of Aspects *rnam pa gcig tu gyur pa*, Skt. *ekā­kāra*, Name of the eighty-fourth meditative stability. ## Universal Abiding *kun nas gnas*, Skt. *kun nas gnas*, Birthplace of the buddha Vaidyarāja. ## Universal Adornment *thams cad brgyan*, Skt. *thams cad brgyan*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānaratna. ## Universal Armor *kun nas go cha*, Skt. *kun nas go cha*, A buddha. ## Universal Army *sna tshogs sde*, Skt. *sna tshogs sde*, One of the eight nāga ladies. ## Universal Beholding *kun tu lta*, Skt. *kun tu lta*, Son of the buddha Candrodgata. ## Universal Champion of Exertion *thams cad rtser ’jug rtsom pa’i khyu mchog*, Skt. *thams cad rtser ’jug rtsom pa’i khyu mchog*, A buddha. ## Universal Clarity *kun du gsal*, Skt. *kun du gsal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Priya­cakṣurvaktra (748 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Delight *kun mthong yid ’ong*, Skt. *kun mthong yid ’ong*, A forest in Distinguished in Many Colorful Ways. ## Universal Disease *nad thams cad pa*, Skt. *sarvavyādhika*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Universal Display of Emanations *rnam par ’phrul pa thams cad kun tu ston pa*, Skt. *rnam par ’phrul pa thams cad kun tu ston pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānaprāpta. ## universal door *kun nas sgo*, Skt. *kun nas sgo*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its tenth week. ## Universal Emanation *kun tu sprul pa*, Skt. *kun tu sprul pa*, A bodhisattva. ## universal emperor *’khor los sgyur ba*, Skt. *cakravartin*, A cakravartin is a king who rules over at least one continent, and gains his territory by the rolling of his magic wheel over the land. Therefore he is called a king with the revolving wheel. This is as the result of the merit he has accumulated in previous lifetimes. ## Universal Flower *kun tu me tog*, Skt. *kun tu me tog*, Attendant of the buddha Candrodgata. ## Universal Growth *thams cad skye ba*, Skt. *thams cad skye ba*, A forest in Continuous Movement. ## Universal Guide *kun nas ’dren pa*, Skt. *kun nas ’dren pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Universal Illumination *kun tu snang byed*, Skt. *kun tu snang byed*, The name of a future eon, one hundred incalculable eons from now. ## Universal Insight *kun tu shes rab*, Skt. *kun tu shes rab*, A bodhisattva. ## Universal Intellect *kun tu blo*, Skt. *kun tu blo*, Attendant of the buddha Kāśyapa. ## Universal Jewel *kun tu rin chen*, Skt. *kun tu rin chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇendrakalpa (536 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Joy *thams cad rab tu dga’ bar gnas pa*, Skt. *thams cad rab tu dga’ bar gnas pa*, (1) A realm inhabited by garland-bearer gods (thams cad rab tu dga’ bar gnas pa). (2) A mountain in Promotion (kun nas dga’ ba). ## Universal Joy for the World *’jig rten kun dga’*, Skt. *’jig rten kun dga’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vajrasena (537 according to the thrid enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Knowledge *kun tu shes*, Skt. *kun tu shes*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇākara. ## Universal Lamp *kun du sgron ma*, Skt. *kun du sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Puṇyamati. ## Universal Leader *kun tu gtso*, Skt. *kun tu gtso*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānarata. ## Universal Light *kun du ’od*, Skt. *kun du ’od*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Abhedyabuddhi (889 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Luminosity *kun tu gsal*, Skt. *kun tu gsal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amita. ## Universal Mind *kun nas blo*, Skt. *kun nas blo*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Niyatabuddhi (176 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal monarch *'khor lo sgyur ba'i rgyal po*, Skt. *cakravartin*, 1. a king ruling over a world system. 2. an emperor. ## universal monarch who rules through force *stobs kyi ’khor los sgyur*, Skt. *bala­cakra­vartin*, In Buddhist mythology, a universal monarch who rules the four continents and is willing to use force (Skt. bala; Tib. stobs) if necessary. ## Universal Mountain *phyogs kyi lhun po*, Skt. *phyogs kyi lhun po*, A buddha realm. ## Universal Observer *kun tu mig*, Skt. *kun tu mig*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Universal Partaking of Qualities *yon tan kun tu spyod*, Skt. *yon tan kun tu spyod*, Attendant of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Universal Perception *kun tu mthong ba*, Skt. *kun tu mthong ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Praśānta. ## Universal Power *kun tu mthu rtsal can*, Skt. *kun tu mthu rtsal can*, Attendant of the buddha Vṛṣabha. ## Universal Proclamation *kun du brjod*, The name of many beings in the future when they become buddhas, as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Universal Qualities *kun tu yon tan*, Skt. *kun tu yon tan*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratibhāna­kīrti (280 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Radiance *kun tu ’od zer*, Skt. *kun tu ’od zer*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Janendra (401 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Renown *phyogs su rab bsgrags*, Skt. *phyogs su rab bsgrags*, A buddha realm. ## Universal Sound *kun tu sgra*, Skt. *kun tu sgra*, Birthplace of the buddha Praśānta. ## Universal Splendor *kun tu gzi brjid*, Skt. *kun tu gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Ugratejas. ## Universal Stainless Essence *kun tu dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *kun tu dri ma med pa’i snying po*, A bodhisattva. ## Universal Understanding *kun tu dgongs*, Skt. *kun tu dgongs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahendra (284 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Victor *kun tu rnam rgyal*, Skt. *kun tu rnam rgyal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amarapriya (300 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Victory *kun rgyal*, Skt. *kun rgyal*, Son of the buddha Puṣpaprabha. ## Universal Vision *kun du gzigs*, Skt. *kun du gzigs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Subuddhinetra (569 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universal Wealth *thams cad ’byor pa*, Skt. *thams cad ’byor pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Samṛddha. ## Universal Wisdom *kun tu blo*, Skt. *kun tu blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaprabhāsa. ## Universal Worship *phyogs mchod*, Skt. *phyogs mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śubha­cīrṇa­buddhi. ## Universally Blissful *kun bde*, Skt. *kun bde*, A previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Universally Excellent *kun tu bzang po*, Skt. *kun tu bzang po*, Father of the buddha Manoratha. ## Universally Good *kun tu bzang po*, Skt. *kun tu bzang po*, Son of the buddha Amogharaśmi. ## Universally Renowned *phyogs su rnam grags*, Skt. *phyogs su rnam grags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amitatejas (206 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## universally superior jewel *rin chen kun tu ’phags*, Skt. *ratnasamudgata*, One of the ten absorptions of the bodhisattvas. ## Universally Superior Thought *bsam pa thams cad ’phags*, Skt. *bsam pa thams cad ’phags*, Father of the buddha Yaśas. ## Universally Supreme Qualities *kun du yon tan mchog*, Skt. *kun du yon tan mchog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Suyajña (762 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Universally Understood Melody *kun tu go bar byed pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *kun tu go bar byed pa’i dbyangs*, A bodhisattva. ## unleashed the controlling power of truth *bden pa’i byin gyis rlob par byed pa*, Skt. *satyādhiṣṭhānaṃ karoti*, See . ## Unlofty *mi che ba*, Skt. *abṛha*, One of the five pure abodes within the realm of form. ## Unlofty Heaven *mi che ba*, Skt. *avṛha*, The lowest of the five classes of the devas that constitute the Pure Abodes. The literal meaning (“not great”) of Tib. mi che ba, Skt. avṛha, and Pāli aviha may be based on a folk-etymological explanation (i.e., Skt. a-bṛhat may be a faulty Sanskritization of Middle Indic aviha; see Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, vol. 2, s.v. avṛha). ## unmada *smyo byed*, Skt. *unmada*, A class of nonhuman beings who are said to cause mental illness. ## Unmattaka *smyo byed*, Skt. *unmattaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## unmāda *smyo byed*, Skt. *unmāda*, A class of nonhuman beings associated with intoxication and madness. ## unmeṣanimeṣa *mig ’byed mi ’dzum*, Skt. *unmeṣanimeṣa*, A unit of time measuring the time it takes to blink. ## Unmistaken Array *bkod pa mi ’khrul*, Skt. *bkod pa mi ’khrul*, Son of the buddha Madhuvaktra. ## Unmistaken Observation *dmigs pa ma ’khrul*, Skt. *dmigs pa ma ’khrul*, Son of the buddha Ugratejas. ## Unmixed *ma ’dres pa*, Skt. *ma ’dres pa*, Unmixed (not combined with anything else; pure), also the name of a realm in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## unmodified *’gyur ba med pa*, Skt. *avikāra*, The 70th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Unmoved *mi g.yos*, Skt. *mi g.yos*, Unmoved (not affected or stirred), also the name of a buddha. ## unmoving *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *āniñjya*, Referring to actions, this term signifies the actions of beings in the subtle god-realms of form and formlessness that can only lead to rebirth in the same realm in the next life. ## Unmoving Mind *sems la g.yo ba med pa*, Skt. *sems la g.yo ba med pa*, Mother of the buddha Samāhitātman. ## Unnata Skt. *unnata*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Unnati *mthong ma*, Skt. *unnati*, Skt. “Advancement,” Tib. “She who has Vision.” One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Unnatoṣṇīṣa *gtsug tor mthon po*, Skt. *unnatoṣṇīṣa*, One of the eight uṣṇīṣa kings. ## unnatural death *dus ma yin pa’i ’chi ba*, Skt. *akālamaraṇa*, This term literally means an “untimely death.” In both Buddhist and non-Buddhist South Asian literature, human beings are said to be allotted a certain lifespan, and that lifespan is a function of the age in which they live. In the current age, the full human lifespan is said to be one hundred years. Thus any death that occurs before one has lived out an entire one hundred years is technically considered an “untimely death.” The list of various “untimely deaths” in Buddhist literature generally includes tragic and unnatural ways of dying such as drowning, contracting a sudden illness, being burned to death, etc. ## Unobscured *sgrib pa med pa*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa*, Unobscured (not hidden or darkened; clear), also the birthplace of the buddha Samantadarśin. ## Unobscured Absence of Ignorance *sgrib med ma rmongs*, Skt. *sgrib med ma rmongs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vratatapas. ## Unobscured Crest *sgrib pa med pa’i tog*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Prasanna. ## Unobscured Intelligence *sgrib pa med pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Unobscured Lamp *sgrib pa med pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i sgron ma*, A bodhisattva who seeks a prophecy from Śākyamuni. ## unobscured limit of all phenomena *chos thams cad mi sgrib pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *sarva­dharmānāvaraṇa­koṭir*, The twenty-fifth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Unobscured Melody *sgrib pa med pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i dbyangs*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Cīrṇabuddhi. ## Unobscured Mind *sgrib med blo*, Skt. *sgrib med blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kāśyapa. ## Unobscured Mode *sgrib pa med pa’i ’gros*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i ’gros*, Attendant of the buddha Muniprasanna. ## unobscured nature *sgrib pa med pa’i dngos po*, Skt. *sgrib pa med pa’i dngos po*, Name of a dhāraṇī. ## Unobscured Perception *sgrib med mthong*, Skt. *sgrib med mthong*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Unobscured Vision *gzigs pa sgrib med*, Skt. *gzigs pa sgrib med*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vilocana (75 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unobserving *mi dmigs pa*, Skt. *mi dmigs pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Unobstructed Appearance of the Light of a Lion’s Ornament *seng ge’i tog gi ’od zer snang ba thogs pa med pa*, A bodhisattva. Yongle and Peking: seng ge’i tog ’od zer snang ba thogs pa med pa. ## Unobstructed Glorious King of Medicine *sman gyi rgyal po dpal thogs pa med pa*, Skt. *sman gyi rgyal po dpal thogs pa med pa*, A buddha who resides in the eastern buddha realm called Possessing Immutability. ## unoppressed *ma mnan pa*, Skt. *astambhito*, The eighteenth of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## unowned *bdag gi ba med pa*, Skt. *anātmīya*, Edg “without self.” ## Unparalleled Array *bkod pa mtshungs pa med pa*, Skt. *bkod pa mtshungs pa med pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Vāsanottīrṇa­gati. ## Unparalleled Splendor *gzi byin kun las ’phags*, Skt. *gzi byin kun las ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Maṇigaṇa. ## Unparalleled Vajra Servant *mtshungs pa med pa’i rdo rje’i bran*, Skt. *mtshungs pa med pa’i rdo rje’i bran*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Unperturbed *’khrug med*, Skt. *’khrug med*, Unperturbed (calm; not troubled), also the father of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Unperturbed Mind *blo mi ’khrug*, Skt. *blo mi ’khrug*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha. ## Unperturbed Progression of Peak Insight *ma ’khrugs shing shes rab brtsegs pa’i ’gros*, Skt. *ma ’khrugs shing shes rab brtsegs pa’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Unpleasant Sound *sgra mi snyan*, Skt. *uttara­kuru*, The continent to the north of Mount Meru according to Buddhist cosmology. In the Abhidharmakośa, it is described as square in shape and its human inhabitants enjoy a fixed lifespan, namely a thousand years, and do not hold personal property or marry. ## unproduced by intentional action *mngon par ’du bya ba med pa*, Skt. *anabhisaṃskāraṇa*, The term has a double connotation: (1) “without effort” and (2) “unproduced (or brought about) by causes and conditions.” See Edgerton 1953, p. 21. ## Unquivering Crusher of Attacks *g.yo ba med par gnas pas phas kyi rgol ba rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *g.yo ba med par gnas pas phas kyi rgol ba rab tu ’joms pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa. ## unreal *dngos po med pa*, Skt. *abhāva*, The absence of being, in the sense of not being an entity or nonexistent. One of four words that emanate from every pore of the bodhisattva child Without Reference who arrives at the scene of the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa. ## Unrelenting Diligence *brtson pa mi gtong*, Skt. *brtson pa mi gtong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candra. ## Unrelenting Diligence and the Constant Array of Greatness *brtson pa mi gtong zhing bkod pa chen po rtag pa*, Skt. *brtson pa mi gtong zhing bkod pa chen po rtag pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sukrama. ## Unrestrained Generosity *gces min gyis byin*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Unrivaled Splendor *mtshung pa med pa’i gzi brjid ’od*, Skt. *mtshung pa med pa’i gzi brjid ’od*, A buddha. ## unseeking *tshol ba med pa*, Skt. *animiṣa*, The 32nd meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Unseen Pinnacle *spyi gtsug bltar mi mthong ba*, Skt. *an­ava­lokita­mūrdha*, Name of the seventh meditative stability. See also Pinnacle of their crown cannot be seen. ## Unshakable *mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *acalā*, Unshakable (firmly fixed; not able to be shaken), also the name of the eighth ground of the bodhisattvas. ## Unshakable Array *bkod pa mi ’khrugs pa*, Skt. *bkod pa mi ’khrugs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Vimalaprabha. ## Unshakable Fame *’khrug med grags*, Skt. *’khrug med grags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānavara. ## Unshakable Power *mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Father of the buddha Devaraśmi. ## Unshakable Powerful Qualities *yon tan mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *yon tan mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Laḍitavyūha. ## Unshakeable *mi ’gul bar byas pa*, Skt. *mi ’gul bar byas pa*, Unshakeable (firm; not able to be shaken), also the name of a world in the distant past in a story the Buddha tells. ## Unstained by Attacks *phas rgol dri ma med pa*, Skt. *phas rgol dri ma med pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Unstained by the Realm of Māras *bdud yul mi gos*, Skt. *bdud yul mi gos*, A bodhisattva. ## Unstoppable Melodious Roar *thogs pa med pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro*, Skt. *thogs pa med pa’i dbyangs kyi nga ro*, A buddha. ## Unsubdued by Others *gzhan gis mi thub*, Skt. *gzhan gis mi thub*, Name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Exceedingly Widely Renowned Glory resides. ## Unsullied *rnyog pa med*, Skt. *rnyog pa med*, Unsullied (not stained or made impure), also the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryaprabha. ## Unsullied Aim *rnyog pa med don*, Skt. *rnyog pa med don*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Guṇāgradhārin (140 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unsullied Mind *rnyog pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *rnyog pa med pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Unsullied Objective *rnyog pa med don*, Skt. *rnyog pa med don*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Sarvatejas (614 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Unsupported *gnas med*, Skt. *gnas med*, Unsupported (not held up or backed), also the son of the buddha Gagana. ## Unsupported Conduct *spyod pa mi gnas pa*, Skt. *spyod pa mi gnas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Praśāntagātra. ## Unsurpassable *bla med*, Skt. *bla med*, Unsurpassable (not able to be exceeded), also the son of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## unsurpassable, completely perfect enlightenment *bla na med pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *anuttara­samyak­saṃbodhi*, An enlightenment that is authentically complete. ## unsurpassable good *grub pa dang bde ba*, Skt. *yogakṣema*, See Edgerton 1953, p. 448,1–2; Tillemans 1997, p. 157ff. Lamotte translates this term with ‘…de sécurité suprême’; see Lamotte 1935, p. 175. ## Unsurpassable Intention *bla na med par sems pa*, Skt. *bla na med par sems pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Druma. ## Unsurpassable Light Rays *bla na med pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *bla na med pa’i ’od zer*, A buddha. ## Unsurpassable Splendor *gong na med pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *gong na med pa’i gzi brjid*, A great bodhisattva. ## unsurpassable, truly complete awakening The full, unlimited, and completely perfect awakening to which followers of the Mahāyāna aspire. ## Unsurpassed *mi che ba*, Skt. *avṛha*, Unsurpassed (not exceeded by any other), also the name of one of the five pure abodes. ## unsurpassed and perfect awakening *bla na med pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *anuttara­samyak­saṃbodhi*, The awakening of the buddhas, so-named to distinguish it from the limited realizations of lesser beings such as arhats, solitary buddhas, and the like. ## unsurpassed, complete, perfect awakening *bla na med pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *anuttarasamyak­saṃbodhi*, The fully awakened state of a buddha. ## unsurpassed, completely perfect awakening *bla na med pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *anuttara­samyak­saṃbodhi*, The awakening of a buddha, which is superior to all other forms of awakening. According to the Mahāyāna, in anuttara­samyak­saṃbodhi, both of the two kinds of obscuration, the afflictive obscuration (Skt. kleśāvaraṇa) and the obscurations to omniscience (Skt. jñeyāvaraṇa), have been completely overcome. ## Unsurpassed Concentration *bsam gtan bla ma*, Skt. *bsam gtan bla ma*, A monk. ## Unsurpassed Diligence *brtson ’grus gong na med*, Skt. *brtson ’grus gong na med*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Unsurpassed Knowledge *shes rab bla ma*, Skt. *shes rab bla ma*, A bodhisattva. ## unsurpassed leader of those to be trained Skt. *anuttara­puruṣa­damya­sārathi*, An epithet of a buddha. Here it is the seventh epithet through which the Buddha Śākyamuni is to be recollected when experiencing fear, trepidation, or terror. In some enumerations of the epithets, “unsurpassed” (anuttaraḥ, bla na med pa), instead of being a qualifier of “leader …” is counted as an independent epithet of its own, increasing the number of epithets to nine. ## unsurpassed, perfect, complete awakening *bla na med pa yang dag par rdzogs pa’i byang chub*, Skt. *anuttarā samyaksaṃbodhi*, The complete awakening of a buddha, as opposed to the attainments of arhats and pratyekabuddhas. ## Unsurpassed Standard Name of the tathāgata from whom the Buddha received The Dhāraṇī of Dhvajāgrakeyūrā in a past life as a bodhisattva. ## unsurpassed, supreme welfare *g.yung drung gi mthar thug pa grub pa dang bde ba*, Skt. *g.yung drung gi mthar thug pa grub pa dang bde ba*, In this text, being “established … in the unsurpassed, supreme welfare of nirvāṇa” appears as a synonym for the attainment of arhatship. ## Unsurpassed Wisdom *ye shes bla ma*, Skt. *ye shes bla ma*, A monk and a past buddha. ## Unswerving Power *mthu rtsal g.yo med*, Skt. *mthu rtsal g.yo med*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇaskandha. ## Untainted (action) *zag med*, Skt. *anāsrava*, done without concepts of subject, object, and action. ## untangled hair *dbu skra ma ’dzings pa*, Skt. *asaṃlulitakeśa*, Seventy-seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## untenable *gnas ma yin*, Skt. *asthāna*, This terms refers to all that is unreasonable and cannot be expected to occur. Among the ten powers of a Buddha, the first is knowing what is tenable and untenable (Skt. sthānāsthāna, Tib. gnas dang gnas ma yin), i.e., the natural laws that govern the world in which we live. ## untimely death *dus ma yin pa’i ’chi ba*, Skt. *akālamaraṇa*, See “unnatural death.” ## Untiring *sgyid mi lug pa*, Skt. *sgyid mi lug pa*, Untiring (not becoming tired; persistent), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Nārāyaṇa. ## Untiring Diligence *brtson ’grus skyo med*, Skt. *brtson ’grus skyo med*, A great bodhisattva. ## Untiring Intellect *ngoms pa med pa’i blo*, Skt. *ngoms pa med pa’i blo*, Attendant of the buddha Vratatapas. ## Untiring Mind *yid mi skyo*, Skt. *yid mi skyo*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## untouchable A general term for anyone occupying a social standing that is entirely outside of the brahmanical system of laws and customs governing caste and the stages of life (varṇāśrama­dharma). ## Untouched Sunrise *nyi ma shar bar gyur bas mi reg pa*, Skt. *nyi ma shar bar gyur bas mi reg pa*, A river on Saṅkāśa. ## Untruthful One *bden mi ldan*, Skt. *bden mi ldan*, Name of a rākṣasī and Dharma protector. ## unvanquished *mi pham pa*, Skt. *ajaya*, The 44th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Unwavering *mi g.yo ba*, Unwavering (steady and resolute; not faltering), also King Ajātaśatru when he becomes a bodhisattva in the future. ## Unwavering Attention *mi g.yo ba yid la byed*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Unwavering Gait *bgrod pa ma nyams pa*, Skt. *bgrod pa ma nyams pa*, A certain buddha who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Unwavering Gaze A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Unwavering Mind *g.yo ba med pa’i blo*, Skt. *g.yo ba med pa’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anihata. ## Unwavering Power *mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *mthu rtsal mi g.yo ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Arthamati. ## Unwavering Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs mi g.yo ba*, Skt. *brtul zhugs mi g.yo ba*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## unwholesome dharmas *mi dge ba’i chos rnams*, Skt. *akalyānadharma*, See “ten unwholesome actions.” ## Unwinking Gaze *mig mi ’dzums*, Skt. *mig mi ’dzums*, A bodhisattva. ## Upāṃśa *nye ba’i cha shas*, Skt. *upāṃśa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upaśamavat *nye bar zhi ba mnga’ ba*, Skt. *upaśamavat*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Upabindu *nye ba’i thigs pa*, Skt. *upabindu*, A nāga king. ## Upacitaskandha *phung po bstsags pa*, Skt. *upacitaskandha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Upacāru *nye mdzes*, Skt. *upacāru*, A lay brother living in Nādikā. ## Upadardara *u pa da ra da ra*, Skt. *upadardara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## upadeśa *gtan phab*, Skt. *upadeśa*, As one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma, it means the explanation of details in the teachings and is synonymous with Abhidharma. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## Upadhanika *nye ba’i nor can*, Skt. *upadhanika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upadharma *nye ba’i chos*, Skt. *upadharma*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## upadrava *gnod pa*, Skt. *upadrava*, A category of celestial beings who can be responsible for large-scale calamities such as famine, plague, and so forth. ## Upadravya *nye rdzas*, Skt. *upadravya*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upadruma *nye ba’i ljon pa*, Skt. *upadruma*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Upadukura *nye ba’i dbus*, Skt. *upadukura*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Upadundubhi *nye ba’i rnga bo che*, Skt. *upadundubhi*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## upagraha *nye ba’i gza’ rgyad*, Skt. *upagraha*, A class of beings related to grahas. ## Upagupta *nye srung*, Skt. *upagupta*, Fifth in the apostolic succession that carried on the Buddha’s teachings after his parinirvāṇa. ## Upaharita *nye ba’i ljang sngon*, Skt. *upaharita*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upaḍimbhaka *nye ba’i byis pa*, Skt. *upaḍimbhaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upajaṭā *nye ba’i ral pa ma*, Skt. *upajaṭā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upakambala *nye ba’i la ba*, Skt. *upakambala*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Upakara *phan byed*, Skt. *upakara*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upakeśinī *nye ba’i skra can ma*, Skt. *upakeśinī*, One of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Upakṣepa *nye bar ’phen pa*, Skt. *upakṣepa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Upaketu *nye ba’i tog*, Skt. *upaketu*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upakāśika *nye ba’i ka shi can*, Skt. *upakāśika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upakāla *nye ba’i dus*, Skt. *upakāla*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upakālaka *nye gnag po*, Skt. *upakālaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Upakāragati *phan ldan gshegs*, Skt. *upakāragati*, The 847th buddha in the first list, 846th in the second list, and 836th in the third list. ## Upakumbha *nye ba’i bum pa*, Skt. *upakumbha*, One of the rāśis. ## Upakurukulla *nye ba’i ku ru ku la*, Skt. *upakurukulla*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upamadā *nye rgyags ma*, Skt. *upamadā*, A great piśācī. ## Upanaḍa *nye ba’i ’dam bu*, Skt. *upanaḍa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Upanala *nye bar mi zhum pa*, Skt. *upanala*, A nāga king. ## Upananda *nye dga'*, Skt. *upananda*, one of the notorious "group of six" monks whose antics and heavy-handed interference prompted a great many of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s injunctions on conduct. ## Upananda (the minister) *nye dga’ bo*, Skt. *upananda*, Along with Nanda, one of King Mahā­deva’s two chief ministers in the city of Mithilā. Not to be confused with “Upananda,” the nāga; or with Upananda, the monk. ## Upananda (the monk) *nye dga’ bo*, Skt. *upananda*, A member of the Śākya clan and monk of the Buddha’s order, he often appears in the vinaya texts, as here, to exemplify certain wrong behaviors. Not to be confused with Upananda, one of King Mahā­deva’s ministers; or with Upananda, the nāga. ## Upananda (the nāga) *nye dga’ bo*, Skt. *upananda*, The name of a certain nāga. Not to be confused with “Upananda,” one of King Mahā­deva’s ministers; or with Upananda, the monk. ## Upanandana *nye dga’*, Skt. *upanandana*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upanandika *nye ba’i dga’ ldan*, Skt. *upanandika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upanandinī *nye ba’i dga’ byed ma*, Skt. *upanandinī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## upanayana ceremony The initiation rite by which a boy of the higher castes becomes a full member of his caste. It involves having all his hair shaven except for a tuft on the crown of the head (śikhā) and receiving the sacred thread (upavīta) and the appropriate mantra. ## Upanemi *nye ba’i mu khyud*, Skt. *upanemi*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upaśāntā *nye bar zhi ba*, Skt. *upaśāntā*, Name of a world system in the western direction, where the buddha Ratnārcis teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Upaśānta *nye bar zhi ba*, Skt. *upaśānta*, ”Peaceful.” A world system in the western direction, where the buddha Ratnārcis now dwells. ## Upaśāntamati *blo gros nye bar zhi ba*, Skt. *upaśāntamati*, A western buddha realm that the Buddha Śākyamuni sees. ## Upapañcaka *nye lnga po*, Skt. *upapañcaka*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Upapañcika *nye ba’i lngas rtsen*, Skt. *upapañcika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upaphala *nye ba’i ’bras bu*, Skt. *upaphala*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upapīlu *nye ba’i pI lu*, Skt. *upapīlu*, One of the kings of the piśācas. ## Upapūrṇa *nye ba’i gang ba*, Skt. *upapūrṇa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Uparaja *nye ba’i rdul*, Skt. *uparaja*, One of the rāśis. ## Upareṇu *nye ba’i rdul*, Skt. *upareṇu*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upariṣṭa *nye ba’i ’dod pa*, Skt. *upariṣṭa*, One of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas. ## Upasanat *nye ba’i kun bged*, Skt. *upasanat*, One of the grahas. ## Upasena *nye sde*, Skt. *upasena*, a monk of one year whose premature taking of a ward prompted the [Buddha](#buddha) to decree that only those who had been monks for ten years could allow going forth, grant ordination, [accept charge of](#accept-charge-of) [novice](#novice)s, give [refuge](#refuge), and [live independently](#live-independently). ## Upasāgara *nye ba’i rgya mtsho*, Skt. *upasāgara*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Upasiṃha *nye ba’i seng ge*, Skt. *upasiṃha*, A yakṣa general in the south. ## Upasita *nye dkar*, Skt. *upasita*, A mountain king. ## Uṣāpati *mtshams kyi bdag*, Skt. *uṣāpati*, A deity in Vajrānaṅga’s maṇḍala. ## Upatiṣya *nye rgyal*, Skt. *upatiṣya*, [Śāriputra](#śāriputra)'s grandfather named him Upatiṣya, "[Tiṣya](#tiṣya)'s Heir," to honor [Śāriputra](#śāriputra)'s father [Tiṣya](#tiṣya). ## Upavarṇaka *nye ba’i snyan pa*, Skt. *upavarṇaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upavartana *nye bar gnas*, Skt. *upavartana*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## upavasatha *bsnyen gnas*, Skt. *upavasatha*, A fast or related observance undertaken during the full or new phase of the moon. The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit term poṣadha was derived from the classical Sanskrit term upavasatha and translated into Tibetan both as gso sbyong and as bsnyen gnas, i.e. the monastic restoration rite and the eightfold observance both lay and monastic Buddhists may do on the upavasatha. ## Upavṛṣṭi *nye ba’i char ’bebs*, Skt. *upavṛṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## Upavīrā Skt. *upavīrā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upayāyika *nye ba’i ’char ba*, Skt. *upayāyika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## upādhyāya *mkhan po*, Skt. *upādhyāya*, In India, a person’s particular preceptor within the monastic tradition, guiding that person for the taking of full vows and the maintenance of conduct and practice. The Tibetan translation mkhan po has also come to mean “a learned scholar,” the equivalent of a paṇḍita, but that is not the intended meaning in the sūtras. ## upādānaskandha *nye bar len pa’i phung po*, Skt. *upādānaskandha*, The “skandhas of appropriation” or “appropriated skandhas,” this refers to the five skandhas as the bases upon which a nonexistent self is mistakenly projected. That is, they are the basis of “appropriation” (Skt. upādāna) insofar as all grasping arises on the basis of the skandhas. ## Upekṣaka *btang snyoms pa*, Skt. *upekṣaka*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Upendra *nye dbang*, Skt. *upendra*, Considered the “younger brother” of Indra, the name Upendra appears as an epithet of Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa in Sanskrit epic and purāṇic literature. ## Upeta Skt. *upeta*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Upāgata *nye bar ’ongs*, Skt. *upāgata*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## upholder of the Vinaya *’dul ba ’dzin pa*, Skt. *vinayadhāra*, A term used to designate someone who is a master of Buddhist monastic discipline. ## upholders of enumerations The title of a specialist in the Buddhist canon who focuses on upholding the lists of enumerations of key Buddhist tenets. ## Upāli *nye [bar](#bar) 'khor*, Skt. *upāli*, a great upholder of monastic discipline, who recited the [vinaya](#vinaya) at the First Council following the [Buddha](#buddha)'s passing. ## Uplifted by Dharma *chos ’phags*, Skt. *chos ’phags*, One of the eight yakṣa generals. ## Upālin *nye ba ’khor*, Skt. *upālin*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## upoṣadha *gso sbyong*, Skt. *upoṣadha*, The eight vows kept by laypeople on the four sacred days of the month: the full-, new-, and half-moon days. ## Upodāyika *nye ba’i ’char ba*, Skt. *upodāyika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## upper arm *dpung pa*, Skt. *dpung pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## upper robe *bla gos*, Skt. *uttarāsaṅga*, one of a Buddhist monk's [three robes](#three-robes). ## upper room *khang pa brtsegs pa*, Skt. *kūṭāgāra*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. Also, terraced cottage, tower, pavilion, penthouse, etc. ## Upāriṣṭa *ldang ba*, Skt. *upāriṣṭa*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas in the maṇḍala of Mañjuśrī (it is not clear if upāriṣṭa here is a variant spelling of upariṣṭa, i.e. one of the eight chief pratyeka­buddhas). ## upright dweller *tsog pu ba*, Skt. *naiṣadyika*, A monk who never lies down to sleep. ## upright posture *sku shin tu drang por ’khrungs pa*, Skt. *ṛju­kāyodbhava­tā*, Eighteenth of the thirty-two major marks. ## upāsaka *dge bsnyan*, Skt. *upāsaka*, An unordained male practitioner who observes the five precepts not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## upside down *khas spub*, Skt. *khas spub*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## upāsikā *dge bsnyan ma*, Skt. *upāsikā*, An unordained female practitioner who observes the five precepts not to kill, lie, steal, be intoxicated, or commit sexual misconduct. ## upward mover *gyen du rgyu*, Skt. *gyen du rgyu*, A class of nonhuman beings associated with disease and misfortune. ## Upward Ocean *rgya mtsho gyen du ’gro ba*, Skt. *rgya mtsho gyen du ’gro ba*, A mountain on Videha. ## uśīra *rtswa u shi ra*, Skt. *uśīra*, Andropogon muricatus (a species of grass). ## Uṣṭra *rnga bong*, Skt. *uṣṭra*, A sage with a human body and the face of a donkey and expert in astrology, he was a past life of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## urad bean Vigna mungo, also known as black gram. ## Uragā *brang gis ’gro*, Skt. *uragā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## uraga Snake, serpent, or reptile. Literally, ones that “crawl on the belly,” sometimes an epithet of nāgas. ## uraga sandalwood *tsan dan sbrul gyi snying po*, Skt. *uraga­sāra­candana*, One kind of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) said to be “blue” on the inside. The name “essence of snakes” is said to come from snakes being particularly attracted to those trees. ## uragasāra *sbrul gyi snying po*, Skt. *uragasāra*, One kind of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album) said to be “blue” on the inside. The name “essence of snakes” is said to come from snakes being particularly attracted to those trees. ## uragasāra sandalwood *tsan dan sbrul gyi snying po*, Skt. *uragasāra*, A variety of sandalwood. The name means “snake essence” because snakes were said to live in the forests of those trees because they were attracted to their scent. ## Uragādhipa *brang ’gro’i bdag po nag po*, Skt. *uragādhipa*, A nāga king. ## uraria plant Uraria lagopodioides, the flower of which resembles a “hairy tail” or lāṅgūla. ## urethral fistula *mtshan par rdol ba*, Skt. *bhagaṃdara, bhasmaka*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## urinary retention *chus bgags pa*, Skt. *mūtrarodha*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## Urubilvā *lteng rgyas*, Skt. *urubilvā*, Known in Pali as Uruvela, Urubilvā is another name for Gayā. The Buddha inspired a group of one thousand dreadlocked ascetics to join his order of monks and ordained them there. Also spelled Uruvilvā. ## Urubilvā Kāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *urubilvā kāśyapa*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Uru­bilvā­kāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung gi bu*, Skt. *uru­bilvā­kāśyapa*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Urumuṇḍa *ri bo rtse mthon*, Skt. *urumuṇḍa*, A mountain. ## Uruvela-Kalpa *lteng rgyas ltar*, Skt. *uruvela­kalpa*, One of the places the Buddha traveled to. ## Uruvilvā *lteng rgyas*, Skt. *urubilvā, uruvilvā*, known in Pali as Uruvela, Uruvilvā is another name for Gayā. The [Buddha](#buddha) inspired a group of one thousand dreadlocked [ascetic](#ascetic)s to join his order of monks and ordained them there. Also spelled Urubilvā. ## Uruvilvā Kāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilvā kāśyapa*, An arrogant brahmin who challenged the Buddha but was humbled and developed faith in the Buddha’s teaching. ## Uruvilva Kāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilva kāśyapa*, Close Śravaka disciple of the Buddha. ## Uruvilvakāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilvakāśyapa*, The brother of Gayākāśyapa and Nadīkāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilva (Bodhgaya), he and his five hundred students were converted to becoming bhikṣus of the Buddha. He and his brothers and their students were the third group to become followers of the Buddha after his enlightenment. ## Uruvilva­kāśyapa *ltang rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilva­kāśyapa*, The brother of Gayākāśyapa and Nadīkāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilva (Bodhgayā), he and his five hundred pupils were converted to becoming bhikṣus of the Buddha. He and his brothers and their students were the third group to become followers of the Buddha after his enlightenment. (Urubilvakāśyapa; steng rgyas ’od srung; lteng rgyas ’od srung; lting rgyas ’od srung) ## Uruvilvā-Kāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilvā-kāśyapa*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Uruvilvākāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilvākāśyapa*, A great śrāvaka disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Uruvilvā­Kāśyapa *lteng rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uruvilvā­kāśyapa*, A monk (bhikṣu) and disciple of the Buddha. ## Uru­vilvā­kāśyapa *ltang rgyas ’od srung*, Skt. *uru­vilvā­kāśyapa*, The brother of Gayākāśyapa and Nadīkāśyapa. A practitioner of fire offering at Uruvilvā (Bodhgaya), he and his five hundred pupils were converted to becoming bhikṣus of the Buddha. He and his brothers and their pupils were the third group to become followers of the Buddha after his enlightenment. ## Urvaśī *brang na gnas pa ma*, Skt. *urvaśī*, An apsaras/goddess. ## used for any rite Various permutations of this phrase frequently appear in tantric Buddhist literature to describe the potency and versatility of particular mantras or any other ritual component. In these contexts the term las (Skt. karman) should be understood as the equivalent of the English terms “rite,” “ritual,” or “ritual action.” ## useful *gces spras byed pa*, Skt. *bahukara*, See Edgerton 1953, p. 398. ## User of Evil *bdud bsten*, Skt. *bdud bsten*, Name of a bodhisattva in a story Buddha tells. ## user of the grass mat *cog bu pa*, Skt. *naiṣadyika*, A spiritual practitioner who adheres to the practice of residing on a straw mat. ## Utkaṭā *shas che ba*, Skt. *utkaṭā*, A village. ## Utkaṭa “Abounding.” The name of a district town in the region of Kośala, situated by the Himalayan foothills that lie to the north of the city of Śrāvastī. It was given as an endowment to the brahmin Puṣkarasārin by the king of Kośala. ## Utkṛṣṭakṣepa *tshol bar ’phen pa*, Skt. *utkṛṣṭakṣepa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Utkhalī *u khu li*, Skt. *utkhalī*, One of the four goddesses who attended and kept guard over Prince Siddhārtha while he was in the womb of his mother. ## Utkhalin *ud ka li*, Skt. *utkhalin*, One of the sixteen gods guarding the seat of awakening. ## Utmost Joy A pond in one of the parks of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra. ## Utpalā *ud pa la*, Skt. *utpalā*, A lady. ## Utpalī *ut+pa la*, Skt. *utpalī*, It is not clear who this goddess is. ## Utpala *ud pal*, Skt. *utpala*, The 941st buddha in the first list, 940th in the second list, and 931st in the third list. ## Utpala Colors *ud pa la’i mdog*, Skt. *ud pa la’i mdog*, A realm of the ever-infatuated gods. ## Utpala Eye *ud pal pad mig*, Skt. *ud pal pad mig*, Mother of the buddha Hitaiṣin. ## utpala flower Nymphaea caerulea. The “blue lotus” is actually a lily, so it is also known as the blue water lily. ## Utpala Fragrance *ud pal dri*, Skt. *ud pal dri*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Saṃtoṣaṇa (642 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Utpala Garland *ud pa la phreng*, Skt. *ud pa la phreng*, Mother of the buddha Padma. ## Utpala Gift *ud pa la sbyin*, Skt. *ud pa la sbyin*, A merchant in Jambudvīpa, later to be reborn as Auspicious Time. ## Utpala Petals *ud pal ’dab*, Skt. *ud pal ’dab*, Birthplace of the buddha Kṛtārthadarśin. ## Utpalabhūti *ut pa la*, Skt. *utpalabhūti*, A perfume-seller head merchant and the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 24. ## Utpalacandra *ud pa la zla ba*, Skt. *utpalacandra*, A bodhisattva who praises the brahmin Samudrareṇu but is not mentioned elsewhere in the sūtra. ## Utpalahasta *lag na ud pa la*, Skt. *utpalahasta*, A bodhisattva who praises the brahmin Samudrareṇu but is not mentioned elsewhere in the Kangyur. ## Utpalaka *ud pal*, Skt. *utpalaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Utpalanetra *ud pal mig*, Skt. *utpalanetra*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Utpalaparṇā *ut+pa la’i ’dab ma*, Skt. *utpalaparṇā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Utpalaśrī *ud pa la’i dpal*, Skt. *utpalaśrī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Utpala­śrī­garbha Skt. *utpala­śrī­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Utpalasaṃtīraṇa *ud pa la yang dag rtog*, Skt. *utpala­saṃtīraṇa*, The name of the eon in which the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s eighty brothers will become buddhas in the realm named Baliṣṭhā. ## Utpalavaktra *ud pa la’i gdong*, Skt. *utpalavaktra*, “With a Face Like a Water Lily,” the name of a legendary king. ## Utpalavarṇā *ut+pa la’i kha dog ma*, Skt. *utpalavarṇā*, Arhat nun slain by Devadatta following his botched attempt to assassinate the Buddha. ## Utpalākara *ud pa la ’byung ba*, Skt. *utpalākara*, The name of an eon. ## Utraka *u tra ka*, Skt. *u tra ka*, The King of Rauraka. ## utsāraka *g.yengs byed*, Skt. *utsāraka*, A class of malevolent spirits. ## Uttama *mchog*, Skt. *uttama*, The 579th buddha in the first list, 579th in the second list, and 572nd in the third list. ## Uttamadeva *lha mchog*, Skt. *uttamadeva*, The 606th buddha in the first list, 605th in the second list, and 599th in the third list. ## Uttapta­muni­jñāneśvara *thub chen ye shes ’bar ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *uttaptamuni­jñāneśvara*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Uttaptaśrī *dpal shin tu ’bar ba*, Skt. *uttaptaśrī*, The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Uttaptavīrya A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra whose name is attested in the Rāṣṭrapāla­pari­pṛcchā, but apparently the translation of the Lalitavistara has Dīptavīrya for the same translation. ## Uttarā *gong ma*, Skt. *uttarā*, One of Sujātā’s servants. ## Uttara *bla ma*, Skt. *uttara*, a young [brahmin](#brahmin) whose awakening as [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) was foretold by the [Buddha](#buddha) [Kāśyapa](#kāśyapa). ## Uttara Aparā *khrums smad*, Skt. *uttara aparā*, A constellation in the north. ## Uttarabhadrapadā *khrums smad*, Skt. *uttara­bhadra­padā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Gamma Pegasi in the occidental tradition. ## Uttarabhādrapadā “Latter Auspicious Feet.” The asterism of the stars in the latter part of the constellation Pegasus. ## Uttaradatta *bla mas bon pa*, Skt. *uttaradatta*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Uttaraka *bla ma*, Skt. *uttaraka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Uttarakuru *byang gi sgra mi snyan*, Skt. *uttarakuru*, The northern continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, literally meaning “northern unpleasant sound.” ## Uttaramati A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in Saddharma­puṇḍarīka and elsewhere. ## Uttara­mati *blo gros rgya chen*, Skt. *uttara­mati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Uttaramatin *blo gros dam pa*, Skt. *uttaramatin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Uttaramānuṣa *mi’i bla ma*, Skt. *uttaramānuṣa*, A nāga king. ## Uttaraphalgunī The twelfth of the twenty-seven constellations, or nakṣatras, in Vedic astrology. Here it corresponds to the second month of the Tibetan calendar. ## Uttaraphālgunī *dbo*, Skt. *uttaraphālgunī*, A lunar mansion in the south. ## Uttarāṣāḍhā “Latter Unconquered One.” The asterism of the two main stars in the bow part of the constellation Sagittarius. ## Uttarāṅkura The name of an island located north of Varika. ## Utter Excellence *shin tu bzang po*, Skt. *shin tu bzang po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vairocana. ## Utter Joy The name of the first ground (sa, bhūmi) that one attains after completing the path of accumulation (tshogs lam, sambhāramārga) and the path of application (sbyor lam, prayogamārga), and that one enters through path of seeing (mthong lam, darśanamārga) the ultimate. ## Utter Purity *rab tu gtsang ba*, Skt. *rab tu gtsang ba*, A mountain range in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Utter Vastness *shin tu yangs pa*, Skt. *shin tu yangs pa*, A pool in Swan Forest. ## utterly chaste in their habitual conduct *kun spyod pa shin du gtsang ba*, Skt. *śucisamācāra*, Fortieth of the eighty minor signs. ## Utterly Delightful to Behold *mthong na kun dga’ ba*, Skt. *mthong na kun dga’ ba*, (1) A lotus pond in Living by Rājanina (mthong na kun dga’ ba). (2) A mountain on Vast Garlands of Bliss (kun nas mthong na dga’ ba). ## utterly devoid of delimitation *yongs su gcod pa*, Skt. *niratiśaya*, The 85th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Utterly Disciplined *shin tu dul ldan*, Skt. *shin tu dul ldan*, A kingdom where the buddha named Voice Proclaiming the Cloud of Dharma dwelled. ## Utterly Dreadful *kun du mi dga’ ba*, Skt. *nirānanda*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Reviving Hell. ## Utterly Fearless *shin tu ’jigs med*, Skt. *shin tu ’jigs med*, Attendant of the buddha Candra. ## Utterly Glorious *rab tu dpal ldan*, Skt. *rab tu dpal ldan*, Name of a sage. ## Utterly Hidden *kun nas sbas pa*, Skt. *kun nas sbas pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Utterly Illuminating Crown *kun tu rnam par snang byed cod pan*, Skt. *kun tu rnam par snang byed cod pan*, A bodhisattva. ## Utterly Lofty *rab tu mtho ba*, Skt. *rab tu mtho ba*, One of the twenty-seven realms in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## utterly perfect minor marks *dpe byad shin du rdzogs pa*, Skt. *paripūrṇa­vyañjana*, Twenty-fourth of the eighty minor marks. ## utterly perfect minor signs *dpe byad shin du rdzogs pa*, Skt. *paripūrṇa­vyañjana*, Twenty-fourth of the eighty minor signs. ## Utterly Pure Mind *shin tu rnam par dag pa’i blo*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par dag pa’i blo*, Father of the buddha Bodhana. ## Utterly Scrutinized Conduct *shin tu brtags spyod*, Skt. *shin tu brtags spyod*, Name of a brahmin, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Utterly Stable Conduct *spyod pa rab tu brtan pa*, Skt. *spyod pa rab tu brtan pa*, King and sage; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Utterly Tamed *rab tu dul ba*, Skt. *rab tu dul ba*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Utterly True *shin tu bden pa*, Skt. *shin tu bden pa*, Attendant of the buddha Mahāsthāman. ## Utterly Unborn *shin tu ma skyes pa*, Skt. *shin tu ma skyes pa*, A forest on Forest Garlands. ## utterly youthful body *sku shin du gzhon pa*, Skt. *sukumāragātra*, Twenty-seventh of the eighty minor signs. ## Uttāpana­rāja­mati *sbyong ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *uttāpana­rāja­mati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Uttīrṇaśoka *mya ngan rgal*, Skt. *uttīrṇaśoka*, The 936th buddha in the first list, 935th in the second list, and 926th in the third list. ## Uttīrṇapaṅka *dam brgal*, Skt. *uttīrṇapaṅka*, The 689th buddha in the first list, 688th in the second list, and 679th in the third list. ## Uttārāṣāḍhā *chu smad*, Skt. *(not in the skt. source of the mmk)*, The name of a nakṣatra. One of the two Āṣāḍhās. ## Uttrāsanī *dngangs byed ma*, Skt. *uttrāsanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## uḍumbara In Buddhist texts, the uḍumbara flower is a symbol for extremely rare occurrences, since it is said to bloom once every three thousand years. ## Vīṇā an Indian musical instrument, with strings that are plucked. ## Vīṇā configuration An astronomical configuration in which all planets are situated in seven separate lunar asterisms. ## Vaṃśā *gling bu ma*, Skt. *vaṃśā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## vīṇa *pi wang*, Skt. *vīṇa*, Presently this refers to the “Indian lute,” made with two gourds, and has been translated into Tibetan as the piwang, the traditional Tibetan stringed instrument. The term has been used as a general term for many stringed instruments in India in the past. ## Vṛṣa *kyu mchog*, Skt. *vṛṣa*, One of the kings of Nepal, possibly Vṛṣadeva of the seventh century. ## Vaḍa *dga’ ba*, Skt. *vaḍa*, A name of a Jambudvīpa in an earlier eon. ## vaḍabāgni *rgod ma’i me*, Skt. *vaḍabāgni*, “Mare’s fire,” a subterranean mythical fire. ## Vaḍabāmukha *rgya mtsho’i glong*, Skt. *vaḍabāmukha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vaśakarī *dbang du byed ma*, Skt. *vaśakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Vaḍavā *ba da biM*, Skt. *vaḍavā*, “Mare Faced,” a yoginī in Paramāśva’s maṇḍala. ## Vaśavartiguṇa *dbang sgyur yon tan*, Skt. **vaśavartiguṇa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Vaśavartin *dbang sgyur*, Skt. *vaśavartin*, “Mastery.” The highest paradise in the desire realm, so named because the inhabitants have power over the emanations of others. Also called Para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin. ## Vaśa­vartin *dbang byed*, Skt. *vaśa­vartin*, The chief god of the Heaven of Making Use of Others’ Emanations. ## Vaśavartirāja *dbang sgyur rgyal po*, Skt. *vaśavartirāja*, The 784th buddha in the first list, 783rd in the second list, and 773rd in the third list. ## Vaśa­vartiyajñayaśayaṣṭi­mati *dbang sgyur mchod sbyin grags pa’i mchod sdong blo*, Skt. *vaśa­vartiyajñayaśayaṣṭi­mati*, The hundred-and-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Vaḍavāmukhā *ba Da ba mu kha*, Skt. *vaḍavāmukhā*, “Mare-faced,” a yoginī; also found in the Śaiva Kaula tradition. ## Vaḍavāmukha *rta rgod ma’i gdong*, Skt. *vaḍavāmukha*, A great submarine fire in the far south-east of the ocean, which is the fire that will ultimately burn up the world. Also regarded as the entrance to the hells. ## Vaṭavāsinī *shing la mu la gnas ma*, Skt. *vaṭavāsinī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Vṛṣabha *khyu mchog*, Skt. *vṛṣabha*, The 468th buddha in the first list, 467th in the second list, and 461st in the third list. ## Vṛṣabhadatta A son of a merchant in the city of Puṇḍravardhana, he marries Anāthapiṇḍada’s daughter Sumāgadhā in The Exemplary Tale of Sumāgadhā. ## Śvabhrapāda Skt. *śvabhrapāda*, No information about this person could be found. He may be the protagonist of a (lost) avadāna? Alternate spelling: Śvabhrapada, Śvaprapada. ## Vaśībhūtā *dbang du gyur pa*, Skt. *vaśībhūtā*, Name of a world system in the northwestern direction, where the buddha Ekacchatra teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Vaśībhūta *dbang du gyur pa*, Skt. *vaśībhūta*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## vacā *shu dag*, Skt. *vacā*, Acorus calamus; sweet flag. ## Vacanaśrī *nor gyi dpal*, Skt. *vacanaśrī*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vaccaḍa *bab+ba Da*, Skt. *vaccaḍa*, A yakṣa general. ## Vaccaḍādhāna *bab+ba da bskyed*, Skt. *vaccaḍādhāna*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Vadaha The name of a city. ## Vadhūyakṣiṇī *mna’ ma gnod sbyin mo*, Skt. *vadhūyakṣiṇī*, One of the seven yakṣiṇīs. ## Vadālī *ba dA lI*, Skt. *vadālī*, An epithet of Mārīcī. ## Vadāli *ba dA li*, Skt. *vadāli*, A goddess. ## vaṅga *va dhU*, Skt. *vaṅga*, Can be a name of several plants and substances. ## Vahā Skt. *vahā*, The name of a nakṣatra. ## Vahna The name of a king. ## Vahura The name of a mountain that is the home of numerous rākṣasas. ## Vaḍi *ba Di*, Skt. *vaḍi*, A yakṣa who is a “Dharma brother” of Vaiśravaṇa. ## Vaiśakha *dpyid zla ’bring po*, Skt. *dpyid zla ’bring po*, The month of Vaiśakha. ## Vaiśalī *yangs pa can*, Skt. *vaiśalī*, The ancient capital of the Licchavi republican state, the Buddha visited this city several times during his lifetime. It is perhaps most famous as the location where, on different occasions, the Buddha cured a plague, admitted the first nuns into the Buddhist order, was offered a bowl of honey by monkeys, and announced his parinirvāṇa three months prior to his departure. ## Vaiśampāyana *be’i sham bA ya*, Skt. *vaiśampāyana*, Ancient rishi, a pupil of Vyāsa and teacher of the Taittirīyasaṃhita. ## Vaiṣṇavī *khyab ’jug ma*, Skt. *vaiṣṇavī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Vaiṣṇava Another name for the lunar asterism Śravaṇā. The Sanskrit vaiṣṇava is the adjectival form of viṣṇu, the name of one of the main gods in the brahmanical pantheon. ## Vaibhiḍiṅgī *bai bhi Ting gi*, Skt. *vaibhiḍiṅgī*, A town. ## Vaibhāṣika An early Buddhist philosophical school that was part of the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya lineage, they held the Abhidharma teachings to be definitive. ## Vaidehī *lus ’phags ma*, Skt. *vaidehī*, The queen of King Bimbisāra of Magadha and the mother of his successor, King Ajātaśatru. ## Vaideha *lus ’phags*, Skt. *vaideha*, A family in Magadha. ## Vaidehaka Mountain *lus ’phags ri*, Skt. *vaidehakaparvat*, A mountain in Videha. ## Vaidika *rig byed smra ba*, Skt. *vaidika*, The preachers of the Vedas. ## Vaidya *sman pa*, Skt. *vaidya*, The 33rd buddha in the first list, 33rd in the second list, and 34th in the third list. ## Vaidyarāja *sman pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vaidyarāja*, The 239th buddha in the first list, 238th in the second list, and 238th in the third list. ## Vaidyādhipa *sman bdag*, Skt. *vaidyādhipa*, The 915th buddha in the first list, 914th in the second list, and 905th in the third list. ## Vaidyottama *sman pa’i dam pa*, Skt. *vaidyottama*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vaiśeṣika *bye brag pa*, Skt. *vaiśeṣika*, “Particularists,” a non-Buddhist philosophical school. ## Vaśiṣṭha *gnas ’jog*, Skt. *vaśiṣṭha*, One of the seven great rishis of ancient India, said to have composed part of the Rigveda. ## Vaijayanta Skt. *vaijayanta*, The name of Śakra’s crest insignia. The Tibetan term literally means “Brings Victory.” ## Vaijayanta Palace *rnam rgyal khang*, Skt. *vaijayanta*, The palace of Śakra, an epithet for the god Indra, in the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## Vaiśākhā *sa ga*, Skt. *vaiśākhā*, During the Buddha’s time, a certain lay vow holder in Śrāvastī. Elsewhere there is also the Viśākha who was the son of King Prasenajit’s minister. ## Vaiśākha *sa ga zla ba*, the fourth month of the Tibetan lunar calendar. It is on the fifteenth of that month that the [Buddha](#buddha) was born, attained [enlightenment](#enlightenment) and passed into [nirvāṇa](#nirvāṇa). ## Vaiśākha Mind *sa ga’i sems*, Skt. *sa ga’i sems*, Father of the buddha Samantadarśin. ## Vaikhānasa One of the sublineages connected with the Gautama lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Vaiśālī *yangs pa can*, Skt. *vaiśālī*, The ancient capital of the Licchavi republican state, the Buddha visited this city several times during his lifetime. It is perhaps most famous as the location where, on different occasions, Buddha cured a plague, admitted the first nuns into the Buddhist order, was offered a bowl of honey by monkeys, and announced his parinirvāṇa three months prior to his departure. ## Vainateya *nam mkha’ lding*, Skt. *vainateya*, An epithet for the mythical, bird-like creature garuḍa. ## vaipulya *shin tu rgyas pa*, Skt. *vaipulya*, One of the twelve branches of scripture. Literally meaning “vast” or “extensive,” it refers to a particular set of lengthy sūtras or collections of sūtras that each provide a comprehensive overview of Buddhist thought and practice. This category includes individual works such as the Lalitavistara and Saddharma­puṇḍarīka and collections such as the Mahā­sannipāta, Buddhāvataṃsaka, Ratnakūta, and Prajñāpāramitā. ## vaipulya sūtras of the Heap of Jewels *shin tu rgyas pa’i sde kon mchog brtsegs pa’i mdo*, Skt. *ratna­kūṭa­vaipulya­sūtra*, This could refer to the Ratnakūṭa collection of sūtras as it is known in the Kangyur and Chinese canons; however, as the collection is not known to have existed, as such, in earlier times, this could also be either a general term covering Mahāyāna sūtras as a category, or a synonym for the Kāśyapa­parivarta. ## Vairā *dgra can*, Skt. *vairā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Vaira *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *vaira*, A mariner who is the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 25. ## Vairāṭa *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *vairāṭa*, A king contemporary with the Buddha. ## Vairaṭṭasiṃha *smra ’dod kyi seng ge*, Skt. *vairaṭṭasiṃha*, A brahmin. ## Vaiśāradya­samavasaraṇa *’jigs med yang dag gzhol*, Skt. *vaiśāradya­samavasaraṇa*, A bodhisattva present at the teaching of The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra. The Buddha addresses him in particular at one point. ## Vaiśāradya­samuddhāraṇi *’jigs med yang dag ’dren*, Skt. *vaiśāradya­samuddhāraṇi*, A bodhisattva who asks Śākyamuni for the title of The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra. He appears nowhere else in the Kangyur. ## Vaiśāradya­vajra­nārāyaṇa­siṃha *mi bsnyengs pa’i rdo rje seng ge mthu bo che*, Skt. *vaiśāradya­vajra­nārāyaṇa­siṃha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Vairāṭaka *dgras dogs pa*, Skt. *vairāṭaka*, A yakṣa general. ## Vaiśramaṇa A past buddha whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Vairambha *rtsom chen*, Skt. *vairambha*, One of the four winds. ## Vairambhaka *rnam par ’thor rlung*, Skt. *vairambhaka*, A wind deity referred to as king of the wind. ## Vairambhya *yul dgra mtha’*, Skt. *vairambhya*, A country. ## Vairaprabha *khon sbyong ’od*, Skt. *vairaprabha*, The name of an eastern buddha realm. ## Vaiśravaṇa *rnam thos sras*, one of the [Four Great Kings](#four-great-kings) (whose god [realm](#realm) is the first in the World of Desire), guardian of the North and god of wealth. ## Vairāmaka *mtha’ ma*, Skt. *vairāmaka*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## vairocanā *bai ro tsa na*, Skt. *vairocanā*, A substance used in tantric rituals. In at least one instance from The Emergence of Sampuṭa this refers to feces. ## Vairocana *rnam par snang mdzad*, the [Buddha](#buddha) of the [Buddha](#buddha) family. See [five families](#five-families). ## Vairocanadharma *chos rnam par snang mdzad*, Skt. *vairocana­dharma*, The name that the bodhisattva Prahasitabāhu will have when he becomes a buddha. ## Vairocana­dhvaja *rnam par snang ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *vairocana­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vairocana­dhvaja­pradīpa­śrī *rnam snang rgyal mtshan sgron ma’i dpal*, Skt. *vairocana­dhvaja­pradīpa­śrī*, A realm in the distant past. This is the name given in verse, while the prose has Vairocana­tejaḥśrī. BHS has Vairocana­tejaḥ­śirī . ## Vairocanagarbha *rnam par snang byed kyi snying po*, Skt. *vairocana­garbha*, A bodhisattva. ## Vairocana­garbha *rnam par snang ba’i snying po*, Skt. *vairocana­garbha*, The name of a bodhisattva in the presence of the Buddha at Śrāvastī, and also the name of a bodhisattva seen by Muktaka in the buddha realm of the Buddha Tāreśvararāja in the east. ## Vairocana­garbha­mahā­megha *rnam par snang mdzad snying po can gyi sprin chen po*, Skt. *vairocana­garbha­mahā­megha*, A tathāgata. ## Vairocanaketu *rnam par snang mdzad dpal*, Skt. *vairocanaketu*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## vairocanakośa *rnam par snang ba’i mdzod*, Skt. *vairocanakośa*, A magical tree. The name means “radiant treasure.” ## Vairocanakusuma *rnam par snang mdzad me tog*, Skt. *vairocana­kusuma*, The buddha that Saṃbhava, the second of Samudrareṇu’s eighty sons, is prophesied to become. ## Vairocanamati *rnam par snang byed blo gros*, Skt. *vairocanamati*, A bodhisattva present at the teaching of The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra. ## Vairocana­prabha­śrī *rnam par snang mdzad ’od dpal*, Skt. *vairocana­prabha­śrī*, The sixty-eighth buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Vairocana­prabha­śirī . ## Vairocana­prabha­vyūha *rnam par snang mdzad ’od kyi rgyan*, Skt. *vairocana­prabha­vyūha*, A buddha in the distant past. BHS verse: Vairocana­prabha­viyūha . ## Vairocana­praṇidhi­jñāna­ketu *rnam par snang ba’i smon lam ye shes dpal*, Skt. *vairocana­praṇidhi­jñāna­ketu*, A bodhisattva from a northwestern buddha realm. Also known as Vairocana­praṇidhāna­ketu­dhvaja. ## Vairocana­praṇidhāna­ketu­dhvaja *rnam par snang mdzad kyi smon lam dpal gyi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *vairocana­praṇidhāna­ketu­dhvaja*, A bodhisattva from a northwestern realm. Also known as Vairocana­praṇidhi­jñāna­ketu. ## Vairocana­praṇidhāna­nābhi­raśmi­prabha *rnam par snang ba’i smon lam gyi gtsug gi ’od zer snang ba*, Skt. *vairocana­praṇidhāna­nābhi­raśmi­prabha*, A bodhisattva from an eastern realm. ## Vairocana­śrī *rnam par snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *vairocana­śrī*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vairocana­rakṣita *bai ro tsa na rak+Shi ta*, Skt. *vairocana­rakṣita*, Eighth-century Tibetan master and translator, usually referred to simply as Vairocana or Bairotsana. ## Vairocana­raśmi­prati­maṇḍitā *rnam par snang ba’i ’od zer gyis brgyan pa*, Skt. *vairocana­raśmi­prati­maṇḍitā*, A buddha realm a great distance in the eastern direction. ## Vairocana­raśmi­prati­maṇḍita­dhvaja­rāja *rnam par snang ba’i ’od zer gyis brgyan pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *vairocana­raśmi­prati­maṇḍita­dhvaja­rāja*, A bodhisattva present at the sūtra’s teaching, who in the distant past had been Queen Vimaladatta. He is known only from this sūtra. ## Vairocana­ratna­padma­garbha­śrī­cūḍa *rnam par snang ba rin chen pad mo dpal gyi gtsug phud snying po*, Skt. *vairocana­ratna­padma­garbha­śrī­cūḍa*, A cakravartin king in the distant past. ## Vairocana­śrī­garbha *rnam par snang mdzad dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *vairocana­śrī­garbha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vairocana­śrī­garbha­rāja *rnam par snang mdzad dpal gyi snying po’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vairocana­śrī­garbha­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vairocana­śrī­praṇidhi­garbhā *rnam par snang mdzad kyi snying po*, Skt. *vairocana­śrī­praṇidhi­garbhā*, A buddha realm in the northwestern direction. See . ## Vairocana­śrī­sumeru *rnam par snang mdzad dpal gyi ri rab*, Skt. **vairocana­śrī­sumeru*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. Not present in available Sanskrit editions. ## Vairocana­śrī­tejorāja *rnam par snang mdzad dpal gyi gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *vairocana­śrī­tejorāja*, A buddha in an eastern realm. ## Vairocana­tejaḥśrī *rnam par snang mdzad gzi brjid dpal*, Skt. *vairocana­tejaḥśrī*, A realm in the distant past. In verse it is called Vairocana­dhvaja­pradīpa­śrī. Also called Vairocana­śrī in Sanskrit and rnam par snang ba (Vairocana) in Tibetan. ## Vairocana­vyūhālaṃkāra­garbha *rnam par snang mdzad kyi rgyan gyis brgyan pa’i snying po*, Skt. *vairocana­vyūhālaṃkāra­garbha*, A kūṭāgāra in South India in which Maitreya resides. ## Vairocanottara­jñānin *rnam par snang ba dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *vairocanottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vairotṣana *bai ro tsa na*, Tibet's greatest translator and one of the first seven monks to be ordained in Tibet. He was one of the principal [disciple](#disciple)s of [Padmasambhava](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) and of [Śrī Siṃha](#śrī-siṃha). ## Vaiḍūrya Golden Mountain Precious Flower Glorious Appearance’s Ocean of Qualities *bai DUr+ya dang gser gyi ri bo rin po che’i me tog snang ba dpal gyi yon tan rgya mtsho*, Skt. *vaiḍūrya­kanaka­giri­ratna­kusuma­prabha­śrī­guṇa­sāgara*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vaiḍūryagarbha *bai dUr+ya snying*, Skt. *vaiḍūryagarbha*, The 699th buddha in the first list, 698th in the second list, and 688th in the third list. ## Vaiḍūrya­nirbhāsa *bai DUr+ya ra snang ba*, Skt. *vaiḍūrya­nirbhāsa*, The buddhafield of the Thus-Gone Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja. ## Vaiḍūryaprabha *bai dUr+ya’i ’od*, Skt. *vaiḍūryaprabha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vaitaraṇī *rab med*, Skt. *vaitaraṇī*, A river in hell. ## Vaitaraṇī River A river said to separate the living from the dead. In Tibetan rab med means “without a ford,” i.e., uncrossable on foot. The river causes great suffering to anyone who attempts to cross it. ## Vaitarāṇi River *chu bo be’i ta ra ni chen po*, Skt. *vaitarāṇi*, A river said to separate the living from the dead, like the River Styx. It causes great suffering to anyone who attempts to cross it. ## Vaivasvatī *nyi ma’i bu mo*, Skt. *vaivasvatī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Vaivasvata *nyi ma’i bu*, Skt. *vaivasvata*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi; also a patronymic of Yama. ## Vaiśvānara­nirghoṣa *thams cad sgrol ba’i dbyangs sgrol*, Skt. *vaiśvānara­nirghoṣa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Vaiśvānaratejas *gzi brjid me ’dra*, Skt. *vaiśvānaratejas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## vaiśya A member of the caste of “commoners,” those involved in agriculture and trade, the third category in the caste system as conceived by the brahmanical tradition. ## Vaiśyāyanīya The name of a family lineage. ## Vajrā *rdo rje*, Skt. *vajrā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Vajra *rdo rje*, AT: diamond, [adamantine](#adamantine) thunderbolt. Symbol of unchanging and indestructible [wisdom](#wisdom) capable of penetrating through everything. Ritual instrument symbolizing compassion, [skilful means](#skilful-means), [awareness](#awareness). Always associated with the [bell](#bell), *dril bu*, Skt. *ghaṇṭā*, the symbol of [wisdom](#wisdom), [emptiness](#emptiness). For the vajra's form see illustration of [Vajrasattva](#vajrasattva) who holds the vajra in his right hand and the [bell](#bell) in his left. ## Vajraśāṭī Skt. *vajraśāṭī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## vajra and bell *rdo rje dril bu*, Skt. *vajraghaṇṭā*, In the Tantra of Back Yamāri, the third in a series of four initiations. ## vajra banner *rdo rje’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *rdo rje’i rgyal mtshan*, An absorption. ## vajra bell *rdo rje dril bu*, Skt. *vajraghaṇṭā*, Bell with a handle in the shape of a vajra scepter. ## vajra body *rdo rje’i lus*, Skt. *vajra­kāya­śarīra*, The body of the Buddha is like an indestructible vajra. While the term vajrakāya has specialized meaning in a tantric context, it is unlikely that such meaning is applicable here. In the Chinese, the term is translated as a “vajra-like, indestructible solid body” (jin gang bu huai jian gu zhi shen 金剛不壞堅固之身). ## Vajra Bow *rdo rje gzhu*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Vajra brothers and sisters *rdo rje spun*, students of the same teacher, or with whom one has received [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna) teachings. See [spiritual companions](#spiritual-companions). ## vajra clan *rdo rje’i rigs*, Skt. *vajrakula*, One of the three, four, or five clans into which esoteric Buddhist deities are organized. In Kriyātantra literature, the head of this clan is Vajrapāṇi. ## vajra dwelling A location for performing rites. ## vajra enclosure A protective net of impenetrable, interlinking vajras that surrounds the outside of a maṇḍala in all directions and acts as its protective boundary. ## Vajra Eyes *rdo rje’i mig*, Skt. *rdo rje’i mig*, A bodhisattva. ## Vajra family *rdo rje’i rigs*, Skt. *vajra­kula*, In this context‌, the term vajrakula denotes the retinue of the wrathful bodhisattva Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajra Force *rdo rje sde*, Skt. *rdo rje sde*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryagarbha. ## Vajra Garland *rdo rje phreng ldan*, Skt. *rdo rje phreng ldan*, A Licchavi youth present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vajra Gift *rdo rje byin*, Skt. *rdo rje byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Pradyota. ## Vajra Golden Eyes The name of a king of the garuḍas. ## Vajra Guard *rdo rje skyong*, A Licchavī youth. (Toh 555: rdo rje skyabs) ## vajra holder *rdo rje ’dzin*, Skt. *vajradhara*, Here used as an epithet of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajra Intelligence *rdo rje’i blo gros*, Skt. *rdo rje’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Asaṅga. ## Vajra Light The fourth of the twelve buddha grounds. ## vajra like *rdo rje lta bu*, Skt. *vajropama*, An absorption. ## vajra maṇḍala *rdo rje’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vajramaṇḍala*, The 24th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## Vajra master *rdo rje slob spon*, Skt. *vajrācārya*, "the spiritual master who introduces one to a [maṇḍala](#maṇḍala) of the [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna) and gives the liberating instructions." DICT. ## vajra milk The identity of this substance is uncertain. ## Vajra Mode *rdo rje’i ’gros*, Skt. *rdo rje’i ’gros*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vegajaha. ## Vajra Monastery *rdo rje’i gtsug lag khang*, Skt. *rdo rje’i gtsug lag khang*, The name of a monastery ## Vajra Mountain, Site of Four Great Oceans *rgya mtsho chen po bzhi’i gnas rdo rje’i ri*, Skt. *rgya mtsho chen po bzhi’i gnas rdo rje’i ri*, Dwelling place of the bodhisattva Dharmodgata. ## vajra navel *rdo rje lte ba*, Skt. *rdo rje lte ba*, An absorption. ## Vajra of Joy *dgyes pa rdo rje*, a name of [Garab Dorje](#garab-dorje). ## Vajra of Laughter *bzhad pa rdo rje*, another name of [Garab Dorje](#garab-dorje). ## Vajra Ornament *rdo rje rgyan*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Vajra posture *rdo rje dkyil krung*, Skt. *vajrāsana*, meditation posture with the legs crossed and the feet resting on the thighs. ## Vajra Power *mthu rtsal rdo rje*, Skt. *mthu rtsal rdo rje*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## Vajra realm *rdo rje’i gnas*, Skt. *vajrabhavana*, This seems to be the name of the realm/abode of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajra recitation *rdo rje bzlas pa*, recitation of [mantra](#mantra)s in concert with inhalation, holding and exhalation. ## Vajra Seat *rdo rje gdan*, Skt. *Vajrāsana*, the place in India (the present name is Bodh Gayā) where all the [Buddha](#buddha)s of this [kalpa](#kalpa) are to attain [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## Vajra song *rdo rje mgur*, song (*mgur*) expressing the inner experiences of a [yogī](#yogī-or-yoginī), his realization of the ultimate indestructible ([vajra](#vajra)) nature. ## Vajra Source *rdo rje ’byung*, Skt. *rdo rje ’byung*, A buddha realm. ## Vajra Sow-Faced One *rdo rje phag gdong ma*, An epithet for Arcikarī, Gaṇapati’s consort. ## vajra stages Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra uses this term to refer to the system for performing the sixth consecration. ## Vajra Subduer *rdo rje rnam par gnon*, Skt. *rdo rje rnam par gnon*, A great bodhisattva. ## vajra that conquers all māras *bdud thams cad rnam par ’joms pa’i rdo rje*, Skt. *sarvamāranikṛntanavajra*, Name of a meditative absorption. ## vajra that terrifies death *rdo rje nag po ’jigs pa*, The name of a meditative absorption. ## vajra throne *rdo rje’i gdan*, Skt. *vajrāsana*, The seat upon which a full realization of a buddha is attained. This attainment is one of the twelve great deeds of a tathāgata. ## vajra water *rdo rje chu*, Skt. *vajrodaka*, Urine; it is referred to as “vajra water” when used in rituals. ## Vajra Wish *rdo rje bzhed*, Skt. *rdo rje bzhed*, A buddha. ## vajra words *rdo rje’i tshig*, Skt. *vajrapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## Vajra Yama’s Destroyer *gshin rje’i gshed rdo rje*, Skt. *yamamathana­vajra*, An epithet of Yamāri. ## Vajra Yoginī *rdo rje rnal 'byor ma*, a female [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya) for of [Buddha](#buddha). ## Vajraśaṅkalī *rdo rje lcags sgrog*, Skt. *vajraśaṅkalī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa, probably the same as Vajraśṛṅkhalā (“Vajra Chain”). ## Vajraśaṃkara *rdo rje bde byed*, Skt. *vajraśaṃkara*, The Buddhist counterpart of Śiva. ## Vajraśara *rdo rje mda’*, Skt. *vajraśara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## vajra-being *rdo rje sems dpa’*, Skt. *vajrasattva*, This term is primarily used in the present text as an epithet of Yamāri, but is also used to identify the deity Vajrasattva who is one of the principal deities of the esoteric Buddhist pantheon, ## Vajrabhairava A wrathful Buddhist tantric deity with the head of a buffalo. He is the main deity of the Vajrabhairava cycle of tantras (Toh 468–472) and is considered an emanation of Mañjuśrī. ## Vajrabhṛkuṭī *rdo rje khro gnyer ma*, Skt. *vajrabhṛkuṭī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrabhṛkuṭikā *rdo rje khro gnyer can*, Skt. *vajrabhṛkuṭikā*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Vajrabhrū *rdo rje’i sbyin ma*, Skt. *vajrabhrū*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. The attested Tibetan appears to in error, and should read rdo rje’i smin ma. ## Vajrabhūtinī The name of a goddess. ## Vajrabāhu *rdo rje dpung pa*, Skt. *vajrabāhu*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrabimbā *rdo rje gzugs brnyan*, Skt. *vajraviśvā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Vajrabodhi 671–741. Indian monk and Buddhist missionary who was instrumental in the introduction of tantric Buddhist traditions to China. He translated a number of tantric works into Chinese, most famously the Vajra­śekhara­sūtra (related to the Sarva­tathāgata­saṃgraha). ## Vajracūṣaṇī *badz+ra tsU ShI NI*, Skt. *vajracūṣaṇī*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajracaṇḍa *rdo rje gtum po*, Skt. *vajracaṇḍa*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Vajracarcikā *rdo rje tsar rtsi kA*, Skt. *vajracarcikā*, A deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Vajraccheda­prajñā­vabhāsaśrī *rdo rjes gcod pa shes rab snang ba’i dpal*, Skt. *vajraccheda­prajñāvabhāsaśrī*, The bodhisattva name given to Anaṅgaṇa, the fourth son of King Araṇemin. ## Vajradaṇḍa *rdo rje dbyug pa*, Skt. *vajradaṇḍa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajradaṃṣṭra *rdo rje mche ba*, Skt. *vajradaṃṣṭra*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajradhanuḥ *rdo rje gzhu*, Skt. *vajradhanuḥ*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajradharā *rdo rje ’dzin ma*, Skt. *vajradharā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Vajra Bearer,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Vajradhara *rdo rje 'chang*, lit. [vajra](#vajra) holder. In the [New Tradition](#new-tradition), he is the primordial [Buddha](#buddha), source of all the [tantras](#tantra). In the [Ancient Tradition](#ancient-tradition), Vajradhara represents the principle of the Teacher as enlightened holder of the [Vajrayāna](#vajrayāna) teachings. ## Vajradhara Künga Sangpo Also known as Ngorchen Künga Sangpo (ngor chen kun dga’ bzang po, 1382–1456), he was an important Sakya master and founder of the Ngor tradition. He also commissioned the production of a Kangyur catalog in Mustang written in gold lettering. ## Vajradharasāgaragarjin *rdo rje ’dzin pa rgya mtsho ’joms pa*, Skt. *vajradhara­sāgaragarjin*, The name of a buddha. ## vajradhātu *rdo rje dbyings*, Skt. *vajradhātu*, Intrinsically pure reality experienced through non-dual cognition. ## Vajradhātvīśvarī *rdo rje dbyings 'phugs ma*, one of the [consorts](#consort) of the [Buddha](#buddha)s of the [Five Families](#five-families). ## Vajra­dhātvīśvarī *rdo rje dbyings kyi dbang phyug ma*, Skt. *vajra­dhātvīśvarī*, Consort of Caṇḍa­mahā­roṣaṇa. ## Vajradhvaja *rdo rje’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *vajradhvaja*, The name of countless buddhas, each in a realm named Vajraśrī, from which countless bodhisattvas come at the conclusion of the sūtra. ## Vajradīptatejā *badz+ra dIp+ta he dze*, Skt. *vajradīptatejā*, One of the goddesses from the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## vajradūtī *rdo rje’i pho nya mo*, Skt. *vajradūtī*, A type of female “messenger” deity. In The Great Amulet, they are said to number sixty-four. ## Vajraśekhara *rdo rje rtse mo*, Skt. *vajraśekhara*, A deity. ## Vajragarbha Name of a tantric bodhisattva. He is the interlocutor of the Blessed One in many tantras of the Unexcelled yoga class, most prominently in the Hevajra Tantra. He is also the bodhisattva who teaches The Ten Bhūmis . ## Vajra­garbha *rdo rje’i snying po*, Skt. *vajra­garbha*, The bodhisattva who gives all the teachings of The Ten Bhūmis while in the Para­nirmita­vaśa­vartin paradise in the presence of a silent emanation of the Buddha Śākyamuni who has just attained buddhahood in Jambudvīpa. A bodhisattva of that name appears in passing in a few other sūtras and is the name of the principal interlocutor for the Hevajra Tantra, and the commentary to that tantra is also attributed to him. ## Vajra­garbha­pramardin *rdo rje’i snying pos rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *vajra­garbha­pramardin*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Vajragarvā *rdo rje snyems ma*, Skt. *vajragarvā*, One of the four retinue goddesses of Mahāsukhavajra. ## Vajragaurī *rdo rje gau rI ma*, Skt. *vajragaurī*, A deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Vajraghaṇṭā *rdo rje dril bu ma*, Skt. *vajraghaṇṭā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Vajragiri *rdo rje ri bo*, Skt. *vajragiri*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vajragrīva *rdo rje mgrin pa*, Skt. *vajragrīva*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajragātra *rdo rje’i lus*, Skt. *vajragātra*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vajra­guhyakādhipati *rdo rje gsang bdag*, Skt. *vajra­guhyakādhipati*, One of the names of Kubera, the god of wealth, meaning “Lightning Lord of the Guhyakas,” or “treasure guardian.” In the tantra tradition, Guhyapati, “Lord of Secrets,” became a title of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrahasta *rdo rje lag pa*, Skt. *vajrahasta*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajraśikha *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *vajraśikha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajraśikhara *rdo rje rtse mo*, Skt. *vajraśikhara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrajambukā *badz+ra dza bu ke*, Skt. *vajrajambukā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajrajihvā *rdo rje lce ma*, Skt. *vajrajihvā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajra­jñāna­parvata *ye shes rdo rje’i ri bo*, Skt. *vajra­jñāna­parvata*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vajrajvālā Skt. *vajrajvālā*, “Vajra Blaze,” a female deity invoked to kill spirits. ## Vajraka The name of a muhūrta. ## Vajrakūṭa *rdo rje brtsegs pa*, Skt. *vajrakūṭa*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vajraḍāka *rdo rje mkha’ ’gro*, Skt. *vajraḍāka*, A wrathful deity. ## Vajrakambojā *badz+ra kaM po dze*, Skt. *vajrakambojā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajrakapāla *thod pa can*, Skt. *vajrakapāla*, A wrathful emanation of Hevajra(?). ## Vajrakaumārī *rdo rje gzhon nu ma*, Skt. *vajrakaumārī*, The name of a female deity and class of female deities. The name means “Youthful Vajra.” ## Vajrakavaca *rdo rje go cha*, Skt. *vajrakavaca*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrakelīkilā *badz+ra kI li kI la*, Skt. *vajrakelīkilā*, One of the four retinue goddesses of Mahāsukhavajra. ## Vajraketu *rdo rje’i tog*, Skt. *vajraketu*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vajraśṛṅkhalā *rdo rje lu gu rgyud*, Skt. *vajraśṛṅkhalā*, The name of a Buddhist deity who is typically male but here given in the feminine as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. The name means “Vajra Shackles.” ## Vajraḍākinī *rdo rje mkha’ ’gro ma*, Skt. *vajraḍākinī*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva; one of the five ḍākinīs visualized on the five prongs of the vajra scepter. ## Vajrakāminī *rdo rje ’dod ldan ma*, Skt. *vajrakāminī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrakrauñca Skt. *vajrakrauñca*, One of the mantra deities. ## Vajrakrodha *rdo rje khro bo*, Skt. *vajrakrodha*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrakīrti *rdo rje grags pa*, Skt. *vajrakīrti*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. ## Vajrakukṣi *rdo rje’i mngal*, Skt. *vajrakukṣi*, A cave inhabited by the asuras. ## Vajrakumāra *rdo rje gzhon nu*, Skt. *vajrakumāra*, “The Youthful Vajra.” It is unclear who the referent of this name is in this text, but given the title of the work, it could perhaps be understood as an epithet of Vajrapāṇi, albeit not a common one. Vajrakumāra is also, at least in later Tibetan literature, quite commonly an epithet of Vajrakīlaya. ## Vajraśālavatī *gnas dang ldan ma*, Skt. *vajraśālavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajralekhā *rdo rje yi ge ma*, Skt. *vajralekhā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## vajra-like *rdo rje lta bu*, Skt. *vajropama*, Applied to a particular meditative absorption that destroys all fetters and leads to the fifth path, that of “no more learning,” in Sarvāstivāda and Mahāyāna systems. ## Vajralocanā *rdo rje’i spyan ma*, Skt. *vajralocanā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## vajramaṇḍala *rdo rje’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vajramaṇḍala*, Lit. “vajra circle.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vajra­maṇi­vicitra *rdo rje rin po ches rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *vajra­maṇi­vicitra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vajramati A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra. ## Vajra­mati *rdo rje’i blo gros*, Skt. *vajra­mati*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vajramatin *rdo rje blo gros*, Skt. *vajramatin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Vajramālā *rdo rje phreng*, Skt. *vajramālā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Vajra Garland,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Vajramuṣṭī *rdo rje khu tshur ma*, Skt. *vajramuṣṭī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajramukha *rdo rje’i sgo*, Skt. *vajramukha*, A pore on Avalokiteśvara’s body. ## Vajra­māṇyabhedyadṛḍha­tejas *rdo rje’i rang bzhin mi phyed gzi brjid brtan*, Skt. *vajra­māṇyabhedyadṛḍha­tejas*, A realm in the distant past. ## Vajranābhi *rdo rje’i gtsug*, Skt. *vajranābhi*, The names of two buddhas in the past: one not long before Dīpaṅkara and another in the far distant past. BHS verse: Vajiranābhi. ## Vajranemin *rdo rje’i mu khyud*, Skt. *vajranemin*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Vajranetra *rdo rje spyan*, Skt. *vajranetra*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajranārāca *rdo rje lcags mda’*, Skt. *vajranārāca*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajranārāyaṇa *rdo rje sred med kyi bu*, Skt. *vajranārāyaṇa*, The Buddhist counterpart of Viṣṇu. ## Vajra­nārāyaṇa­ketu *rdo rje mthu bo che’i dpal*, Skt. *vajra­nārāyaṇa­ketu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vajrapāśī *rdo rje zhags pa ma*, Skt. *vajrapāśī*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## vajrapada *rdo rje’i tshig*, Skt. *vajrapada*, Statements regarding the ultimate nature of phenomena. ## Vajra­pada­vikrāmin *rdo rje’i gom pas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *vajra­pada­vikrāmin*, A bodhisattva in a northern realm. ## Vajra­padmottara *rdo rje pad mo’i bla*, Skt. *vajra­padmottara*, A buddha in an analogy given by the bodhisattva Vajra­garbha. ## Vajrapañjara *rdo rje dra ba*, Skt. *vajrapañjara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrapatāka *rdo rje ba dan*, Skt. *vajrapatāka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrapāda One of the sublineages connected with the Gautama lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Vajrapāṇi *phyag na rdo rje*, one of the [Eight Great Close Sons](#eight-great-close-sons). ## Vajrapiṅgala *rdo rje ping ga la*, Skt. *vajrapiṅgala*, The name could suggest a Buddhist counterpart of the Śaiva deity Piṅgala, an attendant of Śiva. ## Vajraprabhā Skt. *vajraprabhā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Shines like a Vajra,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Vajraprabha *rdo rje’i ’od*, Skt. *vajraprabha*, The fifty-fourth buddha in the distant past. See . ## Vajraprabhāsa *rdo rje’i ’od*, Skt. *vajraprabhāsa*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-second) when he becomes a buddha. ## Vajrapradīpa *rdo rje’i sgron ma*, Skt. *vajrapradīpa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vajra­pramardana *rdo rje rab tu ’dul ba*, Skt. *vajra­pramardana*, A buddha in a northern realm. ## Vajrapramardin *rdo rje rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *vajrapramardin*, Vajrapramardin (Vajra Vanquisher) is a buddha who inhabits a buddhafield. This buddhafield is specifically said to be Kaṣāyadhvajā in Toh 44-37 and Toh 104. In Toh 104 he is named Vajrasārapramardin (Vajra Essence Vanquisher). ## Vajraprākara *rdo rje’i ’byung gnas*, Skt. *vajraprākara*, A mountain. ## Vajraprākāra *rdo rje ra ba*, Skt. *vajraprākāra*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrapātāla *rdo rje sa ’og*, Skt. *vajrapātāla*, A deity whose practice is taught in The Tantra of Black Yamāri. ## Vajrapura *rdo rje’i grong khyer*, Skt. *vajrapura*, A town in the Draviḍa region in South India. ## Vajraśrī *rdo rje’i dpal*, Skt. *vajraśrī*, The name of countless realms in the ten directions, in each of which is a buddha named Vajradhvaja. ## vajraratna *rdo rje rin po che*, Skt. *vajraratna*, Lit. “vajra jewel.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vajra­ratna­giri­tejas *rdo rje rin po che’i ri’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *vajra­ratna­giri­tejas*, “The Magnificence of a Mountain of Precious Diamonds.” The precious elephant of a cakravartin in the past. ## Vajraśravaṇā *rdo rje rna ba ma*, Skt. *vajraśravaṇā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrarāśi *rdo rje phung po*, Skt. *vajrarāśi*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vajrarāja *rdo rje rgyal*, Skt. *vajrarāja*, A sambhogakāya buddha personifying the true nature of the aggregate of mental formations. ## Vajrarājendrī *badz+ra ra dzen+d+ri*, Skt. *vajrarājendrī*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajraroman *rdo rje ba spu*, Skt. *vajraroman*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrasaṃhata *rdo rje mkhregs*, Skt. *vajrasaṃhata*, The 749th buddha in the first list, 748th in the second list, and 738th in the third list. ## Vajrasaṅkalā *rdo rje’i lu gu rgyud*, Skt. *vajrasaṅkalā*, A member of the audience in this sūtra. ## Vajrasarasvatī *rdo rje dbyangs can ma*, Skt. *vajrasarasvatī*, A deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Vajrasattvī The Indian female master credited with translating this Dhāraṇī along with the Tibetan translator Gar Sherap Jungne. ## Vajrasattva *rdo rje sems dpa'*, the [Buddha](#buddha) who embodies the [Hundred Families](#hundred-families). The practice of [Vajrasattva](#vajrasattva) and recitation of his [mantra](#mantra) are particularly effective for purifying [negative action](#negative-action)s. In the lineage of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection) he is the [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya) [Buddha](#buddha). ## Vajrasaumyā *rdo rje zhi ba ma*, Skt. *vajrasaumyā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Vajrasūcī *rdo rje khab ma*, Skt. *vajrasūcī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrasenā *rdo rje sde ma*, Skt. *vajrasenā*, One of the goddesses from Vajrapāṇī’s retinue in the maṇḍala of Mañjuśrī. ## Vajrasena Vajrapāṇi’s eldest son in this sūtra, whose name is attested as that of a bodhisattva in the Kāraṇḍavyūha. ## Vajra­sāgara­dhvaja­megha *rdo rje ltar brtan pa’i rgyal mtshan rgya mtsho’i sprin*, Skt. *vajra­sāgara­dhvaja­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Vajra­sāgara­garbhā *rdo rje rgyal mtshan gyi snying po*, Skt. *vajra­sāgara­garbhā*, A buddha realm in the southern direction. ## Vajrasiṃha *rdo rje seng ge*, Skt. *vajrasiṃha*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vajrasiṃhinī *badz+re siM hi ni*, Skt. *vajrasiṃhinī*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajrasphoṭā *rdo rje lcags sgrog ma*, Skt. *vajrasphoṭā*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Vajrasphoṭa *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *vajrasphoṭa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajra­sāra­pramardin *rdo rje snying pos rab tu ’dul ba*, Skt. *vajra­sāra­pramardin*, Vajra­sārapramardin (Vajra Essence Vanquisher) is a buddha who inhabits the buddhafield Kaṣāyadhvajā. ## Vajrasūrya *rdo rje nyi ma*, Skt. *vajrasūrya*, A sambhogakāya buddha personifying the true nature of the aggregate of sensation. ## Vajrasundarī *rdo rje mdzes ma nyid*, Skt. *vajrasundarī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Vajratejoṣṇīṣa *gzi brjid gtsug tor*, Skt. *vajratejoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## Vajratārā *rdo rje sgrol ma*, Skt. *vajratārā*, A form of Tārā, the Buddhist goddess of compassion, commonly depicted as golden yellow in color, with four faces and eight arms. ## Vajratuṇḍī *rdo rje’i mchu can*, Skt. *vajratuṇḍī*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Vajra Beaked,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## Vajratuṇḍa *rdo rje mchu*, Skt. *vajratuṇḍa*, The name of a great yakṣa in Gaṇapati’s maṇḍala. Vajratuṇḍa, which literally means “vajra-beaked,” is more commonly an epithet for Garuḍa. ## Vajraśuddha *rdo rje dag pa*, Skt. *vajraśuddha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vajra-ulūkāsyā *badz+ra u lU kA s+ye*, Skt. *vajra•ulūkāsyā*, One of the goddesses from the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajravakṣas *rdo rje mthon ka*, Skt. *vajravakṣas*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajravidāraṇa *rdo rje rnam ’joms*, Skt. *vajravidāraṇa*, A form of Vajrapāṇi widely employed in esoteric rites. ## Vajravikrāmin The name by which Vajrapāṇi will be known when he becomes a perfect buddha, as attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. It is also the name of a bodhisattva in a list of bodhisattvas given at the beginning of this sūtra, though the Sanskrit for that section of the text is no longer extant. ## Vajravikurvita *rdo rje rnam par ’phrul pa*, Skt. *vajravikurvita*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## vajravināyaka *rdo rje rnam par ’dren pa*, Skt. *vajravināyaka*, This seems to be a class of enlightened beings. ## Vajravārāhī *rdo rje phag mo*, Skt. *vajravārāhī*, A Buddhist goddess related to Vajrayoginī with the face of a sow. ## Vajravyāghrī *badz+ra byA g+h+ra*, Skt. *vajravyāghrī*, One of the goddesses from the retinue of Jñānaḍākinī. ## Vajrāśaya­giri­śrī *dgongs pa rdo rje ri bo dpal*, Skt. *vajrāśaya­giri­śrī*, The eighty-second buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. BHS verse: Vajrāśaya­giri­śirī. ## Vajrayakṣī *rdo rje gnod sbyin ma*, Skt. *vajrayakṣī*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Vajrayāna *rdo rje theg pa*, see [Secret Mantrayāna](#secret-mantrayāna). ## vajrayoga *rdo rje’i rnal ’byor*, Skt. *vajrayoga*, (1) The four vajrayogas are the vajrayogas of purity (Skt. viśuddha), dharma, mantra, and form (Skt. saṃsthāna). (2) In this text, Vajrayoga is also the name of one of the six self-arisen supramundane beings, see . ## Vajrayoginī *rdo rje rnal ’byor ma*, Skt. *vajrayoginī*, A Buddhist goddess. ## Vajrayudha *rdo rje mtshon*, Skt. *vajrayudha*, A yakṣa general. ## Vajrābha *’od snang rdo rje*, Skt. *vajrābha*, A buddha. ## vajrācārya *rdo rje slob dpon*, Skt. *vajrācārya*, A person who has mastered the mantras, maṇḍalas, and other elements of a particular deity and their ritual practices, usually through being consecrated by and receiving direct instructions from another master of that tradition. ## Vajriṇī *badz+ri NI*, Skt. *vajriṇī*, She is visualized as part of the Perfection of Wisdom practice. ## vajrin *rdo rje can*, Skt. *vajrin*, “Possessor of vajra”; an epithet of male sambhogakāya deities embodying the adamantine non-duality; a follower of the Vajrayāna; an epithet for anyone abiding in non-duality. ## Vajrāṅka *rdo rje sa mtshon pa*, Skt. *vajrāṅka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrākara *rdo rje byed pa*, Skt. *vajrākara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrāṃkuśī *rdo rje lcags kyu ma*, Skt. *vajrāṃkuśī*, One of the goddesses in the maṇḍala of Vajrasattva. ## Vajrāṅkuśī *rdo rje lcags kyu*, Skt. *vajrāṅkuśī*, One of the eight goddesses visualized on the petals of a lotus in a ritual associated with the vajra scepter. ## Vajrāṅkuśa *rdo rje lcags kyu*, Skt. *vajrāṅkuśa*, An esoteric Buddhist deity who can be employed in rites of subjugation. ## Vajrāmṛta *badz+ra mR ta*, Skt. *vajrāmṛta*, In the Vajrāmṛta Tantra he is an emanation of Ratnasambhava; in the Sampuṭodbhava Tantra this name seems to be an epithet of Vajrasattva. ## Vajrānaṅga *rdo rje lus med*, Skt. *vajrānaṅga*, The Buddhist form of Kāmadeva, the Indian god of love. ## Vajrānala­pramohanī­dhāraṇī *rdo rje’i mes rab tu rmongs par byed pa’i gzungs kyi lha mo*, Skt. *vajrānala­pramohanī­dhāraṇī*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Vajrānanī Skt. *vajrānanī*, “Vajra-Faced,” one of the mantra deities. ## Vajrānana *rdo rje zhal*, Skt. *vajrānana*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrānta *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *vajrānta*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrāntaka *rdo rje mthar byed*, Skt. *vajrāntaka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajroṣṇīṣā *rdo rje gtsug tor*, Skt. *vajroṣṇīṣā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “Vajra Uṣṇīṣa,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## vajropama *rdo rje lta bu*, Skt. *vajropama*, Lit. “diamond-like.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vajrottama *rdo rje mchog*, Skt. *vajrottama*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vajrottara­jñānin *rdo rje dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *vajrottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vajrārṇā Skt. *vajrārṇā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrāralli *a ra li*, Skt. *vajrāralli*, This seems to be the Buddhist (Vajrayāna) name of the male deity, Aralli, in the centre of the dharmodaya. ## Vajrārciḥśrī­vatsālaṃkāra­garbha *dpal gyi be ’u rdo rje ’od ’phro bas brgyan pa’i snying po*, Skt. *vajrārciḥśrī­vatsālaṃkāra­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vajrāṃsā *rdo rje’i thal gong ma*, Skt. *vajrāṃsā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrāsanī *rdo rje thog ’bab ma*, Skt. *vajrāsanī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrāsana *rdo rje gdan pa*, Skt. *vajrāsana*, This is Amoghavajra, Vajrāsana the younger (eleventh century), who was the successor of Vajrāsana the elder. They were both the abbots of the Vajrāsana Monastery in what is now Bodhgaya. His teachings are important in the Sakya tradition. ## Vajrāstrā *rdo rje mtshon cha ma*, Skt. *vajrāstrā*, One of the four retinue goddesses of Mahāsukhavajra. ## Vajrāstra *rdo rje mtshon cha*, Skt. *vajrāstra*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vajrāyuṣā Skt. *vajrāyuṣā*, ‟Vajra Life,” a female deity invoked to revive dead beings. ## Vakṣā *pak+Shu*, Skt. *vakṣā*, The name of a river (personified). ## Vṛṣaketu *khyu nyid*, Skt. *vṛṣaketu*, This possibly is another name of Govinda (according to Jayaswal 1934, p. 30), of Maṅgala. ## Vakhala *bag kha la*, Skt. *vakhala*, An ancient country, possibly in the Himalayan region. ## Vakkalin *shing gos can*, Skt. *vakkalin*, A ṛṣi who became the Buddha’s disciple. See also . ## Vakkula *ba ku la*, Skt. *vakkula*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Vakṣu *pak+Shu*, Skt. *vakṣu*, A river queen. ## Vakula *ba ku la*, Skt. *bakula*, Śrāvaka arhat; one of the sixteen sthavira arhats (see “elder”). ## Āvalī *phreng ba ma*, Skt. *āvalī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Āvalakā The name of a region. ## Valaya *gdu bu can*, Skt. *valaya*, A village or town. See also . ## valerian *rgya spos*, Skt. *tagara*, Valeriana wallichii. Specifically, Indian valerian, also known as tagara and tagar. ## Valgu *snyan ldan*, Skt. *valgu*, One of the four deities who were dwelling at the Bodhi tree. ## valguka Pterocarpus santalinus. The red sandalwood tree. ## Valgusvara Skt. *valgusvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. Not clear in the Tibetan. ## Valiant *dpa’ sra*, Skt. *dpa’ sra*, Valiant (brave, courageous), also the name of a monk. ## valiant one *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *vīra*, “Valiant, heroic, manly”; an epithet applied to male deities of wrathful aspect. ## Valkalin One of the sublineages connected with the Kauśika lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Vallabhī *ba la*, Skt. *vallabhī*, An ancient city located in the Saurashtra peninsula of Gujarat. ## Vallabha *yid du ’ong*, Skt. *vallabha*, A south Indian king, contemporary of Mahendra, identified as the Cālukya king Pulakeśin II. ## vallakī *palla ki*, Skt. *vallakī*, A stringed instrument, a type of yazh, which is a kind of harp. ## Vallūlagṛha Skt. *vallūlagṛha*, A mountain king. ## Valmīki *grog mkhar ba*, Skt. *valmīki*, A great ṛṣi. ## Valuka *ba lu ka*, Skt. *valuka*, A nāga king. ## Vana *nags ldan*, Skt. *vana*, A yakṣa. ## Vanadatta *nags sbyin*, Skt. *vanadatta*, A monk disciple of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vanavāsī *nags tshal na gnas pa*, Skt. *vanavāsī*, A region in South India. ## vanity *pho theg*, Skt. *stabdhatā*, An old Tibetan expression for khengs pa (“arrogance”). ## Vanoco *ba no co*, Skt. *ba no co*, A temple on Mount Gośṛṅga. ## Vanquisher of Aging and Death *rga shi ’joms pa*, Skt. *rga shi ’joms pa*, A buddha. ## Vanquisher of All Attacks *phyir rgol ba thams cad nges par ’joms*, Skt. *phyir rgol ba thams cad nges par ’joms*, A buddha. ## Vanquisher of All Demons *bdud thams cad rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *bdud thams cad rab tu ’joms pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Melody of Victory. ## Vanquisher of All Enemies *dgra thams cad rab tu ’joms pa*, Skt. *dgra thams cad rab tu ’joms pa*, Name of a king, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Vanquisher of Doubts *yid gnyis rnam par ’joms*, Skt. *yid gnyis rnam par ’joms*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vanquisher of Dust Stains and Darkness *rdul dang dri ma dang mun pa ’joms pa*, Skt. *rdul dang dri ma dang mun pa ’joms pa*, A buddha. ## Vanquisher of the Darkness of Sorrow *mya ngan gyi mun pa thams cad nges par ’joms pa*, Skt. *mya ngan gyi mun pa thams cad nges par ’joms pa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vanquishing All Doubts *yid gnyis thams cad yang dag bcom*, Skt. *yid gnyis thams cad yang dag bcom*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vanquishing the Three Worlds *’jig rten gsum gyi gnas rnam par gnon pa*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Vanquishing Untimely Clouds and Lightning *dus ma yin pa’i sprin dang lce ’bab pa rnam par ’joms pa*, Skt. *dus ma yin pa’i sprin dang lce ’bab pa rnam par ’joms pa*, A tathāgata. ## Vanquishing Unwavering State *mi g.yo ba’i gnas rnam par gnon pa*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Vanquishing Vajra State *rdo rje’i gnas rnam par gnon pa*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## Vaṣpa *rlangs pa*, Skt. *vaṣpa*, One of the first five disciples of the Buddha. ## Śvapāka *khyi ’tshed*, Skt. *śvapāka*, An outcaste tribe. ## Vapuṣā *lus can ma*, Skt. *vapuṣā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Varṣaṇī *char ’bebs*, Skt. *varṣaṇī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Īśvara *dbang phyug*, Skt. *īśvara*, Literally “Lord,” this is an epithet for the god Śiva but functions more generally in Buddhist texts as a generalized “supreme being” to whom the creation of the universe is attributed. It is often synonymous with Maheśvara, though sometimes the two are, as in this sūtra, presented as separate deities. ## Varṣaṇa *char ’bebs*, Skt. *varṣaṇa*, A nāga king. ## Āvaraṇaviṣkambhin *sgrib pa rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *āvaraṇa­viṣkambhin*, A buddha and a bodhisattva in this text. ## Varṇabhaṭa *’od ma’i ’gram*, Skt. *varṇabhaṭa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Varabodhigati *byang chub mchog bgrod*, Skt. *varabodhigati*, The 874th buddha in the first list, 873rd in the second list, and 864th in the third list. ## Varabuddhi *blo yi mchog ma*, Skt. *varabuddhi*, The 740th buddha in the first list, 739th in the second list, and 729th in the third list. ## Varacandana *tsan dan dam pa*, Skt. *varacandana*, A buddha. ## Varadā *“Boon Giver,” one of the vidyā*, Skt. *varadā*, “Boon Giver,” one of the vidyās attending upon Mañjuśrī. ## Varada *sbyin pa nyid*, Skt. *varada*, One of the muhūrtas. ## Īśvaradeva *dbang phyug lha*, Skt. *īśvaradeva*, The names of two of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## vara­dharma­mudra *chos dam pa’i phyag rgya*, Skt. *vara­dharma­mudra*, Lit. “holy dharma seal.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Varṣadhāra *char rgyun*, Skt. *varṣadhāra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Varagandha A buddha in the distant past. ## Īśvara­guṇāparājita­dhvaja *dbang phyug gi yon tan gzhan gyis mi thub pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *īśvara­guṇāparājita­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. His name as given in prose. In verse he is called Īśvarājita­guṇa­dhvaja. ## Varaha The name of a great astrologer. ## Varṇaka *snyan pa*, Skt. *varṇaka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vara­lakṣaṇa­śrī *dam pa’i mtshan gyi dpal gyur*, Skt. *vara­lakṣaṇa­śrī*, The forty-fourth buddha in a realm in the distant past, also one of countless buddhas in another past kalpa. BHS verse: Vara­lakṣaṇa­śiri. ## Varaprabha *’od mchog*, Skt. *varaprabha*, A bodhisattva in the distant past who was a previous life of Mañjuśrī. Also known as Śrīgarbha. ## Varaprajña *shes rab mchog*, Skt. *varaprajña*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the forty-ninth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Varapuṣpasa *me tog mchog*, Skt. *varapuṣpasa*, A king in the distant past. ## Vararaśmikośa *’od zer mchog*, Skt. *vararaśmikośa*, A buddha in a western buddha realm. ## Vararūpa *gzugs mchog*, Skt. *vararūpa*, The 654th buddha in the first list, 653rd in the second list, and 645th in the third list. ## Vararuci *mchog srid*, Skt. *vararuci*, The colophon to this praise attributes its composition to a certain brahmin named Vararuci. However, in Toh 671, from which the praise was extracted, Vararuci utters not this praise but rather the subsequent tribute that follows in Toh 671 at . In Toh 842, a brahmin Vararuci, who is most like the same person who appears in this text, acts as the first Buddhist teacher for Śrīdevī Mahākālī and Rematī after their encounter with the Buddha and their conversion to Buddhism. It is unclear whether this brahmin Vararuci is thought within the literature to be identical with the historical person Vararuci, a well-known author of several treatises on grammar and astrology. ## Īśvarasena *dbang phyug gi sde*, Skt. *īśvarasena*, A king who lived in the past. ## varaya An unidentified type of tree. ## Vardhamāna “Increasing,” one of four kings who support the earth. ## Vardhamānaka *’phel ba*, Skt. *vardhamānaka*, A nāga king. ## Vardhamānamati A bodhisattva in the audience of this sūtra, whose name is attested in the Saddharma­puṇḍarīka and elsewhere. ## Vardhamāna­mati *blo gros ’phel*, Skt. *vardhamāna­mati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Vardhamāna­matin *blo gros ’phel ba*, Skt. *vardhamāna­matin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Vardhana *’phel bar mdzad pa*, Skt. *vardhana*, The 869th buddha in the first list, 868th in the second list, and 858th in the third list. ## Varṣādhipati *char pa’i bdag po*, Skt. *varṣādhipati*, A yakṣa king. The name means “Lord of Rain.” (Toh 555: char pa’i dbang po) ## Varāṅga *yan lag mchog*, Skt. *varāṅga*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Varṇi *kha dog can*, Skt. *varṇi*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Variation *rnam pa sna tsogs*, Skt. *rnam pa sna tsogs*, Variation (a change or difference in form or condition), also the name of a river in Majestic Trees. ## Variegated *sna tshogs ldan*, Skt. *sna tshogs ldan*, Variegated (marked with varied colors or appearance), also the name of a buddha realm in the east where the buddha Glory of Being Renowned for Superior Skill That Is Noble like Mount Meru resides. ## Variegated Banner *sna tshogs rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *sna tshogs rgyal mtshan*, A buddha realm. ## Variegated Incense *spos sna tshogs*, Skt. *spos sna tshogs*, A buddha realm. ## Varieties of Sandalwood *tsan dan gyi rnam pa*, Skt. *tsan dan gyi rnam pa*, A nāga king. ## Varika The name of an island. ## Various Chariots *shing rta sna tshogs*, Skt. *shing rta sna tshogs*, See “Dwelling in Various Chariots.” ## Various Herbs Venerable *sna tshogs sngo btsun*, Skt. *sna tshogs sngo btsun*, A preta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Various Jewels *rin chen sna tshogs*, Skt. *rin chen sna tshogs*, Birthplace of the buddha Vibhaktagātra. ## Varitavaṭṭānang *ba ri ta baT+Ta nang*, Skt. *ba ri ta baT+Ta nang*, A vidyādhara site on Kālaka. ## Īśvarājita­guṇa­dhvaja *phyug yon tan mi thub rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *īśvarājita­guṇa­dhvaja*, A buddha in the distant past. His name as given in verse. In the prose he is called Īśvara­guṇāparājita­dhvaja. ## Varśākāra *dbyar byed*, Skt. *varśākāra*, The chief minister of Magadha. ## Varṣākāra *char ’bebs*, Skt. *varṣākāra*, The brahmin/ the priest and chief minister of King Ajātaśatru. ## Varālī *ba rA li*, Skt. *varālī*, An epithet of Mārīcī. ## Varmāsana The name of a king. ## Vartanaka *’tsho ba*, Skt. *vartanaka*, A town in Magadha. ## Vartani *bar ta ni*, Skt. *vartani*, A country in the east, where the teachings on the perfection of wisdom will spread. ## Varuṇā *chu lha’i yul*, Skt. *varuṇā*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Varuṇa *chu’i lha*, Skt. *varuṇa*, The name of the deity of water, whose weapon is a noose. In the Vedas, Varuṇa is an important deity and in particular the deity of the sky, but in later Indian tradition he is the deity of the water and the underworld. The Tibetan does not attempt to translate his name but instead has “god of water.” The Sanskrit name has ancient pre-Sanskrit origins, and, as he was originally the god of the sky, is related to the root vṛ, meaning “enveloping” or “covering.” He has the same ancient origins as the ancient Greek sky deity Uranus and the Zoroastrian supreme deity Mazda. ## Varuṇa­cāritra­nakṣatrā *rgyu skar gyi lha mo chu lha spyod*, Skt. *varuṇa­cāritra­nakṣatrā*, A goddess who prays to become the Buddha Śamudrareṇu’s wet nurse when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Mahāprajāpatī. ## Varuṇadatta *chus byin*, Skt. *varuṇadatta*, One of “the sixteen excellent men.” ## Varuṇa­datta *chu lhas byin*, Skt. *varuṇa­datta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Varuṇadeva *chu lha’i lha*, Skt. *varuṇadeva*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Varuṇamati *chu lha’i blo gros*, Skt. *varuṇamati*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Varuṇaśrī *chu’i dpal*, Skt. *varuṇaśrī*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Varuṇākṣa *chu’i lha’i spyan*, Skt. *varuṇākṣa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vasanta *dpyid*, Skt. *vasanta*, A particular form of Heruka; personification and the god of spring; name of an attendant on Kāmadeva. ## Vasanta­gandhin *’od ldan*, Skt. *vasanta­gandhin*, A buddha in the past. ## Vasava *nor lha’i bu*, Skt. *vasava*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vaśavartin *dbang sgyur*, Skt. *vaśavartin*, King of the gods of Para­nirmitavaśavartin. ## Vase empowerment *bum dbang*, the first [empowerment](#empowerment) "that purifies the [defilements](#defilements) of the body, enables one to meditate on the [generation phase](#generation-phase) and sows the seed for obtaining the [vajra](#vajra) body and the [nirmāṇakāya](#nirmāṇakāya)." DICT. ## vase initiation The first of the four initiations in the higher tantras. ## Vase of great treasure *gter chen po'i bum pa*, one of the [eight auspicious signs](#eight-auspicious-signs). It corresponds to the throat of the [Buddha](#buddha) and symbolizes the teachings that fulfill all desires. ## Vasiṣṭha *gnas ’jog*, Skt. *vasiṣṭha*, The name of one of the great sages of ancient India; one of the composers of the Vedic hymns. In Pali sources, a figure named Vāseṭṭha (Skt. Vasiṣṭha) also appears as a young brahmin. ## vast The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its sixth week. ## Vast Beauty and Fine Shape *rgya cher mdzes shing bkod pa legs*, Skt. *rgya cher mdzes shing bkod pa legs*, A merchant’s son. ## Vast Delight *rgya cher dga’ ba*, Skt. *rgya cher dga’ ba*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vast Fame *grags pa rgya chen*, Skt. *grags pa rgya chen*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Candrodgata. ## Vast Forest of the Seasons *dus kyi tshal rgya che*, Skt. *dus kyi tshal rgya che*, A forest in Dwelling on Forest Riverbanks. ## Vast Form *rgya chen gzugs*, Skt. *rgya chen gzugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Kāśyapa (471 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Vast Garlands of Bliss *bde ba’i phreng ba rgya chen po*, Skt. *bde ba’i phreng ba rgya chen po*, A mountain in Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Vast Generosity *phal chen sbyin*, Skt. *phal chen sbyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vibhaktagātra. ## Vast Glory *dpal rgyas*, Skt. *dpal rgyas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Sthitārtha­jñānin. ## Vast Intelligence *blo gros yangs pa*, Skt. *blo gros yangs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratibala. ## Vast Joy *phal chen dga’*, Skt. *phal chen dga’*, Attendant of the buddha Puṇya. ## Vast Luminosity *gsal ba rgya chen*, Skt. *gsal ba rgya chen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dharmabala (786 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Vast Merit *bsod nams rgya chen*, Skt. *bsod nams rgya chen*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Surūpa. ## Vast Mind *blo yangs*, Skt. *blo yangs*, A universal monarch who made offerings to the buddha Nectar Joy. ## Vast Qualities *yangs pa’i yon tan*, Skt. *viśālaguṇa*, A buddha. ## Vast Radiance *’od zer yangs pa*, Skt. *’od zer yangs pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānapriya (808 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Vast Radiant Light *rgyas par ’bar ba’i ’od*, A buddha. ## Vast Sky *nam mkha’ ring ba*, Skt. *nam mkha’ ring ba*, An area in Eyes Beyond the World. ## Vast Space *bar yangs pa*, Skt. *bar yangs pa*, A mountain range in the Heaven Free from Strife. ## Vast Splendor *gzi brjid yangs pa*, Skt. *gzi brjid yangs pa*, Birthplace of the second buddha Kusuma. ## Vast Virtue *dge rgyas*, Skt. *śubhakṛtsna*, Third of three heavens of gods on the third concentration level. ## Vast with Knowledge *shes pas rgyas pa*, Skt. *shes pas rgyas pa*, A devaputra present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Āśvasta *dbugs ’byin*, Skt. *āśvasta*, A bodhisattva ṛṣi living on the island of jewels at the time of the Buddha’s previous life as the cakravartin Pradīpapradyota. ## Vasāti *gnas can*, Skt. *vasāti*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Vastly Superior to the World *’jig rten kun las shin tu ’phags pa*, Skt. *’jig rten kun las shin tu ’phags pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sūryānana. ## Vastly Superior World *’jig rten shin tu ’phags*, Skt. *’jig rten shin tu ’phags*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhu­sūrya­garbha. ## Vastness *rnam par yangs pa*, Skt. *rnam par yangs pa*, Vastness (immense extent or size), also the name of (1) an old god approached by Musulundha; (2) a lotus pool in Swan Forest. ## Vasu The sage who is said to have uttered the Gāyatrī mantra after reproaching himself for having had sexual intercourse with his wife Kapilā. ## Vasubandhu *dbyig gnyen*, Skt. *vasubandhu*, (Fourth century). The younger brother of Āryāsaṅga, he was one of the greatest scholars in Buddhist history, author of the Abhi­dharma­kośa, the most definitive work on the Abhidharma, and later of numerous important works on the Vijñānavāda philosophy. ## Vasubhadhana The name of a king who will rule in a town called Mahābhañjapuri. ## Vasubhadra *dbyig bzangs*, Skt. *vasubhadra*, A certain nāga, son of the nāga king Vasu. ## Vasubhūmi *nor ’byor pa*, Skt. *vasubhūmi*, A yakṣa general. ## Vasudā *nor sbyin ma*, Skt. *vasudā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode; one of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vasudatta *lhas byin*, Skt. *vasudatta*, An upāsaka in Dhanyākara. ## Vasudeva *nor lha*, Skt. *vasudeva*, The 226th buddha in the first list, 225th in the second list, and 225th in the third list. ## Vasudhā *sa’i lha mo*, Skt. *vasudhā*, The goddess of wealth; a goddess in one of the paintings of Śākyamuni. ## Vasuṁdhara *nor ’dzin*, Skt. *vasuṁdhara*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Vasudhārā Goddess of riches, Earth personified; she is invoked for the fulfillment of wishes. ## Vasuketu *nor lha’i tog*, Skt. *vasuketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vasumallaputra *gyad bu nor*, Skt. *vasumallaputra*, A monk (bhikṣu) and disciple of the Buddha. ## Vasumatī *dge ldan ma*, Skt. *vasumatī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Vasumitrā *lha’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *vasumitrā*, An courtesan in Ratnavyūha. ## Vasunandi *dga’ byed*, Skt. *vasunandi*, An alternative name for Nandika. ## Vasundharā *nor ’dzin ma*, Skt. *vasundharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Vasuśreṣṭha *dbyig mchog*, Skt. *vasuśreṣṭha*, The 961st buddha in the first list, 960th in the second list, and 951st in the third list. ## Vasutrāta *nor srung ba*, Skt. *vasutrāta*, A yakṣa general. ## Vatsa The name of a country in the north of the Indian subcontinent, which had the ancient city of Kauśāmbī as its capital and was situated in the plains between the Ganges and Yamunā rivers, before their confluence at present-day Prayagraj. ## Vatsaka *be’u*, Skt. *vatsaka*, One of the kings of Nepal. ## vatsanābha poison *be’u lta bu’i dug*, Skt. *vatsanābha*, A type of vegetable poison frequently listed among poisonous substances in Āyurvedic literature. ## Vatsavatī *be’u ’dra*, Skt. *vatsavatī*, A goddess. ## Vattālī *ba dA li*, Skt. *vattālī*, An epithet of Mārīcī. ## Vattāli *bat+tA li*, Skt. *vattāli*, A goddess. ## Vauherī *bau ha ri*, Skt. *vauherī*, A goddess invoked in a mantra. ## Vṛścika *sdig pa*, Skt. *vṛścika*, Scorpio (zodiac sign and constellation). ## Vṛddhakāśyapa *’drob skyong gi bu rgan po*, Skt. *vṛddhakāśyapa*, A great ṛṣi. ## Vṛddhi *’phel mo*, Skt. *vṛddhi*, One of the eight goddesses dwelling in the Bodhi tree. ## Vādisiṃha *smra ba’i seng ge*, Skt. *vādisiṃha*, “Lion of Speech;” a common epithet of Mañjuśrī. ## vīṇādvītiyaka *pi bang gnyis pa*, Skt. *vīṇādvītiyaka*, A class of godlings, probabably related to yakṣas. ## Veśadhārin *shugs mnga’ ba*, Skt. *veśadhārin*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Veṭaka *khri byed*, Skt. *veṭaka*, A deva who made offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Veda *rig byed*, Skt. *veda*, A word that can simply mean knowledge, but in this text refers specifically to the Vedas, the sacred texts of the Brahmanical tradition. ## Vedagaccha *rig byed srung*, Skt. *vedagaccha*, A mountain king. ## vedanā *tshor ba*, Skt. *vedanā*, Feeling, the second of the five skandhas, generally classified into three types: pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral. ## vedanāparyanta *tshor ba mu med pa*, Skt. *vedanāparyanta*, Lit. “limitless feeling.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Veda-reciting brahmins *rig byed klog pa*, Skt. *vedapāṭhaka*, Brahmins who memorize and chant the Vedas, the authoritative scriptures of the Brahmanical tradition. ## Vedas The four foundational textual collections of the brahmanical tradition, all written in Sanskrit: the Ṛgveda, the Sāmaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. ## Vedic observances The vows of conduct that are taken up while engaged in learning the Vedas. ## vedikā *kha khyer*, Skt. *vedikā*, An architectural element similar to a pedestal. ## Vegabhuja *shugs kyis spyod*, Skt. *vegabhuja*, The fourth of the five young brahmin attendants of the brahmin Samudrareṇu. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Priyaprasanna, the 1,003rd of the 1,005 buddhas in the Bhadraka eon. ## Vegadharin *shugs ’chang*, Skt. *vegadharin*, A māra; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Vegadhāra *shugs ’chang*, Skt. *vegadhāra*, A buddha. ## Vegadhārin A bodhisattva who visits the Buddha while he is turning the wheel of Dharma at Deer Park after his awakening. The name attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Vegajaha *shugs ’dor*, Skt. *vegajaha*, The 995th buddha in the first list, 994th in the second list, and 985th in the third list. ## Vega­prabha­śamatha­ghoṣa *shugs ’od zhi gnas dbyangs kyi rgyal*, Skt. *vega­prabha­śamatha­ghoṣa*, The ninety-sixth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Vegarājamati *shugs kyi rgyal blo*, Skt. *vegarājamati*, The twenty-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Vegavairocana *rnam par snang byed*, Skt. *vegavairocana*, A bodhisattva, the sixth son of King Araṇemin, who will become the Buddha Dharmavaśavarīśvararāja. Note that the Tibetan translation does not reflect vega but only vairocana. ## vegetables *spags pa*, Skt. *utpiṇḍa*, an acceptable form of food for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Vehicle *theg pa*, Skt. *yāna*, the [means](#means) for traveling the [path](#path) to [enlightenment](#enlightenment). ## vehicle of conditions *rkyen gyi theg pa*, Another name for the solitary buddha vehicle. ## vehicle of the bodhisattvas *byang chub sems dpa’i theg pa*, Skt. *bodhi­sattva­yāna*, This is equivalent to the Great Vehicle. ## Veṣṭhila *nan khugs*, Skt. *veṣṭhila*, A householder, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 29. ## Veil of Complete Darkness *rab rib kun bsags pa*, Skt. *sarva­tamastimira­nikara*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Veṣṭitaka *dkris pa po*, Skt. *veṣṭitaka*, A yakṣa general. ## vela A term for an exceedingly high number. ## Velāma *dus dpog*, Skt. *velāma*, (1) A brahmin living in the country of King Piṇḍavaṃśa. (2) A brahmin who is the Buddha in a past life. ## Velāmaprabha *dus mkhyen ’od*, Skt. *velāmaprabha*, The 871st buddha in the first list, 870th in the second list, and 860th in the third list. ## Velāmarāja *dus mkhyen rgyal po*, Skt. *velāmarāja*, The 125th buddha in the first list, 125th in the second list, and 126th in the third list. ## velvet bean Mucuna pruriens. ## Vemacitra *thags zangs*, Skt. *vemacitra*, The king of the asuras. Also translated as bzang ris. Degé Toh 556, Peking, Narthang and Lhasa: thag bzangs. Degé Toh 557: thag bzangs. ## Vema­citra *thags bzang ris*, Skt. *vema­citra*, A ruler of the demigods. ## Vemacitri *thags bzang ris*, Skt. *vemacitri*, One of the kings of the asuras. ## Vemacitrin *thag zangs ris*, Skt. *vemacitrin*, A lord of the asuras; a member of the Buddha’s retinue. ## Vemānika *nga rgyal bral*, Skt. *vemānika*, A yakṣa general. ## venerable *tshe dang ldan pa*, Skt. *āyuṣmān*, A monk or mendicant of seniority. Āyuṣmān (tshe dang ldan pa) is a title of respect directed toward a monk or wandering mendicant who is venerable and in a position of seniority, but not a fully realized buddha. (In the Lalitavistara, ch. 26, Śākyamuni famously rejects this title as a suitable term of address for himself. See, e.g., Dudjom Rinpoche 1991: p. 423). Āyuṣmān may imply one who has held monastic ordination for a significant number of years, and who has some level of realization, but is still “mortal” and tied to cyclic existence, in contrast to the buddhas, who are “immortal.” Even today Thai monks colloquially address each other, using ayusma for someone senior and avuso (“friend”) for someone junior. ## venerable monk *btsun pa*, Skt. *bhadanta*, A term of respect used for Buddhist monks, akin to the modern address, bhante. ## venerable one More literally, one who is worthy of offerings (dakṣiṇā). ## Venerated by All *kun gyis bkur*, Skt. *kun gyis bkur*, Son of the buddha Sumati. ## Venerated by Gods *lha yis phyag byas pa*, Skt. *lha yis phyag byas pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhahastin. ## Venerated by Many *mang pos mchod*, Skt. *mang pos mchod*, Mother of the buddha Lokasundara. ## Venerated Stūpa *mchod rten mchod*, Skt. *mchod rten mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Venerated When Seen *mthong na mchod*, Skt. *mthong na mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Daśavaśa. ## Venerated with Prostrations *phyag byas mchod*, Skt. *phyag byas mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Venomous Fangs *mche ba’i dug*, Skt. *mche ba’i dug*, A nāga who visits Saṅkāśa Mountain. ## Venus *pa ba bsangs*, Skt. *śukra*, In Indian astrology, the presence of Venus in the night sky is one of the indicators of future rains because it is considered to cancel out the influence of heavenly bodies that obstruct rainfall. ## veranda *bsil khang*, Skt. *harmya*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. Here, a covered area or overhang formed by crossbeams extending from a house rather than a harmyam [mansion](#mansion) with several rooms and an open courtyard. ## veranda above a gatehouse *sgo khang gi steng gi bsil khang*, Skt. *bālāgrapotikā, vātāgravedikā, vāṭāgravedikā*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## verbal abuse *zhe gcod pa*, Skt. *pāruṣya*, Sixth of the ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered as “harsh words” or “words of reprimand.” ## verbal designations *brjod pa*, Skt. *abhidhāna*, Literally, “speaking” or “telling”; any expression of words or speech that conveys meaning. ## verbally communicate *ngag gi rnam par rig byed kyis*, Skt. *vāgvijñapti*, If monastics are unable to attend an official act of the saṅgha, they must send their consent for the act and convey their purity (Tib. yongs su dag pa; Skt. pariśuddhi) through a proxy or intermediary. Such consents and professions may be conveyed either verbally or physically. ## vermillion *mtshal*, Skt. *hiṅgulaka*, A red pigment made from mercury sulfide. ## vernonia *daN+Da ut+pal*, Skt. *daṇḍotpala*, Vernonia cinerea. ## veronicalolia *nA ga pi la*, Skt. *nāgabalā*, Grewia hirsuta. ## verse *tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *gāthā*, As one of the nine aspects of the Dharma according to this sūtra (more commonly there are said to be twelve that include these nine), it means those teachings given in verse. ## verse narrations *dbyangs kyis bsnyad pa’i sde*, Skt. *geya*, One of the “twelve branches of excellent speech.” ## verse text One of the genres of Buddhist literature included in the list of nine or twelve classifications. Seemingly refers to verse texts without any prose. ## verses *tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *gāthā*, As one of the twelve aspects of the wheel of Dharma, it means those teachings given in verse. ## Verses of the Ṛṣi *gtsug lag khang gi tshigs su bcad pa*, Skt. *ārṣā gāthā*, A series of verses that were supposed to prevent dangers. ## verses section *tshigs su bcad pa’i sde*, Skt. *gāthā*, Fourth of the twelve branches of Buddhist scriptures (Skt. dvādaśāṅgapravacana). ## very costly *’bum ri ba’i*, Skt. *’bum ri ba’i*, Literally “worth a hundred thousand.” ## Very Hard to Tame *rab tu gdul dka’*, Skt. *rab tu gdul dka’*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Akṣaya (568 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## very limit of reality *yang dag pa’i mtha’*, Skt. *bhūtakoṭi*, Synonymous with the sphere of phenomena, it refers to the ultimate reality that is the absence of an intrinsic nature. More generally, this term has three meanings: (1) the ultimate nature, (2) the experience of the ultimate nature, and (3) the quiescent state of an arhat to be avoided by bodhisattvas. ## very solid *shin tu sra ba*, Skt. *shin tu sra ba*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twentieth week. ## very stable The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its twentieth week. ## Very Steady *rab brtan*, Skt. *rab brtan*, A certain stūpa in Magadha located near Forest of Reeds. ## Very Subtle Mind *shin tu phra sems*, Skt. *shin tu phra sems*, A buddha. ## Very Violent *rab tu mi bzad pa*, Skt. *pracaṇḍa*, A realm that neighbors the Black Line Hell. ## Vessel of Firm Strength *ril ba stobs brtan*, Skt. *ril ba stobs brtan*, Mother of the buddha Supārśva. ## vessel-bearer gods *yol go thogs pa*, Skt. *karoṭapādaka*, A class of gods associated with the Four Great Kings. ## Śvetā *dkar mo*, Skt. *śvetā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity, meaning “White,” here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## vetāḍa *ro langs*, Skt. *vetāḍa*, The term vetāḍa is a variant of vetāla, or ro langs in Tibetan. A class of being that occupies and animates the body of a corpse (Monier-Williams). ## Śveta *dkar po*, Skt. *śveta*, One of the kings of the nāgas; one of the eight pratyeka­buddhas; one of the grahas; one of the muhūrtas; a king before the time of the Buddha. ## Śvetabhadra *dkar po bzang*, Skt. *śvetabhadra*, One of the kings of the nāgas. ## Śvetabhujā *lag dkar ma*, Skt. *śvetabhujā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Śvetadhvaja *rgyal mtshan dkar po*, Skt. *śvetadhvaja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Śvetaka *dkar po*, Skt. *śvetaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Śvetakarṇa *One of the vidyārāja*, Skt. *śvetakarṇa*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Śvetaketu *tog dkar po*, Skt. *śvetaketu*, The name of the Bodhisattva during his life in the heaven of Heaven of Joy. This was the last rebirth of the Buddha before taking birth as Prince Siddhārtha. ## Vetalī *ro langs ma*, Skt. *vetalī*, One of the female deities in the retinue of Hevajra. ## Śvetaparṇa *’dab dkar*, Skt. *śvetaparṇa*, One of the garuḍa kings. ## vetiver *on sha la*, Skt. *uśira*, Andropogon muricatus; Andropogon zizanioides. A type of grass. ## vetiver grass *u shi sha*, Skt. *uśīra*, Vetiveria zizanioides according to the Pandanus Database of Plants. The Tibetan rendering u shi sha is almost certain a corruption for uśīka. ## vetiver root The root of Andropogon muricatus. ## Vetālī *ro langs ma*, Skt. *vetālī*, One of the five ḍākinīs visualized on the five prongs of the vajra scepter. ## vetāla *ro langs*, Skt. *vetāla*, A class of beings that typically haunt charnel grounds and are most often depicted as entering into and animating corpses. A vetāla can be ritually induced to enter a corpse and then serve the ritualist in a variety of capacities. ## Vetāli The name of a goddess in the Mahākāla maṇḍala described in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. ## Vetramūlaka *sba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *vetramūlaka*, A land in the south of India. ## Vetranadī *’od ma can gyi klung*, Skt. *vetranadī*, A river. ## Vetravatī *spa ldan*, Skt. *vetravatī*, A river queen. ## Āvetuka *’khyil byed*, Skt. *āvetuka*, A deva who made offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Veṇu *’od ma*, Skt. *veṇu*, One of the four deities who were dwelling at the Bodhi tree. ## Veṇuvana *’od ma’i tshal*, Skt. *veṇuvana*, The famous bamboo grove near Rājagṛha where the Buddha regularly stayed and gave teachings. It was situated on land donated by King Bimbisāra of Magadha and, as such, was the first of several landholdings donated to the Buddhist community during the time of the Buddha. ## Veṇuvana Kalandaka­nivāsa *’od ma’i tshal bya ka lan da ka gnas pa*, Skt. *veṇuvana kalandaka­nivāsa*, The famous bamboo grove near Rājagṛha where the Buddha regularly stayed and gave teachings. It was situated on land donated by King Śreṇya Bimbisāra of Magadha and, as such, was the first of several landholdings donated to the Buddhist community during the time of the Buddha. Kalandaka­nivāpa means “feeding place of the kalandakas,” where kalandaka could refer to a flying squirrel or bird, as explained by differing sources. ## Veṇuyaṣṭikā *’od ma’i dbyug pa can*, Skt. *veṇuyaṣṭikā*, The residence of a king. ## Veyi *be yi*, Skt. *veyi*, A city in the future. ## Vāgīśa *ngag dbang*, Skt. *vāgīśa*, A disciple of the Buddha. ## Vāgīśvarī “Goddess of Speech”; the name of a goddess in both Buddhist and non-Buddhist sources. ## Vāgīśvara An Indian master active in the eleventh century. This may be a shortened name of Vāgīśvarakīrti, a renowned master of the Cakrasaṃvara who was formerly a gate keeper at Vikramaśīla and spent the latter part of his life in the Kathmandu Valley. ## Vṛha *che ba*, Skt. *vṛha*, Thirteenth of the sixteen god realms of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, meaning “Great.” Vṛhat is the spelling, not bṛha(t) in Ghoṣa (the only place these divisions are attested to our knowledge). ## Vṛhatphala *’bras bu che*, Skt. *vṛhatphala*, Sixteenth and highest of the sixteen god realms of form that correspond to the four meditative concentrations, meaning “Great Fruition.” ## Vṛṣṭi *char ’bebs*, Skt. *vṛṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## Āśīviṣā *sbrul can*, Skt. *āśīviṣā*, A river. ## Āśīviṣa *myur gdug*, Skt. *āśīviṣa*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## āśīviṣa snake Skt. *āśīviṣa*, A species of venomous snake. ## Viṃśachoṭika *se gol nyi shu pa*, Skt. *viṃśachoṭika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Viṣaṃdhara *dug ’dzin*, Skt. *viṣaṃdhara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Viśakhā The sixteenth of the twenty-seven major constellations, or nakṣatras, in Vedic astrology. Here it corresponds to the fourth month of the Tibetan calendar, when the moon is full in the constellation Saga (Tib.), or Viśakhā (Skt.). ## Viśala *yangs pa*, Skt. *viśala*, A buddha realm. ## viṣamajvarā *rims mi bzad pa*, Skt. *viṣamajvarā*, A class of spirits causing intermittent fever. ## viṣamavṛtta A type of meter with a fixed sequence of short and long syllables that varies in each quarter. Many scholars regard anuṣṭubh as an example of such meter. ## viṣayatīrṇa *yul las rgal ba*, Skt. *viṣayatīrṇa*, Lit. “freed from objects.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vibhīṣaṇā *’jigs byed ma*, Skt. *vibhīṣaṇā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Vibhūṣaṇī *rgyan ma ’gro ba*, Skt. *vibhūṣaṇī*, ‟Adorned One,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Vibhīṣaṇa *rnam ’jigs*, Skt. *vibhīṣaṇa*, Name of a nāga king; name of a yakṣa; name of Rāvaṇa’s brother in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Vibhaktagātra *rnam par ’byes pa’i sku*, Skt. *vibhaktagātra*, The 198th buddha in the first list, 197th in the second list, and 197th in the third list. ## Vibhakta­jñā­svara *ye shes rnam ’byed nga ro*, Skt. *vibhakta­jñā­svara*, The 985th buddha in the first list, 984th in the second list, and 975th in the third list. ## Vibhaktatejas *gzi brjid rnam ’byes*, Skt. *vibhaktatejas*, The 485th buddha in the first list, 484th in the second list, and 478th in the third list. ## Vibhaktāṅga *yan lag rnam par phye ba*, Skt. *vibhaktāṅga*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibhīṣana *’jigs byed*, Skt. *vibhīṣana*, A yakṣa general. ## Vibhava The second in the sixty-year calendar of Vedic astrology, literally meaning “wealth.” ## Vibhavagandha *dri zhim po’i longs spyod*, Skt. *vibhavagandha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibhūṣitā *rnam par spa ba*, Skt. *vibhūṣitā*, “Well-adorned,” Puṇyabala’s mother. ## Vibhūṣita *rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *vibhūṣita*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibhūṣitāṅga *yan lag rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *vibhūṣitāṅga*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibhrājacchattra *gdugs mdzes*, Skt. *vibhrājacchattra*, The 158th buddha in the first list, 157th in the second list, and 157th in the third list. ## Vibhūtī *phun sum tshogs ma*, Skt. *vibhūtī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Vibhūtabhūta *longs spyod tshogs pa*, Skt. *vibhūtabhūta*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## vibhītakī Terminalia bellirica. The bastard myrobalan tree. ## Vibhūtapati *longs spyod ’thun pa*, Skt. *vibhūtapati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibhūti *rnam ’byung ma*, Skt. *vibhūti*, ‟Prosperity,” one of the eight great bhūtinīs. ## Vibhūtidatta *byor bas byin*, Skt. *byor bas byin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vibhudatta *kun khyab sbyin*, Skt. *vibhudatta*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Vibhāvana­gandha *dri zhim po rnam par phye ba*, Skt. *vibhāvana­gandha*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibhāvitamati *blo gros rnam par bsgoms pa*, Skt. *vibhāvitamati*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vibodhana *rtog mdzad*, Skt. *vibodhana*, The 184th buddha in the first list, 183rd in the second list, and 183rd in the third list. ## Vibuddha­jñāna­bodhi­dhvaja­tejas *byang chub rnam par sangs rgyas pa’i ye shes gzi brjid*, Skt. *vibuddha­jñāna­bodhi­dhvaja­tejas*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Vibuddhi *thugs rnam par sangs rgyas*, Skt. *vibuddhi*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vicaraṇa *rnam par sbyong ba*, Skt. *vicaraṇa*, The name of the long-past eon during which the Buddha Bhaiṣajyarāja presided in the buddhafield Mahāvyūha. ## Vicitra­bhūta *gtsug phud rnam par mdzes pa*, Skt. *vicitra­bhūta*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vicitradhvajā *rgyal mtshan sna tshogs*, Skt. *vicitradhvajā*, A buddha realm. ## Vicitra­dhvaja *rgyal mtshan sna tshogs*, Skt. *vicitra­dhvaja*, An aerial palace in Samanta­vyūha Park, also a forest of ashoka trees on the eastern edge of the town of Nandihāra, also a capital city in the distant past, as well as a four-continent world in the distant past. ## Vicitra­gātra *sku rnam par mdzes pa*, Skt. *vicitra­gātra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vicitra­pratibhāṇālaṃkāra­garbha *spobs pa sna tshogs rgyan gyi snying po*, Skt. *vicitra­pratibhāṇālaṃkāra­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vicitra­raśmi­jvalana­candra *’od gzer sna tshogs ’bar ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *vicitra­raśmi­jvalana­candra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vicitra­sāla­dhvaja­vyūha *sA la sna tshogs kyi rgyal mtshan gyi rgyan*, Skt. *vicitra­sāra­dhvaja­vyūha*, A forest to the east of Dhanyākara. The Sanskrit vicitrasāra means “various essences.” The Tibetan appears to preserve a version that read vicitrasāla, which means “various sal trees.” See . ## Vicitra­vyūha­prabhā *rgyan sna tshogs kyi ’od*, Skt. *vicitra­vyūha­prabhā*, A four-continent world in the distant past. ## Vicārin “Traversing.” The name of a muhūrta. ## victor *rgyal ba*, Skt. *jina*, A common epithet of the buddhas, and also used among the Jains, whose name is derived from the term jina. ## Victorious *rgyal ldan*, Skt. *rgyal ldan*, Victorious (having won a victory, triumphant), also the name of a buddha field in the future where the bodhisattva Earth Holder attains buddhahood as the tathāgata Lord of Wisdom. ## Victorious and Protected *rnam par rgyal ba bsrung ba can*, Skt. *rnam par rgyal ba bsrung ba can*, A great bodhisattva. ## Victorious Army *rgyal sde*, Skt. *rgyal sde*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Arciṣmati (314 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Victorious Austerities *rgyal dka’ ma*, Skt. *rgyal dka’ ma*, Mother of the buddha Janendra. ## Victorious Chariot *shing rtas rgyal*, Skt. *shing rtas rgyal*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Victorious Eloquence *rnam par rgyal ba’i spobs pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Victorious Force *rgyal ba’i sde*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i sde*, Son of the buddha Brahmā. ## Victorious Forest *rgyal ba’i nags*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i nags*, A forest on the northern border of the Middle Country earlier in the current eon, during the time of the Buddha Kāśyapa. ## Victorious Friend *rgyal ba yi bshes gnyen*, Skt. *rgyal ba yi bshes gnyen*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prāṇītajñāna (612 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Victorious Glory *dpal rgyal*, Skt. *dpal rgyal*, Mother of the buddha Nanda. ## Victorious God *rgyal ba’i lha*, Skt. *jayadeva*, A member of the Malla clan who worships the Buddha at his parinirvāṇa. ## Victorious Joy *dga’ rgyal*, Skt. *dga’ rgyal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharaṇīśvara. ## Victorious Joy Mountain *rgyal dga’i ri*, Skt. *rgyal dga’i ri*, A mountain in Uttarakuru. ## Victorious King *rgyal ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i rgyal po*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Balasena. ## Victorious King of the Qualities of Boundless Luminous Diligence *brtson ’grus dpag tu med pa’i ’od zer yon tan rnam par rgyal ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *brtson ’grus dpag tu med pa’i ’od zer yon tan rnam par rgyal ba’i rgyal po*, A future buddha. ## Victorious Śāla Sound *sA la’i sgra rgyal*, Skt. *sA la’i sgra rgyal*, Mother of the buddha Ratnadhara. ## Victorious Light *rgyal ba’i ’od*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Victorious Lord *rgyal ba’i dbang po*, Skt. *rgyal ba’i dbang po*, Father of the buddha Janendrakalpa. ## Victorious Melody *rnam par rgyal ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *rnam par rgyal ba’i dbyangs*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Luminous Form. ## Victorious Merit *bsod nams rgyal*, Skt. *bsod nams rgyal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Campaka. ## victorious one *rgyal ba*, Skt. *jina*, One of the many standard titles or epithets of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Victorious Splendor *gzi brjid rnam rgyal*, Skt. *gzi brjid rnam rgyal*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Candrānana (763 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Victorious Supreme Movement *rgyal ba mchog ’gro*, Skt. *rgyal ba mchog ’gro*, A mansion upon the mountain Playful in the forest Joyous Wisdom. ## Victorious through Light Rays *’od zer gyis rgyal ba*, Skt. *’od zer gyis rgyal ba*, A buddha realm. ## Victorious Wisdom *ye shes rgyal ba*, Skt. *ye shes rgyal ba*, A buddha from the south. ## Victors Skt. *jina*, An epithet for the buddhas, signifying their victory over the māras. ## victor's prize *rgol ba'i longs spyod*, Skt. *vādibhoga*, a prize awarded by a king to the winner of a debate. In the Vinayavastu, the prize was title to a village and its taxes. ## victor’s prize *rgol ba’i longs spyod*, Skt. *vādibhoga*, A prize awarded by a king to the winner of a debate. In the Vinayavastu, the prize was title to a village and its taxes. ## Victory *rgyal*, Skt. *rgyal*, Victory (success in a contest or struggle), also the name of the one foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Kanakamuni. ## victory banner *rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *dvaja*, One of the eight auspicious symbols, often in the form of a roof-top ornament, representing the Buddha’s victory over malign forces. ## Victory Banner at the Peak *tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *tog gi rgyal mtshan*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Jewel Peak. ## Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Dharma *chos tog rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *chos tog rgyal mtshan*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Family of Jewels. Likely the same as the thus-gone one He Who Possesses a Body Adorned with All Jewels and the thus-gone one He Who Possesses a Body Adorned, Exalted by All Jewels. ## Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Goodness *bzang tog rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *bzang tog rgyal mtshan*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Supreme Goodness. Likely the same as the thus-gone one King Victory Banner at the Pinnacle of Goodness. ## Victory Banner Crest of Perfect Fame *grags pa rdzogs pa’i rgyal mtshan gyi tog*, Skt. *grags pa rdzogs pa’i rgyal mtshan gyi tog*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ābhāsaraśmi. ## Victory Banner Golden Flower Light Rays *gser gyi me tog ’od zer rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *suvarṇa­puṣpa­raśmidhvaja*, A buddha. ## Victory Banner of Beauty *mdzes pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *mdzes pa’i rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Victory Banner of Mount Meru *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *lhun po’i rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Victory Banner of Mount Sumeru *ri rab rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ri rab rgyal mtshan*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Sublime Elephant Out of Rut. ## Victory Banner of the Stars *skar ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *skar ma’i rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Victory Banner of the Sun *nyi ma’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *nyi ma’i rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva. ## Victory Banner of the Vajra *rdo rje’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *vajradhvaja*, The name of a past bodhisattva. ## Victory Banner’s Crest *rgyal mtshan gyi rtse mo’i tog*, Skt. *dhvajāgra­ketu­rāja*, Name of the twenty-fourth meditative stability. ## Victory Bringer A deity whose vidyāmantra is employed in the rituals described in this text. ## Videha *lus ’phags*, Skt. *videha*, An ancient kingdom whose seat was the city of Mithilā. One of its borders was the Ganges River, and it abutted the kingdoms of Kośala and Kāśi. The name Videha, in ancient Buddhist cosmology, refers to the eastern of the four continents in the cardinal directions. ## Vidha *bi dha*, Skt. *vidha*, A brahmin youth. ## Vidhamana The name of a muhūrta. ## Vidhamanarāja *rnam par ’joms par byed pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vidhamanarāja*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vidhijña *cho ga mkhyen*, Skt. *vidhijña*, The 826th buddha in the first list, 825th in the second list, and 815th in the third list. ## Vidhi­vatpari­pṛcchaka *tshul bzhin kun ’dri*, Skt. *vidhi­vatpari­pṛcchaka*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vidhuṣṭhamati *rnam grags blo gros*, Skt. *vidhuṣṭhamati*, A bodhisattva. ## Vidhvasteśvara *rnam ’jig dbang phyug*, Skt. *vidhvasteśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vidhyādhara Celebration *rig pa ’dzin pa rtse dga’ bas gnas pa*, Skt. *rig pa ’dzin pa rtse dga’ bas gnas pa*, A stream on Saṅkāśa. ## Vidiśa *phyogs mtshams*, Skt. *vidiśa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Vidrava *A vidyārāja*, Skt. *vidrava*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vidrāpaka *rnam par zhu byed*, Skt. *vidrāpaka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vidruma *bi dru ma*, Skt. *vidruma*, A mountain between Godānīya and Videha. ## Vidrāvaṇa *rnam par ’ju byed*, Skt. *vidrāvaṇa*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Vidu *mkhas ma*, Skt. *vidu*, One of the eight goddesses dwelling in the Bodhi tree. ## Vidumati *mkhas blo*, Skt. *vidumati*, The 210th buddha in the first list, 209th in the second list, and 209th in the third list. ## Vidurā Skt. *vidurā*, A great rākṣasī. ## vidutpradīpa *glog gi sgron ma*, Skt. *vidutpradīpa*, Lit. “lamp of lightning.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vidvagañja­karuṇāśraya *mkhas mdzod snying rje rten*, Skt. *vidvagañja­karuṇāśraya*, The bodhisattva name given to Viśvagupta, the third of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmin pupils of Samudrareṇu. ## Vidvat *mkhas pa*, Skt. *vidvat*, The 679th buddha in the first list, 678th in the second list, and 670th in the third list. ## Vidvān *mkhas pa*, Skt. *vidvān*, A householder, the kalyāṇamitra of chapter 17. ## vidyā *rig pa*, Skt. *vidyā*, A term that at once refers to a type of mantra or dhāraṇī and to the deity it invokes, thereby reflecting their inseparability. A vidyā is typically applied to female deities, and is often, but not exclusively, used for worldly goals in esoteric ritual. In worldly contexts a vidyā is similar to a “spell.” ## vidyā goddess *rig pa’i lha mo*, Skt. *vidyādevī*, A class of goddesses who are identified with the vidyā spells that bear their names. ## vidyā holder *rig pa ’dzin pa*, Skt. *vidyādhara*, The term literally means “possessor of vidyā” and refers to practitioners of mantra. When the term is used in the sense of “vidyādhara” (a class of semidivine beings), it has been rendered in its Sanskrit form. ## vidyā king *rig pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vidyārāja*, See “vidyārāja.” ## vidyā mantra A mantra or sacred utterance for producing vidyā, which means “knowledge” or “insight.” The term vidyā has a wide range of meaning, but in this context, it may refer to a magic spell made for the purpose of attaining either worldly or transcendent benefits. ## Vidyādharā *rig ’dzin ma*, Skt. *vidyādharā*, A great rākṣasī. ## vidyādharī *rig ’dzin ma*, Skt. *vidyādharī*, A female vidyādhara (a class of semidivine beings). ## Vidyādhara *rig 'dzin*, knowledge holder. "One who through profound [means](#means) holds the deities, [mantra](#mantra)s, and the [wisdom](#wisdom) of great bliss." DICT. In the [Nyingmapa](#nyingmapa) Tradition there are four [levels](#levels) of vidyādhara: 1. Totally matured (*rnam smin*) 2. Mastering the duration of his life (*tshe dbang*) 3. [Mahāmudrā](#mahāmudrā) (*phyag chen*) 4. Spontaneously accomplished (*lhun grub*) ## Vidyādhara Basket *rig pa’i ’dzin pa’i sde snod*, Skt. *vidyā­dharapaṭala*, A term for the collection of writings preserving the spells and rites performed by vidyā holders. There is no known collection of this sort that is currently extant, and it may simply refer to a category or genre of texts instead of a physical collection. ## vidyādharas Meaning those who wield (dhara) spells (vidyā), the term can be used to refer to both a class of supernatural beings who wield magical power and human practitioners of the magical arts. The later Buddhist tradition, playing on the dual valences of vidyā as “spell” and “knowledge,” began to apply this term more broadly to realized figures in the Buddhist pantheon. ## Vidyādhara’s Basket *rig ’dzin sde snod*, Skt. *vidyādhara­piṭaka*, A compendium of esoteric ritual manuals, now lost. There may never have been a single text with this title, or the title may refer to a mythical source text from which extant ritual manuals were transmitted. ## Vidyākaraprabha *bi dyA ka ra pra bha*, Skt. *vidyākaraprabha*, according to Nyangral Nyimai Özer's history, Ralpachen invited the Indian [preceptor](#preceptor) Vidyākaraprabha to Tibet along with Jinamitra, Surendrabodhi, and Dānaśīla in the first part of the ninth century (Martin, 2002, n. 13). Vidyākaraprabha was the author of the Madhyamakanayasārasamāsaprakaraṇa, a work in the Yogācāra-Madhyamaka school pioneered by [Śāntarakṣita](#śāntarakṣita) (Ruegg, 1981, 99, n. 311), translated into Tibetan with [Paltsek](#paltsek) under the name dbu ma'i lugs kyi snying po mdor bsdus pa'i rab tu byed pa (Toh 3893, Degé Tengyur, vol. HA, folios 43b.5–50a.6). He worked with [Paltsek](#paltsek) on numerous other translations on topics as diverse as the Sphuṭārthā commentary to the Abhisamayālaṅkāra, an extract from Buddhaghoṣa's Vimuktimārga, and the early [tantra](#tantra) Vidyottamamahātantra (see Martin, 2006). ## Vidyākarasiṃha *bid+yA ka ra sing ha*, Skt. *vidyākarasiṃha*, An Indian preceptor (Tib. mkhan po) active in Tibet in the early ninth century. ## Vidyākara­siṁha *bidyA ka ra sing ha*, Skt. *vidyākara­siṁha*, Indian translator of The Good Eon. ## vidyā-mantra *rig sngags*, Skt. *vidyāmantra*, A sacred utterance or spell made for the purpose of attaining worldly or transcendent benefits. ## vidyāmantra *rig pa’i gsang sngags*, Skt. *vidyāmantra*, More often vidyā (literally “knowledge”) is used to mean “a mantra” and is synonymous with that term, but it is usually translated into Tibetan as rig pa’i gsang sngags, which could be back-translated as vidyāmantra) to make it clear that it is a mantra and not “knowledge.” ## Vidyota *gsal*, Skt. *vidyota*, A king based in Ujjain, contemporary of the Buddha. ## Vidyotanī *snang byed ma*, Skt. *vidyotanī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Vidyotana *glog ’byin*, Skt. *vidyotana*, A nāga king. ## Vidyottama *rig pa mchog*, Skt. *vidyottama*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Vidyottama Tantra *rig pa’i mchog*, Skt. *vidyottama*, The full title of this text as preserved in the Tibetan canon is the Vidyottamamahā­tantra (Toh 746), which can be translated as The Great Tantra: The Supreme Vidyā. This lengthy tantra of the Kriyā class appears to be a compendium of diverse rites arranged as a single collection. ## vidyārājñī *rig sngags kyi rgyal mo*, Skt. *vidyārājñī*, A female vidyārāja—a powerful female mantra deity of the vidyārāja class. ## Vidyārāja *rig pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vidyārāja*, This seems to be the name of some of the amogha emanations of Avalokiteśvara, although the distinction between Vidyārāja (proper name) and “king of vidyās” (literal translation) is often blurred. ## Vidyuddatta *glog ’byin*, Skt. *vidyuddatta*, The 341st buddha in the first list, 340th in the second list, and 335th in the third list. ## Vidyuddeva A bodhisattva who is a prince in this sūtra predicted to be the future buddha Ketu, and is attested in the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Vidyudvalgusvarā *dbyangs snyan glog*, Skt. *vidyudvalgusvarā*, One of Māra’s daughters. ## Vidyujjvāla *glog ’bar*, Skt. *vidyujjvāla*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vidyunmati *glog gi blo gros*, Skt. *vidyunmati*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha. ## Vidyunmālin *glog gi phreng*, Skt. *vidyunmālin*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vidyunmālinī *glog phreng can*, Skt. *vidyunmālinī*, A goddess. ## Vidyuprabhāsa *glog snang ba*, Skt. *vidyuprabhāsa*, A thus-gone one who taught the King of the Array of all Dharma Qualities to Vajrapāṇi. ## Vidyut *glog*, Skt. *vidyut*, A bodhisattva. ## vidyutā A female vidyut, a class of nonhuman beings associated with lightning. ## Vidyutkarālī *glog ltar ’jigs ma*, Skt. *vidyutkarālī*, ‟One with Flashing Fangs,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Vidyutketu *glog gi tog*, Skt. *vidyutketu*, The 516th buddha in the first list, 516th in the second list, and 509th in the third list. ## Vidyutprabha *glog gi ’od*, Skt. *vidyutprabha*, “Light of Lightning.” Name of the universe where, according to the Buddha Śākyamuni’s prophecy, the girl Vimalaśraddhā will finally reach full enlightenment under the name of the Thus-Gone One Raśmivyūha. ## vidyutpradīpa *glog gi sgron ma*, Skt. *vidyutpradīpa*, Lit. “lightning lamp.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vidyutprāpta *glog thob*, Skt. *vidyutprāpta*, A bodhisattva. ## Viśeṣacintin *khyad par sems*, Skt. *viśeṣacintin*, Literally “Distinctive Thinker.” A great bodhisattva who is the main interlocutor in this discourse. Also referred to as Brahmaviśeṣacintin and Mahābrahmaviśeṣacintin in The Questions of Brahmaviśeṣacintin (Brahmaviśeṣacintiparipṛcchā, Toh 160). ## Viśeṣagāmin *khyad par du ’gro ba*, Skt. *viśeṣagāmin*, A bodhisattva in the retinue of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vi­śeṣa­mati *blo gros khyad par can*, Skt. *vi­śeṣa­mati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Viśeṣamati *khyad par blo gros*, Skt. *viśeṣamati*, One of eight prince brothers in the distant past. Also the name of one of “the sixteen excellent men.” ## Viśeṣamatin *blo gros khyad par can*, Skt. *viśeṣamatin*, A bodhisattva great being present in the audience of this sūtra. ## Viśeṣodgata *khyad par gyis ’phags pa*, Skt. *viśeṣodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## View *lta ba*, Skt. *dṛṣṭi* 1. point of view, belief 2. the authentic point of view, the real knowledge of the [natural state](#natural-state) of all phenomena. ## View and Mind *lta sems*, Skt. *lta sems*, Attendant of the buddha Jitaśatru. ## View and Worship *lta mchod*, Skt. *lta mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Damajyeṣṭha. ## view of belief in a self *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣti*, The Tibetan is literally “the view of the perishable accumulation,” and the Sanskrit is “the view that the body is real.” This refers to the mistaken view that the transitory aggregates are a self. ## View of Equality *mnyam lta*, Skt. *mnyam lta*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## View of Infinite Renown *rnam par lta ba grags pa dpag med*, Skt. *rnam par lta ba grags pa dpag med*, Son of the buddha Puṣpadatta. ## View of Qualities *yon tan lta*, Skt. *yon tan lta*, Mother of the buddha Vaidyādhipa. ## View of Splendid Qualities *yon tan gzi brjid lta ba*, Skt. *yon tan gzi brjid lta ba*, Birthplace of the buddha Amṛtaprabha. ## view of the perishable collection *’jig tshogs la lta ba*, Skt. *satkāyadṛṣṭi*, The Sanskrit term means “the view that the body is real,” and the Tibetan term can be translated as “the view of the perishing collection.” It refers to viewing the “perishing” collection of momentary, transitory aggregates‍—the body‍—as a self. ## view of the transitory collection The view that perceives the transitory collection of the five aggregates as the basis for the self or that which belongs to a self. The Tibetan literally means “the view of the destructible accumulation,” and the Sanskrit means “seeing (dṛṣṭi) the body (kāya) as real (sat),” (i.e., the view that holds the body to be truly existent). Some sources classify twenty types of satkāyadṛṣṭī by delineating for each of the five aggregates the false notion that (1) the self is the same as the aggregates, (2) the self is contained in the aggregates, (3) the self is different from the aggregates, or (4) the self possesses the aggregates. ## Viewing *kun tu lta ba*, Skt. *kun tu lta ba*, Viewing (the act of looking at or observing), also the name of a realm of the vessel-bearer gods. ## Viewing Qualities *yon tan rnam par lta*, Skt. *yon tan rnam par lta*, Son of the buddha Ratnapāṇi. ## Viewing the Dharma *chos la rnam par lta*, Skt. *chos la rnam par lta*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Parvatendra. ## viewing the essential nature of all phenomena *chos thams cad kyi ngo bo nyid rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­svabhāva­vyavalokano*, The first of the fifty-one meditative stabilities manifested to Sadāprarudita in chapter 73. ## Viewing the Moon *zla lta*, Skt. *zla lta*, Mother of the buddha Mahādarśana. ## Viewing the Positions *phyogs rnams blta*, Skt. *phyogs rnams blta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Jñānakīrti. ## Viewing the World *’jig rten lta*, Skt. *’jig rten lta*, Birthplace of the buddha Mahādarśana. ## Vigama A great physician who lived on the mountain Himavat. ## Vigatabhaya *bsnyengs bral*, Skt. *vigatabhaya*, The 298th buddha in the first list, 297th in the second list, and 297th in the third list. ## Vigata­bhaya­kīrti­rāja *’jigs bral grags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vigata­bhaya­kīrti­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vigata­bhaya­paryutthāna­ghoṣa *kun nas ldang ba’i ’jigs pa dang bral ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *vigata­bhaya­paryutthāna­ghoṣa*, A buddha in a realm in the downward direction who sends bodhisattvas to make offerings to the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Vigatabhayasaṃtāpa *’jigs pa’i gdung bral*, Skt. *vigatabhaya­saṃtāpa*, The youngest of the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s eighty brothers, whom he prophesies will become the Buddha Vigata­raja­samudgatābhyudgata­rāja. ## Vigatakāṅkṣa *the tshom spangs pa*, Skt. *vigatakāṅkṣa*, The 181st buddha in the first list, 180th in the second list, and 180th in the third list. ## Vigatakrodha *khro med*, Skt. *vigatakrodha*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vigatamala *dri ma bral*, Skt. *vigatamala*, The 194th buddha in the first list, 193rd in the second list, and 193rd in the third list. ## Vigata­mohārtha­cintin *don dgongs gti mug bral*, Skt. *vigata­mohārtha­cintin*, The 726th buddha in the first list, 725th in the second list, and 715th in the third list. ## Vigataśoka *mya ngan bral*, Skt. *vigataśoka*, Son of King Lion Glory, who, together with his brother Aśoka, became a monk and a bodhisattva of the thus-gone King of Bliss. Finally, he became the buddha known as Supreme Accumulations. ## vigatarajas *rdul med pa*, Skt. *vigatarajas*, Lit. “dustless.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vigatarajaḥsañcayā *rdul gyi tshogs dang bral ba*, Skt. *vigata­rajaḥsañcayā*, Name of a world system in the southwestern direction, where the buddha Sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottama­śrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Vigata­rajasaṃcayā *rdul gyi tshogs dang bral ba*, Skt. *vigata­rajasaṃcayā*, Lit. “Free of Dust Collections.” A world system in the intermediate southwest direction, where the buddha Sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottara­śrī now dwells. ## Vigata­rajaḥsañcayā *rdul gyi tshogs dang bral ba*, Skt. *vigata­rajaḥsañcayā*, Name of a world system in the southwestern direction, where the buddha Sūrya­maṇḍala­prabhāsottama­śrī teaches the perfection of wisdom to bodhisattva great beings. ## Vigata­raja­samudgatābhyudgata­rāja *rdul bral yang dag ’phags mngon ’phags*, Skt. *vigata­raja­samudgatābhyudgata­rāja*, The last of the eighty buddhas in the Baliṣṭha realm during the Utpalasanīraṇa eon, as prophesied for Vigatabhyasaṃtāpa, the youngest of the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s brothers. ## Vigataraśmi *’od zer bral*, Skt. *vigataraśmi*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vigataraśmighoṣa *’od zer bral ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *vigataraśmighoṣa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vigata­saṃtāpodbhava­vaiśravaṇasāla­rāja *gdung bral mngon par ’phags pa rnam thos kyi bu sA la’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vigata­saṃtāpodbhava­vaiśravaṇasāla­rāja*, A buddha in a northeastern realm who sends bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Vigatatamā The mother of the future buddha Kāruṇika. ## Vigatatamas *mun dang bral ba*, Skt. *vigatatamas*, The 112th buddha in the first list, 112th in the second list, and 113th in the third list. ## Vigatatamondhakārā *gti mug mun bral*, Skt. *vigatatamondhakārā*, A realm below the Buddha Ratnagarbha’s realm in which resides the Buddha Vigata­bhaya­paryutthāna­ghoṣa. ## Vigatāśoka *mya ngan med pa*, Skt. *vigatāśoka*, “Free from Sorrow.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Sarva­śokāpagata, in the southern direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## vighna *bgegs*, Skt. *vighna*, Similar to vināyakas, the term vighna refers to a broad class of nonhuman beings that create obstacles and problems for spiritual practitioners specifically, and all people in general. ## Vighnapati *bgegs med pa’i bdag po*, Skt. *vighnapati*, “Lord of obstacles,” although the Tibetan translates it as “lord of no obstacles.” One of the names of the elephant-headed deity that is the son of Śiva and Pārvatī, also known as Ganesh (Ganeśa or Gaṇapati; tshogs kyi bdag po). ## Vighuṣṭaśabda *sgra grags*, Skt. *vighuṣṭaśabda*, The 511th buddha in the first list, 511th in the second list, and 504th in the third list. ## Vighuṣṭakīrti *snyan pa rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *vighuṣṭakīrti*, A head merchant in the distant past. ## Vighuṣṭarāja *rnam grags rgyal po*, Skt. *vighuṣṭarāja*, The 539th buddha in the first list, 539th in the second list, and 532nd in the third list. ## Vighuṣṭatejas *gzi brjid rnam grags*, Skt. *vighuṣṭatejas*, The 927th buddha in the first list, 926th in the second list, and 917th in the third list. ## vigilance *bag yod*, Skt. *apramāda*, Heedful attention to virtuous qualities. ## vigilant A major aspect of mindfulness as broadly construed. Remaining attentive to nurturing virtuous activities of body, speech, and mind, and rejecting negative activities of body, speech, and mind. More fundamentally it means retaining awareness of the true nature. ## vigilant introspection *shes bzhin*, Skt. *saṃprajāna*, Also called “mental alertness,” the faculty of mind that maintains a conscious watch for any inclination of the mind toward mental dullness or agitation, especially during meditation (Rigzin 423). Closely related to mindfulness. ## Vigopaśikhara *’khrugs med rtse mo*, Skt. *vigopaśikhara*, A bodhisattva sent by the Buddha Vigata­saṃtāpodbhava­vaiśravaṇasāla­rāja to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## vigor *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, Also translated here as “diligence.” ## Viguṇamoharāja *ti mug rnam bral yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *viguṇamoharāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vihasita *rnam par rgod pa*, Skt. *vihasita*, One of the grahas. ## Viheṭhanā *rnam par ’tshe*, Skt. *viheṭhanā*, A great rākṣasī. ## vihāra *gtsug lag khang*, Skt. *vihāra*, Either a temple or monastery. In Buddhism it was originally a residence used during the monsoon for the otherwise wandering bhikṣus. ## Vihvalā *ser po*, Skt. *vihvalā*, A deity in Mañjuvajra’s maṇḍala. ## Viśiṣṭa *rnam par grags pa*, Skt. *viśiṣṭa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Viśiṣṭacandra *zla ba rnam par ’phags pa*, Skt. *viśiṣṭacandra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vi­śiṣṭa­cāritra *spyod pa khyad par can*, Skt. *vi­śiṣṭa­cāritra*, One of the four principal bodhisattvas who emerged from the ground at the time of the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra. ## Viśiṣṭagandha *dri mchog*, Skt. *viśiṣṭagandha*, A southern buddha realm. ## Viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga *dbyangs kyi yan lag khyad par ’phags*, Skt. *viśiṣṭa­svarāṅga*, The 727th buddha in the first list, 726th in the second list, and 716th in the third list. ## Viṣāṇin *ru rings*, Skt. *viṣāṇin*, The 119th buddha in the first list, 119th in the second list, and 120th in the third list. ## Vijayā *rnam par rgyal ma*, Skt. *vijayā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi; one of the great yakṣiṇīs; also a mantra goddess representing the power (śakti) of all the buddhas. ## Vijaya *rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *vijaya*, Son of King Jaya. Not to be confused with the future buddha Vijaya. ## Vijayaśīla *bi dza ya shI la*, Skt. *vijayaśīla*, A translator of canonical texts. ## Vijayantī *rnam par rgyal ma*, Skt. *vijayantī*, One of the eight goddesses in the east, called upon to grant protection. ## Vijayarakṣa *rnam par rgyal ba srung*, Skt. *vijayarakṣa*, The name of a child who requests the Buddha to allow him to go forth. ## Vijayasenā *sde las rnam par rgyal*, Skt. *vijayasenā*, One of the ten girls who attended upon Prince Siddhārtha while he was practicing austerities. ## Vijayasena *rnam par rgyal ba’i sde*, Skt. *vijayasena*, Name of Ajātaśatru in the state of a pratyekabuddha as prophesied by the Buddha. ## Vijayavatī *rnam rgyal ldan ma*, Skt. *vijayavatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vijayavikrāmin *rnam par rgyal bas rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *vijayavikrāmin*, “Conquest Suppressor.” A bodhisattva from a world system called Samādhyalaṃkṛtā, in the intermediate northeast direction, who comes to pay homage and listen to the Buddha. ## Vijayin *rgyal ba dang ldan pa*, Skt. *vijayin*, A buddha. ## Vijayoṣṇīṣa *rnam par rgyal ba’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *vijayoṣṇīṣa*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vijita *rnam bcom*, Skt. *vijita*, The 698th buddha in the first list, 697th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Vijitadhvaja The capital city of King Vijitāyus in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Mahāskandha. ## Vijitaghoṣa *rgyal sgra dbyangs*, Skt. *vijitaghoṣa*, A name of the Sahā realm in an earlier eon. ## Vijitāvin *rnam par rgyal chen*, Skt. *vijitāvin*, The 85th buddha in the first list, 85th in the second list, and 86th in the third list. ## Vijitāyus A king in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Mahāskandha. ## Vijṛmbhamānikā *rnam par bsgyings ma*, Skt. *vijṛmbhamānikā*, The name of a female Buddhist deity that is difficult to translate but could approximately mean “Haughty”; here used as an epithet of Sitātapatrā. ## vijñāna *rnam par shes pa*, Skt. *vijñāna*, Consciousness, the fifth of the five skandhas, generally classified into the five sensory consciousnesses and mental consciousness. ## Vijñānavāda *rnam par shes pa smra ba*, Skt. *vijñānavāda*, The school of “Consciousness-Only” founded by Maitreya and Āryāsaṅga, which shares with the Mādhyamika most of the philosophical techniques of the Mahāyāna, while differing on the interpretation of the profound meaning of voidness, or the ultimate reality. ## vijñānāparyanta *rnam par shes pa mu med pa*, Skt. *vijñānāparyanta*, Lit. “limitless consciousness.”Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Viṣkaṭā *biSh+ka TA*, Skt. *viṣkaṭā*, A town in Videha. ## Vikaṭa *ma rungs pa*, Skt. *vikaṭa*, A yakṣa general. ## Vikaṭaṅkaṭa *mi bzad ’gro ldan*, Skt. *vikaṭaṅkaṭa*, A group of yakṣas. ## Vikaṭamukhī *mi sdug gdong ma*, Skt. *vikaṭamukhī*, ‟One with Contorted Face,” one of the eight demonesses who inhabit the eight great charnel grounds. ## Vikala *rdzogs byed*, Skt. *vikala*, One of the twelve great yakṣa generals who protect and serve those who bear, read, recite, copy, or commission a copy of the Bhaiṣajya­guru­vaiḍūrya­prabha­rāja­sūtra. ## Vikaṭānana *gtsigs zhal ma*, Skt. *vikaṭānana*, A yakṣa appearing in some of the paintings of Amoghapāśa. See . ## viṣkandaka *thod rgal*, Skt. *viṣkandaka*, Lit. “in leaps.” Name of a meditative stabilization. See also . ## Vikaraṇoṣṇīṣa Skt. *vikaraṇoṣṇīṣa*, One of the mantra deities. ## Vikarāla *rnam par g.yengs byed*, Skt. *vikarāla*, A king of piśācas. ## Vikasita *kha bye ba*, Skt. *vikasita*, One of the rāśis. ## Vikasita­kamalotpala­gandha­ketu­rāja *pad+ma rgyas pa dang ut+pa la’i dri’i tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *vikasita­kamalotpala­gandha­ketu­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Vikasita­netrotpala­gandha­ketu­rāja *spyan rgyas pa ut+pa la’i dri’i tog gi rgyal po*, Skt. *vikasita­netrotpala­gandha­ketu­rāja*, The name of a buddha. ## Vikasitojjaya *rgyas pa dang rgyal ba*, Skt. *vikasitojjaya*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the twenty-second) when he becomes a buddha. ## Viśākhā *sa ga*, Skt. *viśākhā*, The name of a lunar asterism. Its chief star is known as Alpha Librae in the occidental tradition. ## Viśākhā Mṛgāramātā The main female disciple of the Buddha. She was the daughter-in-law of the chief minister of Śrāvastī named Mṛgāra and also his teacher, which led him to call her “mother”. ## Viśākha *sa ga*, Skt. *viśākha*, Son of King Prasenajit’s minister Mṛgāra, betrothed to the non-returner Dharmadinnā. His fiancée fled their imminent marriage by a display of miracles at what was to be their wedding, receiving his assent for her to go forth instead. The text also tells of a certain female lay vow holder with a similar name Vaiśākhā on vol. 73, F.15.b. ## Viśākhadeva *sa ga’i lha*, Skt. *viśākhadeva*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Viśākhamitra *sa ga’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *viśākhamitra*, Name of a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Vikhyāta *rnam par bsgrags pa*, Skt. *vikhyāta*, A buddha realm. ## Vikhyātaketu *rnam grags tog ma*, Skt. *vikhyātaketu*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Vikhyātamanasa *rnam par grags pa’i yid*, Skt. *vikhyātamanasa*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Vikhyātarāśi *rnam par grags pa’i phung po*, Skt. *vikhyātarāśi*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vikhyātaśriyā *rnam par grags pa’i dpal*, Skt. *vikhyātaśriyā*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## vikiraṇa *rnam par ’thor ba*, Skt. *vikiraṇa*, Lit. “strewing.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vikrama *mthu rtsal*, Skt. *vikrama*, The 526th buddha in the first list, 526th in the second list, and 519th in the third list. ## Vikramaśīla one of the most famous Buddhist universities of India, destroyed in the 12th century. ## Vikramapūri The name of a town. ## Vikramaraśmi *rnam par gnon pa chen po’i ’od zer*, Skt. *vikramaraśmi*, A buddha in a northeastern realm who sends bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Vikrama­saṃdarśa­kacintin *rtsal brtan por sems pa*, Skt. *vikrama­saṃdarśa­kacintin*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Capable Steadfast Intention.” ## Vikramāditya A king. ## Vikrīḍamāna *rnam par rtse*, Skt. *vikrīḍamāna*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Playful One.” ## Vikrīḍita *rnam rol*, Skt. *vikrīḍita*, The 276th buddha in the first list, 275th in the second list, and 275th in the third list. ## Vikrīḍitāvin *rnam par rol par ldan*, Skt. *vikrīḍitāvin*, The 111th buddha in the first list, 111th in the second list, and 112th in the third list. ## Vikrāmin *rnam par gnon*, Skt. *vikrāmin*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vikrāntadeva *lha yi mthu rtsal*, Skt. *vikrāntadeva*, The 444th buddha in the first list, 443rd in the second list, and 437th in the third list. ## Vikrānta­deva­gati *rnam par gnon pa’i lha stabs*, Skt. *vikrānta­deva­gati*, The twenty-ninth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Vikrāntagamin *mthu rtsal stobs*, Skt. *vikrāntagamin*, The 568th buddha in the first list, 568th in the second list, and 561st in the third list. ## Vikrāntagāmin *stabs kyis gshegs pa*, Skt. *vikrāntagāmin*, The 156th buddha in the first list, 155th in the second list, and 155th in the third list. ## Vikrānta­gāmin *rnam par gnon pas gshegs pa*, Skt. *vikrānta­gāmin*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Vikāsinī *bi kA si ni*, Skt. *vikāsinī*, A mantra deity associated with the mudrā of the same name. ## Vikurvāṇa *rnam par ’phrul*, Skt. *vikurvāṇa*, A nāga prince. One of the sons of the nāga king Anavatapta. ## Vikurvāṇarāja The buddha that Bhadra is prophesied to become in a future life in the world system called Great Array. Coincidently, there is a sūtra in the Kangyur called The Questions of Vikurvāṇarāja (Toh 167), but there is not likely to be any connection with the Vikurvāṇarāja prophesied here. ## Vikurvita­prabha *rnam par ’phrul pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vikurvita­prabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## viḍāla An unidentified ritual substance. ## Viśālabuddhi *yangs pa’i blo*, Skt. *viśālabuddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Viśālakīrti Skt. *viśālakīrti*, The name of a tathāgata ## Viśālamati A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## Vilambā *rnam par ’phyang ma*, Skt. *vilambā*, A rākṣasī known only from this sūtra. ## Viśālanetrī Skt. *viśālanetrī*, ‟One with Elongated Eyes,” one of the six kinnara queens. ## Vi­śāla­netra *yangs pa’i mig*, Skt. *vi­śāla­netra*, A great bodhisattva. ## viḍālapada *pho sum gang*, Skt. *viḍālapada*, A measure of weight. ## Viśālaśrī *yangs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *viśālaśrī*, A buddha. ## Viśālākṣa *mig yangs pa*, Skt. *viśālākṣa*, A yakṣa general. ## Vilocana *rnam par gzigs*, Skt. *vilocana*, The 74th buddha in the first list, 74th in the second list, and 75th in the third list. ## Vilokitā *rnam par blta ba*, Skt. *vilokitā*, One of the worlds in the distant past. ## Vilokita *rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *vilokita*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## vilokita­mūrdhā *spyi gtsug rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *vilokita­mūrdhā*, Lit. “seeing from the top of the head.” Name of a meditative stabilization. (Kimura has avalokita­mūrdhā) ## vilokita­mūrdhan *spyi gtsug rnam par lta ba*, Skt. *vilokita­mūrdhan*, Lit. “seeing from the top of the head.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vilokiteśvara *rnam gzigs dbang phyug*, Skt. *vilokiteśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vima *bi ma*, Skt. *vima*, A goddess. ## Vimalā *dri ma med pa*, Skt. *vimalā*, Lit. “Stainless.” The second level of accomplishment pertaining to bodhisattvas. See “ten bodhisattva levels.” ## Vimala *dri med*, Skt. *vimala*, one of the first to join the [Buddha](#buddha)'s order of monks. He followed his friend [Yaśas](#yaśas) into the Buddhist order. ## Vimalaṭī *dri ma med par ’gro ba*, Skt. *vimalaṭī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Vimalaśaṅkha *dri med dung*, Skt. *vimalaśaṅkha*, A prominent merchant in the past. ## Vimala­bāhu *dri ma myed pa*, Skt. *vimala­bāhu*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vimala­buddhi *dri ma myed pa’i blo*, Skt. *vimala­buddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vimalacandra *dri med zla ba*, Skt. *vimalacandra*, A bodhisattva; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Vimala­candra­mati *zla ba dri med blo gros*, Skt. *vimala­candra­mati*, A king. ## Vimala­candra­prabhātejo­rāja *dri ma med pa’i zla ’od gzi brjid rgyal po*, Skt. *vimala­candra­prabhātejo­rāja*, A buddha. ## Vimaladattā *dri ma med pas byin pa*, Skt. *vimaladattā*, A queen in the distant past. ## Vimaladatta *dri ma med pas byin pa*, Skt. *vimaladatta*, A king in the distant past. ## Vimala­dharma­parvata­jñāna­śikha­rābha *chos dri ma med pa’i ri bo ye shes kyi rtse mo’i ’od*, Skt. *vimala­dharma­parvata­jñāna­śikha­rābha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vimala­dhvaja *dri myed rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *vimala­dhvaja*, In chapter 1 it is the name of one of the bodhisattvas in the presence of the Buddha at Śrāvastī (translated as dri myed rgyal mtshan). In chapter 44 it is the name of a bodhisattva in another world in the distant past (translated as rgyal mtshan dri ma med pa). ## vimalagarbha *dri ma med pa’i snying po*, Skt. *vimalagarbha*, Unidentified jewel, literally “stainless essence.” Possibly moonstone. ## Vimala­garbha *dri ma dang bral ba’i snying po*, Skt. *vimala­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## Vimalagati *dri med ’gros*, Skt. *vimalagati*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vimala­ghoṣa­tejeśvara­rāja *dri med dbyangs kyi gzi brjid dbang phyug rgyal po*, Skt. *vimala­ghoṣa­tejeśvara­rāja*, The name of one thousand buddhas prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha. ## Vimalajvala­ratna­suvarṇa­raśmi­prabhā­śikhin *dri ma med par ’bar ba rin chen gser gyi ’od zer snang ba’i tog*, Skt. *vimalajvala­ratna­suvarṇa­raśmi­prabhā­śikhin*, A tathāgata. (Toh 555: dri ma med pa’i ’od zer rin po che’i tog (Vimala­raśmiratna­ketu); Toh 556: dri ma med par ‘bar ba rin chen ‘od zer snang ba’i tog (Vimala­jvala­ratna­raśmiprabhā­ketu); Sanskrit ms.: Ratnaśikhin) ## Vimalaketu *dri ma med pa’i tog*, Skt. *vimalaketu*, One of the tathāgatas attending the delivery of the MMK; one of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vimalakīrti *dri ma med grags pa*, Skt. *Vimalakīrti*, The wealthy Licchavi layman, from the city of Vaiśālī, ranked as one of the great bodhisattvas. The main protagonist of this sūtra. ## Vimalamati *dri med par ’gro ba*, Skt. *vimalamati*, One of the sixteen great bodhisattvas. The content of the list varies from text to text. ## Vimalamitra *dri med bshes bnyen*, one of the most learned Indian Buddhist masters. He went to Tibet in the 9th century, where he taught extensively, and composed and translated numerous Sanskrit texts. The quintessence of his teaching is known as the *Vima Nyingtig*, one of the *Heart-essence* teachings of the [Great Perfection](#great-perfection). ## Vimalanetra *dri med spyan*, Skt. *vimalanetra*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vimala­netra *dri ma myed pa’i myig*, Skt. *vimala­netra*, In chapter 1, dri ma myed pa’i myig is the name of a bodhisattva present with the Buddha Śākyamuni in Śrāvastī; in chapter 43, mig dri ma med pa is the name of the precious minister of a cakravartin. ## Vi­mala­netra *dri ma med pa’i mig*, Skt. *vi­mala­netra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vimala­nirmala­kara­śrī *dri ma med pa*, Skt. *vimala­nirmala­kara­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Vimala­padma­jvala­raśmi *dri ma med pa’i pad+ma ’od zer ’bar ba*, Skt. *vimala­padma­jvala­raśmi*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Vimalaprabhā *dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimalaprabhā*, The future realm where five hundred thousand bhikṣus in the Buddha’s saṅgha will become buddhas. ## Vimalaprabha *dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimalaprabha*, The 484th buddha in the first list, 483rd in the second list, and 477th in the third list. ## Vimala­prabha *dri ma myed pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimala­prabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vimalaprabhāsa A bodhisattva who is one of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s sons in this sūtra and predicted to be the future buddha Sunetra. His name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Vimala­prabhāsa *dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimala­prabhāsa*, A thus-gone one. ## Vimala­prabhāsa­śrī­tejorāja­garbha *’od dri ma med pa’i dpal gyi gzi brjid bzang po’i snying po*, Skt. *vimala­prabhāsa­śrī­tejorāja­garbha*, A bodhisattva mahāsattva. ## vimalapradīpa *dri ma med pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *vimalapradīpa*, Lit. “stainless lamp.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vimalaśrī *dri ma med pa’i dpal*, Skt. *vimalaśrī*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vimalaśraddhā *rnam dag dad pa*, Skt. *vimalaśraddhā*, “Completely Pure Faith.” The daughter of King Prasenajit. ## Vimalaraśmi *dri ma med pa’i ’od zer*, Skt. *vimalaraśmi*, A buddha. ## Vimalarāja *dri med rgyal po*, Skt. *vimalarāja*, The 507th buddha in the first list, 507th in the second list, and 500th in the third list. ## Vimala­śrī­megha *ye shes dri ma med pa phun sum tshogs pa’i sprin*, Skt. *vimala­śrī­megha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vimala­saṃbhava­prabhā *dri ma med pa skyed pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimala­saṃbhava­prabhā*, A queen’s nurse in another world in the distant past. ## Vimalateja­guṇa­rāja *dri med gzi brjid yon tan rgyal po*, Skt. *vimalateja­guṇa­rāja*, A buddha in an eastern buddha realm. He sends two bodhisattvas to pay homage to Śākyamuni. ## Vimala­tejaḥ­prabha *gzi brjid dri ma myed pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimala­tejaḥ­prabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vimalatejas *dri med gzi brjid*, Skt. *vimalatejas*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vimala­tejas *dri ma myed pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *vimala­tejas*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Vimalavaiśāyana *bgrod bya’i bu dri ma med*, Skt. *vimalavaiśāyana*, The fourth of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmins. The Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies that he will be the Buddha Maitreya, the fifth buddha in the Bhadraka eon. Note that the Tibetan translation differs from the name found in the extant Sanskrit. ## Vimala­vakrabhānu­prabha *nyi ma ltar bzhin mdog dri ma med pa*, Skt. *vimala­vakrabhānu­prabha*, A cakravartin king in another world in the distant past. ## Vimala­vatsa *dri ma myed pa’i sras*, Skt. *vimala­vatsa*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vimalaviśuddhi *dri ma med par dag pa*, Skt. *vimalaviśuddhi*, A lay woman in Śūrpāraka. ## Vimalavāsinī *dri ma med pa’i gnas ma*, Skt. *vimalavāsinī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Vimalābha *mdog dri ma med pa’i ’od*, Skt. *vimalābha*, “Stainless Light of Color.” The name of a kalpa in the past. ## Vimalendra *dri med dbang po*, Skt. *vimalendra*, A bodhisattva who praises the brahmin Samudrareṇu. ## Vimalāṅganetra *spyan dang yan lag dri med*, Skt. *vimalāṅganetra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vimalākarī *dri med byed ma*, Skt. *vimalākarī*, One of the goddesses associated with Amoghapāśa. ## Vimalāntakarī *dri med mtha’ yas ma*, Skt. *vimalāntakarī*, One of the vidyārājñīs dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. The Tib. is not an accurate translation of the attested Sanskrit. ## Vimalottara­jñānin *dri myed dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *vimalottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva. ## Vimalāsya *dri ma med pa’i zhal*, Skt. *vimalāsya*, A buddha. ## Vimatijaha *yid gnyis spong ba*, Skt. *vimatijaha*, The 227th buddha in the first list, 226th in the second list, and 226th in the third list. ## Vimatiprahāṇa *yid gnyis spong*, Skt. *vimatiprahāṇa*, A bodhisattva. ## Vi­mati­samuddhāṭin *the tshom kun bcom*, Skt. *vi­mati­samuddhāṭin*, A prince in the distant past. ## Vi­mati­samud­ghātin *yid gnyis yang dag sel ba*, Skt. *vimatisamudghātin*, A bodhisattva whose name appears only in the Sanskrit of this text (see ). ## vimativikaraṇa *nem nur rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *vimativikaraṇa*, Lit. “eliminator of doubts.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vimativikiraṇa *yid gnyis rnam par sel ba*, Skt. *vimativikiraṇa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vimoharāja *gti mug med rgyal*, Skt. *vimoharāja*, The 825th buddha in the first list, 824th in the second list, and 814th in the third list. ## Vimokṣacandra *rnam par thar pa’i zla ba*, Skt. *vimokṣacandra*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vimuktacūḍa *rnam grol gtsug*, Skt. *vimuktacūḍa*, The 665th buddha in the first list, 664th in the second list, and 656th in the third list. ## Vimuktaketu *rnam grol tog*, Skt. *vimuktaketu*, The 624th buddha in the first list, 623rd in the second list, and 616th in the third list. ## Vimukticandra A bodhisattva and interlocuter in The Dharma Council. ## Vimukti­candra *rnam par grol ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *vimukti­candra*, The interlocutor for Vajra­garbha in The Ten Bhumis. He appears in passing in a few other sūtras, but not in any tantras. On two occasions in verse he is referred to as Mokṣa­candra. ## Vi­mukti­candra *rnam par grol ba’i zla ba*, Skt. *vi­mukti­candra*, A great bodhisattva. ## Vimuktighoṣa *rnam par grol ba’i dbyangs*, Skt. *vimuktighoṣa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vimuktilābhin *grol brnyes*, Skt. *vimuktilābhin*, The 608th buddha in the first list, 607th in the second list, and 601st in the third list. ## Vimuktisena *rnam grol sde*, Skt. *vimuktisena*, Indian commentator on the Abhisamayālaṃkāra (fl. early sixth century). ## Vi­mukti­sena *rnam grol sde*, Skt. *vi­mukti­sena*, Indian commentator (fl. early sixth century). ## Vinardita *rnam par sgra ’byin*, Skt. *vinardita*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vinarditarāja *sgrogs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vinarditarāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vinatā The mother of eagles (suparṇa). According to the brahmanical tradition, she is one of the daughters of the creator god Dakṣa Prajāpati, who gave her and twelve of her sisters in marriage to the sage Kaśyapa. ## Vinataka *rnam par ’dud*, Skt. *vinataka*, One of the seven golden mountains. ## Vinaya *'dul ba*, one of the Three [Piṭakas](#piṭaka), containing teachings about monastic discipline and ethics in general. ## Vinaya specialist of Gya Full name Wangchuk Tsultrim (dbang phyug tshul khrims, 1047–1131), he was a holder of the lower Vinaya lineage (smad ’dul) and a member of the Gya clan. ## Vindhyā *bin+d+hA*, Skt. *vindhyā*, One of the two auxiliary pīlavas. ## Vindhya *bin d+ha*, Skt. *vindhya*, A mountain range, actually a series of mountain ranges, which extends across central India. The usual translation is bigs byed. ## Vindhyas *’bigs byed*, Skt. *vindhya*, An Indian mountain chain. ## Vindhyācala *ri byin t+ya*, Skt. *vindhyācala*, Another term for the Vindhya mountain range; a synonym for Vindhyagiri. ## Vindu *thigs pa*, Skt. *vindu*, A mountain king. ## Viniścitamati *rnam nges blo gros*, Skt. *viniścitamati*, The 346th buddha in the first list, 345th in the second list, and 340th in the third list. ## Vinipāta *rnam par ltung byed*, Skt. *vinipāta*, One of the grahas. ## Vinirbhoga *tha dad du gnas pa*, Skt. *vinirbhoga*, “Detachment.” The name of an eon in the distant past. ## Vinīta *rnam par dul*, Skt. *vinīta*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vinītabuddhi *shin tu dul ba’i blo*, Skt. *vinītabuddhi*, A sea goddess who prays to become the Buddha Śamudrareṇu’s mother when he is the Buddha Śākyamuni, i.e., Māyādevī. ## Vinīteśvara *dul ba’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *vinīteśvara*, A god. ## Viṣnumati *khyab ’jug blo gros*, Skt. *viṣnumati*, A king. ## vināyaka Here, a class of demons who create obstacles, “those who lead astray” or “mis-leaders.” In other contexts the name can be interpreted as “remover [of obstacles],” referring to a class of semidivine beings, or as an epithet meaning “leader” or “guide.” ## Vināya­kānta­kṣepa *log ’dren gyi nang du ’phen ba*, Skt. *vināya­kānta­kṣepa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Viṣogra *dug drag*, Skt. *viṣogra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Viśoka *mya ngan bral*, Skt. *viśoka*, A Magadhan king, possibly the successor of Udayin. ## vipakṣa Skt. *vipakṣa*, Technical term in Buddhist logic. ## Vipara­dharmakīrti­ghoṣa *grags pa’i dbang phyug dbyangs*, Skt. *vipara­dharmakīrtighoṣa*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Vipaśyā *zhags bral*, Skt. *vipaśyā*, A river queen. ## vipaśyanā *lhag mthong*, Skt. *vipaśyanā*, An important form of Buddhist meditation focusing on developing insight into the nature of phenomena. Often presented as part of a pair of meditation techniques, the other being śamatha. ## Vipaśyin *rnam par gzigs*, the first of the six [Buddhas](#buddha) who preceded [Buddha](#buddha) [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni). ## Vipaśyinī *rnam gzigs*, This translation and identification is conjectural. ## Viprasanna *rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viprasanna*, The name of a past eon. ## Vipula *rgyas pa*, Skt. *vipula*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Vipulabuddhi *rgya chen blo*, Skt. *vipulabuddhi*, The forty-first buddha in a kalpa in the distant past, and also the eighty-eighth buddha in another kalpa in the distant past. ## Vipula­dharmādhimukti­saṃbhava­tejas *chos rgya chen po la mos pa yang dag par ’byung ba’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *vipula­dharmādhimukti­saṃbhava­tejas*, A buddha in the distant past; the name as given in the prose passages. In verse he is called Adhimuktitejas. ## Vipulagātra *sku ’byam klas*, Skt. **vipulagātra*, Name of a tathāgata; lit. “vast body.” ## Vipula­guṇa­jyotiḥprabha *yon tan rgya chen po gzi brjid kyi ’od*, Skt. *vipula­guṇa­jyotiḥprabha*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vipulakīrti *grags yangs*, Skt. *vipulakīrti*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vipula­mahā­jñāna­raśmi­rāja *ye shes chen po’i ’od gzer shin tu yangs pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vipula­mahā­jñāna­raśmi­rāja*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vipulamati *blo gros rgya chen*, Skt. *vipulamati*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Vipula­praha­sita­vadanamaṇi­kanakaratnojjvalaraśmi­prabhāsābhyudgata­rāja *rgya cher rab tu bzhad pa’i zhal nor bu dang gser dang rin po che ’bar ba’i ’od zer snang ba mngon par ’phags pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vipula­praha­sita­vadanamaṇi­kanakaratnojjvalaraśmi­prabhāsābhyudgata­rāja*, A buddha from the distant past whose name means “Widely Smiling, Exalted King Whose Widely Smiling Face Shines with the Splendor of Gems, Gold, and Jewels.” ## Vipāśyin *rnam par gzigs*, Skt. *vipāśyin*, “Discerning One.” ## Viraṭī *dga’ bral ma*, Skt. *viraṭī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Virajā *rdul dang bral ba*, Skt. *virajā*, Virajā (Dustless) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Dharmadhvaja. ## Viraja *rdul bral*, Skt. *viraja*, The 776th buddha in the first list, 775th in the second list, and 765th in the third list. ## Virajadhvajā *rdul med pa’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *virajadhvajā*, A world realm in the distant future. (Toh 555: rnam dag tog, Viśuddhaketu, where it is the name of Rūpyaketu in the lifetime that he attains buddhahood) ## Virajadhvaja *rdul myed rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *virajadhvaja*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Virajamati *rdul dang bral ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *virajamati*, A buddha realm. ## Virajaprabha *rdul dang bral ba’i ’od*, Skt. *virajaprabha*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Virajasamādhibalavikrāmin *ting nge ’dzin rdul dang bral ba’i stobs kyi rnam par gnon pa*, Skt. *viraja­samādhi­bala­vikrāmin*, One of the tathāgatas. ## Viraja­vīreśvara­rāja *byang chub rdul bral rgyal po*, Skt. *virajavīreśvara­rāja*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## Virajomaṇḍala *rdul dang bral ba’i dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *virajomaṇḍala*, “Domain Free of Dust.” The name of a kalpa in the distant past. ## Virajottara­jñānin *rdul myed dam pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *virajottara­jñānin*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Virajovatī *rdul dang bral ba*, Skt. *virajovatī*, A four-continent world realm. ## Virajovatī­śrī­garbhā *rdul dang bral ba’i dpal gyi snying po*, Skt. *virajovatī­śrī­garbhā*, “The Essence of the Splendor That Is Free of Dust.” The name of a ray of light. ## Viśrambhikā *dbugs ’byin ldan ma*, Skt. *viśrambhikā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Virata “Ended.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Virati *rnam par dga’ ba*, Skt. *Virati*, One thousand intermediate eons after Acintyamatiguṇarāja has passed into parinirvāṇa and his dharma has come too an end, the buddha realm Meruprabhā will be named Virati. The Tathāgata Raśmi will reside in this buddha realm and give teachings. ## Virgo *bu mo*, Skt. *kanyā*, See “Kanyā.” ## Virūḍhadhvaja *’phags skyes rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *virūḍhadhvaja*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fifty-fifth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Virūḍhaka *'phags skyes po*, Skt. *virūḍhaka*, a son of King [Prasenajit](#prasenajit) of Kosala, who first served as a general in his father's army, but later usurped the throne. As a boy he discovered that his mother, who had been offered to his father by the Śākyas, had originally only been a servant rather than a noblewoman as the Śākyas had claimed; and later, as king, in revenge he attacked and destroyed [Kapilavastu](#kapilavastu), slaughtering most of the Śākya inhabitants. However, he then died there in a flood. Not to be confused with the Virūḍhaka who is one of the [Four Great Kings](#four-great-kings). ## Virile One *dpa’ bo*, Skt. *vīra*, Closely associated with notions of virility, this term can denote the male deity of the maṇḍala (whose consort is the vidyā) or the yogī who practices this mode of tantra. ## Virility of a Lion The name of a bodhisattva. ## Viśrāntin *ngal bso po*, Skt. *viśrāntin*, An epithet of Vaiśravaṇa, one of the Four Great Kings. See Negi 1995, vol. 3, p. 945. ## Virocana *rnam par snang byed*, Skt. *virocana*, The father of the asura king Bali. ## Virūpa one of the eighty-four [mahāsiddhas](#mahāsiddha) of India. An important source of the teachings of the [Sakyapa](#sakyapa) tradition. ## Virūpa (the king) *mi sdug pa*, Skt. *virūpa*, A certain jealous king of Mithilā who lived before the time of Buddha Śākyamuni. Not to be confused with Virūpa (the ugly one), the householders’ son. ## Virūpa (the ugly one) *mi sdug*, Skt. *virūpa*, Son of householders on Mount Śiśumāri who cast him out of their home because of his extreme ugliness. When later he felt joy toward an emanation of the Buddha, the Buddha made his ugliness disappear. Then, hearing the Dharma from the Buddha, he manifested the resultant state of a non-returner, went forth, and went on to manifest arhatship. Not to be confused with King Virūpa. ## Virūpakṣa *mig mi bzang*, Skt. *virūpākṣa*, The name of the great king who presides over the western direction. ## virūpiṇī Skt. *virūpiṇī*, “Misshapen one,” a class of female spirits. ## Virūpākṣa *mig mi bzang*, Skt. *virūpākṣa*, One of the four mahārājas. He is the guardian of the western direction and traditionally the lord of the nāgas, though in this sūtra that appears to be Dhṛtarāṣṭra. ## Virtue *dge ba*, Skt. *dge ba*, A country prophesied by the Buddha. It refers to the country of Khotan. ## Virtue Gift *dge bas byin*, Skt. *dge bas byin*, Father of the buddha Amoghadarśin. ## Virtue of Light *’od dge*, A buddha. In Toh 555, his name is given as “Sublime Light” (dam pa’i ’od). ## virtues of ascetic practice *sbyangs pa’i chos*, Skt. *dhūtadharma*, The qualities associated with the observance of ascetic practices. ## virtuous *dge ba*, Skt. *kuśala*, The term kuśala can function both as a qualifier or as a noun in its own right, which makes it difficult to resort to a single translation (I have resorted to “virtue” and “virtuous”). It refers to something beneficial or virtuous and is sometimes etymologized as something that keeps badness in check (kutsitaṁ śalate); when the sense of kuśala is more akin to “skillful” or even “virtuoso,” the etymology is that it is “someone who can cut the kuśa grass” (kuśān lāti), a type of grass that is very sharp and thus requires remarkable skill to cut it without being cut in turn. ## Virtuous Abiding *dge gnas*, Skt. *dge gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nāgadatta. ## virtuous attributes *dge ba’i chos*, Skt. *kuśaladharma*, Also translated here as “virtuous phenomena.” ## Virtuous Castle *mkhar dge ba can*, Skt. *mkhar dge ba can*, A castle in the country of Virtue. ## Virtuous Eye *mig bzang po*, Skt. *mig bzang po*, A buddhafield in the southwestern direction of the Tathāgata Gazing at All Beings with Great Compassion. ## virtuous friend *dge ba’i bshes gnyen*, A spiritual teacher who can contribute to an individual’s progress on the spiritual path to awakening and act wholeheartedly for the welfare of students. ## Virtuous Glory *dge ba’i dpal*, Skt. *dge ba’i dpal*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siṃhaketu. ## Virtuous Incense *dge ba’i spos*, Skt. *dge ba’i spos*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Āśādatta. ## Virtuous Intelligence *dge ba’i blo gros*, Skt. *sāgaramati*, A bodhisattva prince who was a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Virtuous Joy *dge ba dga’*, Skt. *dge ba dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇendradeva. ## Virtuous Mind *blo dge*, Skt. *blo dge*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vibhaktatejas. ## Virtuous Occurrence *’byung ba bzang po*, Skt. *’byung ba bzang po*, A past world where the Tathāgata Glorious Secret lived along with the bodhisattva Smṛtibuddhi, a past incarnation of the bodhisattva Prajñākūṭa. ## Virtuous One *skyes bu dam pa*, Skt. *satpuruṣa*, An epithet for the Buddha. Also the ideal man, a good or wise man. ## virtuous phenomena *dge ba’i chos*, Skt. *kuśala­dharma*, Also translated here as “virtuous attributes.” For a listing of the mundane virtuous phenomena, see . (See also ). ## virtuous roots *dge ba’i rtsa ba*, Skt. *kuśala-mūla*, Wholesome actions that benefit others. ## virtuous spiritual friend *dge ba’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *kalyāṇamitra*, A general term to denote a qualified spiritual teacher. ## Virtuous Vision *dge ba’i mig*, Skt. *dge ba’i mig*, Name of a past king in a story the Buddha tells. ## Virupākṣa *mig mi bzang*, Skt. *virupākṣa*, One of the Four Great Kings, he presides over the western quarter and rules over the nāgas. ## Viruta *khyad par sgra*, Skt. *viruta*, One of the kinnara kings. ## Viśruta *rnam grags*, Skt. *viśruta*, One of the pratyeka­buddhas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Viśrutaśrī *dpal grags*, Skt. *viśrutaśrī*, One of the Buddha’s former rebirths. ## Visṛṣṭa­dharma­rāja *chos sbyin rgyal po*, Skt. *visṛṣṭa­dharma­rāja*, One of the two names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for a group of a thousand buddhas, with presumably five hundred buddhas having this name. ## visage that resembles the full moon *zhal zla ba nya ba lta bu*, Skt. *pūrṇondu­vadanā*, Twenty-seventh or thirty-first of the thirty-two major marks. ## Visarpa *’go ba’i nad*, Skt. *visarpa*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## visibly manifests awakening *mngon sum du byang chub snang ba*, Skt. *mngon sum du byang chub snang ba*, An absorption. ## Visimonya *bi si mo nya*, Skt. *bi si mo nya*, A temple on Mount Gośṛṅga. ## Vision *shin tu mthong*, Skt. *shin tu mthong*, Vision (the faculty of sight, or a thing seen), also the name of the one both foremost in terms of insight and foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Vision Aggregate *gzigs pa’i phung po*, Skt. *gzigs pa’i phung po*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Prahāṇakhila (239 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## vision of awareness *ye shes mthong ba*, Skt. *jñāna­darśana*, The Nibandhana explains that awareness itself is vision, as it functions as direct perception. ## Vision of One Thousand Lotuses *pad+ma stong mthong*, Skt. *pad+ma stong mthong*, Alternative name of the current eon, also known as the “Fortunate Eon.” ## vision of phenomena A genuine understanding and realistic view of the state of things. ## Vision of the Noble *’phags pa gzigs pa*, Skt. *’phags pa gzigs pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Śuddhaprabha. ## Vision of Unobscured Love *sgrib med byams pa mthong*, Skt. *sgrib med byams pa mthong*, Mother of the buddha Brahmagāmin. ## Vision of Vast Bliss *bde ba rgya chen po dmigs pa*, Skt. *bde ba rgya chen po dmigs pa*, A mountain in Moving in Mixed Environments. ## Vision through the View *lta bas mthong*, Skt. *lta bas mthong*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Bhīṣaṇa. ## visiting monk *dge slong glo bur du ’ongs pa*, Skt. *āgantuko bhikṣuḥ*, A distinction is made between monks who are visiting a monastery and those who are long-term residents (i.e., Tib. gnyug mar gnas pa, Skt. naivāsika) and familiar with the inner and outer workings of the community. See Kalyāṇamitra (F.313.b.4–5). ## Visphoṭaka *rnam par ’joms*, Skt. *visphoṭaka*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Visphūrja *rnam par ’phrul pa dang ldan pa*, Skt. *visphūrja*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Visphūrjita *mthu bsgyings*, Skt. *visphūrjita*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vistīrṇabheda *’od rgya chen*, Skt. *vistīrṇabheda*, A buddha in the past. ## Vistīrṇavatī *yangs ldan*, Skt. *vistīrṇavatī*, The realm where in the future there will be Buddha Śālendrarāja. ## vital energy *mdangs*, Skt. *ojas*, A term for vitality, strength, and vigor. It is widely believed that this vital energy can be targeted and stolen by various classes of demonic beings, causing a person to experience mental and physical decline. ## vital energy heart mantra *srog gi snying po*, A phrase describing a mantra syllable in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## vital wind A term for the life force in the subtle body. ## Vitality *tshe ldan*, Skt. *tshe ldan*, Vitality (energy, life force), also the name of a son of the buddha Lokacandra. ## Vitara *bi ta ra*, Skt. *bi ta ra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vitastā *rgyas ’bab*, Skt. *vitastā*, A river queen. ## vitasti *mtho gang*, Skt. *vitasti*, A measure of length that equals the distance from the tip of the extended thumb to the tip of the little finger. ## Vitateśvara *sna tshogs sgra’i dbang phyug*, Skt. *vitateśvara*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## vitiligo *sha bkra*, Skt. *citra*, A medical condition in which the skin loses pigment, resulting in patches of discoloration. ## Vitimira­jñāna­tathāgata­pradīpā *ye shes rab rib med pa de bzhin gshegs pa’i sgron ma*, Skt. *vitimira­jñāna­tathāgata­pradīpā*, “The Tathāgata Lamp of Unclouded Wisdom.” The name of a ray of light. ## vitimirāpagata *rab rib med pa*, Skt. *vitimirāpagata*, Lit. “free from eye disease.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Śvitraroga *sha za gu nad*, Skt. *śvitraroga*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Viṣṇu *khyab ’jug*, Skt. *viṣṇu*, One of the central gods in the Hindu pantheon today. He had not yet risen to an important status during the Buddha’s lifetime and only developed his own significant following in the early years of the common era. Vaishnavism developed the theory of ten emanations, or avatars, the ninth being the Buddha. His emanation as a dwarf plays an important role in this sūtra. The Sanskrit etymology of the name is uncertain, but it was already in use in the Vedas, where he is a minor deity, and has been glossed as “One Who Enters (Everywhere).” ## Viṣṇudatta *khyab ’jug gi byin*, Skt. *viṣṇudatta*, A brahmin. ## Viśuddha *rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddha*, One of the gods from the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Viśuddhabuddhi *rnam par sangs rgyas pa’i blo*, Skt. *viśuddhabuddhi*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Viśuddhacārin *rnam dag spyod pa*, Skt. *viśuddhacārin*, A bhikṣu who was a pupil of Śāriputra. ## Vi­śuddha­cāritra *spyod pa rnam par dag*, Skt. *vi­śuddha­cāritra*, One of the four principal bodhisattvas who emerged from the ground at the time of the teaching of the Lotus Sūtra. ## Viśuddha­cāritra *spyod pa rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddha­cāritra*, A bodhisattva of a past eon. ## Viśuddhaśīla *tshul khrims rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhaśīla*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Viśuddhamati A bodhisattva who in this sūtra is said to be one of the sons of King Dhṛtarāṣṭra and whose name is attested in Upholding the Roots of Virtue (Toh 101). ## Viśuddhanandin *rnam par dag pas dgyes pa*, Skt. *viśuddhanandin*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Viśuddhanetra *rnam par dag pa’i myig*, Skt. *viśuddhanetra*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Viśuddha­netrābhā *mig rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddha­netrābhā*, A night goddess in the distant past. ## Viśuddhaprajñā *shes rab rnam par dag pa*, Skt. *viśuddhaprajñā*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Viśuddhasiṃha *bi shud d+ha sing ha*, Skt. *viśuddhasiṃha*, An Indian paṇḍita active in Tibet in the late eighth to early ninth century. ## Viśuddhavyūharāja A bodhisattva who is a prince predicted to become the buddha Guṇāgradhārin, and whose name is attested in the Sanskrit manuscript of this sūtra. ## Viśuddhi “Purity,” one of four kings who support the earth. ## Viṣṇulā *khyab ’jug dga’ ma*, Skt. *viṣṇulā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Viṣṇuvatī *khyab ’jug ’dzin ma*, Skt. *viṣṇuvatī*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Viśva The name of a deity. ## Viśvabhū *thams cad skyob*, Skt. *viśvabhū*, one of the six [buddha](#buddha)s who preceded [Śākyamuni](#śākyamuni) in this Fortunate Eon. ## Viśvabhu *thams cad skyob*, Skt. *viśvabhu*, In early Buddhism the first of the seven buddhas, with Śākyamuni as the seventh. The first three buddhas—Vipaśyin, Śikhin, and Viśvabhu—are in an earlier eon than the Bhadraka eon, and therefore Śākyamuni is more commonly referred to as the fourth buddha. In The White Lotus of Compassion Sūtra, those three Buddhas are the last of thirty of countless buddhas preceding Śākyamuni, and when the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies the buddhahood of Samudrareṇu’s thirty million pupils, the last three pupils, unnamed, are prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha to become the Buddhas Vipaśyin, Śikhin, and Viśvabhu. ## Viśvabhuj *sna tshogs za*, Skt. *viśvabhuj*, One of the seven kings mentioned in the story of Govinda. ## Viśvabhuk *thams cad mnga’ ba*, Skt. *viśvabhuk*, In early Buddhism the third of seven buddhas, with Śākyamuni as the seventh. The first three buddhas—Vipaśyin, Śikhin, and Viśvabhuk—appeared in a kalpa earlier than our Bhadra kalpa, and therefore Śākyamuni is more commonly referred to as the fourth buddha. ## Viśvadeva *lha thams cad pa*, Skt. *viśvadeva*, The 878th buddha in the first list, 877th in the second list, and 868th in the third list. ## Viśvagupta *kun gyis bsrungs*, Skt. *viśvagupta*, The third of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmins. The Buddha Ratnagarbha names him the bodhisattva Vidvagañja­karuṇāśraya and prophesies that he will be the Buddha Kāśyapa, the third buddha in the Bhadraka eon. ## Viśvakūṭa *sna tshogs brtsegs*, Skt. *viśvakūṭa*, A great bodhisattva. ## Viśvakarma *las sna tshogs can*, Skt. *viśvakarman*, Literally “maker of sundry things,” Viśvakarma is the architect of the gods. He was an important deity in early Hinduism. In the Ṛg Veda, he is regarded as the personification of ultimate reality, the abstract creative power inherent in deities and in living and nonliving beings in this universe. ## Viśvakarman *las thams cad pa*, Skt. *viśvakarman*, A god. ## Viśvamitrā *kun gyi bshes*, Skt. *viśvamitrā*, A river queen. ## Viśvamitra *kun gyi bshes*, Skt. *viśvamitra*, A great ṛṣi. ## Viśvantara *thams cad sgrol*, Skt. *viśvantara*, A prince who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Viśvapurī *thams cad ces bya ba’i grong rdal*, Skt. *viśvapurī*, The city of King Viśvāmitra. ## Viśvarūpā *gzugs sna tshogs can*, Skt. *viśvarūpā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Viśvarūpa *sna tshogs gzugs can*, Skt. *viśvarūpa*, “Omnifarious One” is the name/epithet of various deities, but in particular of Viṣṇu in his viśvarūpa aspect. ## Vivasvatāvartā *gshin rje ’khyil ma*, Skt. *vivasvatāvartā*, One of the dhāraṇī goddesses present at the delivery of the MMK. ## Viśvavarṇa *thams cad kha dog*, Skt. *viśvavarṇa*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vivṛddhi *rnam par skye ba ma*, Skt. *vivṛddhi*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. (The stog pho brang Kangyur has rnam par ’phel ma.) ## Viveśacintin *khyad par sems*, Skt. *viveśacintin*, A king in the distant past. ## Vividha­vicitra­maṇi­mauli­dharā *nor bu rnam pa sna tshogs kyis mdzes par byas pa’i cod pan thogs pa*, Skt. *vividha­vicitra­maṇi­mauli­dharā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## viviparous birth *mngal nas skyes pa*, Skt. *jārāyuja*, First of the four modes of birth. ## Viśvāmitra *kun gyi bshes gnyen*, Skt. *viśvāmitra*, In chapter 44 it is the name of one of the future buddhas of this kalpa. It is also the name of the kalyāṇamitra in chapter 46, the teacher of children. ## Vivṛta *phye ba*, Skt. *vivṛta*, A legendary realm in which Śiva will attain buddhahood. ## Viyogā *sbyor bral ma*, Skt. *viyogā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## vājapeya The Vedic ritual that involves offering several cups of Soma, “the drink of strength” (vājapeya). ## Vājasaneyin One of the lineages within the Yajurveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## Vṛji The land and people of Vṛji or Vaji (Pali Vajji), a country situated on the northeastern Gangetic plain, and one of the sixteen mahājanapada (“great countries”) of ancient India. It was run as a confederacy of eight or nine clans, including the Vṛji, Licchavi, and Videha, who sent representatives to an administrative council led by an elected ruler. Its capital was Vaiśālī. See Edgerton, s.v. Vṛji and Vaji. ## Vāṣkala One of the lineages within the Ṛgveda branch of the brahmanical tradition. ## vākkali­vidhvaṃsana­gagana­kalpa *ngag ki skyon rnam par ’jig pas nam mkha’ ltar gyur pa*, Skt. *vākkali­vidhvaṃsana­gagana­kalpa*, Lit. “destroying verbal flaws, it is like space.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vṛkodara *spyang lto*, Skt. *vṛkodara*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vākyaccheda *tshig gcod pa*, Skt. *vākyaccheda*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vākyanuda *gsung sgrog pa*, Skt. *vākyanuda*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Vāli *’khri byed*, Skt. *vāli*, A yakṣa king. (Toh 555: rgyal po) ## Vālin A monkey king who was a major character in the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Vālmīki *grog mkhar*, Skt. *vālmīki*, Ancient Indian rishi who is renowned as the author of the Rāmāyaṇa. ## Vāmā *g.yon pa ma*, Skt. *vāmā*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Vāmadeva *g.yon phyogs lha*, Skt. *vāmadeva*, A ṛṣi in the past. ## Vāmadevaka *g.yon phyogs lha*, Skt. *vāmadevaka*, A great ṛṣi. ## Vāmakī *mi’u thung ma*, Skt. *vāmakī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Vāmaka *g.yon phyogs*, Skt. *vāmaka*, A ṛṣi in the past. ## Vāmanī *thung ngu ma*, Skt. *vāmanī*, One of the subtle channels in the body. ## Vāmana *bA man*, Skt. *vāmana*, The dwarf incarnation of Viṣṇu, who deceived the king of the asuras. ## vīnā *pi wang*, Skt. *vīnā*, A stringed instrument, similar to a lute, that is used in Indian classical music, especially of the Carnatic (South Indian) style. ## Vānara Skt. *vānara*, One of the rāśis. ## Vṛndakaṭa *khyu ’gro*, Skt. *vṛndakaṭa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Śvānāsyā *khyi gdong ma*, Skt. *śvānāsyā*, One of the goddesses in the retinue of Heruka. ## Voice as Delightful as the Songs of Cuckoos, Parrots, Grouse, Pheasants, and Kalaviṅka Birds *khu byug dang ne tso dang ri skegs dang ku na la dang ka la ping ka skad ’byin pa lta bur yid du ’ong ba’i nga ro’i gdangs nges par sgrogs pa*, Skt. *khu byug dang ne tso dang ri skegs dang ku na la dang ka la ping ka skad ’byin pa lta bur yid du ’ong ba’i nga ro’i gdangs nges par sgrogs pa*, One of the bodhisattva great beings. ## voice endowed with the sixty qualities There are slightly varying lists of the sixty qualities or aspects of the buddha’s voice. Often an additional four are added, extending the list to sixty-four. One such canonical source for the list can be found in the Tathāgatācintya­guhya­nirdeśa­sūtra (Toh 47), . This list is further elaborated by Daśabalaśrīmitra in the Saṃskṛtāsaṃskṛta­viniścaya (Toh 3897), folio 306.a. ## voice is deep [like the trumpet of an elephant or the rolling of thunder] *dbyangs zab pa*, Skt. *gaja­garjita­jimūta­ghoṣa­tā*, Twenty-fifth of the eighty minor marks; the additional simile comes from the Sanskrit term used in this list in other sūtras. ## voice like Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmaghoṣa*, The voice endowed with the sixteen perfect qualities of Brahmā, the king of the gods. A common description of a buddha’s speech (Rangjung Yeshe Dictionary, “tshangs pa’i dbyangs”). ## Voice like the King of Swans *ngang pa’i rgyal po lta bu’i dbyangs*, Skt. *ngang pa’i rgyal po lta bu’i dbyangs*, A queen of King Sarvārthasiddha. ## voice like the trumpeting of an elephant or the roar of a dragon *glang po’i nga ro dang / ’brug gi dbyangs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *gaja­garjita­jīmūta­ghoṣa*, Fifty-first of the eighty minor signs. ## Voice More Majestic Than Brahmā’s *tshangs pa’i sgra gzi brjid mngon par ’phags pa*, Skt. *tshangs pa’i sgra gzi brjid mngon par ’phags pa*, The name of a bodhisattva in the Buddha’s audience. ## Voice of All Sounds *sgra thams cad kyi dbyangs*, Skt. *sgra thams cad kyi dbyangs*, A buddha. ## voice of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *brahmaghoṣa*, A voice that has the qualities of the voice of the god Brahmā. This is one of the thirty-two major marks of a great being. ## Voice of Jambū *’dzam bu’i mgrin*, One of the fourteen rākṣasīs. ## Voice of Mahābrahmā *tshangs pa chen po dbyangs dang ldan pa*, Skt. *tshangs pa chen po dbyangs dang ldan pa*, A bodhisattva in the Buddha’s retinue. ## voice of the tathāgatas endowed with sixty aspects *gsung yan lag drug bcu dang ldan pa*, See . ## Voice of Victory *rnam par rgyal ba’i dbyangs*, A great bodhisattva present at this discourse. ## Voice Proclaiming the Cloud of Dharma *chos kyi sprin mngon par bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, Skt. *chos kyi sprin mngon par bsgrags pa’i dbyangs*, A buddha. ## void *dben pa*, Skt. *vivikta*, “Void” renders dben pa (vivikta); alternatively, “isolated,” in the sense that there is nothing else beside it. ## voided urine *bkus te bor*, Skt. *pūtimukta*, the medicine of first resort for monks, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## voidness *dben pa*, Skt. *vi­vakta*, Also translated here as “void.” ## voidness of all phenomena *chos thams cad rnam par dben pa*, Skt. *sarva­dharma­vivikta*, The second of twenty-four aspects of the perfection of wisdom taught by Dharmodgata, and realized as meditative stabilities by Sadāprarudita, in chapter 75. ## voidness of voidness *stong pa nyid kyi stong pa nyid*, Skt. *śūnyatāśūnyatā*, The voidness of voidness, an important concept that indicates the ultimate conceptuality of all terms, even those for the ultimate, to avoid the major error of absolutising the ultimate. ## Vokkāṇa *po ka*, Skt. *vokkāṇa*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## volition *mos pa*, Skt. *adhi­mukti*, Also translated here as “inclination,” “will,” and “intent.” ## volitional factors *’du byed*, Skt. *saṃskāra*, Fourth of the five aggregates and the second of the twelve links of dependent origination. These are the formative factors, mental volitions, and other supporting factors that perpetuate future saṃsāric existence. ## vomiting and diarrhea *gsud pa*, Skt. *viṣūcikā*, symptom of a cholera-like illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## vow *sdom pa*, Skt. *saṃvara*, Restraint from unwholesome deeds, generally engendered by observance of the three levels of vows, i.e., the prātimokṣa and bodhisattva vows, and the tantric commitments (samaya). ## vow holder *brtul zhugs can*, Skt. *vratin*, Indicating someone who has adopted a mode of religious conduct, often associated with a specific deity or maṇḍala. This type of commitment is usually time or practice specific. ## vow restoration *gso sbyong*, Skt. *poṣadha*, A twice-monthly ceremony performed by monks, nuns, and novices in which the ordained confess and repair any transgressions, thereby purifying and restoring their vows. ## Vowed to ascetic discipline from youth *gzhon nu’i brtul zhugs*, Skt. *kumāravrata*, May also refer to practitioners who deliberately act like children; see . ## vowels and consonants *yi ge gnyis*, Skt. *svaravyañjana*, A dvandva compound signifying (in this text) linguistic expression in general and the basic components of the Sanskrit alphabet in particular. ## Voyager *slong ldan*, Skt. *slong ldan*, Voyager (one who travels on a long journey), also the name of a captain; a former incarnation of the Buddha. ## Vāṣpa *rlangs pa*, Skt. *bāṣpa, vāṣpa*, one of the Five Excellent Companions, with whom Siddhārtha Gautama practiced asceticism near the Nairañjanā River and who later heard the [Buddha](#buddha) first teach the Four Noble Truths at the Deer [Park](#park) in Sarnath. ## Vāpikātīra *rdzing bu’i ’gram*, Skt. *vāpikātīra*, One of the auxiliary charnel grounds. ## Vīrā Skt. *vīrā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vīra *dpa’ ba*, Skt. *vīra*, A nāga king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Vīrabāhu *lag pa dpa’*, Skt. *vīrabāhu*, A yakṣa general. ## Vīradatta *dpas sbyin*, Skt. *vīradatta*, A king. ## Vīramatī *dpal ldan ma*, Skt. *vīramatī*, One of the great yakṣiṇīs. ## Vīranandin *dpal dgyes*, Skt. *vīranandin*, A tathāgata mentioned here as one of the thirty-five buddhas of confession. ## Vīrapravīṇa *dpa’ mkhas*, Skt. *vīrapravīṇa*, A bodhisattva. ## Vīraśrī *dpa’ bo dpal*, Skt. *vīraśrī*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Vārāṇasī *wA rA Na sI*, Skt. *vārāṇasī*, also known as Benares, one of the oldest cities of northeast India on the banks of the Ganges, in modern-day Uttar Pradesh. It was once the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kāśi, and in the [Buddha](#buddha)'s time it had been absorbed into the kingdom of Kośala. It was an important religious center, as well as a major city, even during the time of the [Buddha](#buddha). The name may derive from being where the Varuna and Assi rivers flow into the Ganges. It was on the outskirts of Vārāṇasī that the [Buddha](#buddha) first taught the [Dharma](#dharma), in the location known as Deer [Park](#park) (Mṛgadāva). For numerous episodes set in Vārāṇasī, including its kings, see The Hundred Deeds, Toh 340. ## Vīrasena *dpa’ bo’i sde*, Skt. *vīrasena*, “Heroic Rank”; two different individuals in this sūtra: (1) a universal monarch of the past and (2) a bodhisattva disciple of King Who Transcends the Light of Mount Meru. ## Vratamaṇḍala *brtul zhugs dkyil ’khor*, Skt. *vratamaṇḍala*, The forty-fifth buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Vratanidhi *brtul zhugs bstar*, Skt. *vratanidhi*, The 934th buddha in the first list, 933rd in the second list, and 924th in the third list. The correspondence between the Tibetan bstar and the Sanskrit nidhi is tentative. ## Vratapariśuddha *brtul zhugs yongs su dag pa*, Skt. *vratapariśuddha*, Eldest son of the universal monarch Nimiṃdhara. ## Vratasamudra *brtul zhugs rgya mtsho*, Skt. *vratasamudra*, A buddha in the distant past. ## Vratasthita *brtul zhugs gnas pa*, Skt. *vratasthita*, The 865th buddha in the first list, 864th in the second list, and 854th in the third list. ## Vratatapas *brtul zhugs dka’ thub*, Skt. *vratatapas*, The 455th buddha in the first list, 454th in the second list, and 448th in the third list. ## Vārati Skt. *vārati*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Vāravatī *res ldan grong*, Skt. *vāravatī*, It is not clear what location or entity this name refers to; the Sanskrit dictionary identifies it as the name of a river. ## Vārāhī *phag mo*, Skt. *vārāhī*, Also known as Vajravārāhī, a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. ## Vārāha *phag*, Skt. *vārāha*, The third incarnation of Viṣṇu. ## vārṣikā Jasminum sambac. The sambac jasmine. ## Vārṣika *dbyar can*, Skt. *vārṣika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vrikṣīrang *bri k+ShI rang*, Skt. *vrikṣīraṅ*, A town in Videha. ## Vāruṇī *chu lha ma*, Skt. *vāruṇī*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Vāruṣaka *rtsub par byed nyid*, Skt. *vāruṣaka*, An island, possibly in the Indian Ocean. ## Vāruṇya Another name for the lunar asterism Śatabhiṣā, which is presided over by Varuṇa, the god of the waters in the Vedic pantheon. ## Vīrya *brtson ’grus*, Skt. *vīrya*, The name of a bodhisattva. “Effort.” ## Vīryacarita The son of King Vijitāyus in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Mahāskandha. ## Vīryadatta *brtson ’grus sbyin*, Skt. *vīryadatta*, The 61st buddha in the first list, 61st in the second list, and 62nd in the third list. ## Vīryasaṃcodana *brtson 'grus yang dag skul*, Skt. *Vīryasaṃcodana*, One of only eight bodhisattvas in the past or future who equal the Buddha Śākyamuni’s generosity in his previous lives. ## Vīryavanta *brtson ’grus ldan*, Skt. *vīryavān*, “Diligent,” the diligent one; Prince Puṇyabala’s brother who exemplifies diligence. ## Vīryākaraśānti *bIr+ya A ka ra shAn+ti*, Skt. *vīryākaraśānti*, An Indian paṇḍita involved in translating this sūtra. ## Āśvāsa *dbugs chung*, Skt. *āśvāsa*, “Breath.” The previous incarnation of the great king Dhṛtarāṣṭra as a nāga king who lived on Mount Meru, he eventually went for refuge and took the fundamental precepts. ## Śvāsa *dbugs ’byin*, Skt. *śvāsa*, A nāga. ## āśvāsadātā *dbugs ’byin pa sbyin pa*, Skt. *āśvāsadātā*, Lit. “that gives relief.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Āśvāsaka *dbugs ’byin*, Skt. *āśvāsaka*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## Vāsanottīrṇa­gati *bag chags rgal stabs*, Skt. *vāsanottīrṇa­gati*, The 898th buddha in the first list, 897th in the second list, and 888th in the third list. ## Vāsantī *ba san tI*, Skt. *vāsantī*, A goddess in one of the maṇḍalas of Amoghapāśa. ## Vāsavā Skt. *vāsavā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vāsava *nor lha’i bu*, Skt. *vāsava*, The 598th buddha in the first list, 597th in the second list, and 591st in the third list. ## Vāsiṣṭha *gnas ’jog*, Skt. *vāsiṣṭha*, The word Vāsiṣṭha, lit. “the descendant of Vasiṣṭha (an ancient ṛṣi),” is used “in polite address to anyone without regard to ancestry” (BHSD q.v.). ## Vāsūmukha *nor gyi sgo*, Skt. *vāsūmukha*, A nāga king. ## Vāsu *nor can gi bu*, Skt. *vāsu*, A god. ## Vāsudeva A name of the god Kṛṣṇa in his incarnation as a prince of the Yādava clan, King of Dvārakā, and the close companion and confidante of Arjuna and the Pāṇḍavas in the Mahābhārata. ## Vāsuki *nor rgyas*, Skt. *vāsuki*, A nāga king, well known in Indian mythology as being the serpent coiled around Sumeru that was used to churn the ocean at the origin of the world. ## Vāsukimukhī *bA su kha mu khi*, Skt. *vāsukimukhī*, “One with the Face of Vāsuki.” One of the eight nāga queens. ## vāsya *’bras bu zhag lon*, Skt. *vāsya*, This substance has not been identified. ## Vātajava *rlung gi shugs*, Skt. *vātajava*, One of the sons of Māra present on the eve of Siddhārtha’s awakening. ## Vītarāga *bI ta rA ga*, Skt. *vītarāga*, A deity invoked in a mantra to cure blindness. ## Vītarāga level *’dod chags dang bral ba’i sa*, Skt. *vītarāgabhūmi*, Lit. “Desireless level.” The sixth of the ten levels traversed by all practitioners, from the level of an ordinary person until reaching buddhahood. It is equivalent to the level of non-returner. See “ten levels.” ## vātikā *rlung las gyur pa*, Skt. *vātikā*, A class of spirits causing excess wind (the humor). ## vātika A class of spirits causing excess wind (the humor). ## Vātsīka *be’u’i bu*, Skt. *vātsīka*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vātsīputra *bad sa’i bu*, Skt. *vātsīputra*, A nāga king. ## Vṛtsudhāna Skt. *vṛtsudhāna*, An ancient king of Aṅga. ## Vātsya The people of a country in the north of the Indian subcontinent that had the ancient city of Kauśāmbī as its capital and was situated in the plains between the Ganges and Yamunā rivers before their confluence at present-day Prayagraj. ## Vātsyāyana *bad tsa*, Skt. *vātsyāyana*, A rishi of ancient India, said to be the author of the Nyaysūtrabhāśya and the famous Kāmasūtra. ## Vīṇātṛtīyaka *pi bang gsum pa*, Skt. *vīṇātṛtīyaka*, One of the gods’ realms; also used as the name of the gods living there. ## Vuṭaka *spong byed*, Skt. *vuṭaka*, A name assumed by Prince Kuśa, the Buddha in a former life. ## Vulture Friendship *bya rgod dang nye ba*, Skt. *gṛdhrasāmanta*, A mountain in the Crushing Hell ## Vulture Peak *bya rgod kyi phung po*, Skt. *gṛdhrakūṭa*, The Gṛdhra­kūṭa, literally Vulture Peak, was a hill located in the kingdom of Magadha, in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern-day Rajgir, in the state of Bihar, India). It is the setting for many sūtras. ## Vulture Peak Mountain *bya rgod phung po’i ri*, Skt. *gṛdhrakūṭaparvata*, A hill located in modern-day Bihar, India, and in the vicinity of the ancient city of Rājagṛha (modern Rajgir). A location where many sūtras were taught, and which continues to be a sacred pilgrimage site for Buddhists to this day. ## Vulture Terrors *bya rgod kyi ’jigs pa*, Skt. *gṛdhrabhairava*, A realm that neigbors the Black Line Hell. ## Vulture’s Peak *bya rgod kyi phung po’i ri*, Skt. *gṛdhrakūṭaparvata*, A mountain near Rājagṛha, favorite retreat of the Buddha and setting of many of his discourses. ## vyāḍa *gcan gzan*, Skt. *vyāḍa*, Demon causing disease; disease personified. ## vyantara Skt. *vyantara*, A class of spirits. ## Vyatipātana *gnod par byed*, Skt. *vyatipātana*, A yakṣa general. ## vyatyasta *snrel zhi*, Skt. *vy­aty­asta*, Lit. “nonsequential.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vāyava “Windy.” The name of a muhūrta. ## Vāyavyā *rlung phyogs ma*, Skt. *vāyavyā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## Vyayadharmakīrti *rnam rgyal chos grags*, Skt. *vyaya­dharma­kīrti*, One of the hundred names prophesied by the Buddha Ratnagarbha for 2,500 buddhas, presumably the name of twenty-five of those buddhas. ## vyādhi *nad*, Skt. *vyādhi*, Disease or sickness; also a class of mischievous spirits. ## vyādhighātaka *nad ’joms par byed pa*, Skt. *vyādhighātaka*, Possibly Cathartocarpus fistula. ## Vyāghrabala *stobs med byed*, Skt. *vyāghrabala*, A yakṣa general. ## Vyāghranakha One of the sublineages connected with the Vāsiṣṭha lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## Vyāghraraśmi *stag gi ’od zer*, Skt. *vyāghraraśmi*, The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the seventy-fourth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Vyūhā *rnam par brgyan pa*, Skt. *vyūhā*, Vyūhā (Ornamented) is a buddhafield inhabited by the Buddha Sarvābhijñāmati­rāja. ## Vyūhamati *bkod pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *vyūhamati*, A god. ## Vyūha­pratimaṇḍita *bkod pa rab tu rgyan pa*, Skt. *vyūha­pratimaṇḍita*, A bodhisattva present in the Buddha’s assembly. ## Vyūharāja *bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vyūharāja*, A bodhisattva who resides in the Sūryāvartā world of the Thus-Gone One Candra­sūrya­jihmī­kara­prabha’s buddha realm, and comes to venerate the Buddha. ## Vyūhasa *rnam brgyan*, Skt. *vyūhasa*, A kalpa in the distant past. ## Vyūḍhoṣṇīṣa *bkod pa’i gtsug tor*, Skt. *vyūḍhoṣṇīṣa*, One of the uṣṇīṣa kings attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Vāyibhūmīya *rlung gi sa*, Skt. *vāyibhūmīya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Vāyira *rlung ldan pa*, Skt. *vāyira*, A yakṣa general. ## vyākaraṇa *lung bstan pa*, Skt. *vyākaraṇa*, Prophecies. This is also specifically one of the twelve aspects of the Dharma. See also “twelve wheels of the Dharma.” ## vyālagrāha *sbrul ’dzin*, Skt. *vyālagrāha*, A class of beings whose name literally means “snake catcher.” ## vyāna *khyab byed*, Skt. *vyāna*, One of the five vital airs, diffused throughout the entire body. ## Vyāsa *rgyas pa*, Skt. *vyāsa*, The rishi who is said to have divided the Vedas into four and to have compiled the Mahābhārata epic. ## Vāyu *rlung gi lha*, Skt. *vāyu*, One of the eight guardians of the directions, Vāyu guards the northwest quarter. ## vāyu­dhātvaparyanta *rlung gi khams mu med pa*, Skt. *vāyu­dhātvaparyanta*, Lit. “limitless wind element.” Name of a meditative stabilization. ## Vyuharāja *bkod pa’i rgyal po*, Skt. *vyuharāja*, Lit. “King of the Array.” Name that ten thousand beings will bear when they become buddhas. ## Vāyuna The god of the wind. ## Vāyuviṣṇu *khyab ’jug rlung*, Skt. *vāyuviṣṇu*, The eldest of the thousand young Veda-reciting brahmins whom the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will become the Buddha Śalendrarāja ## Vāyuvyā *rlung gi chung ma*, Skt. *vāyuvyā*, A great mātṛkā. ## Wé Mañjuśrī *dbas ma.ny+dzu shrI*, An early Tibetan translator. ## Wailer *kyi hud zer ba*, Skt. *hāhārava*, Wailer (one who wails or laments), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Crushing Hell. Literally, “Cries of Woe” or “Lamenting.” ## Wailing *ngu ’bod*, Skt. *raurava*, Wailing (loud crying or lamentation), also the name of one of the great hells; see also . ## Wailing Hell Name of one of the great hells (Skt. mahānaraka). The Tibetan translation reflects an interpretation of the source term containing the word -rava (“cry” and so forth). The Pali sources attest to two versions of the word: roruva and rorava. The Purāṇas explain Sanskrit raurava as a derivation of the word ruru. See also in the translation. One of the meanings of the Sanskrit word raurava is “dreadful” or “terrible.” Elsewhere translated as “Howling Hell.” ## Wailing Hell of Flames One of the two Wailing Hells, it is filled with fire. Denizens of this hell experience red hot blazes of fire entering their orifices and burning them from the inside. This hell is described in the commentary on the Pali Saṃkiccajātaka (Jātaka no. 530). ## Wailing Hell of Smoke One of the two Wailing Hells, it is filled with hot caustic fumes. Denizens of this hell experience these fumes entering their orifices and boiling them from the inside. This hell is described in the commentary on the Pali Saṃkiccajātaka (Jātaka no. 530), the Saṃkiccajātakavaṇṇanā. ## wakefulness *ye shes*, Skt. *jñāna*, Also known as “wisdom,” “gnosis,” or the like. Typically refers to a nonconceptual or unobscured state of knowledge. ## walk *bcag pa*, To walk (present tense: ’chag pa) back and forth in meditation, as in the Zen practice of kinhin. ## Walking Like a Lion *seng ge’i stabs su ’gro ba*, Skt. *siṃha­vikrānta­gati*, The name of a past Buddha. ## Walking posture *mnyam pa'i 'dor stabs*, standing posture with the two legs together but the right foot slightly forward (symbolizing eagerness to help other beings). ## Walks with the Gait of a Lion *seng ge’i ’gros su ’gro ba*, Skt. *seng ge’i ’gros su ’gro ba*, The bodhisattva who resides at a place known as Possessed of Vajra Radiance. ## walkway *'chag sar byas pa*, Skt. *kṛtacaṅkramaṇa*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## wanderer *kun tu rgyu ba*, Skt. *parivrājaka*, Pali paribbājaka. Refers to a class of Indian religious mendicants holding a variety of beliefs who wandered in India from ancient times, including during the time of the Buddha. These peripatetic ascetics, who included women in their number, engaged with one another in debate on a range of topics. Some of their metaphysical views are presented in the early Buddhist discourses of the Pali Canon. ## wandering *kun tu rgyu ba*, Skt. *kun tu rgyu ba*, A class of gods associated with the Four Great Kings. ## wandering being *rgyu ba*, Skt. *rgyu ba*, A class of nonhuman beings associated with misfortune and disease. ## wandering mendicant *kun tu rgyu*, Skt. *parivrājaka*, a non-Buddhist religious mendicant who literally "roams around." Historically, they wandered in India from ancient times, including the time of the [Buddha](#buddha), and held a variety of beliefs, engaging with one another in debate on a range of topics. Some of their metaphysical [view](#view)s are presented in the early Buddhist discourses of the Pali Canon. They included women in their number. ## Wangchen Gönpo Wangchen Gönpo was nominally the ninth Degé king although the actual political power was exercised by his elder brother, Sönam Phuntsok. ## Waning Light *’od nyams pa*, A god who is the king of lightning in the western direction. ## ward *lhan gcig gnas pa*, Skt. *sārdhaṃvihārin*, For at least five years after ordination, monks and nuns must live with or near a monastic mentor or “support” (Tib. gnas; Skt. niśraya). Generally, the preceptor (Tib. mkhan po; Skt. upādhyāya) serves as the new monk or nun’s “support,” in which case the newly admitted monastic is called a “ward.” But if the mentored monastic wishes to travel while the mentor does not (or vice versa), the ward must take a new support from among the saṅgha elders. The new support is known as the “support instructor” (Tib. gnas kyi slob dpon; Skt. niśrayācārya) while the new monk or nun is known as their “apprentice” (Tib. nye gnas; Skt. antevāsika). See The Chapter on Going Forth (Toh 1, ch. 1, 1.628–1.678). ## Warm *dron mo*, Skt. *dron mo*, Warm (moderately hot), also the name of an ocean between Godānīya and Videha. ## warmth *drod*, Skt. *uṣma­gata*, Name of the 1st training on the path of preparation. ## Warmth (sign of) *drod rtags*, a sign that the practice is [beginning](#beginning) to work. (When a fire produces heat, it [means](#means) that it has started properly.) This expression does not particularly refer to an experience of physical heat. ## warrior class *rgyal rigs*, Skt. *kṣatriya*, One of the four classes of the Indian caste system. Traditionally rulers and administrators belonged to this caste. ## warrior spirit *dgra bla*, A class of nonhuman being. ## Washing Suffering Away *mya ngan rnam par ’tshang bar byed*, Skt. *mya ngan rnam par ’tshang bar byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Śrotriya. ## wasting disease *skem nad*, The precise referent for this term is uncertain; it is possibly equivalent to the Skt. yakṣman (“tuberculosis”) or śoṣa (“consumption”). This generally refers to a medical condition in which the patient’s vitality weakens and their body becomes gaunt. ## watch *thun*, Skt. *yāma*, One of the divisions of the night into four night-watches, each being approximately three hours long. ## Water *chu*, Skt. *chu*, Water (the clear life-sustaining liquid), also the name of a great bodhisattva. ## Water Born *chu skyes*, Skt. *chu skyes*, A prince who was the Buddha in a former life. See also . ## water dwellers *chu na gnas pa*, Skt. *chu na gnas pa*, A class of asuras. ## Water God *chu lha*, Skt. *chu lha*, Attendant of the buddha Māradama. ## Water God Worship *chu lha mchod*, Skt. *chu lha mchod*, Mother of the buddha Bodhidhvaja. ## water having the eight qualities *yan lag brgyad ldan chu*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgajala*, Eight qualities of water: sweet, cool, pleasant, light, clear, pure, not harmful to the throat, and beneficial for the stomach. ## Water Jar *ril ba spyi blugs*, Skt. *ril ba spyi blugs*, The name of a sitting place built for the Buddha in the northern region. ## water jug *ril ba spyi blugs*, Skt. *kuṇḍikā*, A water vessel used for washing. ## Water King *chu dbang po*, Skt. *chu dbang po*, Father of the buddha Ratnārci. ## water lettuce Pistia Stratiotes. ## water life A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## water lily *ku mu da*, Skt. *kumuda*, This water lily, Nymphaea pubescens, can be pink or white and is sometimes incorrectly called a lotus. It flowers at night, and therefore is also called “night lotus.” ## Water Lily Blade *ku mu da’i so*, Skt. *ku mu da’i so*, Mother of the buddha Satyaruta. ## Water Lily Mansion *me tog ku ba la ya’i khyim*, Skt. *me tog ku ba la ya’i khyim*, A mansion in Engaging in Clarification. ## Water of Joy *dga’ ba’i chu*, Skt. *dga’ ba’i chu*, (1) A lake on Equal Peaks (dga’ ba’i chu). (2) A river on Saṅkāśa (rab tu dga’ bar gyur pa’i chu ). ## water possessing the eight qualities *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i chu*, The eight qualities of water: (1) sweet-tasting; (2) cool; (3) soft; (4) light; (5) transparent; (6) clean; (7) not harmful to the throat; and (8) beneficial to the stomach. ## water spinach *ka lam bi*, Skt. *kalambī*, Convolvulus repens, Ipomoea aquatica. ## water that has the eight qualities *chab bzang yan lag brgyad ldan*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgopetavārin*, Water that has the eight qualities of being sweet, cool, pleasant, light, clear, pure, not harmful to the throat, and beneficial for the stomach. ## Water That One Never Tires Of *ngoms pa med pa’i chu*, Skt. *ngoms pa med pa’i chu*, A pond in Continuous Movement. ## water that possesses eight qualities Here listed as water that is soothing, agreeable, mild, clear, not murky, pure, delicious, and not harmful even if enjoyed in excess. ## Water torma *chu gtor*, an offering made with water, milk and grains. ## water trial *chu’i btag pa*, Skt. *udakaparīkṣā*, A type of ordeal to test one’s veracity. ## water with eight qualities See “water that possesses eight qualities.” ## water with the eight qualities *yan lag brgyad dang ldan pa’i chu*, Skt. *aṣṭāṅgajala*, Water that has the eight qualities of being sweet, cool, pleasant, light, clear, pure, not harmful to the throat, and beneficial for the stomach. ## Water-Holding Cloud *sprin gyi chu ’dzin*, Skt. *sprin gyi chu ’dzin*, A tathāgata. ## Waters Always Mingled with the Moon *rtag tu zla ba dang ’dres pa’i chu*, Skt. *rtag tu zla ba dang ’dres pa’i chu*, A lake on Equal Peaks. ## Watery *chu ldan*, Skt. *chu ldan*, Watery (consisting of or resembling water), also the name of one of the eight great nāgas. ## waved-leaf fig Ficus infectoria. The term plakṣa can also be applied to other species of Ficus. ## waved-leaf fig tree *blag sha*, Skt. *plakṣa*, Monier-Williams s.v. plakṣa: “Ficus Infectoria (a large and beautiful tree with small white fruit).” ## Waves of the Seas of Jambudvīpa *’dzam bu’i gling gi rgya mtsho’i rlabs*, Skt. *’dzam bu’i gling gi rgya mtsho’i rlabs*, An ocean far off the coast of Jambudvīpa. ## Wavy *rlabs rab tu ’jug pa*, Skt. *rlabs rab tu ’jug pa*, Wavy (having waves or undulations), also the name of (1) a lake on Equal Peaks (rlabs rab tu ’jug pa); (2) a river to the south of Jambudvīpa (rlabs ldan); (3) a river on Saṅkāśa (rlabs ’byung ba). ## wavy-leaf fig tree *blag sha*, Skt. *plakṣa*, Ficus infectoria. Full English name: White fruited wavy-leaf fig tree. ## way of liberation Three aspects of the nature of phenomena that when contemplated and integrated lead to liberation. The three are emptiness, signlessness, and wishlessness. ## weak *dman pa*, Skt. *dman pa*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## weak mouth *dman pa’i kha*, Skt. *dman pa’i kha*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## Wealth *’byor pa*, Skt. *’byor pa*, Wealth (an abundance of possessions or riches), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Puṣpa­dama­sthita. ## Wealth Bearer *nor ’dzin*, Skt. *vasudhara*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Wealth deity *nor lha*, a [deity](#deity) that one propitiates to increase wealth. ## Wealth Gift *’byor byin*, Skt. *’byor byin*, Father of the buddha Jñānapriya. ## Wealth Gift Joy *nor sbyin dga’*, Skt. *nor sbyin dga’*, Son of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Wealth Giver *dbyig gtong*, Skt. *dbyig gtong*, A nāga king. ## Wealth God *nor lha*, Skt. *nor lha*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Vidyutprabha. ## Wealth Lamp *’byor ba’i sgron ma*, Skt. *’byor ba’i sgron ma*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Wealth Lover *nor sred*, Skt. *nor sred*, Son of the buddha Sugandha. ## Wealth of Intelligence *’byor pa’i blo gros*, Skt. *’byor pa’i blo gros*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇaratna. ## Wealth of Joyous Lion Strength *’byor dga’ seng ge’i stobs*, Skt. *’byor dga’ seng ge’i stobs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sumitra. ## Wealth of Merit *bsod nams ’byor ldan*, Skt. *bsod nams ’byor ldan*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānākara. ## Wealth of Qualities *yon tan nor*, Skt. *yon tan nor*, Attendant of the buddha Kuśalaprabha. ## Wealth of Wisdom *ye shes ’byor*, Skt. *ye shes ’byor*, Son of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Wealth of Worship *mchod pa ’byor*, Skt. *mchod pa ’byor*, Mother of the buddha Sumitra. ## Wealth of Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs ’byor*, Skt. *brtul zhugs ’byor*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahādarśana (733 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wealth Possessor *’byor ldan*, Skt. *’byor ldan*, Father of the buddha Sūryagarbha. ## Wealth Source *nor gyi ’byung gnas*, Skt. *nor gyi ’byung gnas*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śrīgarbha. ## Wealth (the sea captain) *dbyig*, Skt. *dbyig*, A certain sea captain during the reign of King Brahmadatta (past), father of Wealth’s Delight. ## Wealth-Granting Mind of Unerring Power *nor sbyin mthu rtsal ma ’khrul sems*, Skt. *nor sbyin mthu rtsal ma ’khrul sems*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Siddhi. ## Wealth’s Delight *dbyig dga’*, Skt. *dbyig dga’*, Previous incarnation of the Buddha, a sea captain during the reign of King Brahmadatta, and son of Wealth the sea captain. He saved the lives of a number of sailors by drowning himself so that they could use his floating corpse as a buoy to safely reach shore. ## Wealthy *’byor ldan*, Skt. *’byor ldan*, Wealthy (having great wealth, rich), also the name of the father of the buddha Praśāntadoṣa. ## Wealthy Being *bdag nyid phyug po*, Skt. *bdag nyid phyug po*, Father of the buddha Guṇakūṭa. ## wealthy noblemen *tshong dpon bu*, Skt. *śreṣṭiputra*, The term śreṣṭhin and its Pāli equivalent seṭṭi have undergone a particular development in Buddhism. The Tibetan translation “merchant” or “owner of merchandise” (tshong dpon) reflects that śreṣṭhin later came to be associated with traders, merchants, and also moneylenders. However, in Sanskrit the term literally means “distinguished,” and an older survey of the term shows that it implies a kind of nobleman of influential social standing who has both access to wealth and a close association with the king. For a more detailed history on the development of this term, see Chakravarti (1996), chapter 3, particularly pp. 73–79. ## Weapon of the Capable *dbang po’i mtshon cha*, Skt. *dbang po’i mtshon cha*, Mother of the buddha Anantatejas. ## Weapon Ruler *mtshon cha’i dbang po*, Skt. *mtshon cha’i dbang po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Indra. ## Wearing a Black Costume *nag po’i cha byad ’chang*, Skt. *nag po’i cha byad ’chang*, An elephant. ## Wearing Cloud-Like Garments *sprin lta bu’i na bza’ mnabs pa*, Skt. *sprin lta bu’i na bza’ mnabs pa*, A tathāgata. ## Wearing Five Braids of Hair *zur phu lnga*, Skt. *pañcacīra*, Epithet of Mañjuśrī. ## wearing robes made of discarded rags *phyag dar khrod pa*, Skt. *pāṃsa-kulika*, The ascetic practice of gathering discarded rags and using them to produce one’s own garments. ## Weasel Jaws *sre mo ’gram*, Skt. *sre mo ’gram*, A bhūta king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## webbed fingers and toes *sor mo dra bar ’brel ba*, One of the thirty-two marks of a great person (mahāpuruṣa) ## webbed hand *lag pa dra ba can*, Skt. *lag pa dra ba can*, A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## welcome *so sor kun dga' [bar](#bar) bya*, to welcome a visitor with pleasantries. ## welcome offering *mchod yon*, Skt. *argha*, Typically an offering of water for the feet, but can include other items offered to welcome a guest. In the Bhūta­ḍāmara Tantra, however, it often consists of an article of food and is, on some occasions, referred to as bali. ## Welfare *bkra shis ma*, Skt. *lakṣmī*, Welfare (well-being, prosperity), also the name of one of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī (Toh 740/1005) and The Twelve Names of the Great Goddess Śrī. ## Well Adorned with the Factors Conducive to Awakening *byang chub kyi yan lag rab tu brgyan pa*, Skt. *byang chub kyi yan lag rab tu brgyan pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Infinite Jewel. ## well bred Being the best of a particular kind, a combination of good breeding and good training, a term that is applied to animals as well as humans, and perhaps particularly of horses in the sense of a thoroughbred. ## Well Concealed *legs sbas*, Skt. *legs sbas*, Attendant of the buddha Jyotiṣka. ## well disposed *dang ba*, Skt. *prasāda*, From the root sīd (to “sit” or “settle”), this term is connected to a metaphor of water settling down and becoming clear, and thus prasāda can often mean “clarity” in the physical sense. This is contrasted with kaluṣa (“turbidity”), which is also used in a metaphorical sense, in this case of looking unfavorably upon someone/something. When we translate it as “good disposition,” or “being well disposed,” it is in contexts where the term has meanings akin to faith and devotion, or generally looking upon someone/something else in a positive light. ## Well Doer *bzang byed*, Skt. *bzang byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Sunetra. ## well established as the king of meditative stabilities *ting nge ’dzin la rgyal po ltar rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *samādhi­rāja­supratiṣṭhita*, A meditative stability. ## Well Established in Perfectly Pure Qualities *yon tan shin tu yongs su dag pa rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *yon tan shin tu yongs su dag pa rab tu gnas pa*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Glory of Immeasurable Qualities. ## well established on the ten levels A common epithet of bodhisattvas. ## well known on account of their fame A description of great disciples and bodhisattvas in some Mahāyāna sūtras, such as this one and the Vimalakīrti­nirdeśa. ## Well Proportioned *shin tu rnam par phye ba*, Skt. *shin tu rnam par phye ba*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Source of All Good Qualities/Source of All Attributes of Good Qualities. ## Well Protected *kun tu srung*, Skt. *kun tu srung*, A buddha in the eastern direction. ## Well Purified *legs par sbyangs*, Skt. *legs par sbyangs*, Birthplace of the buddha Brahmarāja. ## well situated *rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *supratiṣṭhita*, A meditative stability. ## Well Trained *legs par dul*, Skt. *legs par dul*, Birthplace of the buddha Dharaṇīdhara. ## Well-Concealed Splendor *gzi brjid legs sbas*, Skt. *gzi brjid legs sbas*, Father of the buddha Surāṣṭra. ## Well-Considered Aims *legs par don sems*, Skt. *legs par don sems*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Śāntimati (247 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Well-Consumed *legs par zos pa*, Skt. *legs par zos pa*, A mountain between Kuru and Godānīya. ## Well-Endowed *rab sbyor*, Skt. *rab sbyor*, One of the seven golden mountains that surround Mount Sumeru. ## well-engaging king of meditative stabilities *ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po bde bar ’jug pa*, A meditative stability. In the latter part of chapter 8 and in chapter 11 this is rendered as “well-founded king of meditative stabilities” (ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po bde bar ’dzugs pa). ## well-founded king of meditative stabilities *ting nge ’dzin gyi rgyal po bde bar ’dzugs pa*, A meditative stability. ## well-gone one *bde bar gshegs pa*, Skt. *sugata*, One of the standard epithets of the buddhas. A recurrent explanation offers three different meanings for su- that are meant to show the special qualities of accomplishment of one’s own purpose (svārthasampat) for a complete buddha. Thus, the Sugata is “well” gone, as in the expression su-rūpa (“having a good form”); he is gone “in a way that he shall not come back,” as in the expression su-naṣṭa-jvara (“a fever that has utterly gone”); he has gone “without any remainder” as in the expression su-pūrṇa-ghaṭa (“a pot that is completely full”). According to Buddhaghosa, the term means that the way the Buddha went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su) and where he went (Skt. gata) is good (Skt. su). ## well-organized *rjes su ’thun pa*, Skt. *anukāra*, Also translated as “sequential.” ## well-proportioned body *sku legs par mnyam pa*, Skt. *samakrama*, Twenty-sixth of the eighty minor signs. ## Well-Protected Splendor *legs par bsrungs pa’i gzi brjid*, Skt. *legs par bsrungs pa’i gzi brjid*, Birthplace of the buddha Anupamarāṣṭra. ## Well-Seen Moon *legs mthong zla ba*, Skt. *legs mthong zla ba*, Father of the buddha Jitaśatru. ## Well-Settled Ocean *rgya mtsho rab tu gnas pa*, Skt. *rgya mtsho rab tu gnas pa*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Triumphant on the Seat of Awakening with His Brilliance. ## Wellspring Gift *khron pa byin*, Skt. *khron pa byin*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Mahāyaśas. ## welts *glog pa*, Skt. *rajata*, symptom that may be evidence of an illness considered an impediment to ordination. ## went forth To renounce settled, household life (“going forth from home to homelessness”) to become a monk or wandering spiritual practitioner. ## Western Continent *ba lang spyod*, Skt. *aparāntaka*, The western continent of the human world according to traditional Indian cosmology, characterized as “rich in the resources of cattle.” It is named Aparāntaka (or sometimes Aparagodānīya or Aparagoyāna). It has a circular shape and is about 7,500 yojanas in circumference. Humans who live there are very tall, about 7.3 meters on average, and live for 500 years. ## western world system *nub phyogs kyi ’jig rten gyi khams*, This likely refers to the world system of the Buddha Amitābha, Sukhāvatī. Hayagrīva, referred to here as the “King of Horses,” is a member of the lotus family and the wrathful emanation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. ## what is free of intoxication One who is no longer under the influence of the “intoxicants” (āsrava), of which there are sometimes said to be four: “lust” (kāma), “becoming” (bhava), “ignorance” (avidyā), and “views” (dṛṣṭi) ## Wheel *'khor lo*, Skt, *cakra*, one of the centers of [energy](#energy) at different points on the [central channel](#central-channel), from which radiate the small subtle [channel](#channel)s going to all parts of the body. Generally there are considered to be four or five of these wheels. ## Wheel of Dharma *chos kyi 'khor lo*, Skt. *dharmacakra*, the symbol of the [Buddha](#buddha)'s teaching. To turn the [wheel](#wheel) of the [Dharma](#dharma) [means](#means) to teach the [Dharma](#dharma). During his lifetime, the [Buddha](#buddha) gave three major series of teachings, which are referred to as the first, second, and third turnings. ## Wheel of Dharma Thoroughly Encircling Mind Generation *chos kyi ’khor lo yongs su bskor bar sems bskyed*, Skt. *dharma­cakra­pravarta­cittotpāda*, A bodhisattva. ## Wheel of Strengths *stobs kyi ’khor lo*, Skt. *stobs kyi ’khor lo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Manojñavākya. ## Wheel-like Compendium *’khor lo ltar bsdus pa’i mdo*, Skt. *cakravatsamuccayasūtra*, This title only appears in The Hundred Deeds. It may be a shortened title for one of the various versions of the Dharmacakrapravartanasūtra . ## wheel-turning emperor *’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *cakravartin*, A cakravartin is a king who rules over at least one continent, and gains his territory by the rolling of his magic wheel over the land. Therefore he is called a king with the revolving wheel. This is as the result of the merit he has accumulated in previous lifetimes. ## wheel-turning king *’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *cakravartin*, An ideal monarch or emperor who, as the result of the merit accumulated in previous lifetimes, rules over a vast realm in accordance with the Dharma. Such a monarch is called a cakravartin because he bears a wheel (cakra) that rolls (vartana) across the earth, bringing all lands and kingdoms under his power. The cakravartin conquers his territory without causing harm, and his activity causes beings to enter the path of wholesome actions. According to Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa, just as with the buddhas, only one cakravartin appears in a world system at any given time. They are likewise endowed with the thirty-two major marks of a great being (mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa), but a cakravartin’s marks are outshined by those of a buddha. They possess seven precious objects: the wheel, the elephant, the horse, the wish-fulfilling gem, the queen, the general, and the minister. An illustrative passage about the cakravartin and his possessions can be found in The Play in Full (Toh 95), 3.3–3.13. ## wheel-turning king of power *stobs kyi ’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *bala­cakravartin*, A kind of inferior wheel-turning king. ## wheel-turning monarch *’khor los sgyur ba’i rgyal po*, Skt. *cakravartin*, A king with a wheel; wherever it rolls becomes his kingdom, so that he may rule over one to four continents. This is the result of the merit he has accumulated in previous lifetimes. ## when beings are inclined toward pleasant states *sdug par mos par gyur pa*, Skt. *śubhādhimukti*, Third of the eight aspects of liberation. ## when corporeal beings observe physical forms *gzugs can gyis gzugs rnams mthong ba*, Skt. *rūpī rūpāṇi paśyati*, First of the eight aspects of liberation. ## when formless beings endowed with internal perception observe external physical forms *nang gzugs med pa’i ’du shes dang ldan pas phyi rol gyi gzugs rnams mthong ba*, Skt. *adhyātmama­rūpa­saṃjñī bahirthā rūpāṇi paśyati*, Second of the eight aspects of liberation. ## Where There Is a City *grong khyer can*, Skt. *grong khyer can*, A city. See also . ## Where There Is a Well *khron pa can*, Skt. *khron pa can*, A village. ## Where There Is Cotton *shing bal gyi ’da’ ba can*, Skt. *shing bal gyi ’da’ ba can*, A village. ## Where There Is Ground *sa can*, Skt. *sa can*, A village. See also . ## White *dkar po*, Skt. *dkar po*, White (the color of snow or milk), also the name of a previous ruler of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three. ## White Acala *mi g.yo ba gkar po*, Skt. *śvetācala*, Acala corresponding to Buddha Vairocana in the east of the maṇḍala. ## White as the Moon *zla ba ltar dkar ba*, Skt. *zla ba ltar dkar ba*, Name of the thus-gone one of the world system Melodious. ## white bali offering *gtor ma dkar po*, Skt. *śuklabali*, A type of bali offering mentioned in The Maṇḍala Rites of Noble Mārīcī, which does not specify the ingredients. ## white beryl *bai DUr+ya*, Skt. *veruli*, Goshenite: pure beryl without the impurities that give it its various colors. ## White Body *lus dkar*, Skt. *lus dkar*, A realm of the triple-lute-bearer gods. ## white Chinese hibiscus Possibly a reference to a white (śukla) variety of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. ## White Cloud *sprin dkar po*, Skt. *sprin dkar po*, A forest on Saṅkāśa. ## White Cloud Keeper *sprin dkar po ’dzin pa*, Skt. *sprin dkar po ’dzin pa*, A mountain in Kuru. ## White Conch Protectress *dkar mo dung skyong ma*, Skt. *dkar mo dung skyong ma*, A goddess who eventually becomes known as the Dharma protector Śrīdevī Mahākālī. Her parents are the goddess Umadevī and the god Mahādeva. She received her name by protecting a nāga called Conch Excrescence (dung gi mdzer ba can) from being killed by a garuḍa. ## white coral *mu sa ra gal pa*, Skt. *musalagalva*, In other translations, this is translated into Tibetan as spug. White coral is fossilized coral that has undergone transformation under millions of years of underwater pressure. Tibetan tradition describes it being formed from ice over a long period of time. It can also refer to tridacna (Tridacnidae) shell, which is also presently referred to by the name musaragalva. Attempts to identify musalagalva have included sapphire, cat’s eye, red coral, conch, and amber. It appears in one version of the list of seven jewels or treasures. ## white faction *dkar po’i phyogs*, Skt. *śuklapakṣa*, All good beings together (as opposed to the black faction of Māra); from Māra’s point of view, this is the “black faction.” The bright fortnight of the lunar month. ## White Gambhīra *gam bhi ro dkar*, Skt. *gam bhi ro dkar*, A lake in Godānīya. ## white gourd melon *pha tha se*, Skt. *kūṣmāṇḍa*, Benincasa hispida. ## White Hayagrīva *rta mgrin dkar po*, Skt. *śvetahayagrīva*, One of the vidyārājas dwelling with Śākyamuni in the realm of the Pure Abode. ## White Inauspicious Lady A deity. ## White Intellect *blo gros dkar ba*, Skt. *blo gros dkar ba*, A buddha. ## White Lotus *me tog pun da rI ka*, The hell into which King Ajātaśatru will be briefly reborn. Also called Cracked Open Like a White Lotus. ## White Lotus Essence *pad ma dkar po’i snying po*, Skt. *pad ma dkar po’i snying po*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sumanā­puṣpa­prabha. ## White Lotus Fragrance *pad dkar spos*, Skt. *pad dkar spos*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Gandheśvara (165 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## White Lotus of Liberation *thar pa pad ma dkar po*, Skt. *thar pa pad ma dkar po*, Attendant of the buddha Bodhyaṅgapuṣpa. ## white mustard oil *tsha ba’i mar*, Skt. *kaṭutaila*, Used for the preparation of ink in tantric rituals. ## white mustard seed *grub pa’i yungs kar*, Skt. *siddhārthabīja*, Sinapis alba; The seeds of a plant in the mustard family. ## White One *dkar mo*, Skt. *gaurī*, One of the twelve names or epithets of Mahāśrī in The Sūtra of Mahāśrī and The Twelve Names of the Goddess Śrī (Toh 741/1006). The Twelve Names gives the Tibetan variant dkar sham ma. ## White Parasol *gdugs dkar po*, Skt. *gdugs dkar po*, A buddha realm. ## White Vulture *shwe ta gri d+h+ri NI*, Skt. *śvetagṛdhṛṇī*, A female garuḍa invoked to counter the effects of poison. ## White Water *chu dkar*, Skt. *chu dkar*, A peak on Sumeru. ## white water lily *ku mu da*, Skt. *kumuda*, Nymphaea pubescens. The night-blossoming water lily, sometimes referred to as a “night lotus.” It can be white, pink, or red. ## white-blotched skin *sha bkra*, Skt. *kilāsa*, The Sanskrit and Tibetan terms are sometimes used to denote leucoderma or vitiligo, a benign skin condition, but the context here suggest this is more likely to be a reference to the pale skin lesions seen in certain forms of leprosy. ## whites of their eyes and dark pupils are sharply demarcated *spyan dkar nag ’byes pa*, Skt. *abhinīla­netratā*, Thirty-first of the thirty-two major marks. The Sanskrit term indicates a deep blue color instead. ## whitewash *rdo thal*, Skt. *sudhā*, Whitewash or lime plaster. ## who have practiced the practice *spyad pa spyod pa*, Skt. *caritāvin*, caryācaritāvin in the Laṅkāvatara . ## Whole *gang po*, Skt. *gang po*, Whole (complete, entire), also the name of a son of the buddha Niyatabuddhi. ## wholesome Proper and conducive to good results. ## Wicked *sdig can*, Wicked (morally bad, evil), also a name of māra or an evil entity. ## wicked chāyā *gnod sgrib*, Skt. *duśchāyā*, A class of nonhuman being. ## wide eyes and bovine eyelashes *spyan yangs shing ba’i rdzi ma lta bu*, Skt. *viśāla­go­pakṣma­netra­tā*, Twenty-seventh of the thirty-two major marks. ## wielder of vidyāmantra See “vidyādhara.” ## Wife of Clouds *sprin gyi chung ma*, Skt. *sprin gyi chung ma*, A goddess present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Wife of the Demon *bdud kyi yum*, An epithet for Śrīdevī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī was at one point tricked into marriage with the rākṣasa king Daśagrīva and so becomes known as “Wife of the Demon.” ## wild asparagus *nye’u shing*, Skt. *śatāvarī*, Asparagus racemosus, a common medicinal plant recognized as early as the Suśrutasaṃhitā. ## wild basil Ocimum gratissimum. ## wild indigo *sha ra pung ga*, Skt. *śarapuṅkha*, Tephrosia purpurea. ## wild licorice *mda’ rgyus*, Skt. *śara*, Abrus precatorius. ## Wild Water *shin tu grol bar gyur pa’i chu*, Skt. *shin tu grol bar gyur pa’i chu*, A river on Deer Abode. ## wild water buffalo *ma he*, Skt. *mahiṣa*, Bubalus arnee. Also called Asian buffalo and Asiatic buffalo. ## will not take root in this Dharma and Vinaya *'dul ba 'di la mi skye ba'i [cho](#cho)s can*, someone for whom there are factors that prevent giving rise to the vows (Kalyāṇamitra, folio 292.a.4). ## win *sdud pa*, Skt. *samgraha*, Lit. “collect,” i.e., gather together into the Mahāyāna. ## Wind 1. see [energy](#energy) 2. one of the three humours according to Tibetan medicine. See also [bile](#bile), [phlegm](#phlegm). ## wind disorders *rlung gyi nad*, Skt. *vātikāvyādhi*, First of the four kinds of disease. ## wind element syllable *’byung ba rlung gi yi ge*, A phrase describing a mantra syllable in the “selection of mantra syllables” (Tib. sngags btu ba; Skt. mantroddhāra) instructions in The Tantra of Great Gaṇapati. ## wind expellers *rlung ’byin*, Skt. *rlung ’byin*, One of the four parasites that are said to be inside the birth canals of women. ## wind goddess The female gender of a class of spirit beings. ## wind illness *rlung nad*, Skt. *vāyvābādhika*, A disease caused by an imbalance of wind as one of the humors of the body. ## Wind Mind *rlung sems*, Skt. *rlung sems*, Son of the buddha Sucittayaśas ## wind seed-syllable *rlung gi sa bon*, Skt. *vāyubīja*, A mantra syllable that represents and is equivalent to the wind element. The actual syllable can vary depending on the particular ritual system. ## winds Subtle “energy” that moves in the channels of the tantric subtle body. ## wine drinker *chang ba rnams kyis btung ba*, Skt. *chang ba rnams kyis btung ba*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Winner *rgyal byed*, Skt. *rgyal byed*, Winner (one who wins or is victorious), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Lokaprabha. ## Wisdom *shes rab*, Skt. *prajñā*, the ability to understand correctly, usually with the particular sense of understanding [emptiness](#emptiness). AT: discerning wisdom. See also [primal wisdom](#primal-wisdom). ## Wisdom Accomplished *ye shes grub*, Skt. *ye shes grub*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣya. ## Wisdom Array *ye shes bkod pa*, Skt. *ye shes bkod pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maṇivyūha. ## Wisdom Attained *ye shes thob*, Skt. *ye shes thob*, Mother of the buddha Jñānakrama. ## Wisdom Attention *ye shes rnam par sems*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par sems*, A great bodhisattva. ## Wisdom Banner *ye shes rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *ye shes rgyal mtshan*, Father of the buddha Sugandha. ## Wisdom Banner of Glory *ye shes dpal gyi rgyal mtshan*, A bodhisattva in Mañjuśrī’s retinue. ## Wisdom Being *ye shes sems dpa’*, Skt. *ye shes sems dpa’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## wisdom con­sort *rig ma*, Skt. *vidyā*, See “consort (female).” ## Wisdom Crest *ye shes tog*, Skt. *ye shes tog*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Pratibhānakūṭa (109 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wisdom empowerment *shes rab kyi dbang*, the third [empowerment](#empowerment) "that purifies the [defilements](#defilements) of the mind, enables one to meditate on the [perfection phase](#perfection-phase) and sows the seed for obtaining the [vajra](#vajra) mind and the [dharmakāya](#dharmakāya)." DICT. ## Wisdom Expander *ye shes dal ba ’gyur byed*, Skt. *ye shes dal ba ’gyur byed*, A great bodhisattva. ## wisdom eye The third of the five eyes, the five superior levels of vision experienced by realized beings, the other four being the physical eye (māṃsacakṣus), the divine eye (divyacakṣus), the Dharma eye (dharmacakṣus), and the buddha eye (buddhacakṣus). ## Wisdom Fire *ye shes kyi me*, Skt. *ye shes kyi me*, A buddha. ## Wisdom Gift *blo sbyin*, Skt. *blo sbyin*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Ratnākara. ## Wisdom Gift That Comprehends All Qualities *yon tan thams cad rtogs byed ye shes byin*, Skt. *yon tan thams cad rtogs byed ye shes byin*, Son of the buddha Bodhana. ## Wisdom Hand *ye shes lag*, Skt. *ye shes lag*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṇya. ## Wisdom Hero *ye shes dpa’ bo*, Skt. *ye shes dpa’ bo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Muktiskandha. ## Wisdom Holder *ye shes ’dzin*, Skt. *ye shes ’dzin*, Mother of the buddha Padma. ## Wisdom Intelligence *ye shes blo gros*, Skt. *ye shes blo gros*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Siṃhadaṃṣṭra (976 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wisdom Joy *ye shes dga’*, Skt. *ye shes dga’*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Somacchattra. ## Wisdom King *ye shes rgyal po*, A monk during the time of the Buddha Invincible Banner of Victory time. ## Wisdom Leader *ye shes kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *ye shes kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Kusumaprabha. ## Wisdom Light *ye shes ’od*, Skt. *ye shes ’od*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maitreya. ## Wisdom Master *ye shes dbang phyug*, Skt. *ye shes dbang phyug*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇakīrti. ## Wisdom Medicine *ye shes sman*, Skt. *ye shes sman*, A great bodhisattva. ## Wisdom Melody *blo dbyangs*, Skt. *blo dbyangs*, Attendant of the buddha Śrīgupta. ## Wisdom Meteor *ye shes skar mda’*, Skt. *ye shes skar mda’*, Father of the buddha Sujñāna. ## Wisdom Mount *ye shes brtsegs pa*, Skt. *ye shes brtsegs pa*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Siṃha. ## Wisdom Mountain *ye shes ri*, Skt. *ye shes ri*, A temple on Mount Gośṛṅga. ## wisdom mudrā *ye shes phyag rgya*, Skt. *jñānamudrā*, Lit. “wisdom seal,” a visualized consort. Also rendered here as “jñānamudrā.” ## wisdom of discrimination *so sor rtog pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *pratyavekṣaṇā­jñāna*, One of the five wisdoms corresponding to the tathāgata Amitābha. ## wisdom of emptiness *stong pa nyid kyi ye shes*, Skt. *stong pa nyid kyi ye shes*, Name of a dhāraṇī. ## wisdom of equality *mnyam pa nyid kyi ye shes*, Skt. *samatājñāna*, One of the five wisdoms corresponding to the tathāgata Ratnasambhava. ## Wisdom of Fine Realization *legs par rtogs pa’i ye shes*, Skt. *legs par rtogs pa’i ye shes*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Chedana. ## Wisdom of the Gathering *tshogs can blo*, Skt. *tshogs can blo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Janendra. ## Wisdom of the Land *yul ’khor ye shes*, Skt. *yul ’khor ye shes*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Meghadhvaja (955 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## wisdom of the single unique instant *skad cig gcig dang ldan pa’i shes rab kyis*, Skt. *eka­kṣaṇa­samāyuktayā prajñayā*, See also . ## wisdom of the sphere of phenomena *chos kyi dbyings kyi ye shes*, Skt. *dharma­dhātu­jñāna*, One of the five wisdoms corresponding to the tathāgata in the centre of the maṇḍala (in the CMT it is the buddha Akṣobhya). ## Wisdom of the View *rnam par blta ba’i blo*, Skt. *rnam par blta ba’i blo*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vimalarāja. ## Wisdom Possessor Who Expands the Realm *rgyal srid ’phel bar byed pa’i blo can*, Skt. *rgyal srid ’phel bar byed pa’i blo can*, Attendant of the buddha Kṣatriya. ## Wisdom Power *ye shes stob*, Skt. *ye shes stob*, Attendant of the buddha Nakṣatrarāja. ## Wisdom Practice *blo spyod*, Skt. *blo spyod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Bhavānta­maṇi­gandha (341 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wisdom Renown *ye shes rnam par bsgrags*, Skt. *ye shes rnam par bsgrags*, A great bodhisattva. ## Wisdom Samantabhadrī Samantabhadrī is usually the primordial female Buddha, consort of the primordial Buddha Samantabhadra. Her role in this text is somewhat confusing, however, because she seems here to be a type of malevolent spirit, which is very much in contradistinction to her usual role. ## Wisdom Splendor *ye shes dpal*, Skt. *ye shes dpal*, A bodhisattva. ## Wisdom Summit *ye shes rtse mo*, Skt. *ye shes rtse mo*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Maruttejas. ## Wisdom That Causes Realization *ye shes rtogs par byed*, Skt. *ye shes rtogs par byed*, Birthplace of the buddha Bodhirāja. ## Wisdom View *ye shes rnam lta*, Skt. *ye shes rnam lta*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nāgabhuja. ## Wisdom Vision of the Wishes of All Beings *sems can kun gyi sems kyi mos pa’i ye shes mthong ba*, Skt. *sems can kun gyi sems kyi mos pa’i ye shes mthong ba*, A buddha. ## Wisdom Voice *ye shes kyi gsung*, Skt. *ye shes kyi gsung*, A great bodhisattva. ## Wisdom without Delusion *dgongs pa ’khrul me*, Skt. *dgongs pa ’khrul me*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Mahāsthāman (366 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wisdom Without Doubt *ye shes gdon mi za ba*, Skt. *ye shes gdon mi za ba*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nirjvara. ## Wise Accumulator of Goodness *blo ldan legs bsags*, Skt. *blo ldan legs bsags*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Dundubhi­megha­svara (747 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wise Communicator *sems can gyi skad ye shes ldan*, Skt. *sems can gyi skad ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Conduct *shes ldan ngang tshul can*, Skt. *shes ldan ngang tshul can*, A yakṣa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## Wise Diligence *mkhas pa’i brtson ’grus*, A past bodhisattva. ## Wise Lamp of the Mind *blo yi mar me mkhan*, Skt. *blo yi mar me mkhan*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Jñānavikrama. ## Wise One *mdzangs pa*, Skt. *mdzangs pa*, A hearer. ## Wise Superior Clarity *rdul med bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *rdul med bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Flower *me tog bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *me tog bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Illuminator *rnam par snang byed bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *rnam par snang byed bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Moon *zla ba’i bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *zla ba’i bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Purity *dri ma med pa’i bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *dri ma med pa’i bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Vajra *rdo rje bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *rdo rje bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Wealth *rin chen bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *rin chen bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wise Superior Wisdom *ye shes bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, Skt. *ye shes bla ma’i ye shes ldan*, A bodhisattva. ## Wish Delightful to Behold *blta sdug ’dod*, Skt. *blta sdug ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Laḍitakrama. ## Wish for All *thams cad ’dod*, Skt. *thams cad ’dod*, Son of the buddha Vikrāntadeva. ## Wish for Awakening *byang chub ’dod*, Skt. *byang chub ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Subuddhi. ## Wish for Delightful Attention *yid ’ong sems pa ’dod*, Skt. *yid ’ong sems pa ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Bodhana. ## Wish for Insight *shes rab ’dod*, Skt. *shes rab ’dod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Anupama. ## Wish for Joy *dga’ ba ’dod*, Skt. *dga’ ba ’dod*, Birthplace of the buddha Jñānābhibhū. ## Wish for Liberation *thar ’dod ma*, Skt. *thar ’dod ma*, Mother of the buddha Udāragarbha. ## Wish for Merit *bsod nams ’dod*, Skt. *bsod nams ’dod*, Son of the buddha Vibhakta­jñā­svara. ## Wish for Qualities *yon tan ’dod*, Skt. *yon tan ’dod*, Mother of the buddha Mahāraśmi. ## Wish for the Divine Palace *lha yi gzhal med ’dod pa*, Skt. *lha yi gzhal med ’dod pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ananta­guṇa­tejorāśi. ## Wish for Worship *mchod ’dod*, Skt. *mchod ’dod*, Son of the buddha Devaraśmi. ## Wish to Benefit *phan ’dod*, Skt. *phan ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Siṃhahasta. ## Wish to Praise *sngags ’dod ma*, Skt. *sngags ’dod ma*, Mother of the buddha Suvarṇacūḍa. ## Wish to Worship *mchod ’dod*, Skt. *mchod ’dod*, Son of the buddha Samṛddhayaśas. ## Wish to Worship the Capable *thub pa mchod ’dod*, Skt. *thub pa mchod ’dod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Rativyūha. ## Wish-Fulfilling *bsam pa bzhin du sbyin*, Skt. *bsam pa bzhin du sbyin*, Birthplace of the buddha Vratanidhi. ## Wish-Fulfilling Fortune *yid bzhin rab ’byor*, Skt. *yid bzhin rab ’byor*, The name of a yakṣa. ## Wish-fulfilling jewel *yid bzhin nor bu*, Skt. *cintāmaṇi*, a fabulous jewel found in [realm](#realm)s of the [gods](#gods) or [nāgas](#nāga) which fulfills all one's wishes. ## Wish-Fulfilling Radiating Light *yid bzhin rin chen ’od ’phro*, Skt. *cittaratnārcī*, A goddess bodhisattva. ## Wish-fulfilling tree *dpag bsam gyi shing*, magical tree which has its root in the [demigod](#demigod) [realm](#realm) but bears its fruit in the [realm](#realm) of the [gods](#gods) of the [Thirty-three](#thirty-three). ## Wish-Fulfilling Waters *ji ltar ’dod pa’i chu*, Skt. *ji ltar ’dod pa’i chu*, A river in Majestic Trees. ## Wish-Fulfilling Wealth *yid bzhin ’byor pa*, Skt. *yid bzhin ’byor pa*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānarata (898 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Wishing for Disengagement *dben pa ’dod pa*, Skt. *dben pa ’dod pa*, Name of a householder, a former incarnation of the Buddha while he was a practicing bodhisattva. ## Wishing to Hear Wisdom *ye shes nyan ’dod*, Skt. *ye shes nyan ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Jñānaprāpta. ## Wishing to Worship *mchod ’dod*, Skt. *mchod ’dod*, Mother of the buddha Satyadeva. ## wishless *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *apraṇihita*, Emptiness (stong pa nyid), signlessness (mtshan ma med pa), and wishlessness (smon pa med pa) are known as the “three doors to deliverance” (triṇi­vimokṣa­mukhāni) or the “three concentrations” (trayaḥ samādhyaḥ) and as a set appear in both mainstream Buddhist sūtras and Mahāyāna sūtras. See Conze 1962, pp. 59–69; Lamotte 1944, pp. 1213–15; and Deleanu 2000, pp. 74–78. ## Wishless Ones *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *smon pa med pa*, The collective name of five hundred future solitary buddhas. ## wishlessness *smon pa med pa*, Skt. *apraṇihitatā*, Third of the Three Doors of Liberation (see glossary). Objectively, it is equivalent to voidness; subjectively, it is the outcome of the holy gnosis of voidness as the realization of the ultimate lack of anything to wish for, whether voidness itself, or even Buddhahood. See “emptiness.” ## wishlessness as a gateway to liberation *rnam par thar pa’i sgo smon pa myed pa*, Skt. *apraṇihita­vimokṣa­mukha*, Third of the three gateways to liberation. ## witchcraft *bon mo*, Skt. *bon mo*, The activity of a female sorcerer (bon). The term bon mo has been translated here as “witchcraft,” given that it is used to translate the Chinese shimu 師母 and does not refer to the pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet, despite the similarities they may share. For more on this translation choice, see Stein 2010, pp. 248–50. ## with a dustless and dust-free principle *rdul med cing rdul dang bral ba’i tshul dang ldan pa*, Skt. *arajī­virajonaya­yukta*, A meditative stability. ## with outflows *zag pa dang bcas pa*, Skt. *sāsrava*, See Edgerton 1953, p. 102. ## without a self *bdag med*, Skt. *ātmāsadbhūtatva*, Selflessness denotes the lack of inherent existence in persons and also, more subtly, in all physical and mental phenomena. Also translated here as “nonself.” ## without apprehending anything *mi dmigs pa’i tshul du*, Skt. *anupalambha­yogena*, The expression “without apprehending anything” suggests that bodhisattva great beings should teach without perceiving anything as inherently existing. Lamotte, The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom, vol. IV, p. 1763, note 564, renders this term as “by a method of non perceiving.” ## without attachment or impediment *chags pa dang thogs pa med pa*, A meditative stability. ## Without Banner *rgyal mtshan bral*, Skt. *rgyal mtshan bral*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Vaidya (34) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Without Clouds *sprin med*, Skt. *anabharaka*, First of three heavens of gods on the fourth concentration level. ## without clumsiness *’khrul pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti skhalitam*, First of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## Without Color *kha dog med*, Skt. *kha dog med*, A buddha realm. ## Without Conceit *khengs med*, Skt. *khengs med*, Son of the buddha Abhyudgata. ## without conceptual elaborations *spros med*, Skt. *spros med*, Also translated here as “absence of conceptual elaborations.” ## without differentiating perceptions *’du shes sna tshogs myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti nānātvasaṃjñā*, Fourth or fifth (depending on the list) of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## Without Doubting the Nature of Phenomena *chos kyi rang bzhin the tsom med pa*, The name of a bodhisattva. ## without false memories *dgongs pa nyams pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsti muṣitasmṛtitā*, Third of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## without fear *’jigs pa med pa*, Skt. *[vivṛta]*, The 48th meditative stability in chapter 6. The translation here follows the Tibetan; in the Sanskrit texts, this meditative stability is vivṛta, “uncovered.” ## Without Fighting *thab bral*, Skt. *Yama*, name of a god [realm](#realm) of the World of Desire, so called because it is high enough for the [gods](#gods) there not to have to fight with the [demigods](#demigod). See [three worlds](#three-worlds). ## Without Fixation *’dzin med*, Skt. *’dzin med*, A householder in this sūtra. ## Without Malice Toward Enemies *dgra la zhe ’gras med*, Skt. *dgra la zhe ’gras med*, A great bodhisattva. ## Without Misery *mya ngan med*, Skt. *aśoka*, The realm of the Buddha Free from Misery. ## without mistakes *khrul pa med pa*, A meditative stability. ## Without Mud *’dam rdzab med*, Skt. *’dam rdzab med*, Son of the buddha Vimalakīrti. ## without obstacles *bar chad med pa’i ting nge ’dzin*, Skt. *ānantarya­samādhi*, A meditative stability. ## Without Pretense *tshul mi ’chos pa*, Skt. *tshul mi ’chos pa*, Attendant of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## Without Reference *dmigs med*, Skt. *nirālambana*, A bodhisattva who comes from the buddha field called Joy (dga’ spu) far to the west of Jambudvīpa and incarnates as a child in the household of a merchant in Vārāṇasī. The name refers to ultimate reality, meaning “Without Objectifying Perception” or “Without Reference Points.” ## without settled focus *gnas su bya ba med pa*, Skt. *niradhiṣṭhāna*, The 87th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8. ## without signs *mtshan ma med pa*, Skt. *animitta*, Emptiness (stong pa nyid), signlessness (mtshan ma med pa), and wishlessness (smon pa med pa) are known as the “three doors to deliverance” (triṇi­vimokṣa­mukhāni) or the “three concentrations” (trayaḥ samādhyaḥ) and as a set appear in both mainstream Buddhist sūtras and Mahāyāna sūtras. See Conze 1962, pp. 59–69; Lamotte 1944, pp. 1213–15; and Deleanu 2000, pp. 74–78. ## Without Suffering *mya ngan bral*, Skt. *mya ngan bral*, Attendant of the buddha Guṇaskandha. ## without the indifference that lacks discernment *so sor ma brtags pa’i btang snyoms med pa*, Skt. *a­prati­saṃkhyāyopeksā*, Sixth of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. Also rendered here as as “without indifference that does not make distinctions.” ## Without Thorns *tsher ma med pa*, Skt. *tsher ma med pa*, Birthplace of the buddha Vimalakīrti. ## without uncomposed minds *thugs mnyam par ma bzhag pa myi mnga’*, Skt. *nāsty asamāhitacitta*, Fourth or fifth (depending on the list) of the eighteen distinct qualities of the buddhas. ## Without Womb *mngal med*, Skt. *mngal med*, A buddha. ## Wönpo Tö A place in Tibet. ## woman craver *bud med la sred pa*, Skt. *bud med la sred pa*, A class of vidyādharas. ## Wondrous *rmad du byung ba*, Skt. *rmad du byung ba*, Wondrous (marvelous, inspiring wonder), also the name of the birthplace of the buddha Arhadyaśas. ## wondrous display of extraordinary power An expression used to refer to a display of extraordinary power (ṛddhi) that elicits wonder in an audience. In Buddhist literature, one of three types of wonders or miracles (prātihārya), the others being “reading others’ minds” and “teaching the Dharma.” ## Wondrous Light *rmad du byung ba’i ’od*, Skt. *rmad du byung ba’i ’od*, Birthplace of the buddha Prajñādatta. ## Wondrous Stūpa *mchod rten rmad du byung*, Skt. *mchod rten rmad du byung*, Birthplace of the buddha Merudhvaja. ## wondrous transformation with superhuman powers The term used generally to describe the performance of a wondrous display, but which often has the narrower sense of changing one thing into something else by means of superhuman powers. ## wood apple Limonia acidissima. The wood apple tree, also known as the elephant apple. ## wood face A type of worm (srin bu) that lives in and feeds on the body. ## wooden hut *spang leb khang*, Skt. *phalacchadana*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## wool *be'u ras*, Skt. *prāvāra*, an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## woolen cloth *bal gos*, Skt. *aurṇakavāsa*, an acceptable form of cloth for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Word Leader *tshig gi kha lo sgyur*, Skt. *tshig gi kha lo sgyur*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Sucīrṇabuddhi. ## word of the Buddha *sangs rgyas kyi bka’*, Skt. *buddhavacana*, A term used to denote the teachings of the Buddha, which in the case of this sūtra can be anything that the Buddha taught or any statement that precisely accords with what the Buddha taught. ## words for interpreting *nges tshig*, Skt. *nirukti­pada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## words for interpreting the language of gods *lha tshig nges tshig*, Skt. *deva­nirukti­pada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## words for interpreting universally understood language *kun la ’jug pa’i tshig nges tshig*, Skt. *sarva­praveśa­nirukti­pada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## words of reprimand *zhe gcod pa*, Skt. *pāruṣya*, Sixth of the ten nonvirtuous actions. Also rendered as “verbal abuse” or “harsh words.” ## words of truth *bden pa’i tshig*, Skt. *satyavacana*, True words, the formal statement of which can have a wondrous effect that confirms the truth of the statement. ## words with distinct syllables *yi ge dbye tshig*, Skt. *akṣarabhedapada*, One of ten different kinds of verbal phrase or statement (Skt. pada) mentioned in this text. ## worked to harm the king *rgyal po la gnod pa'i las byed pa*, Skt. *\*rājāpathya*, one of the classes of people barred from joining the renunciate order. ## world *’jig rten*, Skt. *loka*, In this translation, the term “world” is generally used as a translation for both loka (“world”) and lokadhātu (which could also be rendered “galaxy” or “universe,” or more literally, a “container of worlds”), except in the case of the phrases “cosmos of a billion worlds” (tri­sāha­sramahāsāhasra­lokadhātu), “galaxy of a thousand worlds” and “galaxy of a hundred thousand worlds,” since the English word “world” is flexible and can refer to both the earth and the universe more generally. ## World Endowed with All Qualities *chu klung gang ga’i bye ma snyed ’das pa na ’jig rten gyi khams yon tan kun dang ldan pa*, Skt. *chu klung gang ga’i bye ma snyed ’das pa na ’jig rten gyi khams yon tan kun dang ldan pa*, A buddha realm. ## world guardian *’jig rten skyong*, Skt. *lokapāla*, A class of guardian deities. Sometimes used to refer to the Four Great Kings (see “Four World Guardians”). ## world guardians *’jig rten gyi mgon po*, Skt. *lokapāla*, These are a set of deities, each guarding a certain direction. Most commonly these are Indra (Śakra) for the east, Agni for the southeast, Yama for the south, Sūrya or Nirṛti for the southwest, Varuṇa for the west, Vāyu (Pavana) for the northwest, Kubera for the north, and Soma (Candra) or Iśāni or Pṛthivī for the northeast. ## World Holder *’gro ba ’dzin*, Skt. *’gro ba ’dzin*, Mother of the buddha Surabhigandha. ## World Illuminator *’jig rten gsal mdzad*, Skt. *’jig rten gsal mdzad*, Name of a future buddha. ## world of Brahmā *tshangs pa’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *brahmāloka*, The heaven of Brahmā, usually located just above the desire realm (kāmadhātu) as one of the first levels of the form realm (rūpadhātu) and equated with the state that one achieves in the first meditative absorption (dhyāna). ## world of Death *gshin gyi ’jig rten*, Skt. *yamaloka*, The Vedic afterlife presided over by the lord of death, Yama, and inhabited by the ancestors (pitṛ). See also . ## World of Highest Delight *’jig rten bla ma dgyes*, Skt. *’jig rten bla ma dgyes*, Birthplace of the buddha Siṃhagati. ## World of Joy *’jig rten mngon par dga’*, Skt. *’jig rten mngon par dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Priyaṅgama. ## World of Joyous Qualities *’jig rten yon tan dga’*, Skt. *’jig rten yon tan dga’*, Birthplace of the buddha Yaśaḥkīrti. ## world of Patient Endurance *’jig rten gyi khams mi mjed*, Skt. *sahālokadhātu*, The human world of Patient Endurance, according to traditional Indian cosmology, comprising four continents. ## world of “patient endurance” *mi mjed ’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *sahā­loka­dhātu*, The human world of “patient endurance,” according to traditional Indian cosmology, comprising four continents. See also . ## World of the Lord of Death *gshin rje’i ’jig rten du ’dzin pa*, Skt. *yamaloka*, This is a synonym for the realm of the pretas, or hungry ghosts. ## world of Yama *gshin rje’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *yamaloka*, The land of the dead ruled over by Yama, the Lord of Death. While the dominion of Yama is often said to include the hells, too, in this and other texts “the world of Yama” mostly figures in mentions of the three lower realms and can be taken as referring to the realm of anguished spirits (preta), where beings generally suffer from deprivation, hunger, and thirst as the ripening of harmful actions driven by miserly attachment and stinginess. In a few passages, however (in chapters 32 and 46), the anguished spirits are explicitly mentioned as well as the beings of the world of Yama, and it is not clear what the distinction may be. ## world protector *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *lokapāla*, A collective term for deities committed to protecting Buddhism. Often, but not always, refers to the Four Guardian Kings of the four directions. ## world protectors *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *lokapāla*, Also known as the four great kings (mahārāja), Vaiśravaṇa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, and Virūpākṣa are pledged to protect practitioners of the Dharma. ## world realm *’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *lokadhātu*, This can refer to one world with its orbiting sun and moon, and also to groups of these worlds in multiples of thousands, in particular a world relam of a thousand million worlds, which is said to be circular, with its circumference twice as long as its diameter. ## world system *’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *lokadhātu*, This can refer to one world with its orbiting sun and moon, and also to groups of these worlds in multiples of thousands, in particular a world realm of a thousand million worlds, which is said to be circular, with its circumference twice as long as its diameter. ## Worldly concentrations [concentration](#concentration)s leading not to [enlightenment](#enlightenment) but only to rebirth in god [realm](#realm)s. See [four concentrations](#four-concentrations). ## worldly concerns *’jig rten pa’i chos*, Skt. *lokadharma*, These are often listed as eight in number, as in the commentary: gain and no gain, happiness and suffering, praise and criticism, fame and lack of fame. ## worldly dharmas *’jig rten gyi chos*, Skt. *loka­dharma*, See “eight worldly dharmas.” ## worldly protector *’jig rten skyong ba*, Skt. *’jig rten skyong ba*, A class of guardian deities, usually presiding over the quarters of the world. ## worldly science The term lokāyata specifically refers to the ancient Indian materialist school of thought that investigated the world purely on the basis of direct perception, without recourse to religious conceptions. ## world-protecting gods Typically references the Four Great Kings of the four directions, namely Vaiśravaṇa, Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka, and Virūpākṣa, whose mission is to report on the activities of mankind to the gods of the Heaven of the Thirty-Three and who have pledged to protect the practitioners of the Dharma. Each world has its own world protectors. ## World’s Superior *’jig rten bla ma*, An epithet for the Buddha. ## world-system *’jig rten gyi khams*, Skt. *lokadhātu*, Refers to any world or group of worlds illumined by one sun and moon, its own Mount Meru, continents, etc. ## worm *srin bu*, Skt. *kṛmi*, When refering to the human body, these are creatures that inhabit it and may either harm or contribute to its health. Note that this term can also mean insects and worms in general. ## worn out by burdens *khur gyis dub pa*, Skt. *bhāracchinna*, a physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## worn out by the road *lam gyis dub pa*, Skt. *mārgachinna*, a physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## worn out by women *bud med kyis dub pa*, Skt. *strīchinna*, a physical condition considered an impediment to ordination. ## Worrisome *kun du rtog byed*, Skt. *saṅkalpakāraṇa*, Worrisome (causing anxiety or worry), also the name of one of sixteen realms that surround the Howling Hell. ## Worship *mchod pa*, Skt. *mchod pa*, Worship (reverent devotion or honor paid to a deity), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Kṣemottamarāja. ## Worship and Meditation *mchod cing bsgoms*, Skt. *mchod cing bsgoms*, Birthplace of the buddha Pratibhānagaṇa. ## Worship and Praise *mchod bsngags*, Skt. *mchod bsngags*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Gambhīramati. ## Worship and Relinquishment *mchod spangs*, Skt. *mchod spangs*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Supriya. ## Worship and Veneration *mchod cing bkur*, Skt. *mchod cing bkur*, Birthplace of the buddha Yaśodatta. ## Worship Gift *mchod sbyin*, Skt. *mchod sbyin*, Father of the buddha Krakucchanda. ## Worship Mode *’gros mchod*, Skt. *’gros mchod*, Mother of the buddha Guṇagarbha. ## Worship of Excellence *mchod legs*, Skt. *mchod legs*, Attendant of the buddha Dharmeśvara. ## Worship of Infinite Splendor *gzi brjid mtha’ yas mchod*, Skt. *gzi brjid mtha’ yas mchod*, Mother of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Worship of Luminous Qualities *yon tan gsal mchod*, Skt. *yon tan gsal mchod*, Mother of the buddha Vratasthita. ## Worship of Meditative Accomplishment *goms par mchod*, Skt. *goms par mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vegadhārin. ## Worship of Splendid Light *gzi brjid snang ba mchod*, Skt. *gzi brjid snang ba mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śīlaprabha. ## Worship of Supreme Gods *lha mchog mchod*, Skt. *lha mchog mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Balatejojñāna. ## Worship of the Land *yul mchod*, Skt. *yul mchod*, Father of the buddha Ratnaskandha. ## Worship of the Land of Wish-Fulfilling Milking *’dod bzho yul ’khor mchod*, Skt. *’dod bzho yul ’khor mchod*, Son of the buddha Raśmijāla. ## Worship of the Worthy *dgra bcom mchod*, Skt. *dgra bcom mchod*, Mother of the buddha Amṛtādhipa. ## Worship Ornament *mchod pa’i rgyan*, Skt. *mchod pa’i rgyan*, Attendant of the buddha Vīryadatta. ## Worship Possessor *mchod ldan*, Skt. *mchod ldan*, Attendant of the buddha Āryapriya. ## Worship through All Qualities *yon tan kun gyis mchod pa*, Skt. *yon tan kun gyis mchod pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Samṛddha. ## Worship through Joy *dga’ bas mchod*, Skt. *dga’ bas mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Nāgaruta. ## Worship through Seeing *mthong bas mchod*, Skt. *mthong bas mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Priya­cakṣurvaktra. ## Worship through Supreme Qualities *yon tan mchog gis mchod pa*, Skt. *yon tan mchog gis mchod pa*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Guṇatejoraśmi. ## Worship through the View of Wisdom *ye shes lta bas mchod*, Skt. *ye shes lta bas mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Puṣpa. ## Worship with a Single Characteristic *mtshan nyid gcig pas mchod*, Skt. *mtshan nyid gcig pas mchod*, A great bodhisattva. ## Worshiped and Venerated *mchod cing bkur*, Skt. *mchod cing bkur*, Birthplace of the buddha Tejasprabha. ## Worshiped by Beings *skye bos mchod*, Skt. *skye bos mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Suvrata. ## Worshiped by Brahmā *tshangs pas mchod*, Skt. *tshangs pas mchod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Amṛtaprasanna (774 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Worshiped by Gods *lha yis mchod*, Skt. *lha yis mchod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anuttarajñānin (711 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Worshiped by Humanity *mi yis mchod*, Skt. *mi yis mchod*, Mother of the buddha Vairocana. ## Worshiped by Nāgas *klus mchod*, Skt. *klus mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Ratnaruta. ## Worshiped by the Entire World *’jig rten kun gyis mchod*, Skt. *’jig rten kun gyis mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Āryastuta. ## Worshiped by the Heavens *lha yul mchod*, Skt. *lha yul mchod*, Mother of the buddha Priyacandra. ## Worshiped by the King of Gods *lha’i rgyal pos mchod*, Skt. *lha’i rgyal pos mchod*, Name of a bodhisattva. ## Worshiped by the Learned *mkhas pas mchod*, Skt. *mkhas pas mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Pratibhāna­rāṣṭra. ## Worshiped by the People *skye bo’i mchod*, Skt. *skye bo’i mchod*, Foremost in terms of insight among the followers of the buddha Śrī. ## Worshiped by the Water God *chu lhas mchod*, Skt. *chu lhas mchod*, Birthplace of the buddha Rāhudeva. ## Worshiped by the World *’jig rten mchod*, Skt. *’jig rten mchod*, Foremost in terms of miraculous abilities among the followers of the buddha Vajrasena. ## Worshiped by the World in All the Cardinal and Intercardinal Directions *phyogs dang phyogs mtshams ’jig rten mchod*, Skt. *phyogs dang phyogs mtshams ’jig rten mchod*, Attendant of the buddha Śrī. ## Worshiped in All Lands *yul phyogs kun mchod*, Skt. *yul phyogs kun mchod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Jñānapriya (55 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Worshiped with Joy *dgas mchod*, Skt. *dgas mchod*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Ratnadeva (189 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Worshiper *mchod sbyin ma*, Skt. *mchod sbyin ma*, Worshiper (one who worships or venerates), also the name of the mother of the buddha Vigatabhaya. ## worthy *dgra bcom pa*, Skt. *arhat*, One who has attained liberation from the suffering of saṃsāra and abides within the final peace of nirvāṇa. The final attainment according to the śrāvaka path of liberation. Also used as an epithet of the Buddha. ## Worthy Flower of Precious Splendor *dgra bcom me tog rin chen gzi brjid*, Skt. *dgra bcom me tog rin chen gzi brjid*, Mother of the buddha Kuśalapradīpa. ## worthy of admiration *khyu mchog gi gnas su zhal gyis ’che ba*, Skt. *udārārṣabha*, An epithet of a buddha. Literally “superb bull” in Skt. ## worthy of beholding *lta bar ’os pa dag*, Skt. *sam­anta­prāsādika­tā*, Twentieth of the eighty minor marks. ## Worthy of Looking *blta bar ’os*, Skt. *blta bar ’os*, Mother of the buddha Roca. ## worthy of offerings *sbyin gnas*, Skt. *dakṣiṇīya*, In general, a term for a fitting object of generosity who can be considered a field of merit (puṇyakṣetra). Typically refers to monks or ascetics. ## Worthy of Offerings litany *yon rabs*, Skt. *dakṣiṇādeśanā*, A litany chanted by the monastic saṅgha as a way of giving thanks and recognizing the merit generated by a donation or alms. cf. ’dul ba’i mdo, D 261, F.80.b. ## Worthy of Worship *mchod par ’os*, Skt. *mchod par ’os*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Brahmagāmin (661 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## worthy one In this sūtra, used only as an epithet of the buddhas, and traditionally used as an epithet for someone who has achieved awakening and thereby is worthy (arh). The Tibetan translation derives from one of the traditional Buddhist etymologies of the term, and could be translated “one who has destroyed (hata) one’s enemies” (ari), the enemies here referring to the afflictions of lust, hatred, ignorance, and so forth. ## worthy recipient of offerings A person considered worthy of veneration with material offerings. In the context of Tibetan Buddhist history, this is the term often translated as “priest” when paired with the term “patron” (Tib. sbyin bdag/ yon bdag, Skt. dānapati) in the compound phrase “priest-patron relationship.” ## worthy recipients of offerings *sbyin pa’i gnas*, Skt. *dakṣiṇīya*, In general, a term for a pure monk or ascetic (or the saṅgha as a whole) who can be considered as a field of merit (Skt. puṇyakṣetra) due to his or her (innate) ability to karmically reciprocate acts of generosity and kindness toward him or her. ## Worthy Relinquishment *dgra bcom spong*, Skt. *dgra bcom spong*, Birthplace of the buddha Vratasthita. ## worthy repository *snod du gyur pa*, Skt. *pātragata*, A meditative stability. ## Worthy Wish *dgra bcom ’dod*, Skt. *dgra bcom ’dod*, Attendant of the buddha Praśāntagāmin. ## Wrapped in Every Possible Pain *sdug bsngal kun dkris*, Skt. *sarvaduḥkhāvarta*, One of sixteen realms that surround the Hell of Ultimate Torment. ## wrath A general term for the features and behaviors that invoke fear and danger. The term is also used in this text to refer to the body of rites otherwise known as abhicāra (mngon spyod), which include rites for aggressively overcoming adversarial influences, both human and nonhuman. ## Wrathful *drag shul can*, Skt. *drag shul can*, Wrathful (full of anger, fierce), also the name of an attendant of the buddha Subāhu. ## Wrathful Black True Mother *ma cig khros ma nag mo*, Skt. *Krodhakālī*, lit. the one mother wrathful and black. A manifestation of Samantabhadrī in wrathful [saṃbhogakāya](#saṃbhogakāya) form, an aspect of Vajravārāhī (*rdo rje phag mo). ## Wrathful Lotus *pad+ma khros pa*, An epithet for the deity Hayagrīva. ## Wrathful Lotus Lord *pad+ma khros pa’i bdag*, An epithet for the deity Hayagrīva. ## Wrathful Master *’jigs byed bla ma*, Skt. *’jigs byed bla ma*, A king. ## wrathful one *khro bo*, Skt. *krodha*, This term is used in some of the Kriyātantra rites for the goddess Mārīcī to describe the party performing any of the rites aimed at harming a target or enemy. ## write the name *a mu ka bri*, A command that appears in the Mahākāla mantra. Half of this command is in Sanskrit and half is in Tibetan. The Sanskrit term amuka (Tib. che ge mo) means “such and such a person or thing.” ## wrong course of action There are four wrong courses of action, as motivated by lust (chanda), hatred (dveṣa), delusion (moha), and fear (bhaya). ## wrong livelihood *log pa’i ’tsho ba*, Skt. *mithyājīva*, — ## Wrong view *log lta*, Skt. *mithyādṛṣṭi*, AT: false belief, particularly a [view](#view) that will lead one to courses of action that bring more suffering. ## wrong view of annihilation *chad par lta ba*, Skt. *ucchedadṛṣṭi*, The view that causes (and thus actions) do not have effects, and that the self is the same as one (or all) of the psycho-physical aggregates (Skt. skandhas) and that it is destroyed at death; often mentioned together with “wrong view of eternalism.” Also often translated as “nihilism.” ## wrong view of eternalism *rtag par lta ba*, Skt. *sāśvatadṛṣṭi*, The wrong view or belief that the self exists in or as one or all of the psycho-physical aggregates (skandhas) or independent from them and that it lives on unchanged and eternally after death; mentioned together with “wrong view of annihilation” (ucchedadṛṣṭi). ## wrong view of nihilism *med par lta ba*, Skt. *nāstikadṛṣṭi*, For Buddhists, someone who does not believe in karma, the law of cause and effect or the moral retribution of actions. ## wrong view that actions are without consequence *bya ba’i mi rigs par lta ba*, Skt. *akriyādṛṣṭi*, Literally “the view or theory of nonaction,” which defines a view that is ascribed to the teacher Pūraṇa Kassapa in the Sāmaññaphalasutta (DN I,53), who propounded that actions, whether good or evil, have no consequences whatsoever or, more precisely, that one’s soul or true self (and thus salvation or liberation) remains ever unaffected by good or bad actions. ## wrong views *log par lta ba*, Skt. *mithyā­dṛṣṭi*, Tenth of the ten non-virtuous actions. ## wrong way of making a living *log par ’tsho ba*, Skt. *mithyājīva*, The opposite of the fifth limb of the eightfold path of the noble ones (Skt. āryāṣṭāṅgikamārga). ## wrongly conceive *mngon par zhen*, Skt. *abhiniviśanti*, See Edgerton 1953, p. 53. The term has various shades of meaning such as “to be attached to,” “to adhere to,” “to wrongly conceive,” “to hold fast to,” and “to believe in” with a negative connotation. ## Xuanzang A great seventh-century Chinese scholar of Buddhism, Xuanzang journeyed overland from China to India on a pilgrimage to the holy places of the Buddha’s life. He returned to China in 645 ce, bringing with him 657 Sanskrit manuscripts, of which this was one. With the support of the Tang Emperor Taizong, he established a large translation bureau in Chang’an (modern Xi’an) and spent the next nineteen years until his death translating them into Chinese. ## Yaśā *rab grags ma*, Skt. *yaśā*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Yaṣṭī Grove *ltang brang gi tshal*, Skt. *yaṣṭīvana*, the forest outside of [Rājagṛha](#rājagṛha) where King [Bimbisāra](#bimbisāra), along with 80,000 [gods](#gods) and many hundreds of thousands of Magadhan [brahmin](#brahmin)s and householders, were converted to Buddhism. ## Yaśa One of six wicked mendicants in the distant past, during the time of the Buddha Vipaśyin. ## Yaśadatta *grags byin*, Skt. *yaśadatta*, The 243rd buddha in the first list, 242nd in the second list, and 242nd in the third list. ## Yaśaketu *snyan pa’i tog*, Skt. *yaśaketu*, The 17th buddha in the first list, 17th in the second list, and not listed in the third list. ## Yaśaḥkīrti *snyan par grags*, Skt. *yaśaḥkīrti*, The 925th buddha in the first list, 924th in the second list, and 915th in the third list. ## Yaśamatī *grags ldan ma*, Skt. *yaśamatī*, One of the eight goddesses in the south, called upon to grant protection. ## Yaśaḥparvata *grags pa’i ri bo*, Skt. *yaśaḥparvata*, The seventh buddha in a kalpa in the distant past. ## Yaśaḥparvata­śrī­megha *grags pa’i ri bo dpal gyi sprin*, Skt. *yaśaḥparvata­śrī­megha*, One of countless buddhas in a past kalpa. ## Yaśaḥprabha *grags pa’i ’od*, Skt. *yaśaḥprabha*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Yaśaḥprabhāsa *grags ’od*, Skt. *yaśaḥprabhāsa*, Name of a tathāgata. ## Yaśaprāptā *grags pa ’thob*, Skt. *yaśaprāptā*, One of the eight goddesses in the south, called upon to grant protection. ## Yaśas *grags pa*, Skt. *yaśas*, the son of a wealthy merchant in [Vārāṇasī](#vārāṇasī). After the five excellent [disciple](#disciple)s, Yaśas was the next to [go forth](#go-forth) and receive ordination. He was followed in short order by [Pūrṇa](#pūrṇa), [Vimala](#vimala), [Gavāmpati](#gavāmpati), and [Subāhu](#subāhu), all five together being referred to as the "five excellent companions." ## Yaśaskāma *grags ’dod*, Skt. *yaśaskāma*, The name means “Desirer of Fame,” and he was so called because of his inferior motivation at that time. This is the bodhisattva in the distant past who would eventually become Maitreya. ## Yaśasvin *grags ldan*, Skt. *yaśasvin*, The father of King Loka. ## Yaśasvinī *grags chen ma*, Skt. *yaśasvinī*, A mantra goddess, one of the great dūtīs. ## Yaśaḥ­śuddhodita *grags pa dag pas byung ba*, Skt. *yaśaḥ­śuddhodita*, One of the future buddhas of this kalpa. ## Yaśavatī *grags ldan ma*, Skt. *yaśavatī*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. The name is rendered elsewhere in this translation as “Yaśovatī.” ## Yadhvaja *gro ba’i rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *yadhvaja*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Yadu *ya de ba*, Skt. *yādava*, See . ## Yaṅgarvatī *yang gar ba ti*, Skt. *yaṅgarvatī*, Name of the world system of the thus-gone one Delivered through Powerful Diligence. ## Yagyal Phel The fourth Degé king, Yagyal Phel (b. late fifteenth century; d. late sixteenth century) was the head of the house of Degé in its thirty-fourth generation. He had three sons, Künga Rinchen, who would become the fifth Degé king, Namkha, and Dorjé Lhundrup. For more on his life see his entry at The Treasury of Lives. ## Yaśika *grags ldan*, Skt. *yaśika*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Yajñasvara *mchod sbyin nga ro*, Skt. *yajñasvara*, The 767th buddha in the first list, 766th in the second list, and 756th in the third list. ## Yajur Veda *mchod sbyin gyi rig byed*, Skt. *yajurveda*, Along with the Ṛg Veda, Sāma Veda, and Atharva Veda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. ## Yajurveda *mchod sbyin*, Skt. *yajurveda*, Along with the Ṛgveda, Sāmaveda, and Atharvaveda, one of the four Vedas, the most ancient Sanskrit religious literature of India. It is primarily comprised of instructions and arrangements for Vedic rites. ## Yajurveda branch The category of priests in the brahmanical tradition who specialize in the ritual prose formulas of the Yajurveda. ## Yakṣī *gnod sbyin mo*, Skt. *yakṣī*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## yak face *’bri gdong*, Skt. *’bri gdong*, The name of a karmic wind involved in the formation of an embryo in its seventeenth week. ## Yakṣa *gnod sbyin*, a class of spirits. ## yakṣa daughter *gnod sbyin gyi bu mo*, A young female yakṣa, a class of potentially harmful nonhuman beings. ## yakṣa general *gnod sbyin gyi sde dpon chen po*, Skt. *yakṣasenāpati*, Leaders of armies of yakṣas. ## yakṣa graha *gnod sbyin gyi gdon*, Skt. *yakṣa graha*, A class of beings said to dwell in the north, under the jurisdiction of the great king Vaiśravaṇa. ## Yakṣakumārī *gzhon nu ma*, Skt. *yakṣakumārī*, One of the seven yakṣiṇīs. ## yakṣiṇī *gnod sbyin mo*, Skt. *yakṣiṇī*, A female yakṣa, a class of nonhuman beings who inhabit forests, mountainous areas, and other natural spaces, or serve as guardians of villages and towns, and may be propitiated for health, wealth, protection, and other boons, or controlled through magic. According to tradition, their homeland is in the north, where they live under the jurisdiction of the Great King Vaiśravaṇa. Several members of this class have been deified as gods of wealth (these include the aforementioned Vaiśravaṇa) or as bodhisattva generals of yakṣa armies. They have entered the Buddhist pantheon in a variety of forms, including, in tantric Buddhism, those of wrathful deities. ## yak-tail fan *rnga yab*, Skt. *cāmara*, The bushy tail of the yak used as a whisk for repelling flying insects. It is one of the insignia of royalty. ## Yama *gshin rje*, the [Lord of Death](#lord-of-death). ## Yama Dharmarāja Literally “Dharma-king.” An epithet of Yama, the Lord of Death, who judges the dead and rules over the hells. He was converted and bound by oath to Vajrabhairava as the special protector of the Vajrabhairavatantras. ## Yamadūtī *gshin rje’i pho nya mo*, Skt. *yamadūtī*, A great rākṣasī. ## Yamakaśāla Grove *shing sA la zung gi tshal*, Skt. *yamakaśālavana*, The grove of śāla trees outside Kuśinagara where the Buddha passed into parinirvāṇa. ## Yamakasāla Grove *sA la zung gi nags*, Skt. *yamakasāla­kavana*, Another name of the Sāla Grove. ## Yamarāja Another name for Yama, the lord of death. ## Yama’s realm *gshin rje’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *yamaloka*, The land of the dead ruled over by the Lord of Death. In Buddhism it refers to the preta realm, where beings generally suffer from hunger and thirst, which in traditional Brahmanism is the fate of those departed without descendants to make ancestral offerings. ## Yama’s Sister *gshin rje’i lcam mo*, An epithet for Śrīdevī Mahākālī. According to The Tantra of the Flaming Ḍākinī (Toh 842), Śrīdevī Mahākālī was originally born as a divine girl called Red Cāmuṇḍī. Her father was Mahādeva, her mother was Umadevī, and her brother at that time was called Yama Mahākāla. Hence, she is “Yama’s Sister.” ## Yama’s Slayer *gshin rje mthar byed pa*, Skt. *yamaghna*, An epithet of Yamāri. ## Yama’s staff An implement held by Mahākāla in Mahākāla’s Sovereign Tantra. Yama is the lord of death, who judges the dead and rules over the hells. ## Yama’s world *gshin rje’i ’jig rten*, Skt. *yamaloka*, The world of the dead, another term for the realm of anguished spirits. ## Yama­varuṇa­kubera­vāsava­śrī *gshin rje dang chu lha dang ku be ra dang brgya byin la sogs pa’i dpal*, Skt. *yama­varuṇa­kubera­vāsava­śrī*, One of the names of Śrī Mahādevī. ## Yamāna *nges ’tsho*, Skt. *yamāna*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Yamāntaka *gshin rje bshed*, wrathful form of [Mañjuśrī](#mañjuśrī). ## Yamāri *gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *yamāri*, “Yama’s enemy,” also known as Yamāntaka, “Yama’s Killer” is a wrathful form of Mañjuśrī who, in red and black forms, is a prominent deity in both the Indian and Tibetan Buddhist tantric traditions. The term yamāri is also applied to other deities in Yamāntaka's maṇḍala, specifically to the manifestations of Yamāri associated with the afflictive emotions. ## Yamāri Dveṣavajra *zhe sdang rdo rje gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *dveṣavajra­yamāri*, “Yamāri Vajra Hatred,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Dveṣa Yamāri. ## Yamāri Mohavajra *gti mug rdo rje gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *moha­vajrāyamāri*, “Yamāri Vajra Ignorance, a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Mohavajra and Moha Yamāri. ## Yamāri Piśunavajra *phra ma rdo rje gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *piśuna­vajrayamāri*, “Yamāri Vajra Miserliness,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Piśunavajra and Piśuna Yamāri. ## Yamāri Rāgavajra *’dod chags rdo rje gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *rāgavajra­yamāri*, “Yamāri Vajra Desire,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Rāgavajra and Rāga Yamāri. ## Yamāri Īrṣyāvajra *phrag dog rdo rje gshin rje’i gshed*, Skt. *īṛṣyāvajra­yamāri*, “Yamāri Vajra Jealousy,” a deity in the maṇḍala of Black Yamāri. Also known as Īrṣyāvajra and Yamāri Īrṣyāvajra. ## yamāri vajra *gshin rje’i gshed po rdo rje*, Skt. *yamārivajra*, The name of a meditative absorption. ## Yamunā *ya mu nA*, Skt. *yamunā*, A river in Jambudvīpa, still called by the same name today. ## Āṇḍāyana One of the sublineages connected with the Vāsiṣṭha lineage of the brahmanical tradition. ## yantra *’khrul ’khor*, Skt. *yantra*, A diagram used for a variety of ritual purposes. In The Tantra of Black Yamāri, the primary yantra consists of two concentric circles with varying numbers of cells in which mantra syllables and/or the name of the rite’s target are written. The term can also refer more broadly to a tool or device. ## Yaśodā *grags sbyin ma*, Skt. *yaśodā*, One of the female śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Yaśoda *grags sbyin*, Skt. *yaśoda*, One of the śrāvakas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Yaśodatta *grags pa byin*, Skt. *yaśodatta*, The 593rd buddha in the first list, 592nd in the second list, and 586th in the third list. ## Yaśodeva *grags sbyin*, Skt. *yaśodeva*, One of the monks attending this teaching in Śrāvastī, at Jeta’s Grove. ## Yaśodgata *grags pas ’phags pa*, Skt. *yaśodgata*, A bodhisattva present in Śrāvastī. ## Yaśodharā *grags ’dzin*, Skt. *yaśodharā*, The wife of Prince Siddhartha and mother of his son Rāhula. She took up an ascetic lifestyle after his departure from the palace, and later, when women were finally allowed to go forth, became a nun under Mahāprajāpatī. She attained the level of arhat and was declared foremost among nuns possessing the superknowledges. ## Yaśodhara *grags ’chang*, Skt. *yaśodhara*, A buddha. ## Yaśomati *blo gros pa*, Skt. *yaśomati*, The 107th buddha in the first list, 107th in the second list, and 108th in the third list. ## Yaśomitra *grags pa’i bshes gnyen*, Skt. *yaśomitra*, The 333rd buddha in the first list, 332nd in the second list, and 327th in the third list. ## Yaśonandin *snyan pa dang dga’ can*, Skt. *yaśonandin*, Divided into two names in the Tibetan but appears as one name in the Sanskrit and Chinese. The name that the Buddha Ratnagarbha prophesies will be that of one of his eighty brothers (the fortieth) when he becomes a buddha. ## Yaśoratna *rin chen grags pa*, Skt. *yaśoratna*, The 438th buddha in the first list, 437th in the second list, and 431st in the third list. ## Yaśottara *grags mchog*, Skt. *yaśottara*, In chapter 29 the name of the eighth buddha in a list that begins with Kanaka­muni. In the Mahāvastu there is a list of past buddhas in which Yaśottara appears between Tiṣya and Puṣya. ## Yaśovat *grags ldan*, Skt. *yaśovat*, One of the bodhisattvas attending the delivery of the MMK. ## Yaśovatī *grags ldan ma*, Skt. *yaśovatī*, “Renowned.” The title of this text containing multiple dhāraṇīs. This name may refer to a goddess, to the dhāraṇī itself, or to both. See . ## yard *sab mos bskor ba*, Skt. *vātadattikā, vāṭadattikā*, an acceptable form of shelter for a monk, as identified in the [Four Supports](#four-supports) [section](#section) of the ordination ritual. ## Yarlung Lotsāwa Drakpa Gyaltsen *yar klungs lo tsA ba grags pa rgyal mtshan*, Skt. *yar klungs lo tsA ba grags pa rgyal mtshan*, The translator of a number of tantras in the Kangyur and commentarial works in the Tengyur, active in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries (1242–1346), probably at Sakya. ## Yarlung Valley *yar lung*, A valley in South Tibet. ## Yasyana *yas sya na*, Skt. *yasyana*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Āyatī *’byung bar byed*, Skt. *āyatī*, A yakṣa general. ## āyatana *skye mched*, Skt. *āyatana*, This term has variousPlease replace with standard def, as in 555. meanings according to context, Within the phases of dependent origination it means the sensory faculties only: the six sensory faculties of the eyes, nose, ear, tongue, body, and mind, which form in the womb and will eventually have contact with the external six bases of sensory perception: form, smell, sound, taste, touch, and phenomena. All these together are called the twelve āyatanas, or bases of sensory perception. Also this term is used to refer to the four meditative states associated with the formless realm: 1) infinite space, 2) infinite consciousness, 3) nothingness, and 4) neither perception nor non-perception. ## Yatrava *sdom brtson ’khor*, Skt. *yatrava*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Yavana As a Sanskritization of the Middle Indic yona, the term referred to the Hellenistic “Ionians” who had settled in the Bactrian region and in the northwest of the Indian subcontinent after the conquest of Alexander the Great. In later times it came to refer to anyone coming from the Iranian plateau, including Arab Muslims. The Tibetan rendering reflects an understanding of the Sanskrit yavana as etymologically derived from yava (“barley”). ## Yavanadvīpa *nas kyi gling*, Skt. *yavanadvīpa*, Literally “The Barley Islands,” this refers to the land of the Greeks, whose empire at one time extended along the northern coasts of the Persian gulf as far as India. ## yawning lion *seng ge rnam par bsgyings pa*, Skt. *siṃha­vijṛmbhita*, The 28th meditative stability in chapters 6 and 8, and a meditative stability on its own. According to the Long Commentary on the Hundred Thousand Lines (Toh 3807, F.53.a), it refers to a tathāgata’s power to overcome or even preempt all opposition by sheer power and magnificence. ## yearners *zhen byed*, Skt. *zhen byed*, Parasites that are said to live on the sides of women’s necks and heads. ## Yearning *rab tu gdung ba*, Skt. *rab tu gdung ba*, Yearning (intense longing or desire), also the name of the father of the buddha Vaśavartirāja. ## years *lo khyud ’khor*, Skt. *saṃvatsara*, Lit. “yearly cycle.” ## Yellow Acala *mi g.yo ba ser po*, Skt. *pītācala*, Acala corresponding to Buddha Ratnasambhava in the south of the maṇḍala. ## Yellow Honey-Color *ser po sbrang rtsi’i mdog*, Skt. *ser po sbrang rtsi’i mdog*, A rākṣasa king present in the assembly of the Buddha Śākyamuni. ## yellow myrobalan Terminalia chebula. One of the three myrobalan fruits. ## yellow orpiment A substance used in the performance of tantric rituals as a kind of ink for writing down mantras or as an additive for a number of ritual preparations. ## yellow sandalwood *dus dang mthun pa’i tsan dan*, Skt. *kālānusāri­candana*, Sanskrit dictionaries also define the word as “gum benzoin” (not to be confused with the unrelated chemical, benzoin) and the Shisham or Indian Rosewood tree (Dalbergia sissoo). However, in this sūtra this is evidently referring to a kind of sandalwood (Santalum album). The name, which means “following time,” refers to the long-lasting scent of the wood. In other texts kālānusāri­candana is translated as dus kyi rjes su ’brang ba. ## Yellow scroll *shog ser*, piece of paper (not necessarily yellow) on which the texts of [spiritual treasures](#spiritual-treasure) are written. ## yellow-berried nightshade *sman bri ha ti*, Skt. *bṛhatī*, Solanum xanthocarpum. ## Yellow-Robed *ser mo*, Skt. *ser mo*, A Hindu goddess, unidentified. McCombs (p. 128) suggests that the Sanskrit name for this goddess might be Pītā or Vāruṇī. ## Yerpa *yer pa*, Skt. *yer pa*, A site in Tibet near Lhasa, originally a place of retreat, with many caves and small temples. ## Yeshé Dé *ye shes sde*, Skt. *ye shes sde*, Yeshé Dé (late eighth to early ninth century) was the most prolific translator of sūtras into Tibetan. Altogether he is credited with the translation of more than one hundred sixty sūtra translations and more than one hundred additional translations, mostly on tantric topics. In spite of Yeshé Dé’s great importance for the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet during the imperial era, only a few biographical details about this figure are known. Later sources describe him as a student of the Indian teacher Padmasambhava, and he is also credited with teaching both sūtra and tantra widely to students of his own. ## Yeshé Nyingpo *ye shes snying po*, Skt. *ye shes snying po*, The sūtra’s Tibetan translator. ## Yeshé Wangpo Full name Ba Yeshé Wangpo (dba’ ye shes dbang po), he was a Tibetan monk and translator active in the eighth century and a disciple of Śāntarakṣita. ## Yeshe Tsogyal *ye shes mtsho rgyal*, [Padmasambhava's](#padmasambhava-of-oḍḍiyāna) mystic [consort](#consort) and greatest [disciple](#disciple). She served him perfectly, and helped him to propagate his teachings, in particular concealing [spiritual treasures](#spiritual-treasure) to be rediscovered later for the sake of future [disciple](#disciple)s. ## Yāṣṭi Skt. *yāṣṭi*, One of the grahas. ## Yidam *yi dam*, Skt. *devatā*, *iṣṭadevatā*, a [deity](#deity) representing [enlightenment](#enlightenment), in a male or female, peaceful or wrathful form corresponding to one's individual nature. The yidam is the source of [accomplishment](#accomplishment)s. See [three roots](#three-roots). ## Yielding All Fruits *’bras bu kun phyed*, Skt. *’bras bu kun phyed*, A park in Sustained by Fruition. ## Yielding as Wished *bsams bzhin ster*, Skt. *bsams bzhin ster*, Birthplace of the buddha Samṛddha. ## Yielding to Pressure and Bouncing Back *mnan na nem la bteg na ’phar ba*, Skt. *mnan na nem la bteg na ’phar ba*, A forest on Tamer of Deer Enemies. ## Yijing Skt. *A seventh-century Chinese Buddhist monk, who studied in Nālandā*, A seventh-century Chinese Buddhist monk, who studied in Nālandā monastery in India and translated many texts including the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya. ## Yāmā *yA ma*, Skt. *yāmā*, A great rākṣasī. ## Yāma *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, Lit. “The Discharged.” The third of the six heavens of the realm of desire; also the name of the gods living there. The Tibetan translation ’thab bral, “free from strife or combat,” derives from the idea that these devas, because they live in an aerial abode above Sumeru, do not have to engage in combat with the asuras who dwell on the slopes of the mountain. ## Śyāma *ljang gu*, Skt. *śyāma*, A brahmin youth who was the Buddha in a former life. ## Yāma class *’thab bral*, Skt. *yāma*, A class of devas of the realm of sensuous desire (kāmadhātu). The Tibetan translation ’thab bral (“free of conflict/without combat”) derives from the idea that these gods, because they live in an aerial abode above Mount Sumeru, do not have to engage in combat with the asuras who dwell on the slopes of the mountain. ## Yāma Heaven The third of the six heavens of the realm of desire; also the name of the gods living there. The Tibetan translation ’thab bral, “free from strife or combat,” derives from the idea that these devas, because they live in an aerial abode above Sumeru, do not have to engage in combat with the asuras who dwell on the slopes of the mountain. ## Yāma Mahākāla *gshin rje ma hA kA la*, Skt. *gshin rje ma hA kA la*, The divine brother of Red Cāmuṇḍī. His parents are the goddess Umadevī and the god Mahādeva. ## yāmaka *gshin rje*, Skt. *yāmaka*, A class of supernatural beings. ## Śyāmaka A brahmin in this sūtra; the Sanskrit name is attested as names of a king and a muni in the Bodhisattvāvadāna­kalpalatā and the Rāṣṭrapāla­pari­pṛcchā, respectively. ## yāmas See also “Yāma Heaven”. ## Śyāmākajātaka *dkar sham gyi skyes pa’i rabs*, Skt. *śyāmākajātaka*, See Kudo 2004, pp. 250–51, n. 23, for parallel versions and further readings for this sūtra. ## Śyāmāvatī One of King Udayana’s wives. ## Yāmyā *gshin rje mo*, Skt. *yāmyā*, One of the great mātṛs. ## yāna *theg pa*, Skt. *yāna*, A “way of going,” which primarily means a path or a way. It can also mean a conveyance or carriage; this definition is represented in commentarial literature by the Tibetan translation as “carrier,” and therefore it is also translated into English as “vehicle.” ## Yodhana *’thab pa*, Skt. *yodhana*, One of the kings of the rākṣasas. ## Yodheya *g.yul ’gyed ldan pa*, Skt. *yodheya*, A geographical location in this sūtra. ## Yogī or Yoginī *rnal 'byor pa* or *rnal 'byor ma*, someone who practices [yoga](#yoga), a spiritual practitioner. ## Yoga *rnal 'byor*, practice, lit. a method for uniting (*'byor*) with the [natural state](#natural-state) (*rnal ma*). ## Yogapratiṣṭha *rnam ’byor ’gro*, Skt. *yogapratiṣṭha*, One of the rāśis. ## yogācāra *rnal ’byor spyod pa*, Skt. *yogācāra*, A “practitioner of yoga” meaning one dedicated to meditation practice. It can be synonymous with yogin. This is not reference to the Yogācāra school of thought that developed within the Mahāyāna. ## Yogeśvara *rnal ’byor dbang phyug*, Skt. *yogeśvara*, One of the sages (ṛṣi). ## yogic conduct *brtul zhugs*, Skt. *vrata*, A prescribed mode of behavior, typically time-delimited, that is observed in connection with specific rites and practices. ## Yogic Discipline *brtul zhugs*, Skt. *brtul zhugs*, Attendant of the buddha Brahmaghoṣa. ## Yogic Discipline of Liberation *thar pa’i brtul zhugs*, Skt. *thar pa’i brtul zhugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Avraṇa (811 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## Yogic Discipline of Wisdom *ye shes brtul zhugs*, Skt. *ye shes brtul zhugs*, Buddha in the presence of whom the buddha Anihata (433 according to the third enumeration) first gave rise to the mind of awakening. ## yogic practice *rnal ’byor*, Skt. *yoga*, A term which is generally used to refer to a wide range of spiritual practices. It literally means to be merged with or “yoked to,” in the sense of being fully immersed in one’s respective discipline. The Tibetan specifies “union with the natural state.” ## yogin *rnal ’byor pa*, Skt. *yogin*, “The one who is united,” a succesful practitioner who has attained realization. The Tibetan means “one who is united with the genuine nature.” ## yoginī Depending on the context, this term can signify a class of potentially harmful female beings, goddesses associated with various astrological conjunctions, female yoga practitioners (both human and nonhuman), the awakened consorts of male tantric deities, and the awakened female leaders of tantric maṇḍalas. ## Yoginītantra *rnal ’byor ma’i rgyud*, Skt. *yoginī­tantra*, The last development of Buddhist tantra in India, focused upon the figure of the yoginī and the meditative manipulation of the subtle energetic anatomy of the physical body. Typified by the He­vajra­tantra, Cakrasaṃvaratantra, and the Mahā­māyā­tantra. ## yojana *dpag tshad*, Skt. *yojana*, A common measure of distance in ancient India. It refers to the distance that an ox cart can traverse in one day, that is, in one “harnessing” (yojana), i.e., before unyoking the oxen. Each region seems to have had its own estimate of this distance. In the eastern region of Magadha, a yojana consisted of four krośas, thus equalling about 4.5 miles or 7.4 kilometers. In Vasubandhu’s Abhidharmakośa (III 88), on the other hand, a yojana is defined as consisting of eight krośas, which indicates that in the northwestern region of Gandhāra it referred to a distance twice as long as in Magadha. ## yojanas The longest unit of distance in classical India. The lack of a uniform standard for the smaller units means that there is no precise equivalent, especially as its theoretical length tended to increase over time. Therefore it can mean between four and ten miles. ## yoke *gnya’ shing*, Skt. *yuga*, The yoke, a wooden bar placed across an animal’s shoulders when ploughing, was commonly used as a measure of length, equal to four cubits. ## Yongzheng The third emperor from the Manchu Qing dynasty to rule over China, Yongzheng was born in 1678 and ruled from 1722 until his death in 1735. King Tenpa Tsering submitted to him in 1728. ## young brahmin *ma na ba*, Skt. *māṇava*, This renders the vocative Tibetan ma na ba, which is an approximate phonetic rendition of Sanskrit māṇava “lad, boy, youth; young brahmin” (cf. Apte, s.v. māṇava). When not in the vocative in direct speech, we have translated it as “brahmin youth.” ## young god *lha’i bu*, Skt. *devaputra*, Generic term for a class of long-lived celestial beings. ## Your Majesty *lha*, *(deva)*, The term *deva*, meaning “god,” was often used as an honorific term of address for divine beings and royalty. ## Youth of Latticed Light *dra ba can gyi ’od gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *dra ba can gyi ’od gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youth Who Renounces All *bdog pa thams cad yongs su gtong ba gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *sarva­tyāga­kumāra­bhūta*, A bodhisattva. ## Youth Who Turns the Dharma Wheel Upon Generating the Mind of Awakening *sems bskyed ma thag tu chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *sems bskyed ma thag tu chos kyi ’khor lo bskor ba gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Candraprabha *zla ’od gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *candraprabha*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Clearer *rnam par sel ba gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *rnam par sel ba gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Glorious Essence *dpal gyi snying po gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *śrī­garbha­kumāra­bhūta*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Jewel-Holder *lag na rin chen gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *lag na rin chen gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Lion *seng ge gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *seng ge gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Mañjuśrī *’jam dpal gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mañjuśrī­kumāra­bhūta*, Mañjuśrī who takes the form of a youth, an epithet by which the well-known bodhisattva is often referred. He is considered to be the embodiment of the transcendent perfection of insight and is portrayed wielding a sword in his right hand that cuts through delusion and a volume of the Prajñā­pāramitā­sūtra in his left that contains teachings on transcendent insight. ## Youthful Moonbeam *zla ba’i ’od zer gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *candrāṃśu­kumāra­bhūta*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Moonlight *zla ’od gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *candra­prabha­kumāra­bhūta*, A bodhisattva. ## youthful one *gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *kumārabhūta*, The term, depending on context, can refer either to bodhisattvas who remain celibate, or to bodhisattvas at the advanced level of “crown prince” who are awaiting the final stages to buddhahood that include regency and consecration. See also “level of a crown prince.” ## youthful ones *gzhon nur gyur pa*, An epithet for bodhisattvas. ## Youthful Ornament *rgyan bkod pa gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *rgyan bkod pa gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Precious Seal-Holder *lag na phyag rgya rin chen gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *lag na phyag rgya rin chen gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Sky-Treasury *nam mkha’ mdzod gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *nam mkha’ mdzod gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Youthful Splendorous Viśākha *sa ga gzhon nu dpal*, A senior disciple of the Buddha. ## Youthful Supreme Intelligence *mchog gi blo gros gzhon nur gyur pa*, Skt. *mchog gi blo gros gzhon nur gyur pa*, A bodhisattva. ## Yārmatha *yar ma tha*, Skt. *yārmatha*, One of the thousand sons of King Araṇemin. ## Yātrā *’gro ma*, Skt. *yātrā*, One of the great dūtīs attending upon Lord Vajrapāṇi. ## Yātu Skt. *yātu*, A legendary king before the time of the Buddha. ## Yuddhajaya *g.yul las rnam par rgyal ba*, Skt. *yuddhajaya*, A bodhisattva. ## Yudhiṣṭhira *g.yul ngor brtan pa*, Skt. *yudhiṣṭhira*, One of the five Pāṇḍava brothers. Son of the god Dharma. ## yuga A period of time, ranging from several years to an eon. ## Yugandhara *gnya’ shing ’dzin*, Skt. *yugaṃdhara*, The innermost of the seven golden mountain ranges that encircle Sumeru, in the center of the disk of the world. It is presented differently in other systems; for example, it is sometimes the fourth of these mountains. ## Yugānta *dus kyi mtha’*, Skt. *yugānta*, One of the grahas. ## Yugāntakara *dus mthar byed*, Skt. *yugāntakara*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Yugāntārka *dus kyi mtha’i nyi ma*, Skt. *yugāntārka*, A vidyārāja from the personal retinue of Vajrapāṇi. ## Āyurveda *tshe’i rig byed*, Skt. *āyurveda*, The classical system of Indian medicine. (Toh 555: shes pa) ## Āyustejas *’brug sgra*, Skt. *āyustejas*, A buddha in the past. ## Zalmo range The Zalmogang is counted among the six mountain ranges of eastern Tibet. It covers areas such as Palyul, Degé, Denma, Nyarong, and Sershul. ## Zangkyong *bzang skyong*, Skt. *bzang skyong*, Tibetan translator of the ninth century. ## Zhalu The name of a monastery and a myriarchy in the Tsang region of Central Tibet. Zhalu is among the oldest monasteries in Tibet, with some structures dating to the first half of the eleventh century ce. The monastery was affiliated with the Kadampa school and had close ties with the Sakya school during parts of the Yuan period. The famous scholar and Tibetan Buddhist canon redactor Butön Rinchen Drup (bu ston rin chen grub, 1290–1364) became abbot of Zhalu in 1320, which marks the beginning of a new lineage called bu lugs tshul (“Tradition of Butön”) or zhwa lu pa (“Those of Zhalu”). ## Zhang Yeshe Dé *zhang ye shes sde*, One of the most important Tibetan translators and chief editors of the early translation period (late eighth and early ninth century), responsible for a large number of canonical translations and author of several Tengyur texts. ## Zhi Qian A famous translator into Chinese active in the first half of the third century. ## Zu Gador *gzu dga’ rdor*, Skt. *gzu dga’ rdor*, Zu Gawé Dorjé (gzu dga’ ba’i rdo rje) was a Tibetan translator active in the second half of the eleventh century. ## Zu Gawé Dorjé *gzu dga’ rdor*, Skt. *gzu dga’ rdor*, A Tibetan translator active in the second half of the eleventh century. ## Zu Gawé Dorje *gzu dga’ ba’i rdo rje*, Skt. *gzu dga’ ba’i rdo rje*, A Tibetan translator active in the second half of the eleventh century.